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Wikipedia

Hemp

February 16, 2024

This article is about industrial uses of cannabis. For the genus of plants, see Cannabis. For therapeutic preparations of the plant, see Medical cannabis. For the psychoactive preparation, see Cannabis (drug). For religious use, see Entheogenic use of cannabis. For other uses, see Hemp (disambiguation).

Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products.[1] Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants[2] on Earth. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 50,000 years ago.[3] It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.[4][5]

A hemp field in Côtes-d'Armor, Brittany, France, which is Europe's largest hemp producer as of 2022
Drone video of a hemp themed maze in a hemp (kanep in Estonian) field in Kanepi parish, Estonia (August 2022)

Although chemotype I cannabis and hemp (types II, III, IV, V) are both Cannabis sativa and contain the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), they represent distinct cultivar groups, typically with unique phytochemical compositions and uses.[6] Hemp typically has lower concentrations of total THC and may have higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), which potentially mitigates the psychoactive effects of THC.[7] The legality of hemp varies widely among countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content into commercial production.[8][9]

Etymology edit

Further information: Etymology of cannabis

The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common Proto-Indo-European source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term κάνναβις (kánnabis) is the oldest attested form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier Scythian or Thracian word.[10][11] Then it appears to have been borrowed into Latin, and separately into Slavic and from there into Baltic, Finnish, and Germanic languages.[12]

In the Germanic languages, following Grimm's law, the "k" would have changed to "h" with the first Germanic sound shift,[10][13] giving Proto-Germanic *hanapiz, after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form, hænep, henep.[10] Barber (1991) however, argued that the spread of the name "kannabis" was due to its historically more recent plant use, starting from the south, around Iran, whereas non-THC varieties of hemp are older and prehistoric.[12] Another possible source of origin is Assyrian qunnabu, which was the name for a source of oil, fiber, and medicine in the 1st millennium BC.[12]

Cognates of hemp in other Germanic languages include Dutch hennep, Danish and Norwegian hamp, Saterland Frisian Hoamp, German Hanf, Icelandic hampur and Swedish hampa. In those languages "hemp" can refer to either industrial fiber hemp or narcotic cannabis strains.[10]

Uses edit

 
Hemp seed

Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products, including rope, textiles, clothing, shoes, food, paper, bioplastics, insulation, and biofuel.[4] The bast fibers can be used to make textiles that are 100% hemp, but they are commonly blended with other fibers, such as flax, cotton or silk, as well as virgin and recycled polyester, to make woven fabrics for apparel and furnishings. The inner two fibers of the plant are woodier and typically have industrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding, and litter. When oxidized (often erroneously referred to as "drying"), hemp oil from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizing agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well.[14][better source needed] A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95% of hemp seed sold in the European Union was used in animal and bird feed.[15][better source needed]

Food edit

 
A macro image of hemp seeds
Hemp seed, hulled
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,451 kJ (586 kcal)
4.67 g
Sugars 1.50 g
0.07 g
Dietary fiber4.0 g (around 20 g when whole)
48.75 g
Saturated4.600 g
Trans0 g
Monounsaturated5.400 g
Polyunsaturated38.100 g
9.301 g
28.698 g
31.56 g
Tryptophan0.369 g
Threonine1.269 g
Isoleucine1.286 g
Leucine2.163 g
Lysine1.276 g
Methionine0.933 g
Cystine0.672 g
Phenylalanine1.447 g
Tyrosine1.263 g
Valine1.777 g
Arginine4.550 g
Histidine0.969 g
Alanine1.528 g
Aspartic acid3.662 g
Glutamic acid6.269 g
Glycine1.611 g
Proline1.597 g
Serine1.713 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
1 μg
0%
7 μg
Vitamin A11 IU
Thiamine (B1)
111%
1.275 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
24%
0.285 mg
Niacin (B3)
61%
9.200 mg
Vitamin B6
46%
0.600 mg
Folate (B9)
28%
110 μg
Vitamin B12
0%
0 μg
Vitamin C
1%
0.5 mg
Vitamin E
5%
0.80 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
7%
70 mg
Copper
80%
1.600 mg
Iron
61%
7.95 mg
Magnesium
197%
700 mg
Manganese
362%
7.600 mg
Phosphorus
236%
1650 mg
Potassium
40%
1200 mg
Sodium
0%
5 mg
Zinc
104%
9.90 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water4.96 g
Cholesterol0 mg
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

Hemp seeds can be eaten raw, ground into hemp meal, sprouted or made into dried sprout powder. Hemp seeds can also be made into a slurry used for baking or for beverages, such as hemp milk and tisanes.[16] Hemp oil is cold-pressed from the seed and is high in unsaturated fatty acids.[17]

In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs treats hemp as a purely non-food crop, but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0.3% THC concentration, hemp seeds can be imported for sowing or for sale as a food or food ingredient.[18] In the US, hemp can be used legally in food products and, as of 2000, was typically sold in health food stores or through mail order.[17]

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    Whole hemp seeds
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    Hulled hemp seeds

Nutrition edit

Further information: Hemp protein

A 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies 2,451 kilojoules (586 kilocalories) of food energy. They contain 5% water, 5% carbohydrates, 49% total fat, and 31% protein. Hemp seeds are notable in providing 64% of the Daily Value (DV) of protein per 100-gram serving.[19] Hemp seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber (20% DV), B vitamins, and the dietary minerals manganese (362% DV), phosphorus (236% DV), magnesium (197% DV), zinc (104% DV), and iron (61% DV). About 73% of the energy in hemp seeds is in the form of fats and essential fatty acids,[19] mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, and alpha-linolenic acids.[20] The ratio of the 38.100 grams of polyunsaturated fats per 100 grams is 9.301 grams of omega‑3 to 28.698 grams of omega‑6.[21] Typically, the portion suggested on packages for an adult is 30 grams, approximately three tablespoons.

The amino acid profile of hemp seeds is comparable to the profiles of other protein-rich foods, such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy.[20] Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores were 0.49–0.53 for whole hemp seed, 0.46–0.51 for hemp seed meal, and 0.63–0.66 for hulled hemp seed.[22]

Despite the rich nutrient content of hemp seeds, the seeds contain antinutritional compounds, including phytic acid,[23] trypsin inhibitors, and tannins, in statistically significant concentrations.[24]

Storage edit

Hemp oil oxidizes and turns rancid within a short period of time if not stored properly;[17] its shelf life is extended when it is stored in a dark airtight container and refrigerated. Both light and heat can degrade hemp oil.

Fiber edit

Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history, with production climaxing soon after being introduced to the New World. For centuries, items ranging from rope, to fabrics, to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber. Hemp was also commonly used to make sail canvas. The word "canvas" is derived from the word cannabis.[25][26] Pure hemp has a texture similar to linen.[27] Because of its versatility for use in a variety of products, today hemp is used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes, accessories, dog collars, and home wares. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with lyocell.[28] Its benefits in terms for sustainability also increase its appeal in industries, such as the clothing industry. [29][30]

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    Hemp stem showing fibers
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    100% hemp fabric
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    Hemp dress
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    Hemp dress
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    Hemp shorts
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    Hemp sack
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    Hemp shoes

Building material edit

Hemp as a building construction material provides solutions to a variety of issues facing current building standards. Its light-weightiness, mold resistance, breathability, etc. makes hemp products versatile in a multitude of uses.[31] Following the co-heating tests of NNFCC Renewable House at the Building Research Establishment (BRE), hemp is reported to be a more sustainable material of construction in comparison to most building methods used today.[32] In addition, its practical use in building construction could result in the reduction of both energy consumption costs and the creation of secondary pollutants.[32]

The hemp market was at its largest during the 17th century. In the 19th century and onward, the market saw a decline during its rapid illegalization in many countries.[33] Hemp has resurfaced in green building construction, primarily in Europe.[34] The modern-day disputes regarding the legality of hemp lead to its main disadvantages; importing and regulating costs. Final Report on the Construction of the Hemp Houses at Haverhill, UK conducts that hemp construction exceeds the cost of traditional building materials by £48per square meter.[34]

Currently, the University of Bath researches the use of hemp-lime panel systems for construction. Funded by the European Union, the research tests panel design within their use in high-quality construction, on site assembly, humidity and moisture penetration, temperature change, daily performance and energy saving documentations.[35] The program, focusing on Britain, France, and Spain markets aims to perfect protocols of use and application, manufacturing, data gathering, certification for market use, as well as warranty and insurance.[35]

The most common use of hemp-lime in building is by casting the hemp-hurd and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering and tamping the mix to form a firm mass. After the removal of the temporary shuttering, the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with lime plaster.[36]

Sustainability edit

Hemp is classified under the green category of building design, primarily due to its positive effects on the environment.[37] A few of its benefits include but are not limited to the suppression of weed growth, anti-erosion, reclamation properties, and the ability to remove poisonous substances and heavy metals from soil.[37]

The use of hemp is beginning to gain popularity alongside other natural materials. This is because cannabis processing is done mechanically with minimal harmful effects on the environment. A part of what makes hemp sustainable is its minimal water usage and non-reliance on pesticides for proper growth. It is recyclable, non-toxic, and biodegradable, making hemp a popular choice in green building construction.[37]

Hemp fiber is known to have high strength and durability, and has been known to be a good protector against vermin. The fiber has the capability to reinforce structures by embossing threads and cannabis shavers. Hemp has been involved more recently in the building industry, producing building construction materials including insulation, hempcrete, and varnishes.[38][39][40][41][42][43]

Hemp made materials have low embodied energy. The plant has the ability to absorb large amounts of CO2, providing air quality, thermal balance, creating a positive environmental impact.[39]

Hemp's properties allow mold resistance, and its porous materiality makes the building materials made of it breathable. In addition hemp possesses the ability to absorb and release moisture without deteriorating. Hemp can be non-flammable if mixed with lime and could be applied on numerous aspects of the building (wall, roofs, etc.) due to its lightweight properties.[37][39]

Insulation edit

Hemp is commonly used as an insulation material. Its flexibility and toughness during compression allows for easier implementation within structural framing systems. The insulation material could also be easily adjusted to different sizes and shapes by being cut during the installation process. The ability to not settle and therefore avoiding cavity developments lowers its need for maintenance.[43]

Hemp insulation is naturally lightweight and non-toxic, allowing for an exposed installation in a variety of spaces, including flooring, walling, and roofing. Compared to mineral insulation, hemp absorbs roughly double the amount of heat and could be compared to wood, in some cases even overpassing some of its types.[43]

Hemp insulation's porous materiality allows for air and moisture penetration, with a bulk density going up to 20% without losing any thermal properties. In contrast, the commonly used mineral insulation starts to fail after 2%. The insulation evenly distributes vapor and allows for air circulation, constantly carrying out used air and replacing with fresh. Its use on the exterior of the structure, overlaid with breathable water-resistive barriers, eases the withdrawal of moisture from within the wall structure.[43]

In addition, the insulation doubles as a sound barrier, weakening airborne sound waves passing through it.[43]

Concrete edit

Main article: Hempcrete

In addition to the absorbed CO2 during its growth period, hemp repeats during the creation of the concrete. The mixture hardens when the silica contained in hemp shives mixes with lime, resulting in the mineralization process.[dubious – discuss].[42]

Hemp is most commonly used as concrete in building construction due to its lightness (roughly seven times lighter than common concrete). The building material is made of hemp herds (shives), hydraulic lime, and water mixture varying in ratios.[41] The mix depends on the use of concrete within the structure and could differ in physical properties. Surfaces such as flooring interact with a multitude of loads and would have to be more resistible, while walls and roofs are required to be more lightweight.[41] The application of this material in construction requires minimal skill.[41]

The most common variation of this building style is hempcrete; made of concrete-like blocks. Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements and must be supported by brick, wood, or steel framing.[32] In the end of the twentieth century, during his renovation of Maison de la Turquie in Nogent-sur-Seine, France, Charles Rasetti first invented and applied the use of hempcrete in construction. Shortly after, in the 2000s, Modece Architects used hemp-lime for test designs in Haverhill.[44] The dwellings were studied and monitored for comparison with other building performances by BRE. Completed nine years later, the buildings were found to be one of the most technologically advanced structures made of hemp-based material. Following the discovery, it pioneered hemp's use in UK construction.[44] A year later the first home made of hemp-based materials was completed in Asheville, North Carolina, US.[45]

Oils and varnishes edit

Main article: Hemp oil

Cannabis seeds have high-fat content and contain 30-35% of fatty acids. The extracted oil is suited for a variety of construction applications.[39] The biodegradable hemp oil acts as a wood varnish, protecting flooring from mold, pests, and wear. Its use prevents the water from penetrating the wood while still allowing air and vapor to pass through.[46] Its most common use can be seen in wood framing construction, one of the most common construction methods in the world. Because of its low UV-resistant rating, the finish is most often used indoors, on surfaces such as flooring and wood paneling.[43][46]

Plaster edit

Hemp-based insulating plaster is created by combining hemp fibers with calcium lime and sand. This material, when applied on internal walls, ceilings, and flooring, can be layered up to ten centimeters in thickness. Its porous materiality allows the created plaster to regulate air humidity and evenly distribute it.[47] The gradual absorption and release of water prevent the material from cracking and breaking apart.[48][47] Similar to high-density fiber cement, hemp plaster can naturally vary in color and be manually pigmented.[49]

Ropes and strands edit

Hemp ropes can be woven in various diameters, possessing high amounts of strength making them suitable for a variety of uses for building construction purposes.[42] Some of these uses include installation of frames in building openings and connection of joints. The ropes also used in bridge construction, tunnels, traditional homes, etc.[42] One of the earliest examples of hemp rope and other textile use can be traced back to 1500 BC Egypt.[50]

Plastics edit

Cannabis geotextiles could be put in both wet and dry conditions. Hemp-based bioplastic is a biodegradable alternative to regular plastic and can potentially replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a material used for plumbing pipes.[42]

Wood edit

Hemp growth lasts roughly 100 days, a much faster time period than an average tree used for construction purposes. While dry, the fibers could be pressed into tight wood alternatives to wood-frame construction, wall/ceiling paneling, and flooring. As an addition, hemp is flexible and versatile allowing it to be used in a greater number of ways than wood.[51] Similarly, hemp wood could also be made of recycled hemp-based paper.[52]

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    Hemp fiber board
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    Hemp thermal insulation
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    Hemp interior thermal insulation blocks
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    Hemp acoustic ceiling insulation
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    Concrete block made with hemp in France
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    Highland Hemp House finished hempcrete
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    Hemp sound insulation brick
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    Hemp rope used in construction
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    Sustainable construction in practice
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    House that used hemp as one of its building materials
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    Hemp wall

Composite materials edit

Main article: Bioplastic

A mixture of fiberglass, hemp fiber, kenaf, and flax has been used since 2002 to make composite panels for automobiles.[53] The choice of which bast fiber to use is primarily based on cost and availability. Various car makers are beginning to use hemp in their cars, including Audi, BMW, Ford, GM, Chrysler, Honda, Iveco, Lotus, Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Saturn, Volkswagen[54] and Volvo. For example, the Lotus Eco Elise[55] and the Mercedes C-Class both contain hemp (up to 20 kg in each car in the case of the latter).[56]

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    Hemp plastic interior of a car door
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    Hemp plastic automobile glove box
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    Hemp plastic column, automobile
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    Hemp composite sink basin

Paper edit

Main article: Hemp paper

Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from pulp obtained from fibers of industrial hemp. The products are mainly specialty papers such as cigarette paper,[57] banknotes and technical filter papers.[58] Compared to wood pulp, hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fibre, a significantly lower lignin fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and tensile strength. However, production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood,[59] since the infrastructure for using hemp is underdeveloped. If the paper industry were to switch from wood to hemp for sourcing its cellulose fibers, the following benefits could be utilized:

  • Hemp yields three to four times more usable fibre per hectare per annum than forests, and hemp does not need pesticides or herbicides.[60]
  • Hemp has a much faster crop yield. It takes about 3–4 months for hemp stalks to reach maturity,[61] while trees can take between 20 and 80 years. Not only does hemp grow at a faster rate, but it also contains a high level of cellulose.[62] This quick return means that paper can be produced at a faster rate if hemp were used in place of wood.
  • Hemp paper does not require the use of toxic bleaching or as many chemicals as wood pulp because it can be whitened with hydrogen peroxide. This means using hemp instead of wood for paper would end the practice of poisoning Earth's waterways with chlorine or dioxins from wood paper manufacturing.[63]
  • Hemp paper can be recycled up to 8 times, compared to just 3 times for paper made from wood pulp.[63]
  • Compared to its wood pulp counterpart, paper from hemp fibers resists decomposition and does not yellow or brown with age.[63] It is also one of the strongest natural fibers in the world[64] - one of the reasons for its longevity and durability.
  • Several factors favor the increased use of wood substitutes for paper, especially agricultural fibers such as hemp. Deforestation, particularly the destruction of old growth forests, and the world's decreasing supply of wild timber resources are today major ecological concerns. Hemp's use as a wood substitute will contribute to preserving biodiversity.[64]

However, hemp has had a hard time competing with paper from trees or recycled newsprint. Only the outer part of the stem consists mainly of fibers which are suitable for the production of paper. Numerous attempts have been made to develop machines that efficiently and inexpensively separate useful fibers from less useful fibers, but none have been completely successful. This has meant that paper from hemp is still expensive compared to paper from trees.

Jewelry edit

Main article: Hemp jewelry
 
Hemp and bead jewelry

Hemp jewelry is the product of knotting hemp twine through the practice of macramé. Hemp jewellery includes bracelets, necklaces, anklets, rings, watches, and other adornments. Some jewellery features beads made from crystals, glass, stone, wood and bones. The hemp twine varies in thickness and comes in a variety of colors. There are many different stitches used to create hemp jewellery, however, the half knot and full knot stitches are most common.

Cordage edit

 
Hemp rope

Hemp rope was used in the age of sailing ships, though the rope had to be protected by tarring, since hemp rope has a propensity for breaking from rot, as the capillary effect of the rope-woven fibers tended to hold liquid at the interior, while seeming dry from the outside.[65] Tarring was a labor-intensive process, and earned sailors the nickname "Jack Tar". Hemp rope was phased out when manila rope, which does not require tarring, became widely available. Manila is sometimes referred to as Manila hemp, but is not related to hemp; it is abacá, a species of banana.

Animal bedding edit

 
Hemp straw animal bedding

Hemp shives are the core of the stem, hemp hurds are broken parts of the core. In the EU, they are used for animal bedding (horses, for instance), or for horticultural mulch.[66] Industrial hemp is much more profitable if both fibers and shives (or even seeds) can be used.

Water and soil purification edit

Hemp can be used as a "mop crop" to clear impurities out of wastewater, such as sewage effluent, excessive phosphorus from chicken litter, or other unwanted substances or chemicals. Additionally, hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site, by way of a process which is known as phytoremediation – the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil, water, and air.[67]

Weed control edit

Main article: Weed control § Organic methods

Hemp crops are tall, have thick foliage, and can be planted densely, and thus can be grown as a smother crop to kill tough weeds.[68] Using hemp this way can help farmers avoid the use of herbicides, gain organic certification, and gain the benefits of crop rotation. However, due to the plant's rapid and dense growth characteristics, some jurisdictions consider hemp a prohibited and noxious weed, much like Scotch Broom.[69]

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    The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even thistle.

Biofuels edit

 
Biodiesel sample

Biodiesel can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks; this product is sometimes called "hempoline".[70] Alcohol fuel (ethanol or, less commonly, methanol) can be made by fermenting the whole plant.

Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power diesel engines. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine, which he intended to power "by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils, which earlier were used for oil lamps, i.e. the Argand lamp".[71][72][73]

Production of vehicle fuel from hemp is very small. Commercial biodiesel and biogas is typically produced from cereals, coconuts, palm seeds, and cheaper raw materials like garbage, wastewater, dead plant and animal material, animal feces and kitchen waste.[74]

Processing edit

Separation of hurd and bast fiber is known as decortication. Traditionally, hemp stalks would be water-retted first before the fibers were beaten off the inner hurd by hand, a process known as scutching. As mechanical technology evolved, separating the fiber from the core was accomplished by crushing rollers and brush rollers, or by hammer-milling, wherein a mechanical hammer mechanism beats the hemp against a screen until hurd, smaller bast fibers, and dust fall through the screen. After the Marijuana Tax Act was implemented in 1938, the technology for separating the fibers from the core remained "frozen in time". Recently, new high-speed kinematic decortication has come about, capable of separating hemp into three streams; bast fiber, hurd, and green microfiber.

Only in 1997, did Ireland, parts of the Commonwealth and other countries begin to legally grow industrial hemp again. Iterations of the 1930s decorticator have been met with limited success, along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as thermomechanical pulping.[citation needed]

Cultivation edit

 
The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only C. sativa (left) is suited for industrial hemp, but it also has medicinal varieties.

Hemp is usually planted between March and May in the northern hemisphere, between September and November in the southern hemisphere.[75] It matures in about three to four months, depending on various conditions.

Millennia of selective breeding have resulted in varieties that display a wide range of traits; e.g. suited for a particular environments/latitudes, producing different ratios and compositions of terpenoids and cannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBG, CBC, CBN...etc.), fibre quality, oil/seed yield, etc. Hemp grown for fiber is planted closely, resulting in tall, slender plants with long fibers.[76]

The use of industrial hemp plant and its cultivation was commonplace until the 1900s when it was associated with its genetic sibling a.k.a. Drug-Type Cannabis species (which contain higher levels of psychoactive THC). Influential groups misconstrued hemp as a dangerous "drug",[77] even though hemp is not a recreational drug and has the potential to be a sustainable and profitable crop for many farmers due to hemp's medical, structural and dietary uses.[78][79]

In the United States, the public's perception of hemp as marijuana has blocked hemp from becoming a useful crop and product,"[78] in spite of its vital importance prior to World War II.[79] Ideally, according to Britain's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the herb should be desiccated and harvested towards the end of flowering. This early cropping reduces the seed yield but improves the fiber yield and quality.[80] In these strains of industrial hemp* the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content would have been very low.[78]

The seeds are sown with grain drills or other conventional seeding equipment to a depth of 13 to 25 mm (1⁄2 to 1 in). Greater seeding depths result in increased weed competition. Nitrogen should not be placed with the seed, but phosphate may be tolerated. The soil should have available 89 to 135 kg/ha of nitrogen, 46 kg/ha phosphorus, 67 kg/ha potassium, and 17 kg/ha sulfur. Organic fertilizers such as manure are one of the best methods of weed control.[81]

Cultivars edit

Further information: List of hemp varieties

In contrast to cannabis for medical use, varieties grown for fiber and seed have less than 0.3% THC and are unsuitable for producing hashish and marijuana.[82] Present in industrial hemp, cannabidiol is a major constituent among some 560 compounds found in hemp.[83]

Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa is the variety grown for industrial use, while C. sativa subsp. indica generally has poor fiber quality and female buds from this variety are primarily used for recreational and medicinal purposes. The major differences between the two types of plants are the appearance, and the amount of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes, although they can also be distinguished genetically.[82][84] Oilseed and fiber varieties of Cannabis approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cultivars of Cannabis grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2% to over 20%.[85]

Harvesting edit

Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry. Mechanical harvesting is now common, using specially adapted cutter-binders or simpler cutters.

The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days. This was traditionally followed by retting, either water retting (the bundled hemp floats in water) or dew retting (the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew and by molds and bacterial action).

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    Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France
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  •  
  • Harvesting industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) – This is a separate harvest for a different form of processing: The upper part of the plant with the leaves will be collected for cold pressing, while the lower part remains for producing fiber and initially it is left on the field.
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    Hemp being harvested

Pests edit

Several arthropods can cause damage or injury to hemp plants, but the most serious species are associated with the Insecta class. The most problematic for outdoor crops are the voracious stem-boring caterpillars, which include the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the Eurasian hemp borer, Grapholita delineana.[86] As the names imply, they target the stems reducing the structural integrity of the plant.[86] Another lepidopteran, the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, is known to damage flowering parts and can be challenging to control.[87] Other foliar pests, found in both indoor and outdoor crops, include the hemp russet mite, Aculops cannibicola, and cannabis aphid, Phorodon cannabis.[87] They cause injury by reducing plant vigour because they feed on the phloem of the plant. Root feeders can be difficult to detect and control because of their below surface habitat. A number of beetle grubs and chafers are known to cause damage to hemp roots, including the flea beetle and Japanese beetle, Popillia Japonica.[86] The rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, has also been reported but primarily affects indoor growing facilities.[87] Integrated pest management strategies should be employed to manage these pests with prevention and early detection being the foundation of a resilient program. Cultural and physical controls should be employed in conjunction with biological pest controls, chemical applications should only be used as a last resort.

Diseases edit

Main article: List of hemp diseases

Hemp plants can be vulnerable to various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such diseases often lead to reduced fiber quality, stunted growth, and death of the plant. These diseases rarely affect the yield of a hemp field, so hemp production is not traditionally dependent on the use of pesticides.

Environmental impact edit

Hemp is considered by a 1998 study in Environmental Economics to be environmentally friendly due to a decrease of land use and other environmental impacts, indicating a possible decrease of ecological footprint in a US context compared to typical benchmarks.[88] A 2010 study, however, that compared the production of paper specifically from hemp and eucalyptus concluded that "industrial hemp presents higher environmental impacts than eucalyptus paper"; however, the article also highlights that "there is scope for improving industrial hemp paper production".[89] Hemp is also claimed to require few pesticides and no herbicides, and it has been called a carbon negative raw material.[90][91] Results indicate that high yield of hemp may require high total nutrient levels (field plus fertilizer nutrients) similar to a high yielding wheat crop.[92] A United Nations report endorses the versatility and sustainability of hemp and its productive potential in developing countries. Hemp uses a quarter of the water required by cotton, and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other crops and most trees.[93]

Producers edit

The world-leading producer of hemp is China, which produces more than 70% of the world output. France ranks second with about a quarter of the world production. Smaller production occurs in the rest of Europe, Chile, and North Korea. Over 30 countries produce industrial hemp, including Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece,[94] Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Ukraine.[95][96]

The United Kingdom and Germany resumed commercial production in the 1990s. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses; other uses are under development. Companies in Canada, the UK, the United States, and Germany, among many others, process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics; many traditional growing countries continue to produce textile-grade fibre.

 
Dried hemp stalks displayed at the International Hemp Fair in Vienna

Air-dried stem yields in Ontario have from 1998 and onward ranged from 2.6 to 14.0 tonnes of dry, retted stalks per hectare (1–5.5 t/ac) at 12% moisture. Yields in Kent County, have averaged 8.75 t/ha (3.5 t/ac). Northern Ontario crops averaged 6.1 t/ha (2.5 t/ac) in 1998. Statistic for the European Union for 2008 to 2010 say that the average yield of hemp straw has varied between 6.3 and 7.3 ton per ha.[97][98] Only a part of that is bast fiber. Around one tonne of bast fiber and 2–3 tonnes of core material can be decorticated from 3–4 tonnes of good-quality, dry-retted straw. For an annual yield of this level is it in Ontario recommended to add nitrogen (N):70–110 kg/ha, phosphate (P2O5): up to 80 kg/ha and potash (K2O): 40–90 kg/ha.[99] The average yield of dry hemp stalks in Europe was 6 ton/ha (2.4 ton/ac) in 2001 and 2002.[15]

FAO argue that an optimum yield of hemp fiber is more than 2 tonnes per ha, while average yields are around 650 kg/ha.[100]

Australia edit

In the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, New South Wales, and most recently, South Australia, the state governments have issued licences to grow hemp for industrial use. The first to initiate modern research into the potential of cannabis was the state of Tasmania, which pioneered the licensing of hemp during the early 1990s. The state of Victoria was an early adopter in 1998, and has reissued the regulation in 2008.[101]

Queensland has allowed industrial production under licence since 2002,[102] where the issuance is controlled under the Drugs Misuse Act 1986.[103] Western Australia enabled the cultivation, harvest and processing of hemp under its Industrial Hemp Act 2004,[104] New South Wales now issues licences[105] under a law, the Hemp Industry Regulations Act 2008 (No 58), that came into effect as of 6 November 2008.[106] Most recently, South Australia legalized industrial hemp under South Australia's Industrial Hemp Act 2017, which commenced on 12 November 2017.[107]

Canada edit

Commercial production (including cultivation) of industrial hemp has been permitted in Canada since 1998 under licenses and authorization issued by Health Canada.[108]

In the early 1990s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the University of Manitoba. The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance and was able to obtain test plot permits from the Canadian government. Their efforts led to the legalization of industrial hemp (hemp with only minute amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol) in Canada and the first harvest in 1998.[109][110]

In 2017, the cultivated area for hemp in the Prairie provinces include Saskatchewan with more than 56,000 acres (23,000 ha), Alberta with 45,000 acres (18,000 ha), and Manitoba with 30,000 acres (12,000 ha).[111] Canadian hemp is cultivated mostly for its food value as hulled hemp seeds, hemp oils, and hemp protein powders, with only a small fraction devoted to production of hemp fiber used for construction and insulation.[111]

France edit

Main article: Hemp in France

France is Europe's biggest producer (and the world's second largest producer) with 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) cultivated.[112] 70–80% of the hemp fibre produced in 2003 was used for specialty pulp for cigarette papers and technical applications. About 15% was used in the automotive sector, and 5–6% was used for insulation mats. About 95% of hurds were used as animal bedding, while almost 5% was used in the building sector.[15] In 2010–2011, a total of 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) was cultivated with hemp in the EU, a decline compared with previous year.[98][113]

  •  
    Industrial hemp production in France
  •  
    A hemp maze in France

Russia and Ukraine edit

 
Harvesting hemp in the USSR, 1956

From the 1950s to the 1980s, the Soviet Union was the world's largest producer of hemp (3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) in 1970). The main production areas were in Ukraine,[114] the Kursk and Orel regions of Russia, and near the Polish border. Since its inception in 1931, the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of Bast Crops in Hlukhiv (Glukhov), Ukraine, has been one of the world's largest centers for developing new hemp varieties, focusing on improving fiber quality, per-hectare yields, and low THC content.[115]

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the commercial cultivation of hemp declined sharply. However, at least an estimated 2.5 million acres of hemp grow wild in the Russian Far East and the Black Sea regions.[116]

United Kingdom edit

In the United Kingdom, cultivation licences are issued by the Home Office under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. When grown for nondrug purposes, hemp is referred to as industrial hemp, and a common product is fibre for use in a wide variety of products, as well as the seed for nutritional aspects and the oil. Feral hemp or ditch weed is usually a naturalized fibre or oilseed strain of Cannabis that has escaped from cultivation and is self-seeding.[117]

United States edit

Main article: Hemp in the United States

In October 2019, hemp became legal to grow in 46 U.S. states under federal law. As of 2019, 47 states have enacted legislation to make hemp legal to grow at the state level, with several states implementing medical provisions regarding the growing of plants specifically for non-psychoactive CBD.[118]

The 2018 Farm Bill, which incorporated the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, removed hemp as a Schedule I drug and instead made it an agricultural commodity. This legalized hemp at the federal level, which made it easier for hemp farmers to get production licenses, acquire loans, and receive federal crop insurance.[119]

  • NH 2014 N.H. Laws, Chap. 18, SD: HB 1008 (2020)
  • S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §38-35-1 et seq.
    • Authorizes the growth, production and transportation of hemp with a license, and directs the Department of Agriculture to submit a state plan to USDA.
    • Requires a minimum of five contiguous outdoor acres for grower license applications, and requires any license applicants to submit to a state and federal criminal background investigation.
    • Requires a transportation permit for any transporter traveling within or through the state and creates two types of industrial hemp transportation permits (grower licensee and general) provided by the Department of Public Safety.
    • Creates the Hemp Regulatory Program Fund.[120]

The process to legalize hemp cultivation began in 2009, when Oregon began approving licenses for industrial hemp.[121] Then, in 2013, after the legalization of marijuana, several farmers in Colorado planted and harvested several acres of hemp, bringing in the first hemp crop in the United States in over half a century.[122] After that, the federal government created a Hemp Farming Pilot Program as a part of the Agricultural Act of 2014.[123] This program allowed institutions of higher education and state agricultural departments to begin growing hemp without the consent of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Hemp production in Kentucky, formerly the United States' leading producer, resumed in 2014.[124] Hemp production in North Carolina resumed in 2017,[125] and in Washington State the same year.[126] By the end of 2017, at least 34 U.S. states had industrial hemp programs. In 2018, New York began taking strides in industrial hemp production, along with hemp research pilot programs at Cornell University, Binghamton University and SUNY Morrisville.[127]

As of 2017, the hemp industry estimated that annual sales of hemp products were around $820 million annually; hemp-derived CBD have been the major force driving this growth.[128]

Despite this progress, hemp businesses in the US have had difficulties expanding as they have faced challenges in traditional marketing and sales approaches. According to a case study done by Forbes, hemp businesses and startups have had difficulty marketing and selling non-psychoactive hemp products, as majority of online advertising platforms and financial institutions do not distinguish between hemp and marijuana.[129]

History edit

 
Yangshao culture (ca. 4800 BC) amphora with impressed hemp cord design
 
Radical 200 (麻 or má), the Chinese character for hemp, depicts two plants under a shelter. The use of hemp in Taiwan dates back at least 10,000 years.[130]

Gathered hemp fiber was used to make cloth long before agriculture, nine to fifty thousand years ago.[3] It may also be one of the earliest plants to have been cultivated.[131][132] An archeological site in the Oki Islands of Japan contained cannabis achenes from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant.[133] Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the Neolithic Age in China, with hemp fiber imprints found on Yangshao culture pottery dating from the 5th millennium BC.[130][134] The Chinese later used hemp to make clothes, shoes, ropes, and an early form of paper.[130] The classical Greek historian Herodotus (ca. 480 BC) reported that the inhabitants of Scythia would often inhale the vapors of hemp-seed smoke, both as ritual and for their own pleasurable recreation.[135]

Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber summarizes the historical evidence that Cannabis sativa, "grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes, from Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Ukraine) to East Asia (Tibet and China)," but, "textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age."[136] "I strongly suspect, however, that what catapulted hemp to sudden fame and fortune as a cultigen and caused it to spread rapidly westwards in the first millennium B.C. was the spread of the habit of pot-smoking from somewhere in south-central Asia, where the drug-bearing variety of the plant originally occurred. The linguistic evidence strongly supports this theory, both as to time and direction of spread and as to cause."[137]

Jews living in Palestine in the 2nd century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp, as witnessed by a reference to it in the Mishna (Kil'ayim 2:5) as a variety of plant, along with arum, that sometimes takes as many as three years to grow from a seedling. In late medieval Germany and Italy, hemp was employed in cooked dishes, as filling in pies and tortes, or boiled in a soup.[138] Hemp in later Europe was mainly cultivated for its fibers and was used for ropes on many ships, including those of Christopher Columbus. The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside, with higher quality textiles being available in the towns.

 
Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides, 512 AD

The Spaniards brought hemp to the Americas and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545.[139] Similar attempts were made in Peru, Colombia, and Mexico, but only in Chile did the crop find success.[140] In July 1605, Samuel Champlain reported the use of grass and hemp clothing by the (Wampanoag) people of Cape Cod and the (Nauset) people of Plymouth Bay told him they harvested hemp in their region where it grew wild to a height of 4 to 5 ft. [141] In May 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village, where Richmond, Virginia, is now situated;[142] and in 1613, Samuell Argall reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper Potomac. As early as 1619, the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow "both English and Indian" hemp on their plantations.[143] The Puritans are first known to have cultivated hemp in New England in 1645.[139]

United States edit

 
Hemp being grown in Oregon in 2020

George Washington pushed for the growth of hemp as it was a cash crop commonly used to make rope and fabric. In May 1765 he noted in his diary about the sowing of seeds each day until mid-April. Then he recounts the harvest in October which he grew 27 bushels that year.

It is sometimes supposed that an excerpt from Washington's diary, which reads "Began to seperate [sic] the Male from the Female hemp at Do.&—rather too late" is evidence that he was trying to grow female plants for the THC found in the flowers. However, the editorial remark accompanying the diary states that "This may arise from their [the male] being coarser, and the stalks larger"[144] In subsequent days, he describes soaking the hemp[145] (to make the fibers usable) and harvesting the seeds,[146] suggesting that he was growing hemp for industrial purposes, not recreational.

George Washington also imported the Indian hemp plant from Asia, which was used for fiber and, by some growers, for intoxicating resin production. In a 1796 letter to William Pearce who managed the plants for him, Washington says, "What was done with the Indian Hemp plant from last summer? It ought, all of it, to be sown again; that not only a stock of seed sufficient for my own purposes might have been raised, but to have disseminated seed to others; as it is more valuable than common hemp."[147][148]

Other presidents known to have farmed hemp for alternative purposes include Thomas Jefferson,[149] James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Zachary Taylor, and Franklin Pierce.[150]

Historically, hemp production had made up a significant portion of antebellum Kentucky's economy. Before the American Civil War, many slaves worked on plantations producing hemp.[151]

In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was passed in the United States, levying a tax on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. The passing of the Act to destroy the U.S. hemp industry has been reputed to involve businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst and the Du Pont family.[152][153][154]

One claim is that Hearst believed[dubious – discuss] that his extensive timber holdings were threatened by the invention of the decorticator that he feared would allow hemp to become a cheap substitute for the paper pulp used for newspaper.[152][155] Historical research indicates this fear was unfounded because improvements of the decorticators in the 1930s – machines that separated the fibers from the hemp stem – could not make hemp fiber a cheaper substitute for fibers from other sources. Further, decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production.[156][152]

Another claim is that Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury and the wealthiest man in America at that time, had invested heavily in DuPont's new synthetic fiber, nylon, and believed[dubious – discuss] that the replacement of the traditional resource, hemp, was integral to the new product's success.[152][157][158][159][160][161][162][163] DuPont and many industrial historians dispute a link between nylon and hemp, nylon became immediately a scarce commodity.[clarification needed] Nylon had characteristics that could be used for toothbrushes (sold from 1938) and very thin nylon fiber could compete with silk and rayon in various textiles normally not produced from hemp fiber, such as very thin stockings for women.[156][164][165][166][167]

While the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 had just been signed into law, the United States Department of Agriculture lifted the tax on hemp cultivation during WW II.[168] Before WW II, the U.S. Navy used Jute and Manila Hemp from the Philippines and Indonesia for the cordage on their ships. During the war, Japan cut off those supply lines.[169] America was forced to turn inward and revitalize the cultivation of Hemp on U.S. soils.

Hemp was used extensively by the United States during World War II to make uniforms, canvas, and rope.[170] Much of the hemp used was cultivated in Kentucky and the Midwest. During World War II, the U.S. produced a short 1942 film, Hemp for Victory, promoting hemp as a necessary crop to win the war.[169] By the 1980s the film was largely forgotten, and the U.S. government even denied its existence.[171] The film, and the important historical role of hemp in U.S. agriculture and commerce was brought to light by hemp activist Jack Herer in the book The Emperor Wears No Clothes.

U.S. farmers participated in the campaign to increase U.S. hemp production to 36,000 acres in 1942.[172] This increase amounted to more than 20 times the production in 1941 before the war effort.[172]

In the United States, Executive Order 12919 (1994) identified hemp as a strategic national product that should be stockpiled.[173]

 
Hemp was classified as a drug and heavily debated and prohibited through the 20th century through 2018.

Historical cultivation edit

Hemp has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East for its fibre. Commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century, but was grown in the sixteenth century in eastern England.[176] Because of colonial and naval expansion of the era, economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and oakum. In the early 1940s, world production of hemp fiber ranged from 250,000 to 350,000 metric tonnes, Russia was the biggest producer.[156]

In Western Europe, the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the 1930s, but the commercial cultivation stopped by then, due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers.[177] Speculation about the potential for commercial cultivation of hemp in large quantities has been criticized due to successful competition from other fibers for many products. The world production of hemp fiber fell from over 300,000 metric tons 1961 to about 75,000 metric tons in the early 1990s and has after that been stable at that level.[178]

Japan edit

 
Japanese Shinto shrine with rope made of hemp

In Japan, hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop. There is archaeological evidence cannabis was used for clothing and the seeds were eaten in Japan back to the Jōmon period (10,000 to 300 BC). Many Kimono designs portray hemp, or asa (Japanese: 麻), as a beautiful plant. In 1948, marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug. The ban on marijuana imposed by the United States authorities was alien to Japanese culture, as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before. Though these laws against marijuana are some of the world's strictest, allowing five years imprisonment for possession of the drug, they exempt hemp growers, whose crop is used to make robes for Buddhist monks and loincloths for Sumo wrestlers. Because marijuana use in Japan has doubled in the past decade, these exemptions have recently been called into question.[179]

Portugal edit

The cultivation of hemp in Portuguese lands began around the fourteenth century.[citation needed] The raw material was used for the preparation of rope and plugs for the Portuguese ships. Portugal also utilized its colonies to support its hemp supply, including in certain parts of Brazil.[180]

In order to recover the ailing Portuguese naval fleet after the Restoration of Independence in 1640, King John IV put a renewed emphasis on the growing of hemp. He ordered the creation of the Royal Linen and Hemp Factory in the town of Torre de Moncorvo to increase production and support the effort.[181]

In 1971, the cultivation of hemp became illegal, and the production was substantially reduced. Because of EU regulations 1308–70, 619/71 and 1164–89, this law was revoked (for some certified seed varieties).[182]

See also edit

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February 16, 2024
hemp, this, article, about, industrial, uses, cannabis, genus, plants, cannabis, therapeutic, preparations, plant, medical, cannabis, psychoactive, preparation, cannabis, drug, religious, entheogenic, cannabis, other, uses, disambiguation, industrial, hemp, bo. This article is about industrial uses of cannabis For the genus of plants see Cannabis For therapeutic preparations of the plant see Medical cannabis For the psychoactive preparation see Cannabis drug For religious use see Entheogenic use of cannabis For other uses see Hemp disambiguation Hemp or industrial hemp is a botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use It can be used to make a wide range of products 1 Along with bamboo hemp is among the fastest growing plants 2 on Earth It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 50 000 years ago 3 It can be refined into a variety of commercial items including paper rope textiles clothing biodegradable plastics paint insulation biofuel food and animal feed 4 5 A hemp field in Cotes d Armor Brittany France which is Europe s largest hemp producer as of 2022 source source source source source source source Drone video of a hemp themed maze in a hemp kanep in Estonian field in Kanepi parish Estonia August 2022 Although chemotype I cannabis and hemp types II III IV V are both Cannabis sativa and contain the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol THC they represent distinct cultivar groups typically with unique phytochemical compositions and uses 6 Hemp typically has lower concentrations of total THC and may have higher concentrations of cannabidiol CBD which potentially mitigates the psychoactive effects of THC 7 The legality of hemp varies widely among countries Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content into commercial production 8 9 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Uses 2 1 Food 2 1 1 Nutrition 2 1 2 Storage 2 2 Fiber 2 3 Building material 2 3 1 Sustainability 2 3 2 Insulation 2 3 3 Concrete 2 3 4 Oils and varnishes 2 3 5 Plaster 2 3 6 Ropes and strands 2 3 7 Plastics 2 3 8 Wood 2 4 Composite materials 2 5 Paper 2 6 Jewelry 2 7 Cordage 2 8 Animal bedding 2 9 Water and soil purification 2 10 Weed control 2 11 Biofuels 3 Processing 4 Cultivation 4 1 Cultivars 4 2 Harvesting 4 3 Pests 4 4 Diseases 4 5 Environmental impact 5 Producers 5 1 Australia 5 2 Canada 5 3 France 5 4 Russia and Ukraine 5 5 United Kingdom 5 6 United States 6 History 6 1 United States 6 2 Historical cultivation 6 2 1 Japan 6 2 2 Portugal 7 See also 8 ReferencesEtymology editFurther information Etymology of cannabis The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common Proto Indo European source for the various forms of the word the Greek term kannabis kannabis is the oldest attested form which may have been borrowed from an earlier Scythian or Thracian word 10 11 Then it appears to have been borrowed into Latin and separately into Slavic and from there into Baltic Finnish and Germanic languages 12 In the Germanic languages following Grimm s law the k would have changed to h with the first Germanic sound shift 10 13 giving Proto Germanic hanapiz after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form haenep henep 10 Barber 1991 however argued that the spread of the name kannabis was due to its historically more recent plant use starting from the south around Iran whereas non THC varieties of hemp are older and prehistoric 12 Another possible source of origin is Assyrian qunnabu which was the name for a source of oil fiber and medicine in the 1st millennium BC 12 Cognates of hemp in other Germanic languages include Dutch hennep Danish and Norwegian hamp Saterland Frisian Hoamp German Hanf Icelandic hampur and Swedish hampa In those languages hemp can refer to either industrial fiber hemp or narcotic cannabis strains 10 Uses edit nbsp Hemp seedHemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products including rope textiles clothing shoes food paper bioplastics insulation and biofuel 4 The bast fibers can be used to make textiles that are 100 hemp but they are commonly blended with other fibers such as flax cotton or silk as well as virgin and recycled polyester to make woven fabrics for apparel and furnishings The inner two fibers of the plant are woodier and typically have industrial applications such as mulch animal bedding and litter When oxidized often erroneously referred to as drying hemp oil from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil based paints in creams as a moisturizing agent for cooking and in plastics Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well 14 better source needed A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95 of hemp seed sold in the European Union was used in animal and bird feed 15 better source needed Food edit nbsp A macro image of hemp seedsHemp seed hulledNutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz Energy2 451 kJ 586 kcal Carbohydrates4 67 gSugars lactose1 50 g 0 07 gDietary fiber4 0 g around 20 g when whole Fat48 75 gSaturated4 600 gTrans0 gMonounsaturated5 400 gPolyunsaturatedomega 3omega 638 100 g9 301 g28 698 gProtein31 56 gTryptophan0 369 gThreonine1 269 gIsoleucine1 286 gLeucine2 163 gLysine1 276 gMethionine0 933 gCystine0 672 gPhenylalanine1 447 gTyrosine1 263 gValine1 777 gArginine4 550 gHistidine0 969 gAlanine1 528 gAspartic acid3 662 gGlutamic acid6 269 gGlycine1 611 gProline1 597 gSerine1 713 gVitaminsQuantity DV Vitamin A equiv beta Carotene0 1 mg0 7 mgVitamin A11 IUThiamine B1 111 1 275 mgRiboflavin B2 24 0 285 mgNiacin B3 61 9 200 mgVitamin B646 0 600 mgFolate B9 28 110 mgVitamin B120 0 mgVitamin C1 0 5 mgVitamin E5 0 80 mgMineralsQuantity DV Calcium7 70 mgCopper80 1 600 mgIron61 7 95 mgMagnesium197 700 mgManganese362 7 600 mgPhosphorus236 1650 mgPotassium40 1200 mgSodium0 5 mgZinc104 9 90 mgOther constituentsQuantityWater4 96 gCholesterol0 mgLink to Complete USDA Nutrient Database EntryUnits mg micrograms mg milligrams IU International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults Hemp seeds can be eaten raw ground into hemp meal sprouted or made into dried sprout powder Hemp seeds can also be made into a slurry used for baking or for beverages such as hemp milk and tisanes 16 Hemp oil is cold pressed from the seed and is high in unsaturated fatty acids 17 In the UK the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs treats hemp as a purely non food crop but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0 3 THC concentration hemp seeds can be imported for sowing or for sale as a food or food ingredient 18 In the US hemp can be used legally in food products and as of 2000 update was typically sold in health food stores or through mail order 17 nbsp Whole hemp seeds nbsp Hulled hemp seedsNutrition edit Further information Hemp protein A 100 gram 3 1 2 ounce portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies 2 451 kilojoules 586 kilocalories of food energy They contain 5 water 5 carbohydrates 49 total fat and 31 protein Hemp seeds are notable in providing 64 of the Daily Value DV of protein per 100 gram serving 19 Hemp seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber 20 DV B vitamins and the dietary minerals manganese 362 DV phosphorus 236 DV magnesium 197 DV zinc 104 DV and iron 61 DV About 73 of the energy in hemp seeds is in the form of fats and essential fatty acids 19 mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic oleic and alpha linolenic acids 20 The ratio of the 38 100 grams of polyunsaturated fats per 100 grams is 9 301 grams of omega 3 to 28 698 grams of omega 6 21 Typically the portion suggested on packages for an adult is 30 grams approximately three tablespoons The amino acid profile of hemp seeds is comparable to the profiles of other protein rich foods such as meat milk eggs and soy 20 Protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores were 0 49 0 53 for whole hemp seed 0 46 0 51 for hemp seed meal and 0 63 0 66 for hulled hemp seed 22 Despite the rich nutrient content of hemp seeds the seeds contain antinutritional compounds including phytic acid 23 trypsin inhibitors and tannins in statistically significant concentrations 24 Storage edit Hemp oil oxidizes and turns rancid within a short period of time if not stored properly 17 its shelf life is extended when it is stored in a dark airtight container and refrigerated Both light and heat can degrade hemp oil Fiber edit Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history with production climaxing soon after being introduced to the New World For centuries items ranging from rope to fabrics to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber Hemp was also commonly used to make sail canvas The word canvas is derived from the word cannabis 25 26 Pure hemp has a texture similar to linen 27 Because of its versatility for use in a variety of products today hemp is used in a number of consumer goods including clothing shoes accessories dog collars and home wares For clothing in some instances hemp is mixed with lyocell 28 Its benefits in terms for sustainability also increase its appeal in industries such as the clothing industry 29 30 nbsp Hemp stem showing fibers nbsp 100 hemp fabric nbsp Hemp dress nbsp Hemp dress nbsp Hemp shorts nbsp Hemp sack nbsp Hemp shoesBuilding material edit Hemp as a building construction material provides solutions to a variety of issues facing current building standards Its light weightiness mold resistance breathability etc makes hemp products versatile in a multitude of uses 31 Following the co heating tests of NNFCC Renewable House at the Building Research Establishment BRE hemp is reported to be a more sustainable material of construction in comparison to most building methods used today 32 In addition its practical use in building construction could result in the reduction of both energy consumption costs and the creation of secondary pollutants 32 The hemp market was at its largest during the 17th century In the 19th century and onward the market saw a decline during its rapid illegalization in many countries 33 Hemp has resurfaced in green building construction primarily in Europe 34 The modern day disputes regarding the legality of hemp lead to its main disadvantages importing and regulating costs Final Report on the Construction of the Hemp Houses at Haverhill UK conducts that hemp construction exceeds the cost of traditional building materials by 48per square meter 34 Currently the University of Bath researches the use of hemp lime panel systems for construction Funded by the European Union the research tests panel design within their use in high quality construction on site assembly humidity and moisture penetration temperature change daily performance and energy saving documentations 35 The program focusing on Britain France and Spain markets aims to perfect protocols of use and application manufacturing data gathering certification for market use as well as warranty and insurance 35 The most common use of hemp lime in building is by casting the hemp hurd and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering and tamping the mix to form a firm mass After the removal of the temporary shuttering the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with lime plaster 36 Sustainability edit Hemp is classified under the green category of building design primarily due to its positive effects on the environment 37 A few of its benefits include but are not limited to the suppression of weed growth anti erosion reclamation properties and the ability to remove poisonous substances and heavy metals from soil 37 The use of hemp is beginning to gain popularity alongside other natural materials This is because cannabis processing is done mechanically with minimal harmful effects on the environment A part of what makes hemp sustainable is its minimal water usage and non reliance on pesticides for proper growth It is recyclable non toxic and biodegradable making hemp a popular choice in green building construction 37 Hemp fiber is known to have high strength and durability and has been known to be a good protector against vermin The fiber has the capability to reinforce structures by embossing threads and cannabis shavers Hemp has been involved more recently in the building industry producing building construction materials including insulation hempcrete and varnishes 38 39 40 41 42 43 Hemp made materials have low embodied energy The plant has the ability to absorb large amounts of CO2 providing air quality thermal balance creating a positive environmental impact 39 Hemp s properties allow mold resistance and its porous materiality makes the building materials made of it breathable In addition hemp possesses the ability to absorb and release moisture without deteriorating Hemp can be non flammable if mixed with lime and could be applied on numerous aspects of the building wall roofs etc due to its lightweight properties 37 39 Insulation edit Hemp is commonly used as an insulation material Its flexibility and toughness during compression allows for easier implementation within structural framing systems The insulation material could also be easily adjusted to different sizes and shapes by being cut during the installation process The ability to not settle and therefore avoiding cavity developments lowers its need for maintenance 43 Hemp insulation is naturally lightweight and non toxic allowing for an exposed installation in a variety of spaces including flooring walling and roofing Compared to mineral insulation hemp absorbs roughly double the amount of heat and could be compared to wood in some cases even overpassing some of its types 43 Hemp insulation s porous materiality allows for air and moisture penetration with a bulk density going up to 20 without losing any thermal properties In contrast the commonly used mineral insulation starts to fail after 2 The insulation evenly distributes vapor and allows for air circulation constantly carrying out used air and replacing with fresh Its use on the exterior of the structure overlaid with breathable water resistive barriers eases the withdrawal of moisture from within the wall structure 43 In addition the insulation doubles as a sound barrier weakening airborne sound waves passing through it 43 Concrete edit Main article Hempcrete In addition to the absorbed CO2 during its growth period hemp repeats during the creation of the concrete The mixture hardens when the silica contained in hemp shives mixes with lime resulting in the mineralization process dubious discuss 42 Hemp is most commonly used as concrete in building construction due to its lightness roughly seven times lighter than common concrete The building material is made of hemp herds shives hydraulic lime and water mixture varying in ratios 41 The mix depends on the use of concrete within the structure and could differ in physical properties Surfaces such as flooring interact with a multitude of loads and would have to be more resistible while walls and roofs are required to be more lightweight 41 The application of this material in construction requires minimal skill 41 The most common variation of this building style is hempcrete made of concrete like blocks Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements and must be supported by brick wood or steel framing 32 In the end of the twentieth century during his renovation of Maison de la Turquie in Nogent sur Seine France Charles Rasetti first invented and applied the use of hempcrete in construction Shortly after in the 2000s Modece Architects used hemp lime for test designs in Haverhill 44 The dwellings were studied and monitored for comparison with other building performances by BRE Completed nine years later the buildings were found to be one of the most technologically advanced structures made of hemp based material Following the discovery it pioneered hemp s use in UK construction 44 A year later the first home made of hemp based materials was completed in Asheville North Carolina US 45 Oils and varnishes edit Main article Hemp oil Cannabis seeds have high fat content and contain 30 35 of fatty acids The extracted oil is suited for a variety of construction applications 39 The biodegradable hemp oil acts as a wood varnish protecting flooring from mold pests and wear Its use prevents the water from penetrating the wood while still allowing air and vapor to pass through 46 Its most common use can be seen in wood framing construction one of the most common construction methods in the world Because of its low UV resistant rating the finish is most often used indoors on surfaces such as flooring and wood paneling 43 46 Plaster edit Hemp based insulating plaster is created by combining hemp fibers with calcium lime and sand This material when applied on internal walls ceilings and flooring can be layered up to ten centimeters in thickness Its porous materiality allows the created plaster to regulate air humidity and evenly distribute it 47 The gradual absorption and release of water prevent the material from cracking and breaking apart 48 47 Similar to high density fiber cement hemp plaster can naturally vary in color and be manually pigmented 49 Ropes and strands edit Hemp ropes can be woven in various diameters possessing high amounts of strength making them suitable for a variety of uses for building construction purposes 42 Some of these uses include installation of frames in building openings and connection of joints The ropes also used in bridge construction tunnels traditional homes etc 42 One of the earliest examples of hemp rope and other textile use can be traced back to 1500 BC Egypt 50 Plastics edit Cannabis geotextiles could be put in both wet and dry conditions Hemp based bioplastic is a biodegradable alternative to regular plastic and can potentially replace polyvinyl chloride PVC a material used for plumbing pipes 42 Wood edit Hemp growth lasts roughly 100 days a much faster time period than an average tree used for construction purposes While dry the fibers could be pressed into tight wood alternatives to wood frame construction wall ceiling paneling and flooring As an addition hemp is flexible and versatile allowing it to be used in a greater number of ways than wood 51 Similarly hemp wood could also be made of recycled hemp based paper 52 nbsp Hemp fiber board nbsp Hemp thermal insulation nbsp Hemp interior thermal insulation blocks nbsp Hemp acoustic ceiling insulation nbsp Concrete block made with hemp in France nbsp Highland Hemp House finished hempcrete nbsp Hemp sound insulation brick nbsp Hemp rope used in construction nbsp Sustainable construction in practice nbsp House that used hemp as one of its building materials nbsp Hemp wallComposite materials edit Main article Bioplastic A mixture of fiberglass hemp fiber kenaf and flax has been used since 2002 to make composite panels for automobiles 53 The choice of which bast fiber to use is primarily based on cost and availability Various car makers are beginning to use hemp in their cars including Audi BMW Ford GM Chrysler Honda Iveco Lotus Mercedes Mitsubishi Porsche Saturn Volkswagen 54 and Volvo For example the Lotus Eco Elise 55 and the Mercedes C Class both contain hemp up to 20 kg in each car in the case of the latter 56 nbsp Hemp plastic interior of a car door nbsp Hemp plastic automobile glove box nbsp Hemp plastic column automobile nbsp Hemp composite sink basinPaper edit Main article Hemp paper Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from pulp obtained from fibers of industrial hemp The products are mainly specialty papers such as cigarette paper 57 banknotes and technical filter papers 58 Compared to wood pulp hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fibre a significantly lower lignin fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and tensile strength However production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood 59 since the infrastructure for using hemp is underdeveloped If the paper industry were to switch from wood to hemp for sourcing its cellulose fibers the following benefits could be utilized Hemp yields three to four times more usable fibre per hectare per annum than forests and hemp does not need pesticides or herbicides 60 Hemp has a much faster crop yield It takes about 3 4 months for hemp stalks to reach maturity 61 while trees can take between 20 and 80 years Not only does hemp grow at a faster rate but it also contains a high level of cellulose 62 This quick return means that paper can be produced at a faster rate if hemp were used in place of wood Hemp paper does not require the use of toxic bleaching or as many chemicals as wood pulp because it can be whitened with hydrogen peroxide This means using hemp instead of wood for paper would end the practice of poisoning Earth s waterways with chlorine or dioxins from wood paper manufacturing 63 Hemp paper can be recycled up to 8 times compared to just 3 times for paper made from wood pulp 63 Compared to its wood pulp counterpart paper from hemp fibers resists decomposition and does not yellow or brown with age 63 It is also one of the strongest natural fibers in the world 64 one of the reasons for its longevity and durability Several factors favor the increased use of wood substitutes for paper especially agricultural fibers such as hemp Deforestation particularly the destruction of old growth forests and the world s decreasing supply of wild timber resources are today major ecological concerns Hemp s use as a wood substitute will contribute to preserving biodiversity 64 However hemp has had a hard time competing with paper from trees or recycled newsprint Only the outer part of the stem consists mainly of fibers which are suitable for the production of paper Numerous attempts have been made to develop machines that efficiently and inexpensively separate useful fibers from less useful fibers but none have been completely successful This has meant that paper from hemp is still expensive compared to paper from trees Jewelry edit Main article Hemp jewelry nbsp Hemp and bead jewelryHemp jewelry is the product of knotting hemp twine through the practice of macrame Hemp jewellery includes bracelets necklaces anklets rings watches and other adornments Some jewellery features beads made from crystals glass stone wood and bones The hemp twine varies in thickness and comes in a variety of colors There are many different stitches used to create hemp jewellery however the half knot and full knot stitches are most common Cordage edit nbsp Hemp ropeHemp rope was used in the age of sailing ships though the rope had to be protected by tarring since hemp rope has a propensity for breaking from rot as the capillary effect of the rope woven fibers tended to hold liquid at the interior while seeming dry from the outside 65 Tarring was a labor intensive process and earned sailors the nickname Jack Tar Hemp rope was phased out when manila rope which does not require tarring became widely available Manila is sometimes referred to as Manila hemp but is not related to hemp it is abaca a species of banana Animal bedding edit nbsp Hemp straw animal beddingHemp shives are the core of the stem hemp hurds are broken parts of the core In the EU they are used for animal bedding horses for instance or for horticultural mulch 66 Industrial hemp is much more profitable if both fibers and shives or even seeds can be used Water and soil purification edit Hemp can be used as a mop crop to clear impurities out of wastewater such as sewage effluent excessive phosphorus from chicken litter or other unwanted substances or chemicals Additionally hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site by way of a process which is known as phytoremediation the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil water and air 67 Weed control edit Main article Weed control Organic methods Hemp crops are tall have thick foliage and can be planted densely and thus can be grown as a smother crop to kill tough weeds 68 Using hemp this way can help farmers avoid the use of herbicides gain organic certification and gain the benefits of crop rotation However due to the plant s rapid and dense growth characteristics some jurisdictions consider hemp a prohibited and noxious weed much like Scotch Broom 69 nbsp The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds even thistle Biofuels edit nbsp Biodiesel sampleBiodiesel can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks this product is sometimes called hempoline 70 Alcohol fuel ethanol or less commonly methanol can be made by fermenting the whole plant Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power diesel engines In 1892 Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine which he intended to power by a variety of fuels especially vegetable and seed oils which earlier were used for oil lamps i e the Argand lamp 71 72 73 Production of vehicle fuel from hemp is very small Commercial biodiesel and biogas is typically produced from cereals coconuts palm seeds and cheaper raw materials like garbage wastewater dead plant and animal material animal feces and kitchen waste 74 Processing editSeparation of hurd and bast fiber is known as decortication Traditionally hemp stalks would be water retted first before the fibers were beaten off the inner hurd by hand a process known as scutching As mechanical technology evolved separating the fiber from the core was accomplished by crushing rollers and brush rollers or by hammer milling wherein a mechanical hammer mechanism beats the hemp against a screen until hurd smaller bast fibers and dust fall through the screen After the Marijuana Tax Act was implemented in 1938 the technology for separating the fibers from the core remained frozen in time Recently new high speed kinematic decortication has come about capable of separating hemp into three streams bast fiber hurd and green microfiber Only in 1997 did Ireland parts of the Commonwealth and other countries begin to legally grow industrial hemp again Iterations of the 1930s decorticator have been met with limited success along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as thermomechanical pulping citation needed Cultivation editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Hemp news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp The variety of appearances for cannabis Only C sativa left is suited for industrial hemp but it also has medicinal varieties Hemp is usually planted between March and May in the northern hemisphere between September and November in the southern hemisphere 75 It matures in about three to four months depending on various conditions Millennia of selective breeding have resulted in varieties that display a wide range of traits e g suited for a particular environments latitudes producing different ratios and compositions of terpenoids and cannabinoids CBD THC CBG CBC CBN etc fibre quality oil seed yield etc Hemp grown for fiber is planted closely resulting in tall slender plants with long fibers 76 The use of industrial hemp plant and its cultivation was commonplace until the 1900s when it was associated with its genetic sibling a k a Drug Type Cannabis species which contain higher levels of psychoactive THC Influential groups misconstrued hemp as a dangerous drug 77 even though hemp is not a recreational drug and has the potential to be a sustainable and profitable crop for many farmers due to hemp s medical structural and dietary uses 78 79 In the United States the public s perception of hemp as marijuana has blocked hemp from becoming a useful crop and product 78 in spite of its vital importance prior to World War II 79 Ideally according to Britain s Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs the herb should be desiccated and harvested towards the end of flowering This early cropping reduces the seed yield but improves the fiber yield and quality 80 In these strains of industrial hemp the tetrahydrocannabinol THC content would have been very low 78 The seeds are sown with grain drills or other conventional seeding equipment to a depth of 13 to 25 mm 1 2 to 1 in Greater seeding depths result in increased weed competition Nitrogen should not be placed with the seed but phosphate may be tolerated The soil should have available 89 to 135 kg ha of nitrogen 46 kg ha phosphorus 67 kg ha potassium and 17 kg ha sulfur Organic fertilizers such as manure are one of the best methods of weed control 81 Cultivars edit Further information List of hemp varieties In contrast to cannabis for medical use varieties grown for fiber and seed have less than 0 3 THC and are unsuitable for producing hashish and marijuana 82 Present in industrial hemp cannabidiol is a major constituent among some 560 compounds found in hemp 83 Cannabis sativa L subsp sativa var sativa is the variety grown for industrial use while C sativa subsp indica generally has poor fiber quality and female buds from this variety are primarily used for recreational and medicinal purposes The major differences between the two types of plants are the appearance and the amount of D9 tetrahydrocannabinol THC secreted in a resinous mixture by epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes although they can also be distinguished genetically 82 84 Oilseed and fiber varieties of Cannabis approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug not enough for any physical or psychological effects Typically hemp contains below 0 3 THC while cultivars of Cannabis grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2 to over 20 85 nbsp Cannabis sativa stem nbsp Hemp strains USO xx and Zolotoniski xxHarvesting edit Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry Mechanical harvesting is now common using specially adapted cutter binders or simpler cutters The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days This was traditionally followed by retting either water retting the bundled hemp floats in water or dew retting the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew and by molds and bacterial action nbsp Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France nbsp nbsp source source source source source Harvesting industrial hemp Cannabis sativa This is a separate harvest for a different form of processing The upper part of the plant with the leaves will be collected for cold pressing while the lower part remains for producing fiber and initially it is left on the field nbsp nbsp nbsp Hemp being harvestedPests edit Several arthropods can cause damage or injury to hemp plants but the most serious species are associated with the Insecta class The most problematic for outdoor crops are the voracious stem boring caterpillars which include the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis and the Eurasian hemp borer Grapholita delineana 86 As the names imply they target the stems reducing the structural integrity of the plant 86 Another lepidopteran the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea is known to damage flowering parts and can be challenging to control 87 Other foliar pests found in both indoor and outdoor crops include the hemp russet mite Aculops cannibicola and cannabis aphid Phorodon cannabis 87 They cause injury by reducing plant vigour because they feed on the phloem of the plant Root feeders can be difficult to detect and control because of their below surface habitat A number of beetle grubs and chafers are known to cause damage to hemp roots including the flea beetle and Japanese beetle Popillia Japonica 86 The rice root aphid Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale has also been reported but primarily affects indoor growing facilities 87 Integrated pest management strategies should be employed to manage these pests with prevention and early detection being the foundation of a resilient program Cultural and physical controls should be employed in conjunction with biological pest controls chemical applications should only be used as a last resort Diseases edit Main article List of hemp diseases Hemp plants can be vulnerable to various pathogens including bacteria fungi nematodes viruses and other miscellaneous pathogens Such diseases often lead to reduced fiber quality stunted growth and death of the plant These diseases rarely affect the yield of a hemp field so hemp production is not traditionally dependent on the use of pesticides Environmental impact edit Hemp is considered by a 1998 study in Environmental Economics to be environmentally friendly due to a decrease of land use and other environmental impacts indicating a possible decrease of ecological footprint in a US context compared to typical benchmarks 88 A 2010 study however that compared the production of paper specifically from hemp and eucalyptus concluded that industrial hemp presents higher environmental impacts than eucalyptus paper however the article also highlights that there is scope for improving industrial hemp paper production 89 Hemp is also claimed to require few pesticides and no herbicides and it has been called a carbon negative raw material 90 91 Results indicate that high yield of hemp may require high total nutrient levels field plus fertilizer nutrients similar to a high yielding wheat crop 92 A United Nations report endorses the versatility and sustainability of hemp and its productive potential in developing countries Hemp uses a quarter of the water required by cotton and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other crops and most trees 93 Producers editThe world leading producer of hemp is China which produces more than 70 of the world output France ranks second with about a quarter of the world production Smaller production occurs in the rest of Europe Chile and North Korea Over 30 countries produce industrial hemp including Australia Austria Canada Chile China Denmark Egypt Finland Germany Greece 94 Hungary India Italy Japan Korea Netherlands New Zealand Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey the United Kingdom and Ukraine 95 96 The United Kingdom and Germany resumed commercial production in the 1990s British production is mostly used as bedding for horses other uses are under development Companies in Canada the UK the United States and Germany among many others process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics many traditional growing countries continue to produce textile grade fibre nbsp Dried hemp stalks displayed at the International Hemp Fair in ViennaAir dried stem yields in Ontario have from 1998 and onward ranged from 2 6 to 14 0 tonnes of dry retted stalks per hectare 1 5 5 t ac at 12 moisture Yields in Kent County have averaged 8 75 t ha 3 5 t ac Northern Ontario crops averaged 6 1 t ha 2 5 t ac in 1998 Statistic for the European Union for 2008 to 2010 say that the average yield of hemp straw has varied between 6 3 and 7 3 ton per ha 97 98 Only a part of that is bast fiber Around one tonne of bast fiber and 2 3 tonnes of core material can be decorticated from 3 4 tonnes of good quality dry retted straw For an annual yield of this level is it in Ontario recommended to add nitrogen N 70 110 kg ha phosphate P2O5 up to 80 kg ha and potash K2O 40 90 kg ha 99 The average yield of dry hemp stalks in Europe was 6 ton ha 2 4 ton ac in 2001 and 2002 15 FAO argue that an optimum yield of hemp fiber is more than 2 tonnes per ha while average yields are around 650 kg ha 100 Australia edit In the Australian states of Tasmania Victoria Queensland Western Australia New South Wales and most recently South Australia the state governments have issued licences to grow hemp for industrial use The first to initiate modern research into the potential of cannabis was the state of Tasmania which pioneered the licensing of hemp during the early 1990s The state of Victoria was an early adopter in 1998 and has reissued the regulation in 2008 101 Queensland has allowed industrial production under licence since 2002 102 where the issuance is controlled under the Drugs Misuse Act 1986 103 Western Australia enabled the cultivation harvest and processing of hemp under its Industrial Hemp Act 2004 104 New South Wales now issues licences 105 under a law the Hemp Industry Regulations Act 2008 No 58 that came into effect as of 6 November 2008 106 Most recently South Australia legalized industrial hemp under South Australia s Industrial Hemp Act 2017 which commenced on 12 November 2017 107 Canada edit Commercial production including cultivation of industrial hemp has been permitted in Canada since 1998 under licenses and authorization issued by Health Canada 108 In the early 1990s industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the University of Manitoba The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance and was able to obtain test plot permits from the Canadian government Their efforts led to the legalization of industrial hemp hemp with only minute amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol in Canada and the first harvest in 1998 109 110 In 2017 the cultivated area for hemp in the Prairie provinces include Saskatchewan with more than 56 000 acres 23 000 ha Alberta with 45 000 acres 18 000 ha and Manitoba with 30 000 acres 12 000 ha 111 Canadian hemp is cultivated mostly for its food value as hulled hemp seeds hemp oils and hemp protein powders with only a small fraction devoted to production of hemp fiber used for construction and insulation 111 France edit Main article Hemp in France France is Europe s biggest producer and the world s second largest producer with 8 000 hectares 20 000 acres cultivated 112 70 80 of the hemp fibre produced in 2003 was used for specialty pulp for cigarette papers and technical applications About 15 was used in the automotive sector and 5 6 was used for insulation mats About 95 of hurds were used as animal bedding while almost 5 was used in the building sector 15 In 2010 2011 a total of 11 000 hectares 27 000 acres was cultivated with hemp in the EU a decline compared with previous year 98 113 nbsp Industrial hemp production in France nbsp A hemp maze in FranceRussia and Ukraine edit nbsp Harvesting hemp in the USSR 1956From the 1950s to the 1980s the Soviet Union was the world s largest producer of hemp 3 000 square kilometres 1 200 sq mi in 1970 The main production areas were in Ukraine 114 the Kursk and Orel regions of Russia and near the Polish border Since its inception in 1931 the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of Bast Crops in Hlukhiv Glukhov Ukraine has been one of the world s largest centers for developing new hemp varieties focusing on improving fiber quality per hectare yields and low THC content 115 After the collapse of the Soviet Union the commercial cultivation of hemp declined sharply However at least an estimated 2 5 million acres of hemp grow wild in the Russian Far East and the Black Sea regions 116 United Kingdom edit In the United Kingdom cultivation licences are issued by the Home Office under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 When grown for nondrug purposes hemp is referred to as industrial hemp and a common product is fibre for use in a wide variety of products as well as the seed for nutritional aspects and the oil Feral hemp or ditch weed is usually a naturalized fibre or oilseed strain of Cannabis that has escaped from cultivation and is self seeding 117 United States edit Main article Hemp in the United States In October 2019 hemp became legal to grow in 46 U S states under federal law As of 2019 47 states have enacted legislation to make hemp legal to grow at the state level with several states implementing medical provisions regarding the growing of plants specifically for non psychoactive CBD 118 The 2018 Farm Bill which incorporated the Hemp Farming Act of 2018 removed hemp as a Schedule I drug and instead made it an agricultural commodity This legalized hemp at the federal level which made it easier for hemp farmers to get production licenses acquire loans and receive federal crop insurance 119 NH 2014 N H Laws Chap 18 SD HB 1008 2020 S D Codified Laws Ann 38 35 1 et seq Authorizes the growth production and transportation of hemp with a license and directs the Department of Agriculture to submit a state plan to USDA Requires a minimum of five contiguous outdoor acres for grower license applications and requires any license applicants to submit to a state and federal criminal background investigation Requires a transportation permit for any transporter traveling within or through the state and creates two types of industrial hemp transportation permits grower licensee and general provided by the Department of Public Safety Creates the Hemp Regulatory Program Fund 120 The process to legalize hemp cultivation began in 2009 when Oregon began approving licenses for industrial hemp 121 Then in 2013 after the legalization of marijuana several farmers in Colorado planted and harvested several acres of hemp bringing in the first hemp crop in the United States in over half a century 122 After that the federal government created a Hemp Farming Pilot Program as a part of the Agricultural Act of 2014 123 This program allowed institutions of higher education and state agricultural departments to begin growing hemp without the consent of the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA Hemp production in Kentucky formerly the United States leading producer resumed in 2014 124 Hemp production in North Carolina resumed in 2017 125 and in Washington State the same year 126 By the end of 2017 at least 34 U S states had industrial hemp programs In 2018 New York began taking strides in industrial hemp production along with hemp research pilot programs at Cornell University Binghamton University and SUNY Morrisville 127 As of 2017 the hemp industry estimated that annual sales of hemp products were around 820 million annually hemp derived CBD have been the major force driving this growth 128 Despite this progress hemp businesses in the US have had difficulties expanding as they have faced challenges in traditional marketing and sales approaches According to a case study done by Forbes hemp businesses and startups have had difficulty marketing and selling non psychoactive hemp products as majority of online advertising platforms and financial institutions do not distinguish between hemp and marijuana 129 History edit nbsp Yangshao culture ca 4800 BC amphora with impressed hemp cord design nbsp Radical 200 麻 or ma the Chinese character for hemp depicts two plants under a shelter The use of hemp in Taiwan dates back at least 10 000 years 130 Gathered hemp fiber was used to make cloth long before agriculture nine to fifty thousand years ago 3 It may also be one of the earliest plants to have been cultivated 131 132 An archeological site in the Oki Islands of Japan contained cannabis achenes from about 8000 BC probably signifying use of the plant 133 Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the Neolithic Age in China with hemp fiber imprints found on Yangshao culture pottery dating from the 5th millennium BC 130 134 The Chinese later used hemp to make clothes shoes ropes and an early form of paper 130 The classical Greek historian Herodotus ca 480 BC reported that the inhabitants of Scythia would often inhale the vapors of hemp seed smoke both as ritual and for their own pleasurable recreation 135 Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber summarizes the historical evidence that Cannabis sativa grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes from Europe Germany Switzerland Austria Romania Ukraine to East Asia Tibet and China but textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late namely the Iron Age 136 I strongly suspect however that what catapulted hemp to sudden fame and fortune as a cultigen and caused it to spread rapidly westwards in the first millennium B C was the spread of the habit of pot smoking from somewhere in south central Asia where the drug bearing variety of the plant originally occurred The linguistic evidence strongly supports this theory both as to time and direction of spread and as to cause 137 Jews living in Palestine in the 2nd century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp as witnessed by a reference to it in the Mishna Kil ayim 2 5 as a variety of plant along with arum that sometimes takes as many as three years to grow from a seedling In late medieval Germany and Italy hemp was employed in cooked dishes as filling in pies and tortes or boiled in a soup 138 Hemp in later Europe was mainly cultivated for its fibers and was used for ropes on many ships including those of Christopher Columbus The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside with higher quality textiles being available in the towns nbsp Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides 512 ADThe Spaniards brought hemp to the Americas and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545 139 Similar attempts were made in Peru Colombia and Mexico but only in Chile did the crop find success 140 In July 1605 Samuel Champlain reported the use of grass and hemp clothing by the Wampanoag people of Cape Cod and the Nauset people of Plymouth Bay told him they harvested hemp in their region where it grew wild to a height of 4 to 5 ft 141 In May 1607 hempe was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village where Richmond Virginia is now situated 142 and in 1613 Samuell Argall reported wild hemp better than that in England growing along the shores of the upper Potomac As early as 1619 the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow both English and Indian hemp on their plantations 143 The Puritans are first known to have cultivated hemp in New England in 1645 139 United States edit nbsp Hemp being grown in Oregon in 2020George Washington pushed for the growth of hemp as it was a cash crop commonly used to make rope and fabric In May 1765 he noted in his diary about the sowing of seeds each day until mid April Then he recounts the harvest in October which he grew 27 bushels that year It is sometimes supposed that an excerpt from Washington s diary which reads Began to seperate sic the Male from the Female hemp at Do amp rather too late is evidence that he was trying to grow female plants for the THC found in the flowers However the editorial remark accompanying the diary states that This may arise from their the male being coarser and the stalks larger 144 In subsequent days he describes soaking the hemp 145 to make the fibers usable and harvesting the seeds 146 suggesting that he was growing hemp for industrial purposes not recreational George Washington also imported the Indian hemp plant from Asia which was used for fiber and by some growers for intoxicating resin production In a 1796 letter to William Pearce who managed the plants for him Washington says What was done with the Indian Hemp plant from last summer It ought all of it to be sown again that not only a stock of seed sufficient for my own purposes might have been raised but to have disseminated seed to others as it is more valuable than common hemp 147 148 Other presidents known to have farmed hemp for alternative purposes include Thomas Jefferson 149 James Madison James Monroe Andrew Jackson Zachary Taylor and Franklin Pierce 150 Historically hemp production had made up a significant portion of antebellum Kentucky s economy Before the American Civil War many slaves worked on plantations producing hemp 151 In 1937 the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was passed in the United States levying a tax on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis hemp or marijuana The passing of the Act to destroy the U S hemp industry has been reputed to involve businessmen Andrew Mellon Randolph Hearst and the Du Pont family 152 153 154 One claim is that Hearst believed dubious discuss that his extensive timber holdings were threatened by the invention of the decorticator that he feared would allow hemp to become a cheap substitute for the paper pulp used for newspaper 152 155 Historical research indicates this fear was unfounded because improvements of the decorticators in the 1930s machines that separated the fibers from the hemp stem could not make hemp fiber a cheaper substitute for fibers from other sources Further decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production 156 152 Another claim is that Mellon Secretary of the Treasury and the wealthiest man in America at that time had invested heavily in DuPont s new synthetic fiber nylon and believed dubious discuss that the replacement of the traditional resource hemp was integral to the new product s success 152 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 DuPont and many industrial historians dispute a link between nylon and hemp nylon became immediately a scarce commodity clarification needed Nylon had characteristics that could be used for toothbrushes sold from 1938 and very thin nylon fiber could compete with silk and rayon in various textiles normally not produced from hemp fiber such as very thin stockings for women 156 164 165 166 167 While the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 had just been signed into law the United States Department of Agriculture lifted the tax on hemp cultivation during WW II 168 Before WW II the U S Navy used Jute and Manila Hemp from the Philippines and Indonesia for the cordage on their ships During the war Japan cut off those supply lines 169 America was forced to turn inward and revitalize the cultivation of Hemp on U S soils Hemp was used extensively by the United States during World War II to make uniforms canvas and rope 170 Much of the hemp used was cultivated in Kentucky and the Midwest During World War II the U S produced a short 1942 film Hemp for Victory promoting hemp as a necessary crop to win the war 169 By the 1980s the film was largely forgotten and the U S government even denied its existence 171 The film and the important historical role of hemp in U S agriculture and commerce was brought to light by hemp activist Jack Herer in the book The Emperor Wears No Clothes U S farmers participated in the campaign to increase U S hemp production to 36 000 acres in 1942 172 This increase amounted to more than 20 times the production in 1941 before the war effort 172 In the United States Executive Order 12919 1994 identified hemp as a strategic national product that should be stockpiled 173 History in the United States source source source source source source Hemp for Victory a short documentary produced by the United States Department of Agriculture during World War II nbsp 1942 United States Department of Agriculture War Board Letter of appreciation to Joe Daddy Burt Burton a Kentucky hemp farmer for his support of the World War II Hemp for Victory campaign 174 nbsp Joe Daddy Burt Burton a recognized top Kentucky hemp farmer with harvested hemp 1942 Photo by USDA War Board Lexington Kentucky 175 nbsp United States Marihuana production permit During World War II farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage to replace Manila hemp previously obtained from Japanese controlled areas The U S government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp called Hemp for Victory nbsp Hemp was classified as a drug and heavily debated and prohibited through the 20th century through 2018 Historical cultivation edit Hemp has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East for its fibre Commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century but was grown in the sixteenth century in eastern England 176 Because of colonial and naval expansion of the era economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and oakum In the early 1940s world production of hemp fiber ranged from 250 000 to 350 000 metric tonnes Russia was the biggest producer 156 In Western Europe the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the 1930s but the commercial cultivation stopped by then due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers 177 Speculation about the potential for commercial cultivation of hemp in large quantities has been criticized due to successful competition from other fibers for many products The world production of hemp fiber fell from over 300 000 metric tons 1961 to about 75 000 metric tons in the early 1990s and has after that been stable at that level 178 Japan edit nbsp Japanese Shinto shrine with rope made of hempIn Japan hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop There is archaeological evidence cannabis was used for clothing and the seeds were eaten in Japan back to the Jōmon period 10 000 to 300 BC Many Kimono designs portray hemp or asa Japanese 麻 as a beautiful plant In 1948 marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug The ban on marijuana imposed by the United States authorities was alien to Japanese culture as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before Though these laws against marijuana are some of the world s strictest allowing five years imprisonment for possession of the drug they exempt hemp growers whose crop is used to make robes for Buddhist monks and loincloths for Sumo wrestlers Because marijuana use in Japan has doubled in the past decade these exemptions have recently been called into question 179 Portugal edit The cultivation of hemp in Portuguese lands began around the fourteenth century citation needed The raw material was used for the preparation of rope and plugs for the Portuguese ships Portugal also utilized its colonies to support its hemp supply including in certain parts of Brazil 180 In order to recover the ailing Portuguese naval fleet after the Restoration of Independence in 1640 King John IV put a renewed emphasis on the growing of hemp He ordered the creation of the Royal Linen and Hemp Factory in the town of Torre de Moncorvo to increase production and support the effort 181 In 1971 the cultivation of hemp became illegal and the production was substantially reduced Because of EU regulations 1308 70 619 71 and 1164 89 this law was revoked for some certified seed varieties 182 See also edit nbsp Cannabis portal nbsp Agriculture portalCannabis flower essential oil Fiber rope Flax seed Hemp Industries Association Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009 International Year of Natural Fibres Natural fibre Plant textiles The Emperor Wears No Clothes book References edit Britt Erickson 4 November 2019 USDA releases hemp production requirements C amp EN Global Enterprise 97 43 17 doi 10 1021 cen 09743 polcon4 ISSN 2474 7408 S2CID 213055550 Robert Deitch 2003 Hemp American History Revisited The Plant with a Divided History Algora Publishing p 219 ISBN 978 0 87586 226 2 a b Tourangeau Wesley 2015 Re defining Environmental Harms Green Criminology and the State of Canada s Hemp Industry Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 57 4 528 554 doi 10 3138 cjccj 2014 E11 S2CID 143126182 a b Keller NM 2013 The Legalization of Industrial Hemp and What it Could Mean for Indiana s Biofuel Industry PDF Indiana International amp Comparative Law Review 23 3 555 doi 10 18060 17887 Johnson Renee 22 March 2019 Defining Hemp A Fact Sheet PDF Washington DC Congressional Research Service Retrieved 29 March 2019 Toth Jacob A Stack George M Cala Ali R Carlson Craig H Wilk Rebecca L Crawford Jamie L Viands Donald R Philippe Glenn Smart Christine D Rose Jocelyn K C Smart Lawrence B 2020 Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L GCB Bioenergy 12 3 213 222 doi 10 1111 gcbb 12667 ISSN 1757 1707 Swanson TE 2015 Controlled Substances Chaos The Department of Justice s New Policy Position on Marijuana and What It Means for Industrial Hemp Farming in North Dakota PDF North Dakota Law Review 90 3 602 archived from the original PDF on 11 June 2016 retrieved 18 May 2016 Talbot Geoff 2015 Specialty Oils and Fats in Food and Nutrition Properties Processing and Applications Elsevier Science p 39 ISBN 978 1 78242 397 3 Crime United Nations Office on Drugs and 2009 Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories United Nations Publications p 12 ISBN 978 92 1 148242 3 permanent dead link a b c d Mallory JP 1997 JP Mallory DQ Adams eds Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Illustrated ed London UK Taylor amp Francis p 266 ISBN 9781884964985 Adams DQ 2006 JP Mallory DQ Adams eds The Oxford Introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World Oxford University Press p 166 ISBN 9780191058127 a b c Barber EJW 1991 Prehistoric Textiles The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean Princeton University Press pp 36 38 ISBN 9780691002248 McConvell Patrick Smith Michael 2003 Millers and Mullers The archaeo linguisitic stratigraphy of technological change in holocene Australia in Henning Andersen ed Language Contacts in Prehistory Studies in Stratigraphy John Benjamins Publishing p 181 ISBN 9781588113795 Erowid Cannabis Vault Culture 2 erowid org Retrieved 20 June 2008 a b c Michael Karus European Hemp Industry 2002 Cultivation Processing and Product Lines Journal of Industrial Hemp London Taylor amp Francis 9 2 2004 America s First Hemp Drink Chronic Ice Making a Splash in the Natural Beverage Market San Francisco Chronicle Los Angeles Vocus 8 June 2011 Archived from the original on 27 December 2011 Retrieved 19 June 2011 a b c USDA ERS Industrial Hemp in the United States Status and Market Potential PDF Ers usda gov Archived from the original PDF on 25 June 2013 Retrieved 9 November 2013 Industrial fibre crops business opportunities for farmers gov uk Department for Environment Food amp Rural Affairs 13 June 2013 retrieved 18 May 2016 a b Nutrition Facts for Hemp Seeds shelled per 100 g serving Conde Nast Custom Analysis 2014 Retrieved 19 February 2015 a b Callaway J C 1 January 2004 Hempseed as a nutritional resource An overview PDF Euphytica 140 1 2 65 72 doi 10 1007 s10681 004 4811 6 S2CID 43988645 Archived from the original PDF on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 13 March 2013 Seeds hemp seed hulled FoodData Central USDA Retrieved 3 February 2021 House JD Neufeld J Leson G November 2010 Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed Cannabis sativa L products through the use of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score method Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 22 11801 7 doi 10 1021 jf102636b PMID 20977230 Ellison Campbell Moreno Teresa Catchpole Owen Fenton Tina Lagutin Kirill MacKenzie Andrew Mitchell Kevin Scott Dawn 1 July 2021 Extraction of hemp seed using near critical CO2 propane and dimethyl ether The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 173 105218 doi 10 1016 j supflu 2021 105218 ISSN 0896 8446 S2CID 233822572 Williams David 2020 Industrial Hemp as a Modern Commodity Crop John Wiley amp Sons p 30 ISBN 9780891186328 CRRH Archaeologists agree that cannabis was among the first crops cultivated by human beings at least over 6 000 years ago and perhaps more than 12 000 years ago Crrh org Archived from the original on 8 August 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2011 Online Etymology Dictionary Etymonline com Retrieved 20 April 2011 Cronin Mary Elizabeth 11 February 1995 Hemp fashions are clean comfy and legal The Free Lance Star Going eco going Dutch Futuremakers artez nl 17 July 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2019 Carton Guillaume Parigot Julia 2 June 2022 Disappearing natural resources what flowers tell us about new value chains Journal of Business Strategy 43 4 222 228 doi 10 1108 JBS 07 2020 0168 ISSN 0275 6668 Carton Guillaume Parigot Julia 2024 Building Sustainable Value Chains From Hemp and Flowers doi 10 48558 GXDE BA27 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Novakiva Petra 2017 Use of technical hemp in the construction industry PDF MATEC Web of Conferences 146 1 8 via The Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice a b c Renewable Hempcrete House Energy Efficiency Monitoring Programme www nnfcc co uk Retrieved 25 February 2021 Campbell Gwyn 3 April 2012 David Griffiths and the Missionary History of Madagascar BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 20980 0 a b The Prospects of Hemp Building Materials Environmental Professionals Network 8 October 2014 Retrieved 25 February 2021 a b Hemp lime construction panels on test at University s new Building Research Park University of Bath 30 June 2014 oldbuilders www oldbuilders com Retrieved 11 March 2021 a b c d Stanwix William Sparrow Alex 2014 The Hempcrete Book Designing and Building with Hemp Lime Cambridge Green Books Novakiva Petra 2017 Use of technical hemp in the construction industry PDF MATEC Web of Conferences 146 1 8 via The Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice a b c d Allin Steve 2012 Building with hemp Seed Press Ceyte Isabelle 2008 Etat acteurs prives et innovation dans le domaine des materiaux de construction ecologiques Le developpement du beton de chanvre depuis 1986 PDF Master s thesis Institut d Etudes Politiques de Lyon Archived from the original PDF on 18 January 2012 a b c d Konopny beton a izolace hlinene omitky Konopny beton www konopny beton cz Retrieved 11 February 2021 a b c d e KONOPNE STAVBY KONOPNE STAVBY in Czech Retrieved 11 February 2021 a b c d e f Vyuziti konopi ve stavebnictvi ASB Portal in Czech 22 March 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2021 a b HempCrete Beacon Pro360 Archived from the original on 22 April 2021 Retrieved 25 March 2021 Koch Wendy 13 September 2010 Hemp homes are cutting edge of green building usatoday Retrieved 24 February 2021 a b Novakiva Petra 2017 Use of technical hemp in the construction industry PDF MATEC Web of Conferences 146 1 8 via The Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice a b Novakiva Petra 2017 Use of technical hemp in the construction industry PDF MATEC Web of Conferences 146 1 8 via The Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice 6 Advantages of Building With Hempcrete 29 June 2017 Retrieved 11 February 2021 About KOL High Density Fibre Cement Retrieved 25 February 2021 Hemp Concrete A High Performance Material for Green Building and Retrofitting urbanNext 11 July 2017 Retrieved 25 February 2021 Novakiva Petra 2017 Use of technical hemp in the construction industry PDF MATEC Web of Conferences 146 1 8 via The Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice NewspaperWood Studio Mieke Meijer Retrieved 25 February 2021 Thermoformable Composite Panels PDF Composites World 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 11 May 2008 Retrieved 3 July 2009 Plastics hemp com 14 May 2013 Retrieved 9 November 2013 Lotus announces hemp based Eco Elise a new type of green car transport20 com Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 Retrieved 9 November 2013 Green Cars Fuel Efficiency and the Environment Mercedes Benz Mbusa com Retrieved 9 November 2013 Michael Karus European hemp industry 2001 till 2004 Cultivation raw materials products and trends 2005 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 20 April 2011 Paulapuro Hannu 2000 5 Paper and Board grades Papermaking Science and Technology Vol 18 Finland Fapet Oy p 114 ISBN 978 952 5216 18 9 Van Roekel Gerjan J 1994 Hemp Pulp and Paper Production Journal of the International Hemp Association Van Roekel Gertjan Jr 1994 Hemp Pulp and Paper Production Journal of the International Hemp Association 1 12 14 Hemp Harvest Management Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance Hemp Fibre Production Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance a b c MALACHOWSKA EDYTA PRZYBYSZ PIOTR DUBOWIK MARCIN KUCNER MARTA BUZALA KAMILA 2015 Comparison of papermaking potential of wood and hemp cellulose pulps Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology 91 134 137 a b Small E Marcus D 2002 Hemp A New Crop with New Uses for North America In J Janick A Whipkey eds Trends in New Crops and New Uses ASHS Press pp 284 326 Schubert Pit Our ropes are much stronger than we believe Union Internationale Des Associations D Alpinisme Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 NNFCC In the US pet manufacturers use hemp in dog and cat bedding Crop Factsheet Hemp Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine National Non Food Crops Centre 9 June 2008 Retrieved on 6 May 2009 Phytoremediation Using Plants to Clean Soil Mhhe com Retrieved 20 April 2011 Hemp As Weed Control gametec com Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 Retrieved 9 July 2008 Reisinger Peter Lehoczky Eva Komives Tamas 1 March 2005 Competitiveness and Precision Management of the Noxious Weed Cannabis sativa L in Winter Wheat Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36 4 6 629 634 doi 10 1081 CSS 200043303 ISSN 0010 3624 S2CID 96007971 COOLFUEL Episode Sugarcane and Hempoline Retrieved 16 October 2009 Clean Energy Solutions Hemp 4 Fuel Retrieved 20 April 2011 Pollution Petrol vs Hemp Hempcar org Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 Retrieved 20 April 2011 Biofuels Facts Hempcar org Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 Retrieved 20 April 2011 Increased biogas production at the Henriksdals Waste Water plant Cajsa Hellstedt et al June 2010 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 28 January 2014 What Farmers Need to Know About Growing Hemp https www agriculture com 22 July 2019 Arnone Vince 24 July 2018 Hemp vs Marijuana The Important Differences Explained Big Sky Botanicals Retrieved 21 May 2020 Adams Cydney 17 November 2016 The man behind the marijuana ban for all the wrong reasons CBS News Retrieved 28 March 2019 a b c This paper begins with a history of hemp use and then describes how hemp was constructed as a dangerous crop in the U S The paper then discusses the potential of hemp as an alternative crop Luginbuhl April M 2001 Industrial hemp Cannabis sativa L The geography of a controversial plant The California Geographer Vol 41 California Geographical Society pp 1 14 hdl 10211 2 2738 Hemp contains less than 1 THC or tetrahydrocannabinols the psychoactive property in marijuana In other words smoking hemp cannot create a high The dense growth of hemp eliminates other weeds The best growing technique for hemp planting 300 to 500 plants per square meter also helps authorities easily tell the hemp from marijuana which is a plant that is less densely cultivated Roulac 1997 149 a b Deitch Robert 2003 Hemp American History Revisited The Plant with a Divided History Algora Publishing pp 4 26 ISBN 9780875862262 Retrieved 16 November 2013 Cannabis is a plant that played an important role in colonial America s prosperous economy and remained a valuable commercial commodity up until the Second World War ADAS July 2005 UK Flax and Hemp production The impact of changes in support measures on the competitiveness and future potential of UK fibre production and industrial use PDF Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs Archived from the original PDF on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 14 June 2013 Industrial Hemp Production and Management Province of Manitoba Manitoba Agriculture Archived from the original on 13 December 2019 Retrieved 8 January 2019 a b Sawler J Stout J M Gardner K M Hudson D Vidmar J Butler L Page J E Myles S 2015 The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp PLOS ONE 10 8 e0133292 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1033292S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0133292 PMC 4550350 PMID 26308334 Elsohly M A Radwan M M Gul W Chandra S Galal A 2017 Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products Vol 103 pp 1 36 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 45541 9 1 ISBN 978 3 319 45539 6 PMID 28120229 Datwyler SL Weiblen GD 2006 Genetic Variation in Hemp and marijuana Cannabis sativa L sativa plants are taller and less dense Indica plants are shorter but a lot more dense than sativas According to Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms Journal of Forensic Sciences 51 2 371 375 doi 10 1111 j 1556 4029 2006 00061 x PMID 16566773 S2CID 3145952 Hemp and Marijuana Myths amp Realities Archived 20 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine written by David P West Ph D for the North American Industrial Hemp Council a b c Cannabis pests www internationalhempassociation org Retrieved 22 July 2020 a b c Cranshaw Whitney Schreiner Melissa Britt Kadie Kuhar Thomas P McPartland John Grant Jerome 1 January 2019 Developing Insect Pest Management Systems for Hemp in the United States A Work in Progress Journal of Integrated Pest Management 10 1 doi 10 1093 jipm pmz023 Common Michael Stagl Sigrid Gay Philip W 30 June 1998 Industrial hemp s double dividend a study for the USA Ecological Economics 25 3 291 301 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 603 9935 doi 10 1016 S0921 8009 97 00040 2 Da Silva Vieira Ricardo Canaveira Paulo Da Simoes Ana Domingos Tiago 2010 Industrial hemp or eucalyptus paper The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 15 4 368 375 doi 10 1007 s11367 010 0152 y S2CID 108608835 FAQs amp Facts Facts Resources Education The HIA Archived from the original on 10 July 2008 Retrieved 5 July 2008 HIA Resources Education FAQs amp Facts FAQs Answers thehia org Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 Retrieved 5 July 2008 D Risula and others Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture October 2009 Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 Retrieved 20 April 2011 La versatilidad y sostenibilidad del canamo ofrecen enormes oportunidades a los paises en desarrollo UNCTAD unctad org in Spanish 13 December 2022 Retrieved 16 October 2023 Lawmakers legalize industrial hemp farming in Greece Prospects amp Opportunities Tekmon Geomatics Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 Retrieved 5 February 2017 Hemp vs Marijuana azhemp org Archived from the original on 9 May 2003 Retrieved 18 June 2008 Hemp Facts thehia org Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 9 November 2013 Carus Michael June 2013 The European Hemp Industry Cultivation processing and applications for fibres shivs and seeds PDF European Industrial Hemp Association Retrieved 30 August 2016 a b Agriculture in the European Union Statistical and Economic Information 2011 European Union Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development page 283 PDF Retrieved 9 November 2013 Growing Industrial Hemp in Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs Canada 2008 ON CA Omafra Retrieved 20 April 2011 Graeme Thomas Natural Fibers Hemp Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2009 Naturalfibres2009 org Retrieved 20 April 2011 Drugs Poisons and Controlled Substances Industrial Hemp Regulations 2008 PDF dms dpc vic gov au Archived from the original PDF on 17 December 2008 Retrieved 24 November 2008 Guidelines for engaging in the commercial production of industrial hemp in Queensland dpi qld gov au Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 Retrieved 24 November 2008 Drugs Misuse Act 1986 PDF legislation qld gov au Retrieved 24 November 2008 Western Australian Legislation Industrial Hemp Act 2004 www legislation wa gov au Retrieved 5 August 2019 Opportunities to engage in commercial low THC hemp fibre and seed production in NSW dpi nsw gov au Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 Retrieved 24 November 2008 Hemp Industry Regulation 2008 legislation nsw gov a Retrieved 24 November 2008 Office of Industrial Hemp and Medicinal Cannabis Archived from the original on 26 November 2018 Retrieved 26 November 2018 Government of Alberta Industrial Hemp Production in Canada February 2 2010 agric gov ab ca Retrieved 20 April 2011 Where the heck is hemp The Alberta Express April 18th 2007 www hempline com Manitoba Harvest 2007 Peoples Choice Eco Libris Oct 8th 2007 ecolibris blogspot ca a b Mark Halsall 2 March 2018 Hemp area may stall in 2018 CountryGuide Glacier FarmMedia Limited Partnership Retrieved 18 May 2018 Hemp a plant still unknown in French Jardinage 4 October 2014 Retrieved 25 June 2018 Jordbruksverket 2 1 2 3 2 5 Marknadssituationen for spannmal oljevaxter proteingrodor ris 2011 03 10 Swedish Board of Agriculture Report from an expert group in the European Union about the market situation for a number of agricultural products Published only in Swedish Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Hemp research and growing in Ukraine Aginukraine com 6 January 2002 Retrieved 20 April 2011 Hemp will help Ukraine to grow wealthy Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine in Russian Website Products Retrieved 28 September 2011 Jon Merrills Jonathan Fisher 2013 Pharmacy Law and Practice Academic Press p 227 ISBN 978 0 12 394618 8 State Industrial Hemp Statutes ncsl org Archived from the original on 20 December 2020 Retrieved 12 December 2019 Dyer Owen 31 May 2018 Trump signs bill to give patients right to try drugs BMJ 361 k2429 doi 10 1136 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9780892815418 Retrieved 15 September 2019 Bear James A Jr and Lucia C Stanton eds Jefferson s Memorandum Books Accounts with Legal Records and Miscellany 1767 1826 Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1997 1 383 Robinson Rowan The Great Book of Hemp The Complete Guide to the Environmental Commercial and Medicinal Uses of the World s Most Extraordinary Plant Rochester VT Park Street Press 2010 Chapter 5 129 135 Print James F Hopkins Slavery in the Hemp Industry Drug Library a b c d French Laurence Manzanarez Magdaleno 2004 NAFTA amp neocolonialism comparative criminal human amp social justice University Press of America p 129 ISBN 978 0 7618 2890 7 Earlywine 2005 p 24 Peet 2004 p 55 Sterling Evans 2007 Bound in twine the history and ecology of the henequen wheat complex for Mexico and the American and Canadian Plains 1880 1950 Texas A amp M University Press p 27 ISBN 978 1 58544 596 7 a b c Dewey LH 1943 Fiber production in the western hemisphere United States Printing Office Washington p 67 Retrieved 25 February 2015 Evans Sterling ed 2006 The borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests essays on regional history of the forty ninth parallel University of Nebraska Press p 199 ISBN 978 0 8032 1826 0 Gerber Rudolph Joseph 2004 Legalizing marijuana drug policy reform and prohibition politics Greenwood Publishing Group p 7 ISBN 978 0 275 97448 0 Earleywine Mitchell 2005 Understanding marijuana a new look at the scientific evidence Oxford University Press p 231 ISBN 978 0 19 518295 8 Robinson Matthew B Scherlen Renee G 2007 Lies damned lies and drug war statistics a critical analysis of claims made by the office of National Drug Control Policy SUNY Press p 12 ISBN 978 0 7914 6975 0 Rowe Thomas C 2006 Federal narcotics laws and the war on drugs money down a rat hole Psychology Press p 26 ISBN 978 0 7890 2808 2 Sullivan Larry E et al eds 2005 Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement Federal SAGE p 747 ISBN 978 0 7619 2649 8 Lusane Clarence 1991 Pipe dream blues racism and the war on drugs South End Press pp 37 8 ISBN 978 0 89608 410 0 the history of nylon caimateriali org Wolfe Audra J 2008 Nylon A Revolution in Textiles Chemical Heritage Magazine 26 3 Retrieved 20 March 2018 American Chemical Society THE FIRST NYLON PLANT 1995 PDF acs org Who invented the toothbrush and when was it Everyday Mysteries Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress loc gov Klonoff Harry 1974 The Logistics of Marijuana Research Methodological Legal and Societal Marijuana Effects on Human Behavior Elsevier pp 1 24 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 497050 2 50006 1 ISBN 9780124970502 a b USDA 1942 Hemp for Victory Event occurs at 1 40 Retrieved 25 April 2019 Chapter 5 The Wartime Transformation of Student Visitors into Refugee Citizens 1943 1955 The Good Immigrants How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority Princeton University Press 31 January 2015 pp 104 129 doi 10 1515 9781400866373 009 ISBN 9781400866373 Robinson Rowan 1996 The Great Book of Hemp The Complete Guide to the Environmental Commercial and Medicinal Uses of the World s Most Extraordinary Plant Park Street Press ISBN 978 089281541 8 a b USDA 1942 Hemp for Victory Event occurs at 2 05 Retrieved 25 April 2019 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12919 NATIONAL DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES PREPAREDNESS www disastercenter com Retrieved 2 December 2020 Letter to Daddy Burt from USDA War Board Burton Family Archive Sallyann Burton Gullett Picture of Daddy Burt with harvested hemp Burton Family Archive Jimmy Wallace Bruner Bradshaw R H W Coxon P Greig J R A Hall A R 1981 New Fossil Evidence for the Past Cultivation and Processing of Hemp Cannabis sativa L in Eastern England The New Phytologist 89 3 503 510 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 1981 tb02331 x JSTOR 2434380 Dr Ivan BUcsa GATE Agricultural Research Institute Kompolt Hungary Book Review Re discovery of the Crop Plant Cannabis Marihuana Hemp Die Wiederentdeckung der Nutzplanze Cannabis Marihuana Hanf Hempfood com Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 Retrieved 20 April 2011 Lynn Robins et al July 2013 Economic Considerations for Growing Industrial Hemp Implications for Kentucky s Farmers and Agricultural Economy PDF Department of Agricultural Economics University of Kentucky Archived from the original PDF on 4 April 2015 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Yuka Hayashi 4 March 2009 In Drug Leery Japan Arrests for Marijuana Are on the Rise The Wall Street Journal Verto Abbe de Boisgelin Louis 1809 The History of the Revolutions of Portugal London p 363 via Project Gutenberg Torre de Moncorvo Visit Portugal Turismo de Portugal 2013 Retrieved 20 April 2019 Schutze Robert 2018 Regulation 182 2011 Laying Down the Rules and General Principles Concerning Mechanisms for Control by Member States of the Commissions Exercise of Implementing Powers Comitology Regulation EU Treaties and Legislation Cambridge University Press pp 272 280 doi 10 1017 9781108624374 008 ISBN 9781108624374 S2CID 240347435 nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Cannabis nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemp nbsp Look up hemp in Wiktionary the free dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hemp amp oldid 1200603357 Food, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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