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Wikipedia

Acute accent

The acute accent (/əˈkjt/), ◌́, is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts. For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin and Greek alphabets, precomposed characters are available.

◌́
Acute accent
In UnicodeU+0301 ́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT (diacritic)
See also
  • U+00B4 ´ ACUTE ACCENT (symbol)
  • U+02CA ˊ MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT (symbol)

Uses

History

An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.

Pitch

Ancient Greek

The acute accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it indicated a syllable with a high pitch. In Modern Greek, a stress accent has replaced the pitch accent, and the acute marks the stressed syllable of a word. The Greek name of the accented syllable was and is ὀξεῖα (oxeîa, Modern Greek oxía) "sharp" or "high", which was calqued (loan-translated) into Latin as acūta "sharpened".

Stress

The acute accent marks the stressed vowel of a word in several languages:

  • Blackfoot uses acute accents to show the place of stress in a word: soyópokistsi "leaves".
  • Bulgarian: stress, which is variable in Bulgarian, is not usually indicated in Bulgarian except in dictionaries and sometimes in homonyms that are distinguished only by stress. However, Bulgarian usually uses the grave accent to mark the vowel in a stressed syllable, unlike Russian, which uses the acute accent.
  • Catalan uses it in stressed vowels: é, í, ó, ú.
  • Dutch uses it to mark stress (vóórkomenvoorkómen, meaning occur and prevent respectively) or a more closed vowel (, equivalent to English hey and heh) if it is not clear from context. Sometimes, it is simply used for disambiguation, as in ééneen, meaning "one" and "a(n)".
  • Galician
  • Hopi has acute to mark a higher tone.
  • Italian The accent is used to indicate the stress in a word, or whether the vowel is "open" or "wide", or "closed", or "narrow". For example, pèsca [ˈpɛska] "peach" ("open" or "wide" vowel, as in "pen") and pésca [ˈpeska] "fishing" ("closed" or "narrow" vowel, as in "pain"). However, these two words are usually pronounced the same way, which varies with region.
  • Lakota. For example, kákhi "in that direction" but kakhí "take something to someone back there".
  • Leonese uses it for marking stress or disambiguation.
  • Modern Greek marks the stressed vowel of every polysyllabic word: ά (á), έ (é), ή (í), ί (í), ό (ó), ύ (í), ώ (ó).
  • Navajo where the acute marks a higher tone.
  • Norwegian, Swedish and Danish use the acute accent to indicate that a terminal syllable with the e is stressed and is often omitted if it does not change the meaning: armen (first syllable stressed) means "the arm" while armé(e)n means "the army"; ide (first syllable stressed) means "bear's den" while idé means "idea". Also stress-related are the different spellings of the words en/én and et/ét (the indefinite article and the word "one" in Danish and Norwegian). In Norwegian, however, the neuter word "one" is spelled ett. Then, the acute points out that there is one and only one of the object, which derives from the obsolete spelling(s) een and eet. Some loanwords, mainly from French, are also written with the acute accent, such as Norwegian and Swedish kafé and Danish café (also cafe).
  • Occitan
  • Portuguese: á, é, í, ó, ú. It may also indicate height (see below).
  • Russian. Stress is irregular in Russian, and in reference and teaching materials (dictionaries and books for children or foreigners), stress is indicated by an acute accent above the stressed vowel. The acute accent can be used both in the Cyrillic and sometimes in the romanised text.
  • Spanish marks stressed syllables in polysyllabic words that deviate from the standardized stress patterns. In monosyllabic words, it is used to distinguish homophones, e.g.: el (the) and él (he).
  • Ukrainian: marks the stress, but in regular typography is only used when it can help to distinguish between homographs: за́мок (castle) vs. замо́к (lock). Commonly used in dictionaries and some children books.
  • Welsh: word stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable, but one way of indicating stress on a final (short) vowel is by the use of the acute accent. In the Welsh orthography, it can be on any vowel: á, é, í, ó, ú, , or ý. Examples: casáu [kaˈsaɨ, kaˈsai] "to hate", sigarét [sɪɡaˈrɛt] "cigarette", ymbarél [əmbaˈrɛl] "umbrella".

Height

The acute accent marks the height of some stressed vowels in various Romance languages.

  • To mark high vowels:
    • Bislama. The acute is used only on é, but only in one of the two orthographies. It distinguishes é [e] from e [ɛ].[1] The orthography after 1995 (which has no diacritics), does not distinguish these sounds.
    • Catalan. The acute marks the quality of the vowels é [e] (as opposed to è [ɛ]), and ó [o] (as opposed to ò [ɔ]).
    • French. The acute is used on é. It is known as accent aigu, in contrast to the accent grave which is the accent sloped the other way. It distinguishes é [e] from è [ɛ], ê [ɛ], and e [ə]. Unlike in other Romance languages, the accent marks do not imply stress in French.
    • Italian. The acute accent (sometimes called accento chiuso, "closed accent" in Italian) is compulsory only in words of more than one syllable stressed on their final vowel (and a few other words). Words ending in stressed -o are never marked with an acute accent (ó), but with a grave accent (ò). Therefore, only é and è are normally contrasted, typically in words ending in -ché, such as perché ("why/because"); in the conjugated copula è ("is"); in ambiguous monosyllables such as ('neither') vs. ne ('of it') and ('itself') vs. se ('if'); and some verb forms, e.g. poté ("he/she/it could" (past tense)). The symbol ó can be used in the body of a word for disambiguation, for instance between bótte ("barrel") and bòtte ("beating"), though this is not mandatory: in fact standard Italian keyboards lack a dedicated ó key.
    • Occitan. The acute marks the quality of the vowels é [e] (as opposed to è [ɛ]), ó [u] (as opposed to ò [ɔ]) and á [ɔ/e] (as opposed to à [a]).
    • Scottish Gaelic (a Celtic rather than Romance language) uses/used a system in which é [eː] is contrasted with è [ɛː] and ó [oː] with ò [ɔː]. Both the grave and acute indicate length; é/è and ó/ò are thus contrasted with e [ɛ/e] and o [ɔ/o/ɤ] respectively. Besides, á appears in the words á [a], ám [ãũm] and ás [as] in order to distinguish them from a [ə], am [əm] and as [əs] respectively.[2][3] The other vowels (i and u) only appear either without an accent or with a grave. Since the 1980s the SQA (which sets school standards and thus the de facto standard language) and most publishers have abandoned the acute accent, using grave accents in all situations (analogous to the use of the acute in Irish). However, universities, some publishers and many speakers continue to use acute accents.
  • To mark low vowels:
    • Portuguese. The vowels á /a/, é /ɛ/ and ó /ɔ/ are stressed low vowels, in opposition to â /ɐ/, ê /e/ and ô /o/ which are stressed high vowels. However, the accent is only used in words whose stressed syllable is in an unpredictable location within the word: where the location of the stressed syllable is predictable, no accent is used, and the height of the stressed vowel cannot then usually be determined solely from the word's spelling.

Length

Long vowels

  • Arabic and Persian: ⟨á, í, ú⟩ were used in western transliteration of Islamic language texts from the 18th to early 20th centuries. Representing the long vowels, they are typically transcribed with a macron today except in Bahá'í orthography.
  • Classical Latin: sometimes used to represent the apex in modern orthography.
  • Czech: ⟨á, é, í, ó, ú, ý⟩ are the long versions of ⟨a, e, i, o, u, y⟩. The accent is known as čárka. To indicate a long ⟨u⟩ in the middle or at the end of a word, a kroužek ("ring") is used instead, to form ⟨ů⟩.
  • Hungarian: ⟨í, ó, ú⟩ are the long equivalents of the vowels ⟨i, o, u⟩. ⟨ő, ű⟩ (see double acute accent) are the long equivalents of ⟨ö, ü⟩. Both types of accents are known as hosszú ékezet (hosszú means long). The letters ⟨á⟩ and ⟨é⟩ are two long vowels but they are also distinct in quality, rather than being the long equivalents of ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ (see below in Letter extension).
  • Irish: ⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩ are the long equivalents of the vowels ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩, the accent affects pronunciation and meaning, e.g. Seán ("John") but sean ("old").[4] The accent is known as a (síneadh) fada /ˌʃiːnʲə ˈfadˠə/ ("long (sign)"), which is also used in Hiberno-English.
  • Old Norse: ⟨á, é, í, ó, ú, ý⟩ are the long versions of ⟨a, e, i, o, u, y⟩. Sometimes, ⟨ǿ⟩ is used as the long version of ⟨ø⟩, but ⟨œ⟩ is used more often. Sometimes, the short-lived Old Icelandic long ⟨ǫ⟩ (also written ⟨ö⟩) is written using an acute-accented form, ⟨ǫ́⟩, or a version with a macron, ⟨ǭ⟩, but usually it is not distinguished from ⟨á⟩ from which it is derived by u-mutation.
  • Slovak: the acute accent is called dĺžeň in Slovak. In addition to the long vowels ⟨á, é, í, ó, ú, ý⟩, dĺžeň is used to mark syllabic consonants ⟨ŕ, ĺ⟩, which are the long counterparts of syllabic ⟨r, l⟩.

Short vowels

  • Ligurian: in the official orthography, é is used for short [e], and ó is used for short [u].

Palatalization

A graphically similar, but not identical, mark is indicative of a palatalized sound in several languages.

In Polish, such a mark is known as a kreska (English: stroke) and is an integral part of several letters: four consonants and one vowel. When appearing in consonants, it indicates palatalization, similar to the use of the háček in Czech and other Slavic languages (e.g. sześć [ˈʂɛɕt͡ɕ] "six"). However, in contrast to the háček which is usually used for postalveolar consonants, the kreska denotes alveolo-palatal consonants. In traditional Polish typography, the kreska is more nearly vertical than the acute accent, and placed slightly right of center.[5] A similar rule applies to the Belarusian Latin alphabet Łacinka. However, for computer use, Unicode conflates the codepoints for these letters with those of the accented Latin letters of similar appearance.

In Serbo-Croatian, as in Polish, the letter ⟨ć⟩ is used to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/.

In the romanization of Macedonian, ⟨ǵ⟩ and ⟨ḱ⟩ represent the Cyrillic letters ⟨ѓ⟩ (Gje) and ⟨ќ⟩ (Kje), which stand for palatal or alveolo-palatal consonants, though ⟨gj⟩ and ⟨kj⟩ (or ⟨đ⟩ and ⟨ć⟩) are more commonly used for this purpose[citation needed]. The same two letters are used to transcribe the postulated Proto-Indo-European phonemes /ɡʲ/ and /kʲ/.

Sorbian uses the acute for palatalization as in Polish: ⟨ć dź ń⟩. Lower Sorbian also uses ⟨ŕ ś ź⟩, and Lower Sorbian previously used ⟨ḿ ṕ ẃ⟩ and ⟨b́ f́⟩, also written as ⟨b' f'⟩; these are now spelt as ⟨mj pj wj⟩ and ⟨bj fj⟩.

Tone

In the Quốc Ngữ system for Vietnamese, the Yale romanization for Cantonese, the Pinyin romanization for Mandarin Chinese, and the Bopomofo semi-syllabary, the acute accent indicates a rising tone. In Mandarin, the alternative to the acute accent is the number 2 after the syllable: lái = lai2. In Cantonese Yale, the acute accent is either tone 2, or tone 5 if the vowel(s) are followed by 'h' (if the number form is used, 'h' is omitted): má = ma2, máh = ma5.

In African languages and Athabaskan languages, it frequently marks a high tone, e.g., Yoruba apá 'arm', Nobiin féntí 'sweet date', Ekoti kaláwa 'boat', Navajo t’áá 'just'.

The acute accent is used in Serbo-Croatian dictionaries and linguistic publications to indicate a high-rising accent. It is not used in everyday writing.

Disambiguation

The acute accent is used to disambiguate certain words which would otherwise be homographs in the following languages:

  • Catalan. Examples: són "they are" vs. son "tiredness", més "more" vs. mes "month".
  • Danish. Examples: én "one" vs. en "a/an"; fór "went" vs. for "for"; véd "know(s)" vs. ved "by"; gǿr "bark(s)" vs. gør "do(es)"; dǿr "die(s)" vs. dør "door"; allé "alley" vs. alle "everybody". Furthermore, it is also used for the imperative form of verbs ending in -ere, which lose their final e and might be mistaken for plurals of a noun (which most often end in -er): analysér is the imperative form of at analysere "to analyse", analyser is "analyses", plural of the noun analyse "analysis". Using an acute accent is always optional, never required.
  • Dutch. Examples: één "one" vs. een "a/an"; vóór "before" vs. voor "for"; vóórkomen "to exist/to happen" vs. voorkómen "to prevent/to avoid". Using an acute accent is mostly optional.
  • Modern Greek. Although all polysyllabic words have an acute accent on the stressed syllable, in monosyllabic words the presence or absence of an accent may disambiguate. The most common case is η, the feminine definite article ("the"), versus ή, meaning "or". Other cases include που ("who"/"which") versus πού ("where") and πως ("that", as in "he told me that...") versus πώς ("how").
  • Norwegian. It is used to indicate stress on a vowel otherwise not expected to have stress. Most words are stressed on the first syllable and diacritical marks are rarely used. Although incorrect, it is frequently used to mark the imperative form of verbs ending in -ere as it is in Danish: kontrollér is the imperative form of "to control", kontroller is the noun "controls". The simple past of the verb å fare, "to travel", can optionally be written fór, to distinguish it from for (preposition "for" as in English), fôr "feed" n./"lining", or fòr (only in Nynorsk) "narrow ditch, trail by plow" (all the diacritics in these examples are optional.[6])
  • Portuguese. Examples: avô "grandfather" vs. avó "grandmother", nós "subject pronoun we" vs. nos "oblique case".
  • Russian. Acute accents (technically, stress marks) are used in dictionaries to indicate the stressed syllable. They may also be optionally used to disambiguate both between minimal pairs, such as за́мок (read as zámak, means "castle") and замо́к (read as zamók, means "lock"), and between question words and relative pronouns such as что ("what", stressed, or "that", unstressed), similarly to Spanish. This is rare, however, as usually meaning is determined by context and no stress mark is written. The same rules apply to Ukrainian, Rusyn, Belarusian and Bulgarian.
  • Spanish. Covers various question word / relative pronoun pairs where the first is stressed and the second is a clitic, such as cómo (interrogative "how") and como (non-interrogative "how", comparative "like", "I eat"[7]), differentiates qué (what) from que (that), and some other words such as "you" and tu "your," "tea" and te "you" (direct/indirect object), él "he/him" and el ("the", masculine). This usage of the acute accent is called tilde diacrítica.

Emphasis

  • In Danish, the acute accent can also be used for emphasis, especially on the word der (there), as in Der kan ikke være mange mennesker dér, meaning "There can't be many people there" or Dér skal vi hen meaning "That's where we're going".
  • In Dutch, the acute accent can also be used to emphasize an individual word within a sentence. For example, Dit is ónze auto, niet die van jullie, "This is our car, not yours." In this example, ónze is merely an emphasized form of onze. Also in family names like Piét, Piél, Plusjé, Hofsté.
  • In the Armenian script emphasis on a word is marked by an acute accent above the word's stressed vowel; it is traditionally grouped with the Armenian question and exclamation marks which are also diacritics applied to the stressed vowel.

Letter extension

  • In Faroese, the acute accent is used on five of the vowels (a, i, o, u and y), but these letters, á, í, ó, ú and ý are considered separate letters with separate pronunciations.
    á: long [ɔa], short [ɔ] and before [a]: [õ]
    í/ý: long [ʊiː], short [ʊi]
    ó: long [ɔu], [ɛu] or [œu], short: [œ], except Suðuroy: [ɔ]
    When ó is followed by the skerping -gv, it is pronounced [ɛ], except in Suðuroy where it is [ɔ]
    ú: long [ʉu], short [ʏ]
    When ú is followed by the skerping -gv, it is pronounced [ɪ]
  • In Hungarian, the acute accent marks a difference in quality on two vowels, apart from vowel length:
    The (short) vowel a is open back rounded (ɒ), but á is open front unrounded (a) (and long).
    Similarly, the (short) vowel e is open-mid front unrounded (ɛ), while (long) é is close-mid front unrounded (e).
    Despite this difference, in most of the cases, these two pairs are arranged as equal in collation, just like the other pairs (see above) that only differ in length.
  • In Icelandic the acute accent is used on all 6 of the vowels (a, e, i, o, u and y), and, like in Faroese, these are considered separate letters.
     
    A sample extract of Icelandic.
    á: [au(ː)]
    é: long [jeɛː], short [jɛ]
    í/ý: [i(ː)]
    ó: [ou(ː)]
    ú: [u(ː)]
    All can be either short or long, but note that the pronunciation of é is not the same short and long.
    Etymologically, vowels with an acute accent in these languages correspond to their Old Norse counterparts, which were long vowels but in many cases have become diphthongs. The only exception is é, which in Faroese has become æ.
  • In Kashubian, Polish, and Sorbian, the acute on "ó", historically used to indicate a lengthening of "o" [ɔ], now indicates higher pronunciation, [o] and [u], respectively.
  • In Turkmen, the letter ý is a consonant: [j].

Other uses

  • In some Basque texts predating Standard Basque, the letters ⟨r⟩ and ⟨l⟩ carry acute accents (an invention by Sabino Arana[8]), which are otherwise indicated by double letters. In such cases, ⟨ŕ⟩ is used to represent ⟨rr⟩ (a trilled ⟨r⟩, this spelling is used even at the end of a syllable,[9] to differentiate from -⟨r⟩-, an alveolar tap – in Basque /r/ in word-final positions is always trilled) and ⟨ĺ⟩ for ⟨ll⟩ (a palatalized /l/).
  • In transliterating texts written in Cuneiform, an acute accent over the vowel indicates that the original sign is the second representing that value in the canonical lists. Thus su is used to transliterate the first sign with the phonetic value /su/, while transliterates the second sign with the value /su/.[clarification needed]
  • In Emilian-Romagnol, é ó denote both length and height. In Romagnol they represent [eː, oː], while in Emilian they represent [e, o].
  • In Indonesian dictionaries, ⟨é⟩ is used to represent /e/, while ⟨e⟩ is used to represent /ə/.
  • In Northern Sámi, an acute accent was placed over the corresponding Latin letter to represent the letters peculiar to this language (Áá, Čč, Đđ, Ŋŋ, Šš, Ŧŧ, Žž) when typing when there was no way of entering these letters correctly otherwise.[10]
  • Many Norwegian words of French origin retain an acute accent, such as allé, kafé, idé, komité. Popular usage can be sketchy and often neglects the accent, or results in the grave accent erroneously being used in its place. Likewise, in Swedish, the acute accent is used only for the letter ⟨e⟩, mostly in words of French origin and in some names. It is used both to indicate a change in vowel quantity as well as quality and that the stress should be on this, normally unstressed, syllable. Examples include café ("café") and resumé ("résumé", noun). There are two pairs of homographs that are differentiated only by the accent: armé ("army") versus arme ("poor; pitiful", masculine gender) and idé ("idea") versus ide ("winter quarters").
  • ⟨Ǵǵ⟩ and ⟨Źź⟩ are used in Pashto in the Latin alphabet, equivalent to ږ and ځ, respectively.

English

As with other diacritical marks, a number of (usually French) loanwords are sometimes spelled in English with an acute accent as used in the original language: these include attaché, blasé, canapé, cliché, communiqué, café, décor, déjà vu, détente, élite, entrée, exposé, mêlée, fiancé, fiancée, papier-mâché, passé, pâté, piqué, plié, repoussé, résumé, risqué, sauté, roué, séance, naïveté, toupée and touché. Retention of the accent is common only in the French ending é or ée, as in these examples, where its absence would tend to suggest a different pronunciation. Thus the French word résumé is commonly seen in English as resumé, with only one accent (but also with both or none).

Acute accents are sometimes added to loanwords where a final e is not silent, for example, maté from Spanish mate, the Maldivian capital Malé, saké from Japanese sake, and Pokémon from the Japanese compound for pocket monster, the last three from languages which do not use the Roman alphabet, and where transcriptions do not normally use acute accents.

For foreign terms used in English that have not been assimilated into English or are not in general English usage, italics are generally used with the appropriate accents: for example, coup d'état, pièce de résistance, crème brûlée and ancien régime.

The acute accent is sometimes (though rarely) used for poetic purposes:

  • It can mark stress on an unusual syllable: for example, caléndar to indicate [kəˈlɛn.dɚ] (rather than the standard [ˈkæl.ən.dɚ]).
  • It can disambiguate stress where the distinction is metrically important: for example, rébel (as opposed to rebél), or áll trádes, to show that the phrase is pronounced as a spondee, rather than the more natural iamb.
  • It can indicate the sounding of an ordinarily silent letter: for example, pickéd to indicate the pronunciation [ˈpɪkɪd], rather than standard [pɪkt] (the grave accent is more common for this last purpose).

The layout of some European PC keyboards, combined with problematic keyboard-driver semantics, causes some users to use an acute accent or a grave accent instead of an apostrophe when typing in English (e.g. typing John`s or John´s instead of John's).[11]

Typographic form

 
Acute accent in multiple fonts. Gray letters indicate o kreska in the provided font. Notice that kreska in gray letters are steeper than acute accent in black letters. Also in Adobe HeiTi Std and SimSun, the stroke goes from bottom-left (thicker) to top-right (thinner), showing the rising nature of the tone; however, the acute accent in SimHei is made without variation in thickness.

Western typographic and calligraphic traditions generally design the acute accent as going from top to bottom. French even has the definition of acute is the accent "qui va de droite à gauche" (English: "which goes from right to left"),[12] meaning that it descends from top right to lower left.

In Polish, kreska is instead used which usually has a different shape and style compared to other Western languages. It features a more vertical steep form and is moved more to the right side of center line than acute. As Unicode did not differentiate the kreska from acute, letters from Western font and Polish font had to share the same set of characters which make designing the conflicting character (i.e. o acute, ⟨ó⟩) more troublesome. OpenType tried to solve this problem by giving language-sensitive glyph substitution to designers so that the font will automatically switch between Western ⟨ó⟩ and Polish ⟨ó⟩ based on language settings.[5] New fonts are sensitive to this issue and their design for the diacritics tends toward a more "universal design" so that there will be less need for localization, for example Roboto and Noto typefaces.[13]

Pinyin uses the acute accent to mark the second tone (rising or high-rising tone), which indicate a tone rising from low to high, causing the writing stroke of acute accent to go from lower left to top right. This contradicts the Western typographic tradition which makes designing the acute accent in Chinese fonts a problem. Designers approach this problem in 3 ways: either keep the original Western form of going top right (thicker) to bottom left (thinner) (e.g. Arial/Times New Roman), flip the stroke to go from bottom left (thicker) to top right (thinner) (e.g. Adobe HeiTi Std/SimSun), or just make the accents without stroke variation (e.g. SimHei).[14]

Letters with acute

Technical encoding

Acutes in Unicode
description character Unicode HTML
acute
above
◌́
combining, accent
U+0301 ́
◌́
combining, tone
U+0341 ́
´
spacing, symbol
U+00B4 ´
´
ˊ
spacing, letter
U+02CA ˊ
double
acute
◌̋
combining
U+030B ̋
˝
spacing, top
U+02DD ˝
˶
spacing, middle
U+02F6 ˶
acute
below
◌̗
combining
U+0317 ̗
ˏ
spacing, letter
U+02CF ˏ
additional
diacritic
Latin
Á
á
U+00C1
U+00E1
Á
á
Ǽ
ǽ
U+01FC
U+01FD
Ǽ
ǽ
Ć
ć
U+0106
U+0107
Ć
ć
É
é
U+00C9
U+00E9
É
é
Ǵ
ǵ
U+01F4
U+01F5
Ǵ
ǵ
Í
í
U+00CD
U+00ED
Í
í

U+1E30
U+1E31
Ḱ
ḱ
Ĺ
ĺ
U+0139
U+013A
Ĺ
ĺ

ḿ
U+1E3E
U+1E3F
Ḿ
ḿ
Ń
ń
U+0143
U+0144
Ń
ń
Ó
ó
U+00D3
U+00F3
Ó
ó
Ǿ
ǿ
U+01FE
U+01FF
Ǿ
ǿ

U+1E54
U+1E55
Ṕ
ṕ
Ŕ
ŕ
U+0154
U+0155
Ŕ
ŕ
Ś
ś
U+015A
U+015B
Ś
ś
Ú
ú
U+00DA
U+00FA
Ú
ú

U+1E82
U+1E83
Ẃ
ẃ
Ý
ý
U+00DD
U+00FD
Ý
ý
Ź
ź
U+0179
U+017A
Ź
ź
double
acute
Ő
ő
U+0150
U+0151
Ő
ő
Ű
ű
U+0170
U+0171
Ű
ű
diaeresis
U+1E2E
U+1E2F
Ḯ
ḯ
Ǘ
ǘ
U+01D7
U+01D8
Ǘ
ǘ
ring Ǻ
ǻ
U+01FA
U+01FB
Ǻ
ǻ
cedilla
U+1E08
U+1E09
Ḉ
ḉ
macron
U+1E16
U+1E17
Ḗ
ḗ

U+1E52
U+1E53
Ṓ
ṓ
tilde
U+1E4C
U+1E4D
Ṍ
ṍ

U+1E78
U+1E79
Ṹ
ṹ
dot
U+1E64
U+1E65
Ṥ
ṥ
circumflex
U+1EA4
U+1EA5
Ấ
ấ

ế
U+1EBE
U+1EBF
Ế
ế

U+1ED0
U+1ED1
Ố
ố
breve
U+1EAE
U+1EAF
Ắ
ắ
horn
U+1EDA
U+1EDB
Ớ
ớ

U+1EE8
U+1EE9
Ứ
ứ
Greek
Ά
ά
U+0386
U+03AC
Ά
ά
Έ
έ
U+0388
U+03AD
Έ
έ
Ή
ή
U+0389
U+03AE
Ή
ή
Ί
ί
U+038A
U+03AF
Ί
ί
Ό
ό
U+038C
U+03CC
Ό
ό
Ύ
ύ
ϓ
U+038E
U+03CD
U+03D3
Ύ
ύ
ϓ
Ώ
ώ
U+038F
U+03CE
Ώ
ώ
diaeresis ◌̈́   combining
dialytika and tonos
U+0344 ̈́
΅    spacing
dialytika and tonos
U+0385 ΅

ΐ

U+0390

ΐ

ΰ

U+03B0

ΰ
Cyrillic
Ѓ
ѓ
U+0403
U+0453
Ѓ
ѓ
Ќ
ќ
U+040C
U+045C
Ќ
ќ
Ӳ
ӳ
U+04F2
U+04F3
Ӳ
ӳ

The ISO-8859-1 and Windows-1252 character encodings include the letters á, é, í, ó, ú, ý, and their respective capital forms. Dozens more letters with the acute accent are available in Unicode.

Microsoft Windows

On Windows computers, letters with acute accents can be created by holding down the alt key and typing in a three-number code on the number pad to the right of the keyboard before releasing the Alt key. Before the appearance of Spanish keyboards, Spanish speakers had to learn these codes if they wanted to be able to write acute accents, though some preferred using the Microsoft Word spell checker to add the accent for them. Some young computer users got in the habit of not writing accented letters at all.[15] The codes (which come from the IBM PC encoding) are:

  • 160 for á
  • 130 for é
  • 161 for í
  • 162 for ó
  • 163 for ú

On most non-US keyboard layouts (e.g. Hiberno-English), these letters can also be made by holding AltGr (or Ctrl+Alt) and the desired letter. Individual applications may have enhanced support for accents.

macOS

On macOS computers, an acute accent is placed on a vowel by pressing ⌥ Option+e and then the vowel, which can also be capitalised; for example, á is formed by pressing ⌥ Option+e and then a, and Á is formed by pressing ⌥ Option+e and then ⇧ Shift+a.

Keyboards

Because keyboards have only a limited number of keys, US English keyboards do not have keys for accented characters. The concept of dead key, a key that modified the meaning of the next key press, was developed to overcome this problem. This acute accent key was already present on typewriters where it typed the accent without moving the carriage, so a normal letter could be written on the same place. The US-International layout provides this function: ' is a dead key so appears to have no effect until the next key is pressed, when it adds the desired accute accent.

Computers sold in Europe (including UK) have an AltGr ('alternate graphic') key[a] which adds a third and (with the Shift key) fourth effect to most keys. Thus AltGr+a produces á and AltGr+A produces Á.[b]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Where US standard keyboards are supplied, the right-Alt key behaves as an AltGr key.
  2. ^ Most languages require many more diacritics and thus an 'exended' or national keyboard mapping add-on is required.

References

  1. ^ "Letter Database". eki.ee.
  2. ^ http://www.his.com/~rory/orthocrit.html[unreliable source?]
  3. ^ "Am Faclair Beag - Scottish Gaelic Dictionary". www.faclair.com.
  4. ^ Carroll, Rory (January 21, 2019). "Anger over spelling of Irish names on transport passes: Irish transport authority blames 'technical limitation' for lack of fadas on Leap cards". The Guardian. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Polish Diacritics: how to?". www.twardoch.com.
  6. ^ Norwegian language council, Diacritics (in Norwegian) September 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ This makes "¿Cómo como? Como como como." correct sentences (How I eat? I eat like I eat.)
  8. ^ Trask, L. The History of Basque Routledge: 1997 ISBN 0-415-13116-2
  9. ^ Lecciones de ortografía del euskera bizkaino, page 40, Arana eta Goiri'tar Sabin, Bilbao, Bizkaya'ren Edestija ta Izkerea Pizkundia, 1896 (Sebastián de Amorrortu).
  10. ^ Svonni, E Mikael (1984). Sámegiel-ruoŧagiel skuvlasátnelistu. Sámiskuvlastivra. III. ISBN 91-7716-008-8.
  11. ^ Kuhn, Markus (May 7, 2001). "Apostrophe and acute accent confusion". Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  12. ^ "aigu", The Free Dictionary, retrieved June 14, 2020
  13. ^ "Add Polish letterforms · Issue #981 · googlefonts/noto-fonts". GitHub. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  14. ^ "The Type — Wǒ ài pīnyīn!". The Type. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  15. ^ Sotavent-Pedagogía: Uso y desuso de los acentos {Spanish}

External links

  •   The dictionary definition of acute accent at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of ´ at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of á at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of ć at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of é at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of í at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of ĺ at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of ḿ at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of ó at Wiktionary

acute, accent, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, january, 201. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Acute accent news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message The acute accent e ˈ k j uː t is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin Cyrillic and Greek scripts For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin and Greek alphabets precomposed characters are available Acute accentIn UnicodeU 0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT diacritic See alsoU 00B4 ACUTE ACCENT symbol U 02CA ˊ MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT symbol This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Contents 1 Uses 1 1 History 1 2 Pitch 1 2 1 Ancient Greek 1 3 Stress 1 4 Height 1 5 Length 1 5 1 Long vowels 1 5 2 Short vowels 1 6 Palatalization 1 7 Tone 1 8 Disambiguation 1 9 Emphasis 1 10 Letter extension 1 11 Other uses 1 12 English 2 Typographic form 2 1 Letters with acute 3 Technical encoding 3 1 Microsoft Windows 3 2 macOS 3 3 Keyboards 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksUses EditHistory Edit An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels Pitch Edit Ancient Greek Edit See also Ancient Greek accent The acute accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek where it indicated a syllable with a high pitch In Modern Greek a stress accent has replaced the pitch accent and the acute marks the stressed syllable of a word The Greek name of the accented syllable was and is ὀ3eῖa oxeia Modern Greek oxia sharp or high which was calqued loan translated into Latin as acuta sharpened Stress Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The acute accent marks the stressed vowel of a word in several languages Blackfoot uses acute accents to show the place of stress in a word soyopokistsi leaves Bulgarian stress which is variable in Bulgarian is not usually indicated in Bulgarian except in dictionaries and sometimes in homonyms that are distinguished only by stress However Bulgarian usually uses the grave accent to mark the vowel in a stressed syllable unlike Russian which uses the acute accent Catalan uses it in stressed vowels e i o u Dutch uses it to mark stress voorkomen voorkomen meaning occur and prevent respectively or a more closed vowel he he equivalent to English hey and heh if it is not clear from context Sometimes it is simply used for disambiguation as in een een meaning one and a n Galician Hopi has acute to mark a higher tone Italian The accent is used to indicate the stress in a word or whether the vowel is open or wide or closed or narrow For example pesca ˈpɛska peach open or wide vowel as in pen and pesca ˈpeska fishing closed or narrow vowel as in pain However these two words are usually pronounced the same way which varies with region Lakota For example kakhi in that direction but kakhi take something to someone back there Leonese uses it for marking stress or disambiguation Modern Greek marks the stressed vowel of every polysyllabic word a a e e h i i i o o y i w o Navajo where the acute marks a higher tone Norwegian Swedish and Danish use the acute accent to indicate that a terminal syllable with the e is stressed and is often omitted if it does not change the meaning armen first syllable stressed means the arm while arme e n means the army ide first syllable stressed means bear s den while ide means idea Also stress related are the different spellings of the words en en and et et the indefinite article and the word one in Danish and Norwegian In Norwegian however the neuter word one is spelled ett Then the acute points out that there is one and only one of the object which derives from the obsolete spelling s een and eet Some loanwords mainly from French are also written with the acute accent such as Norwegian and Swedish kafe and Danish cafe also cafe Occitan Portuguese a e i o u It may also indicate height see below Russian Stress is irregular in Russian and in reference and teaching materials dictionaries and books for children or foreigners stress is indicated by an acute accent above the stressed vowel The acute accent can be used both in the Cyrillic and sometimes in the romanised text Spanish marks stressed syllables in polysyllabic words that deviate from the standardized stress patterns In monosyllabic words it is used to distinguish homophones e g el the and el he Ukrainian marks the stress but in regular typography is only used when it can help to distinguish between homographs za mok castle vs zamo k lock Commonly used in dictionaries and some children books Welsh word stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable but one way of indicating stress on a final short vowel is by the use of the acute accent In the Welsh orthography it can be on any vowel a e i o u ẃ or y Examples casau kaˈsaɨ kaˈsai to hate sigaret sɪɡaˈrɛt cigarette ymbarel embaˈrɛl umbrella Height Edit The acute accent marks the height of some stressed vowels in various Romance languages To mark high vowels Bislama The acute is used only on e but only in one of the two orthographies It distinguishes e e from e ɛ 1 The orthography after 1995 which has no diacritics does not distinguish these sounds Catalan The acute marks the quality of the vowels e e as opposed to e ɛ and o o as opposed to o ɔ French The acute is used on e It is known as accent aigu in contrast to the accent grave which is the accent sloped the other way It distinguishes e e from e ɛ e ɛ and e e Unlike in other Romance languages the accent marks do not imply stress in French Italian The acute accent sometimes called accento chiuso closed accent in Italian is compulsory only in words of more than one syllable stressed on their final vowel and a few other words Words ending in stressed o are never marked with an acute accent o but with a grave accent o Therefore only e and e are normally contrasted typically in words ending in che such as perche why because in the conjugated copula e is in ambiguous monosyllables such as ne neither vs ne of it and se itself vs se if and some verb forms e g pote he she it could past tense The symbol o can be used in the body of a word for disambiguation for instance between botte barrel and botte beating though this is not mandatory in fact standard Italian keyboards lack a dedicated o key Occitan The acute marks the quality of the vowels e e as opposed to e ɛ o u as opposed to o ɔ and a ɔ e as opposed to a a Scottish Gaelic a Celtic rather than Romance language uses used a system in which e eː is contrasted with e ɛː and o oː with o ɔː Both the grave and acute indicate length e e and o o are thus contrasted with e ɛ e and o ɔ o ɤ respectively Besides a appears in the words a a am aũm and as as in order to distinguish them from a e am em and as es respectively 2 3 The other vowels i and u only appear either without an accent or with a grave Since the 1980s the SQA which sets school standards and thus the de facto standard language and most publishers have abandoned the acute accent using grave accents in all situations analogous to the use of the acute in Irish However universities some publishers and many speakers continue to use acute accents To mark low vowels Portuguese The vowels a a e ɛ and o ɔ are stressed low vowels in opposition to a ɐ e e and o o which are stressed high vowels However the accent is only used in words whose stressed syllable is in an unpredictable location within the word where the location of the stressed syllable is predictable no accent is used and the height of the stressed vowel cannot then usually be determined solely from the word s spelling Length Edit Long vowels Edit Arabic and Persian a i u were used in western transliteration of Islamic language texts from the 18th to early 20th centuries Representing the long vowels they are typically transcribed with a macron today except in Baha i orthography Classical Latin sometimes used to represent the apex in modern orthography Czech a e i o u y are the long versions of a e i o u y The accent is known as carka To indicate a long u in the middle or at the end of a word a krouzek ring is used instead to form u Hungarian i o u are the long equivalents of the vowels i o u o u see double acute accent are the long equivalents of o u Both types of accents are known as hosszu ekezet hosszu means long The letters a and e are two long vowels but they are also distinct in quality rather than being the long equivalents of a and e see below in Letter extension Irish a e i o u are the long equivalents of the vowels a e i o u the accent affects pronunciation and meaning e g Sean John but sean old 4 The accent is known as a sineadh fada ˌʃiːnʲe ˈfadˠe long sign which is also used in Hiberno English Old Norse a e i o u y are the long versions of a e i o u y Sometimes ǿ is used as the long version of o but œ is used more often Sometimes the short lived Old Icelandic long ǫ also written o is written using an acute accented form ǫ or a version with a macron ǭ but usually it is not distinguished from a from which it is derived by u mutation Slovak the acute accent is called dĺzen in Slovak In addition to the long vowels a e i o u y dĺzen is used to mark syllabic consonants ŕ ĺ which are the long counterparts of syllabic r l Short vowels Edit Ligurian in the official orthography e is used for short e and o is used for short u Palatalization Edit A graphically similar but not identical mark is indicative of a palatalized sound in several languages In Polish such a mark is known as a kreska English stroke and is an integral part of several letters four consonants and one vowel When appearing in consonants it indicates palatalization similar to the use of the hacek in Czech and other Slavic languages e g szesc ˈʂɛɕt ɕ six However in contrast to the hacek which is usually used for postalveolar consonants the kreska denotes alveolo palatal consonants In traditional Polish typography the kreska is more nearly vertical than the acute accent and placed slightly right of center 5 A similar rule applies to the Belarusian Latin alphabet Lacinka However for computer use Unicode conflates the codepoints for these letters with those of the accented Latin letters of similar appearance In Serbo Croatian as in Polish the letter c is used to represent a voiceless alveolo palatal affricate t ɕ In the romanization of Macedonian ǵ and ḱ represent the Cyrillic letters ѓ Gje and ќ Kje which stand for palatal or alveolo palatal consonants though gj and kj or đ and c are more commonly used for this purpose citation needed The same two letters are used to transcribe the postulated Proto Indo European phonemes ɡʲ and kʲ Sorbian uses the acute for palatalization as in Polish c dz n Lower Sorbian also uses ŕ s z and Lower Sorbian previously used ḿ ṕ ẃ and b f also written as b f these are now spelt as mj pj wj and bj fj Tone Edit In the Quốc Ngữ system for Vietnamese the Yale romanization for Cantonese the Pinyin romanization for Mandarin Chinese and the Bopomofo semi syllabary the acute accent indicates a rising tone In Mandarin the alternative to the acute accent is the number 2 after the syllable lai lai2 In Cantonese Yale the acute accent is either tone 2 or tone 5 if the vowel s are followed by h if the number form is used h is omitted ma ma2 mah ma5 In African languages and Athabaskan languages it frequently marks a high tone e g Yoruba apa arm Nobiin fenti sweet date Ekoti kalawa boat Navajo t aa just The acute accent is used in Serbo Croatian dictionaries and linguistic publications to indicate a high rising accent It is not used in everyday writing Disambiguation Edit The acute accent is used to disambiguate certain words which would otherwise be homographs in the following languages Catalan Examples son they are vs son tiredness mes more vs mes month Danish Examples en one vs en a an for went vs for for ved know s vs ved by gǿr bark s vs gor do es dǿr die s vs dor door alle alley vs alle everybody Furthermore it is also used for the imperative form of verbs ending in ere which lose their final e and might be mistaken for plurals of a noun which most often end in er analyser is the imperative form of at analysere to analyse analyser is analyses plural of the noun analyse analysis Using an acute accent is always optional never required Dutch Examples een one vs een a an voor before vs voor for voorkomen to exist to happen vs voorkomen to prevent to avoid Using an acute accent is mostly optional Modern Greek Although all polysyllabic words have an acute accent on the stressed syllable in monosyllabic words the presence or absence of an accent may disambiguate The most common case is h the feminine definite article the versus h meaning or Other cases include poy who which versus poy where and pws that as in he told me that versus pws how Norwegian It is used to indicate stress on a vowel otherwise not expected to have stress Most words are stressed on the first syllable and diacritical marks are rarely used Although incorrect it is frequently used to mark the imperative form of verbs ending in ere as it is in Danish kontroller is the imperative form of to control kontroller is the noun controls The simple past of the verb a fare to travel can optionally be written for to distinguish it from for preposition for as in English for feed n lining or for only in Nynorsk narrow ditch trail by plow all the diacritics in these examples are optional 6 Portuguese Examples avo grandfather vs avo grandmother nos subject pronoun we vs nos oblique case Russian Acute accents technically stress marks are used in dictionaries to indicate the stressed syllable They may also be optionally used to disambiguate both between minimal pairs such as za mok read as zamak means castle and zamo k read as zamok means lock and between question words and relative pronouns such as chto what stressed or that unstressed similarly to Spanish This is rare however as usually meaning is determined by context and no stress mark is written The same rules apply to Ukrainian Rusyn Belarusian and Bulgarian Spanish Covers various question word relative pronoun pairs where the first is stressed and the second is a clitic such as como interrogative how and como non interrogative how comparative like I eat 7 differentiates que what from que that and some other words such as tu you and tu your te tea and te you direct indirect object el he him and el the masculine This usage of the acute accent is called tilde diacritica Emphasis Edit In Danish the acute accent can also be used for emphasis especially on the word der there as in Der kan ikke vaere mange mennesker der meaning There can t be many people there or Der skal vi hen meaning That s where we re going In Dutch the acute accent can also be used to emphasize an individual word within a sentence For example Dit is onze auto niet die van jullie This is our car not yours In this example onze is merely an emphasized form of onze Also in family names like Piet Piel Plusje Hofste In the Armenian script emphasis on a word is marked by an acute accent above the word s stressed vowel it is traditionally grouped with the Armenian question and exclamation marks which are also diacritics applied to the stressed vowel Letter extension Edit In Faroese the acute accent is used on five of the vowels a i o u and y but these letters a i o u and y are considered separate letters with separate pronunciations a long ɔa short ɔ and before a o i y long ʊiː short ʊi o long ɔu ɛu or œu short œ except Suduroy ɔ When o is followed by the skerping gv it is pronounced ɛ except in Suduroy where it is ɔ dd u long ʉu short ʏ When u is followed by the skerping gv it is pronounced ɪ dd In Hungarian the acute accent marks a difference in quality on two vowels apart from vowel length The short vowel a is open back rounded ɒ but a is open front unrounded a and long Similarly the short vowel e is open mid front unrounded ɛ while long e is close mid front unrounded e Despite this difference in most of the cases these two pairs are arranged as equal in collation just like the other pairs see above that only differ in length In Icelandic the acute accent is used on all 6 of the vowels a e i o u and y and like in Faroese these are considered separate letters A sample extract of Icelandic a au ː e long jeɛː short jɛ i y i ː o ou ː u u ː All can be either short or long but note that the pronunciation of e is not the same short and long Etymologically vowels with an acute accent in these languages correspond to their Old Norse counterparts which were long vowels but in many cases have become diphthongs The only exception is e which in Faroese has become ae In Kashubian Polish and Sorbian the acute on o historically used to indicate a lengthening of o ɔ now indicates higher pronunciation o and u respectively In Turkmen the letter y is a consonant j Other uses Edit In some Basque texts predating Standard Basque the letters r and l carry acute accents an invention by Sabino Arana 8 which are otherwise indicated by double letters In such cases ŕ is used to represent rr a trilled r this spelling is used even at the end of a syllable 9 to differentiate from r an alveolar tap in Basque r in word final positions is always trilled and ĺ for ll a palatalized l In transliterating texts written in Cuneiform an acute accent over the vowel indicates that the original sign is the second representing that value in the canonical lists Thus su is used to transliterate the first sign with the phonetic value su while su transliterates the second sign with the value su clarification needed In Emilian Romagnol e o denote both length and height In Romagnol they represent eː oː while in Emilian they represent e o In Indonesian dictionaries e is used to represent e while e is used to represent e In Northern Sami an acute accent was placed over the corresponding Latin letter to represent the letters peculiar to this language Aa Cc Đđ Ŋŋ Ss Ŧŧ Zz when typing when there was no way of entering these letters correctly otherwise 10 Many Norwegian words of French origin retain an acute accent such as alle kafe ide komite Popular usage can be sketchy and often neglects the accent or results in the grave accent erroneously being used in its place Likewise in Swedish the acute accent is used only for the letter e mostly in words of French origin and in some names It is used both to indicate a change in vowel quantity as well as quality and that the stress should be on this normally unstressed syllable Examples include cafe cafe and resume resume noun There are two pairs of homographs that are differentiated only by the accent arme army versus arme poor pitiful masculine gender and ide idea versus ide winter quarters Ǵǵ and Zz are used in Pashto in the Latin alphabet equivalent to ږ and ځ respectively English Edit As with other diacritical marks a number of usually French loanwords are sometimes spelled in English with an acute accent as used in the original language these include attache blase canape cliche communique cafe decor deja vu detente elite entree expose melee fiance fiancee papier mache passe pate pique plie repousse resume risque saute roue seance naivete toupee and touche Retention of the accent is common only in the French ending e or ee as in these examples where its absence would tend to suggest a different pronunciation Thus the French word resume is commonly seen in English as resume with only one accent but also with both or none Acute accents are sometimes added to loanwords where a final e is not silent for example mate from Spanish mate the Maldivian capital Male sake from Japanese sake and Pokemon from the Japanese compound for pocket monster the last three from languages which do not use the Roman alphabet and where transcriptions do not normally use acute accents For foreign terms used in English that have not been assimilated into English or are not in general English usage italics are generally used with the appropriate accents for example coup d etat piece de resistance creme brulee and ancien regime The acute accent is sometimes though rarely used for poetic purposes It can mark stress on an unusual syllable for example calendar to indicate keˈlɛn dɚ rather than the standard ˈkael en dɚ It can disambiguate stress where the distinction is metrically important for example rebel as opposed to rebel or all trades to show that the phrase is pronounced as a spondee rather than the more natural iamb It can indicate the sounding of an ordinarily silent letter for example picked to indicate the pronunciation ˈpɪkɪd rather than standard pɪkt the grave accent is more common for this last purpose The layout of some European PC keyboards combined with problematic keyboard driver semantics causes some users to use an acute accent or a grave accent instead of an apostrophe when typing in English e g typing John s or John s instead of John s 11 Typographic form Edit Acute accent in multiple fonts Gray letters indicate o kreska in the provided font Notice that kreska in gray letters are steeper than acute accent in black letters Also in Adobe HeiTi Std and SimSun the stroke goes from bottom left thicker to top right thinner showing the rising nature of the tone however the acute accent in SimHei is made without variation in thickness Western typographic and calligraphic traditions generally design the acute accent as going from top to bottom French even has the definition of acute is the accent qui va de droite a gauche English which goes from right to left 12 meaning that it descends from top right to lower left In Polish kreska is instead used which usually has a different shape and style compared to other Western languages It features a more vertical steep form and is moved more to the right side of center line than acute As Unicode did not differentiate the kreska from acute letters from Western font and Polish font had to share the same set of characters which make designing the conflicting character i e o acute o more troublesome OpenType tried to solve this problem by giving language sensitive glyph substitution to designers so that the font will automatically switch between Western o and Polish o based on language settings 5 New fonts are sensitive to this issue and their design for the diacritics tends toward a more universal design so that there will be less need for localization for example Roboto and Noto typefaces 13 Pinyin uses the acute accent to mark the second tone rising or high rising tone which indicate a tone rising from low to high causing the writing stroke of acute accent to go from lower left to top right This contradicts the Western typographic tradition which makes designing the acute accent in Chinese fonts a problem Designers approach this problem in 3 ways either keep the original Western form of going top right thicker to bottom left thinner e g Arial Times New Roman flip the stroke to go from bottom left thicker to top right thinner e g Adobe HeiTi Std SimSun or just make the accents without stroke variation e g SimHei 14 Letters with acute Edit vte Acute Latin A aẤ ấA a Ắ ắǺ ǻA a Ǽ ǽB b C cC c Ḉ ḉD d E eẾ ếḖ ḗE e Ė e e e E e e ɚ F f Ǵ ǵH h I ii i i Į į Ḯ ḯJ ȷ Ḱ ḱĹ ĺḾ ḿN no oỐ ốỚ ớṌ ṍṒ ṓo o Ǫ ǫ Ǿ ǿƆ ɔ Ṕ ṕQ q Ŕ ŕS sṤ ṥT t U uǗ ǘỨ ứṸ ṹu u Ų u V v Ʌ ʌ Ẃ ẃX x Y yȲ ȳ Z z Greek A aE eH hI i iO oY y yϓW w Cyrillic Ѓ ѓЌ ќTechnical encoding EditAcutes in Unicodedescription character Unicode HTMLacuteabove combining accent U 0301 amp 769 combining tone U 0341 amp 833 spacing symbol U 00B4 amp acute amp 180 ˊspacing letter U 02CA amp 714 doubleacute combining U 030B amp 779 spacing top U 02DD amp 733 spacing middle U 02F6 amp 758 acutebelow combining U 0317 amp 791 ˏspacing letter U 02CF amp 719 additionaldiacritic Latin Aa U 00C1U 00E1 amp 193 amp 225 Ǽǽ U 01FCU 01FD amp 508 amp 509 Cc U 0106U 0107 amp 262 amp 263 Ee U 00C9U 00E9 amp 201 amp 233 Ǵǵ U 01F4U 01F5 amp 500 amp 501 Ii U 00CDU 00ED amp 205 amp 237 Ḱḱ U 1E30U 1E31 amp 7728 amp 7729 Ĺĺ U 0139U 013A amp 313 amp 314 Ḿḿ U 1E3EU 1E3F amp 7742 amp 7743 Nn U 0143U 0144 amp 323 amp 324 oo U 00D3U 00F3 amp 211 amp 243 Ǿǿ U 01FEU 01FF amp 510 amp 511 Ṕṕ U 1E54U 1E55 amp 7764 amp 7765 Ŕŕ U 0154U 0155 amp 340 amp 341 Ss U 015AU 015B amp 346 amp 347 Uu U 00DAU 00FA amp 218 amp 250 Ẃẃ U 1E82U 1E83 amp 7810 amp 7811 Yy U 00DDU 00FD amp 221 amp 253 Zz U 0179U 017A amp 377 amp 378 doubleacute Oo U 0150U 0151 amp 336 amp 337 Uu U 0170U 0171 amp 368 amp 369 diaeresis Ḯḯ U 1E2EU 1E2F amp 7726 amp 7727 Ǘǘ U 01D7U 01D8 amp 471 amp 472 ring Ǻǻ U 01FAU 01FB amp 506 amp 507 cedilla Ḉḉ U 1E08U 1E09 amp 7688 amp 7689 macron Ḗḗ U 1E16U 1E17 amp 7702 amp 7703 Ṓṓ U 1E52U 1E53 amp 7762 amp 7763 tilde Ṍṍ U 1E4CU 1E4D amp 7756 amp 7757 Ṹṹ U 1E78U 1E79 amp 7800 amp 7801 dot Ṥṥ U 1E64U 1E65 amp 7780 amp 7781 circumflex Ấấ U 1EA4U 1EA5 amp 7844 amp 7845 Ếế U 1EBEU 1EBF amp 7870 amp 7871 Ốố U 1ED0U 1ED1 amp 7888 amp 7889 breve Ắắ U 1EAEU 1EAF amp 7854 amp 7855 horn Ớớ U 1EDAU 1EDB amp 7898 amp 7899 Ứứ U 1EE8U 1EE9 amp 7912 amp 7913 Greek Aa U 0386U 03AC amp 902 amp 940 Ee U 0388U 03AD amp 904 amp 941 Hh U 0389U 03AE amp 905 amp 942 Ii U 038AU 03AF amp 906 amp 943 Oo U 038CU 03CC amp 908 amp 972 Yyϓ U 038EU 03CDU 03D3 amp 910 amp 973 amp 979 Ww U 038FU 03CE amp 911 amp 974 diaeresis combiningdialytika and tonos U 0344 amp 836 spacingdialytika and tonos U 0385 amp 901 i U 0390 amp 912 y U 03B0 amp 944 Cyrillic Ѓѓ U 0403U 0453 amp 1027 amp 1107 Ќќ U 040CU 045C amp 1036 amp 1116 Ӳӳ U 04F2U 04F3 amp 1266 amp 1267 The ISO 8859 1 and Windows 1252 character encodings include the letters a e i o u y and their respective capital forms Dozens more letters with the acute accent are available in Unicode Further information Unicode input Microsoft Windows Edit On Windows computers letters with acute accents can be created by holding down the alt key and typing in a three number code on the number pad to the right of the keyboard before releasing the Alt key Before the appearance of Spanish keyboards Spanish speakers had to learn these codes if they wanted to be able to write acute accents though some preferred using the Microsoft Word spell checker to add the accent for them Some young computer users got in the habit of not writing accented letters at all 15 The codes which come from the IBM PC encoding are 160 for a 130 for e 161 for i 162 for o 163 for uOn most non US keyboard layouts e g Hiberno English these letters can also be made by holding AltGr or Ctrl Alt and the desired letter Individual applications may have enhanced support for accents macOS Edit On macOS computers an acute accent is placed on a vowel by pressing Option e and then the vowel which can also be capitalised for example a is formed by pressing Option e and then a and A is formed by pressing Option e and then Shift a Keyboards Edit Main article List of QWERTY keyboard language variants Because keyboards have only a limited number of keys US English keyboards do not have keys for accented characters The concept of dead key a key that modified the meaning of the next key press was developed to overcome this problem This acute accent key was already present on typewriters where it typed the accent without moving the carriage so a normal letter could be written on the same place The US International layout provides this function is a dead key so appears to have no effect until the next key is pressed when it adds the desired accute accent Computers sold in Europe including UK have an AltGr alternate graphic key a which adds a third and with the Shift key fourth effect to most keys Thus AltGr a produces a and AltGr A produces A b See also EditAcute phonetics Circumflex accent Double acute accent Grave accentNotes Edit Where US standard keyboards are supplied the right Alt key behaves as an AltGr key Most languages require many more diacritics and thus an exended or national keyboard mapping add on is required References Edit Letter Database eki ee http www his com rory orthocrit html unreliable source Am Faclair Beag Scottish Gaelic Dictionary www faclair com Carroll Rory January 21 2019 Anger over spelling of Irish names on transport passes Irish transport authority blames technical limitation for lack of fadas on Leap cards The Guardian Retrieved January 21 2019 a b Polish Diacritics how to www twardoch com Norwegian language council Diacritics in Norwegian Archived September 23 2007 at the Wayback Machine This makes Como como Como como como correct sentences How I eat I eat like I eat Trask L The History of Basque Routledge 1997 ISBN 0 415 13116 2 Lecciones de ortografia del euskera bizkaino page 40 Arana eta Goiri tar Sabin Bilbao Bizkaya ren Edestija ta Izkerea Pizkundia 1896 Sebastian de Amorrortu Svonni E Mikael 1984 Samegiel ruoŧagiel skuvlasatnelistu Samiskuvlastivra III ISBN 91 7716 008 8 Kuhn Markus May 7 2001 Apostrophe and acute accent confusion Computer Laboratory University of Cambridge Retrieved June 4 2012 aigu The Free Dictionary retrieved June 14 2020 Add Polish letterforms Issue 981 googlefonts noto fonts GitHub Retrieved June 16 2020 The Type Wǒ ai pinyin The Type Retrieved June 14 2020 Sotavent Pedagogia Uso y desuso de los acentos Spanish External links Edit The dictionary definition of acute accent at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of a at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of c at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of e at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of i at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of ĺ at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of ḿ at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of o at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Acute accent amp oldid 1129856742, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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