Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. Land use by humans has a long history, first emerging more than 10,000 years ago.[1][2] It has been defined as "the purposes and activities through which people interact with land and terrestrial ecosystems"[3] and as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land type."[4] Land use is one of the most important drivers of global environmental change.[3][5]
Human tribes since prehistory have segregated land into territories to control the use of land. Today, the total arable land is 10.7% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland.[6][7]
Regulation
A land use map of Europe—major non-natural land uses include arable farmland (yellow) and pasture (light green).
Land use practices vary considerably across the world. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization Water Development Division explains that "Land use concerns the products and/or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the land management actions (activities) carried out by humans to produce those products and benefits."[8] As of the early 1990s, about 13% of the Earth was considered arable land, with 26% in pasture, 32% forests and woodland, and 1.5% urban areas. Land change modeling can be used to predict and assess future shifts in land use.
In colonial America, few regulations were originally put into place regarding the usage of land. As society shifted from rural to urban, public land regulation became important, especially to city governments trying to control industry, commerce, and housing within their boundaries. The first zoning ordinance was passed in New York City in 1916,[10][11] and, by the 1930s, most states had adopted zoning laws. In the 1970s, concerns about the environment and historic preservation led to further regulation.
Today, federal, state, and local governments regulate growth and development through statutory law. The majority of controls on land, however, stem from the actions of private developers and individuals. Three typical situations bringing such private entities into the court system are: suits brought by one neighbor against another; suits brought by a public official against a neighboring landowner on behalf of the public; and suits involving individuals who share ownership of a particular parcel of land. In these situations, judicial decisions and enforcement of private land-use arrangements can reinforce public regulation, and achieve forms and levels of control that regulatory zoning cannot. There is growing concern that land use regulation is a direct cause of housing segregation in the United States today.[12]
Special use areas include national parks (29 M acres) and state parks (15 M), wildlife areas (64.4 M), highways (21 M), railroads (3M), military bases (25 M), airports (3M) and a few others. Miscellaneous includes cemeteries, golf courses, marshes, deserts, and other areas of "low economic value". ** The total land area of the US is 9.1 M km2 but the total used here refers only to the contiguous 48 states, without Alaska etc.
Environment
Nutritional value and environmental impact of animal products, compared to agriculture overall[14]
Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural resources including water, soil, nutrients, plants and animals.[16][17] Land use information can be used to develop solutions for natural resource management issues such as salinity and water quality. For instance, water bodies in a region that has been deforested or having erosion will have different water quality than those in areas that are forested. Forest gardening, a plant-based food production system, is believed to be the oldest form of land use in the world.[18]
According to a report by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization, land degradation has been exacerbated where there has been an absence of any land use planning, or of its orderly execution, or the existence of financial or legal incentives that have led to the wrong land use decisions, or one-sided central planning leading to over-utilization of the land resources - for instance for immediate production at all costs. As a consequence the result has often been misery for large segments of the local population and destruction of valuable habitats and ecosystems.
The urban growth boundary is one form of land-use regulation. For example, Portland, Oregon is required to have an urban growth boundary which contains at least 20,000 acres (81 km2) of vacant land. Additionally, Oregon restricts the development of farmland. The regulations are controversial, but an economic analysis concluded that farmland appreciated similarly to the other land.[22]
^Ellis, Erle; Goldewijk, Kees Klein; Gaillard, Marie-José; Kaplan, Jed O.; Thornton, Alexa; Powell, Jeremy; Garcia, Santiago Munevar; Beaudoin, Ella; Zerboni, Andrea (2019-08-30). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use". Science. 365 (6456): 897–902. Bibcode:2019Sci...365..897S. doi:10.1126/science.aax1192. hdl:10150/634688. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31467217. S2CID 201674203.
^Ellis, Erle C.; Gauthier, Nicolas; Goldewijk, Kees Klein; Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Boivin, Nicole; Díaz, Sandra; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Kingston, Naomi; Locke, Harvey (2021-04-27). "People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (17): e2023483118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823483E. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023483118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC8092386. PMID 33875599.
^ abMeyfroidt, P.; Roy Chowdhury, R.; de Bremond, A.; Ellis, E. C.; Erb, K. -H.; Filatova, T.; Garrett, R. D.; Grove, J. M.; Heinimann, A.; Kuemmerle, T.; Kull, C. A. (2018-11-01). "Middle-range theories of land system change". Global Environmental Change. 53: 52–67. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.006. ISSN 0959-3780. S2CID 158366220.
^"Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry". www.grida.no. from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^Ellis, Erle C. (2021-10-18). "Land Use and Ecological Change: A 12,000-Year History". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 46 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-010822. ISSN 1543-5938. S2CID 244592514.
^"World Bank arable land". World Bank. from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
^"World Bank permanent cropland". World Bank. from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
^FAO Land and Water Division retrieved 14 September 2010
^Nolon, John R. (July–August 1992). "Local Land Use Control in New York: An Aging Citadel Under Siege". New York State Bar Journal: 38.
^Trounstine, Jessica (May 2020). "The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation". American Political Science Review. 114 (2): 443. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000844. S2CID 213239635.
^ abMerrill, Dave; Leatherby, Lauren (July 31, 2018). "Here's How America Uses Its Land". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
^Carrington, Damian (31 May 2018). "Avoiding meat and dairy is 'single biggest way' to reduce your impact on Earth". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^Nemecek, T.; Poore, J. (2018-06-01). "Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers". Science. 360 (6392): 987–992. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..987P. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0216. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29853680.
^Ameztegui, Aitor; Coll, Lluis; Brotons, Lluis; Ninot, J.M. (2016). "Land-use legacies rather than climate change are driving the recent upward shift of the mountain tree line in the Pyrenees" (PDF). Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25 (3): 263–273. doi:10.1111/geb.12407. hdl:10459.1/65151. (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
^Hart, Robert (1996). Forest Gardening. p. 124. ISBN9781603580502 – via Google Books. Forest gardening, in the sense of finding uses for and attempting to control the growth of wild plants, is undoubtedly the oldest form of land use in the world.
land, confused, with, zoning, involves, management, modification, natural, environment, wilderness, into, built, environment, such, settlements, semi, natural, habitats, such, arable, fields, pastures, managed, woods, humans, long, history, first, emerging, mo. Not to be confused with Zoning Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi natural habitats such as arable fields pastures and managed woods Land use by humans has a long history first emerging more than 10 000 years ago 1 2 It has been defined as the purposes and activities through which people interact with land and terrestrial ecosystems 3 and as the total of arrangements activities and inputs that people undertake in a certain land type 4 Land use is one of the most important drivers of global environmental change 3 5 Global distribution of land used for agriculture Contents 1 History 2 Regulation 2 1 United States 3 Environment 4 Urban growth boundaries 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditHuman tribes since prehistory have segregated land into territories to control the use of land Today the total arable land is 10 7 of the land surface with 1 3 being permanent cropland 6 7 Regulation Edit A land use map of Europe major non natural land uses include arable farmland yellow and pasture light green Land use practices vary considerably across the world The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Water Development Division explains that Land use concerns the products and or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the land management actions activities carried out by humans to produce those products and benefits 8 As of the early 1990s about 13 of the Earth was considered arable land with 26 in pasture 32 forests and woodland and 1 5 urban areas Land change modeling can be used to predict and assess future shifts in land use As Albert Guttenberg 1959 wrote many years ago Land use is a key term in the language of city planning 9 Commonly political jurisdictions will undertake land use planning and regulate the use of land in an attempt to avoid land use conflicts Land use plans are implemented through land division and use ordinances and regulations such as zoning regulations Management consulting firms and non governmental organizations will frequently seek to influence these regulations before they are codified United States Edit Habitat fragmentation caused by numerous roads near the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore In colonial America few regulations were originally put into place regarding the usage of land As society shifted from rural to urban public land regulation became important especially to city governments trying to control industry commerce and housing within their boundaries The first zoning ordinance was passed in New York City in 1916 10 11 and by the 1930s most states had adopted zoning laws In the 1970s concerns about the environment and historic preservation led to further regulation Today federal state and local governments regulate growth and development through statutory law The majority of controls on land however stem from the actions of private developers and individuals Three typical situations bringing such private entities into the court system are suits brought by one neighbor against another suits brought by a public official against a neighboring landowner on behalf of the public and suits involving individuals who share ownership of a particular parcel of land In these situations judicial decisions and enforcement of private land use arrangements can reinforce public regulation and achieve forms and levels of control that regulatory zoning cannot There is growing concern that land use regulation is a direct cause of housing segregation in the United States today 12 Two major federal laws passed in the 1960s limit the use of land significantly These are the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 today embodied in 16 U S C 461 et seq and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 42 U S C 4321 et seq The US Department of Agriculture has identified six major types of land use in the US Acreage statistics for each type of land use in the contiguous 48 states in 2017 were as follows 13 US land use 2017 13 Use acreage M km2 M of totalPasture range 654 2 647 35Forest 538 6 2 18 28Cropland 391 5 1 584 21Special use 168 8 0 683 9Miscellaneous 68 9 0 279 4Urban 69 4 0 281 4Total 1 891 7 653 100Special use areas include national parks 29 M acres and state parks 15 M wildlife areas 64 4 M highways 21 M railroads 3M military bases 25 M airports 3M and a few others Miscellaneous includes cemeteries golf courses marshes deserts and other areas of low economic value The total land area of the US is 9 1 M km2 but the total used here refers only to the contiguous 48 states without Alaska etc Environment EditNutritional value and environmental impact of animal products compared to agriculture overall 14 Categories Contribution of farmed animal product Calories 18Proteins 37Land use 83Greenhouse gases 58Water pollution 57Air pollution 56Freshwater withdrawals 33Mean land use of different foods 15 Food Types Land Use m2year per 100g protein Lamb and Mutton 185Beef 164Cheese 41Pork 11Poultry 7 1Eggs 5 7Farmed Fish 3 7Groundnuts 3 5Peas 3 4Tofu 2 2Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural resources including water soil nutrients plants and animals 16 17 Land use information can be used to develop solutions for natural resource management issues such as salinity and water quality For instance water bodies in a region that has been deforested or having erosion will have different water quality than those in areas that are forested Forest gardening a plant based food production system is believed to be the oldest form of land use in the world 18 The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate regions 19 More recent significant effects of land use include urban sprawl soil erosion soil degradation salinization and desertification 20 Land use change together with use of fossil fuels are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide a dominant greenhouse gas 21 According to a report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization land degradation has been exacerbated where there has been an absence of any land use planning or of its orderly execution or the existence of financial or legal incentives that have led to the wrong land use decisions or one sided central planning leading to over utilization of the land resources for instance for immediate production at all costs As a consequence the result has often been misery for large segments of the local population and destruction of valuable habitats and ecosystems The citadel of Kastellet Copenhagen that has been converted into a park showing multiple examples of suburban land useUrban growth boundaries EditThe urban growth boundary is one form of land use regulation For example Portland Oregon is required to have an urban growth boundary which contains at least 20 000 acres 81 km2 of vacant land Additionally Oregon restricts the development of farmland The regulations are controversial but an economic analysis concluded that farmland appreciated similarly to the other land 22 See also EditAgricultural district Building setback Cultural landscape Easement Freedom to roam Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law Journal of Transport and Land Use Land Allocation Decision Support System Land Use Evolution and Impact Assessment Model Land use forecasting Land use land use change and forestry Land Utilisation Survey of Britain Land change modeling Land Change Science Natural landscape Variance land use UrbanSim Warichi WildernessReferences Edit Ellis Erle Goldewijk Kees Klein Gaillard Marie Jose Kaplan Jed O Thornton Alexa Powell Jeremy Garcia Santiago Munevar Beaudoin Ella Zerboni Andrea 2019 08 30 Archaeological assessment reveals Earth s early transformation through land use Science 365 6456 897 902 Bibcode 2019Sci 365 897S doi 10 1126 science aax1192 hdl 10150 634688 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 31467217 S2CID 201674203 Ellis Erle C Gauthier Nicolas Goldewijk Kees Klein Bird Rebecca Bliege Boivin Nicole Diaz Sandra Fuller Dorian Q Gill Jacquelyn L Kaplan Jed O Kingston Naomi Locke Harvey 2021 04 27 People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12 000 years Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 17 e2023483118 Bibcode 2021PNAS 11823483E doi 10 1073 pnas 2023483118 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 8092386 PMID 33875599 a b Meyfroidt P Roy Chowdhury R de Bremond A Ellis E C Erb K H Filatova T Garrett R D Grove J M Heinimann A Kuemmerle T Kull C A 2018 11 01 Middle range theories of land system change Global Environmental Change 53 52 67 doi 10 1016 j gloenvcha 2018 08 006 ISSN 0959 3780 S2CID 158366220 Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry www grida no Archived from the original on December 6 2017 Retrieved September 29 2022 Ellis Erle C 2021 10 18 Land Use and Ecological Change A 12 000 Year History Annual Review of Environment and Resources 46 1 1 33 doi 10 1146 annurev environ 012220 010822 ISSN 1543 5938 S2CID 244592514 World Bank arable land World Bank Archived from the original on October 2 2015 Retrieved October 19 2015 World Bank permanent cropland World Bank Archived from the original on July 13 2015 Retrieved October 19 2015 FAO Land and Water Division retrieved 14 September 2010 JAPA 25 3 Village of Euclid Ohio v Ambler Realty Co Nolon John R July August 1992 Local Land Use Control in New York An Aging Citadel Under Siege New York State Bar Journal 38 Trounstine Jessica May 2020 The Geography of Inequality How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation American Political Science Review 114 2 443 doi 10 1017 S0003055419000844 S2CID 213239635 a b Merrill Dave Leatherby Lauren July 31 2018 Here s How America Uses Its Land Bloomberg Retrieved 2018 08 05 Carrington Damian 31 May 2018 Avoiding meat and dairy is single biggest way to reduce your impact on Earth The Guardian Retrieved 19 August 2018 Nemecek T Poore J 2018 06 01 Reducing food s environmental impacts through producers and consumers Science 360 6392 987 992 Bibcode 2018Sci 360 987P doi 10 1126 science aaq0216 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 29853680 Ameztegui Aitor Coll Lluis Brotons Lluis Ninot J M 2016 Land use legacies rather than climate change are driving the recent upward shift of the mountain tree line in the Pyrenees PDF Global Ecology and Biogeography 25 3 263 273 doi 10 1111 geb 12407 hdl 10459 1 65151 Archived PDF from the original on August 9 2021 Retrieved September 8 2022 Chapter 1 Meaning of Land PDF Global Land Outlook Report United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 2017 p 21 ISBN 978 92 95110 48 9 Archived PDF from the original on September 20 2022 Retrieved September 18 2022 a href Template Cite report html title Template Cite report cite report a CS1 maint date and year link Hart Robert 1996 Forest Gardening p 124 ISBN 9781603580502 via Google Books Forest gardening in the sense of finding uses for and attempting to control the growth of wild plants is undoubtedly the oldest form of land use in the world Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing PDF Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived from the original PDF on December 15 2007 UN Land Degradation and Land Use Cover Data Sources ret 26 June 2007 UN Report on Climate Change PDF Archived from the original PDF on February 3 2007 Retrieved June 25 2007 Jaeker WG Plantinga AJ 2007 How have Land use regulations Affected Property Values in Oregon Archived 2012 07 22 at the Wayback Machine OSU Extension External links EditLand use and land cover change defined at Encyclopedia of Earth Land Use Law News Alert Land Use Law by Prof Daniel R Mandelker Washington University in St Louis School of Law The Relationship Between Land Use Decisions and the Impacts on Our Water and Natural Resources Land Use Accountability Project The Center for Public Integrity Schindler s Land Use Page Michigan State University Extension Land Use Team Land Policy Institute at Michigan State University Land Use Cornell University Law School Portal Agriculture and Agronomy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Land use amp oldid 1121457656, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
