Fon language
Fon (fɔ̀ngbè, pronounced [fɔ̃̀ɡ͡bē][3]) is spoken in Benin, Nigeria, Togo, Ghana and Gabon by approximately 1.7 million speakers, and is the language of the Fon people. Like the other Gbe languages, Fon is an isolating language with a SVO basic word order.
| Fon | |
|---|---|
| fɔ̀ngbè | |
| Native to | Benin, Nigeria, Togo, Ghana, Gabon |
| Ethnicity | Fon people |
Native speakers | 2.2 million (2000–2006)[1] |
| Latin N'Ko[2] | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Benin |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | fon |
| ISO 639-3 | fon – inclusive codeIndividual codes: guw – Gunmxl – Maxi |
| Glottolog | fonn1241 Fon language |
Gbe languages. Fon is purple. | |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Cultural and legal status Edit
In Benin, French is the official language, and Fon and other indigenous languages, including Yom and Yoruba, are classified as national languages.[4]
Dialects Edit
The standardized Fon language is part of the Fon cluster of languages inside the Eastern Gbe languages. Hounkpati B Christophe Capo groups Agbome, Kpase, Gun, Maxi and Weme (Ouémé) in the Fon dialect cluster, although other clusterings are suggested. Standard Fon is the primary target of language planning efforts in Benin, although separate efforts exists for Gun, Gen, and other languages of the country.[5]
To date, there are about 53 different dialects of the Fon language spoken throughout Benin.
Phonology Edit
Vowels Edit
Fon has seven oral vowel phonemes and five nasal vowel phonemes.
| Oral | Nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| front | back | front | back | |
| Close | i | u | ĩ | ũ |
| Close-Mid | e | o | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ɛ̃ | ɔ̃ |
| Open | a | ã | ||
Consonants Edit
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Labial -velar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Nasal" | m ~ b | n ~ ɖ | ||||||||
| Occlusive | (p) | t | d | tʃ | dʒ | k | ɡ | kp | ɡb | |
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | x | ɣ | xʷ | ɣʷ | ||
| Approximant | l ~ ɾ | ɲ ~ j | w | |||||||
/p/ occurs only in linguistic mimesis and loanwords but is often is replaced by /f/ in the latter, as in cɔ́fù 'shop'. Several of the voiced occlusives occur only before oral vowels, and the homorganic nasal stops occur only before nasal vowels, which indicates that [b] [m] and [ɖ] [n] are allophones. [ɲ] is in free variation with [j̃] and so Fong can be argued to have no phonemic nasal consonants, a pattern rather common in West Africa.[a] /w/ and /l/ are also nasalized before nasal vowels, and /w/ may be assimilated to [ɥ] before /i/.
The only consonant clusters in Fon have /l/ or /j/ as the second consonant. After (post)alveolars, /l/ is optionally realized as [ɾ]: klɔ́ 'to wash', wlí 'to catch', jlò [d͡ʒlò] ~ [d͡ʒɾò] 'to want'.
Tone Edit
Fon has two phonemic tones: HIGH and LOW. High is realized as rising (low–high) after a voiced consonant. Basic disyllabic words have all four possibilities: HIGH–HIGH, HIGH–LOW, LOW–HIGH, and LOW–LOW.
In longer phonological words, such as verb and noun phrases, a high tone tends to persist until the final syllable, which, if it has a phonemic low tone, becomes falling (high–low). Low tones disappear between high tones, but their effect remains as a downstep. Rising tones (low–high) simplify to HIGH after HIGH (without triggering downstep) and to LOW before HIGH.
/ xʷèví-sà-tɔ́ é kò xɔ̀ àsɔ̃́ wè / [ xʷèvísáꜜtɔ́ ‖ é kó ꜜxɔ̂ | àsɔ̃́ wê ‖ ] fish-sell-aɡent s/he PERF buy crab two
- Hwevísatɔ́, é ko hɔ asón we.
- "The fishmonger, she bought two crabs"
In Ouidah, a rising or falling tone is realized as a mid tone. For example, mǐ 'we, you', phonemically high-tone /bĩ́/ but phonetically rising because of the voiced consonant, is generally mid-tone [mĩ̄] in Ouidah.
Orthographies Edit
Roman alphabet Edit
The Fon alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the letters Ɖ/ɖ, Ɛ/ɛ, and Ɔ/ɔ, and the digraphs gb, hw, kp, ny, and xw.[7]
| Majuscule | A | B | C | D | Ɖ | E | Ɛ | F | G | GB | H | HW | I | J | K | KP | L | M | N | NY | O | Ɔ | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | XW | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minuscule | a | b | c | d | ɖ | e | ɛ | f | g | gb | h | hw | i | j | k | kp | l | m | n | ny | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | xw | y | z |
| Sound (IPA) | a | b | t͡ɕ | d | ɖ | e | ɛ | f | ɡ | ɡb | ɣ | ɣʷ | i | d͡ʑ | k | kp | l | m | n | ɲ | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | xʷ | j | z |
Tone marking Edit
Tones are marked as follows:
- Acute accent marks the rising tone: xó, dó
- Grave accent marks the falling tone: ɖò, akpàkpà
- Caron marks falling and rising tone: bǔ, bǐ
- Circumflex accent marks the rising and falling tone: côfù
- Macron marks the neutral tone: kān
Tones are fully marked in reference books, but not always marked in other writing. The tone marking is phonemic, and the actual pronunciation may be different according to the syllable's environment.[8]
Gbékoun alphabet Edit
Speakers in Benin also use a unique alphabet called Gbékoun invented by Togbédji Adigbè Houéssè.[9][10]
Sample text Edit
From the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Acɛ, susu kpo sisi ɖokpo ɔ kpo wɛ gbɛtɔ bi ɖo ɖò gbɛwiwa tɔn hwenu; ye ɖo linkpɔn bɔ ayi yetɔn mɛ kpe lo bɔ ye ɖo na do alɔ yeɖee ɖi nɔvinɔvi ɖɔhun.
- Translation
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Use Edit
Radio programs in Fon are broadcast on ORTB channels.
Television programs in Fon is shown on the La Beninoise satellite TV channel.[11]
French used to be the only language of education in Benin, but in the second decade of the twenty first century, the government is experimenting with teaching some subjects in Benin schools in the country's local languages, among them Fon.[1][12][13][14]
Machine translation efforts Edit
There is an effort to create a machine translator for Fon (to and from French), by Bonaventure Dossou (from Benin) and Chris Emezue (from Nigeria).[15] Their project is called FFR.[16] It uses phrases from Jehovah's Witnesses sermons as well as other biblical phrases as the research corpus to train a Natural Language Processing (NLP) neural net model.[17]
Notes Edit
- ^ This is a matter of perspective; it could also be argued that [b] and [ɖ] are denasalized allophones of /m/ and /n/ before oral vowels.
References Edit
- ^ a b Fon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Gun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Maxi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Ganhumehan vodun book[dead link]
- ^ Höftmann & Ahohounkpanzon, p. 179
- ^ "Language data for Benin". Translators without Borders. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ^ Kluge, Angela (2007). "The Gbe Language Continuum of West Africa: A Synchronic Typological Approach to Prioritizing In-depth Sociolinguistic Research on Literature Extensibility" (PDF). Language Documentation & Conservation: 182–215.
- ^ a b Claire Lefebvre; Anne-Marie Brousseau (2002). A Grammar of Fongbe. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 15–29. ISBN 3-11-017360-3.
- ^ Höftmann & Ahohounkpanzon, p. 19
- ^ Höftmann & Ahohounkpanzon, p. 20
- ^ Teddy G. (May 5, 2021). "Vulgarisation de l'alphabet: Gbékoun sur tout le territoire national Bilan de la première phase de sensibilisation". Matin libre (in French).
- ^ "Alphabet « Gbékoun »: Un outil d'éveil de la conscience des peuples africains". La Nation (in French). June 21, 2021. p. 13.
- ^ "BTV - La Béninoise TV - La Béninoise des Télés | La proximité par les langues". www.labeninoisetv.net (in French). Retrieved 2018-07-03.
- ^ Akpo, Georges. "Système éducatif béninois : les langues nationales seront enseignées à l'école à la rentrée prochaine". La Nouvelle Tribune (in French). Retrieved 2018-07-03.
- ^ "Reportage Afrique - Bénin : l'apprentissage à l'école dans la langue maternelle". RFI (in French). 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
- ^ (in French). Archived from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
- ^ "AI in Africa: Teaching a bot to read my mum's texts". BBC News. 2020-04-29. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ^ "Project website". ffrtranslate.com. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ^ Emezue, Chris Chinenye; Dossou, Femi Pancrace Bonaventure (2020). "FFR v1.1: Fon-French Neural Machine Translation". Proceedings of the Fourth Widening Natural Language Processing Workshop. Seattle, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics: 83–87. doi:10.18653/v1/2020.winlp-1.21.
Bibliography Edit
- Höftmann, Hildegard; Ahohounkpanzon, Michel (2003). Dictionnaire fon-français : avec une esquisse grammaticale. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. ISBN 3896454633. OCLC 53005906.
External links Edit
- A Facebook application to use and learn the Fon language, developed by Jolome.com
- The first blog totally in Fongbe. An access to a Fongbe forum is given
- Manuel dahoméen : grammaire, chrestomathie, dictionnaire français-dahoméen et dahoméen-français, 1894 by Maurice Delafosse at the Internet Archive (in French)