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Japanese beetle

December 15, 2023

For the green beetles of southwestern United States and Mexico, see Figeater beetle.

The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is a species of scarab beetle. The adult measures 15 mm (0.6 in) in length and 10 mm (0.4 in) in width, has iridescent copper-colored elytra, and a green thorax and head. Due to natural predators, the Japanese beetle is not considered a pest in Japan, but in North America and some regions of Europe, it is a noted pest to roughly 300 species of plants. Some of these plants include rose bushes, grapes, hops, canna, crape myrtles, birch trees, linden trees, and others.[1]

Japanese beetle
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae
Genus: Popillia
Species:
P. japonica
Binomial name
Popillia japonica
Newman, 1841

The adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the foliage (i.e., consuming only the material between a leaf's veins) as well as, at times, feeding on a plant's fruit. The subterranean larvae feed on the roots of grasses.

Taxonomy edit

English entomologist Edward Newman described the Japanese beetle in 1841.[citation needed]

Description edit

Adult P. japonica measure 15 mm (0.6 in) in length and 10 mm (0.4 in) in width, with iridescent copper-colored elytra and green thorax and head. A row of white tufts (spots) of hair project from under the wing covers on each side of the body.[2] Males are slightly smaller than females. Grubs are white and lie in curled positions. A mature grub is roughly 1 inch (2.5 cm) long.[3]

Distribution edit

Popillia japonica is native to Japan, but is an invasive species in North America and Europe.

The first written evidence of the insect appearing within the United States was in 1916 in a nursery near Riverton, New Jersey.[4] The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the United States in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912, when inspections of commodities entering the country began. As of 2015, just nine western states of the United States were considered free of Japanese beetles.[3] Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the United States since the 1940s. Only three were found in Washington State, USA, in 2020, but from late June to September 3, 2021, there were over 20,000 found in Grandview alone.[5]

The first Japanese beetle found in Canada was inadvertently brought by tourists to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, by ferry from Maine in 1939. During the same year, three additional adults were captured at Yarmouth and three at Lacolle in southern Quebec.[6]

Japanese beetles have been found on the islands of the Azores since the 1970s.[7] In 2014, the first population in mainland Europe was discovered near Milan, Italy.[8][9] In 2017, the pest was detected in nearby Ticino, Switzerland.[10] In 2023, the first population north of the Alps was detected in Kloten near Zürich, Switzerland.[11]

Life cycle edit

 
Life cycle of the Japanese beetle. Larvae feed on roots underground, while adults feed on leaves and stems.
 
A typical cluster of Japanese beetle eggs
 
A Japanese beetle pupa shortly after moulting

Eggs are laid individually or in small clusters near the soil surface.[12] Within approximately two weeks, the ova hatch, then the larvae feed on fine roots and other organic material. As the larvae mature, they become c-shaped grubs, which consume progressively coarser roots and may do economic damage to pasture and turf at this time.

Larvae hibernate in small cells in the soil, emerging in the spring when soil temperatures rise again.[12] Within 4–6 weeks of breaking hibernation, the larvae will pupate. Most of the beetle's life is spent as a larva, with only 30–45 days spent as an imago. Adults feed on leaf material above ground, using pheromones to attract other beetles and overwhelm plants, skeletonizing leaves from the top of the plant downward. The aggregation of beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing. An adult female may lay as many as 40–60 ova in her lifetime.[12]

Throughout the majority of the Japanese beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year; however, in the extreme northern parts of its range, as well as high-altitude zones as found in its native Japan, development may take two years.[13]

Control edit

 
Map showing the parts of the US infested by Japanese beetles, as of November 2006: They were present in many more sites as of July 2012.
 
Egg of biocontrol, tachinid fly Istocheta aldrichi, introduced from Japan

Phenological models might be useful in predicting the timing of the presence of larvae or adults of the Japanese beetle. Model outputs can be used to support the timely implementation of monitoring and control actions against the pest, thus reducing its potential impact.[14][15]

Owing to their destructive nature, traps have been invented specifically to target Japanese beetles. These comprise a pair of crossed walls with a bag or plastic container underneath and are baited with floral scent, pheromone, or both. However, studies conducted at the University of Kentucky and Eastern Illinois University suggest beetles attracted to traps frequently do not end up in the traps; instead, they land on plants in the vicinity and cause more damage along the flight path and near the trap than may have occurred if the trap were not present.[16][17]

During the larval stage, the Japanese beetle lives in lawns and other grasslands, where it eats the roots of grasses. During that stage, it is susceptible to a fatal disease called milky spore disease, caused by a bacterium called milky spore, Paenibacillus (formerly Bacillus) popilliae. The USDA developed this biological control, and it is commercially available in powder form for application to lawn areas. Standard applications (low density across a broad area) take from two to four years to establish maximal protection against larval survival, expanding through the soil through repeated rounds of infection. Control programs based on milky spore disease have been found to work most efficiently when applied as large-scale treatment programs, rather than by isolated landowners. Bacillus thuringiensis is also used to control Japanese beetle populations in the same manner.[3]

On field crops such as squash, floating row covers can be used to exclude the beetles, but this may necessitate hand pollination of the flowers. Kaolin sprays can also be used as barriers.

Research performed by many US extension service branches has shown that pheromone traps attract more beetles than they catch; under favorable conditions, only up to three quarters of the insects attracted to a trap will be captured by it.[3][18] Traps are most effective when spread out over an entire community and downwind and at the borders (i.e., as far away as possible, particularly upwind) of managed property containing plants being protected.

When present in small numbers, the beetles may be manually controlled using a soap-water spray mixture, shaking a plant in the morning hours and disposing of the fallen beetles,[18] or simply picking them off attractions such as rose flowers since the presence of beetles attracts more beetles to that plant.[19]

Several insect predators and parasitoids have been introduced to the United States for biocontrol. Two of them, the fly Istocheta aldrichi, a parasite of adult beetles, and the solitary wasp Tiphia vernalis, a parasite of larvae, are well established with significant but variable rates of parasitism. Tiphia vernalis reproduces by locating beetle grubs through digging, and on finding one, it paralyzes it with a sting and lays an egg on it; on hatching, the wasp larva consumes the grub. Istocheta aldrichi instead seeks out adult female beetles and lays eggs on their thoraxes, allowing its larvae to burrow into the insect's body and kill it in this manner. A female I. aldrichi can lay up to 100 eggs over two weeks, and the rapidity with which its larvae kill their hosts allows the use of these flies to suppress beetle populations before they can themselves reproduce.[3][20][21]

Soil-dwelling nematodes are known to seek out and prey on Japanese beetle grubs during the subterranean portion of their life cycle by entering larvae and reproducing within their bodies. Varieties that have seen commercial use as pest control agents include Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.[3]

Recent studies have begun to explore a microsporidian pathogen, Ovavesicula popilliae, as a form of biocontrol against Japanese Beetles.[22] Initially discovered in 1987, O. popilliae has been observed inhabiting the malpighian tubules of third-instar larvae.[23] This leads to swelling, inefficiency in the gut, and potentially cause microsporidiosis in the infected beetles. This infection weakens the beetle and creates a suitable breeding ground for opportunistic pathogens. However, due to a general lack of knowledge about its lifecycle and its difficulty to culture in a lab setting, direct evidence for infection rates and decreasing populations of Japanese beetles is not possible. But, there is a high enough correlation to infection rate and population decline to suppose a connection.[22]

Host plants edit

While the larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume the leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including these common crops:[6] bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, pepper, grape, hop, rose, cherry, plum, pear, peach, raspberry, blackberry, corn, pea, okra, and blueberry.

List of adult beetle hostplant genera edit

Gallery edit

  •  

    Japanese beetle larva (grub)

  •  

    Japanese beetle pupa

  •  

    Japanese beetle adult

  •  

    Adult Japanese beetles feeding on peach tree

  •  

    Mating, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

  •  

    Feeding, Ottawa

  •  

    Japanese beetle feeding on calla lily, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

References edit

  1. ^ "Japanese beetle – Popillia japonica". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  2. ^ M.F. Potter; D.A. Potter; L.H. Townsend (January 2006). "Japanese Beetles in the Urban Landscape". University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture. from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner' s Handbook" (PDF). www.aphis.usda.gov. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 31 Jan 2023.
  4. ^ "Japanese Beetle Ravages". Reading Eagle. p. 26. 22 July 1923. from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ "Japanese beetle count passes 20,000". WSDA AgBriefs. 3 September 2021. from the original on 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  6. ^ a b . Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  7. ^ Virgílio Vieira (2008). "The Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the Azores islands" (PDF). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. 43: 450. S2CID 83531725. (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  8. ^ "First report of Popillia japonica in Italy". EPPO. from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  9. ^ (PDF) (in Italian). Assessorato Agricoltura, Caccia e Pesca, Regione Piemonte. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  10. ^ "First report of Popillia japonica in Switzerland". EPPO. 2017. from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Invasive Art - Japankäfer in Kloten entdeckt: Kanton will Schädling tilgen". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German). 2023-07-25. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
  12. ^ a b c Fleming, WE (1972). "Biology of the Japanese beetle". USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.
  13. ^ ODA. "Or egon Department of Agriculture Insect Pest Prevention & Management Program Oregon.gov/ODA Rev: 3/ 30 /2017 2 Japanese Beetle Eradication Response Plan 2017" (PDF). www.oregon.gov/ODA/. Oregon Department of Agriculture. (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  14. ^ Gilioli, Gianni; Sperandio, Giorgio; Simonetto, Anna; Colturato, Michele; Battisti, Andrea; Mori, Nicola; Ciampitti, Mariangela; Cavagna, Beniamino; Bianchi, Alessandro; Gervasio, Paola (2021-09-20). "Modelling diapause termination and phenology of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica". Journal of Pest Science. 95 (2): 869–880. doi:10.1007/s10340-021-01434-8. ISSN 1612-4766. S2CID 239147213.
  15. ^ RÉgniÈre, Jacques; Rabb, Robert L.; Stinner, R. E. (1981-06-01). "Popillia japonica: Simulation of Temperature-Dependent Development of the Immatures, and Prediction of Adult Emergence". Environmental Entomology. 10 (3): 290–296. doi:10.1093/ee/10.3.290. ISSN 1938-2936.
  16. ^ "Japanese Beetles in the Urban Landscape". University of Kentucky. from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  17. ^ Paul V. Switzer; Patrick C. Enstrom; Carissa A. Schoenick (2009). "Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small-Scale Management of Japanese Beetles". Journal of Economic Entomology. 102 (3): 934–940. doi:10.1603/029.102.0311. PMID 19610405. S2CID 11509873. from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  18. ^ a b "Japanese beetle control methods". Landscape America. Ohio City Productions, Inc. from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  19. ^ Jeff Gillman (18 March 2010). . Washington State University. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  20. ^ Rogers, Michael E.; Potter, Daniel A. (2004-06-01). "Biology of Tiphia pygidialis (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae), a Parasitoid of Masked Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs, with Notes on the Seasonal Occurrence of Tiphia vernalis in Kentucky". Environmental Entomology. 33 (3): 520–527. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-33.3.520. ISSN 0046-225X.
  21. ^ Shanovich, Hailey N; Ribeiro, Arthur Vieira; Koch, Robert L (2021-04-01). "Seasonal Abundance, Defoliation, and Parasitism of Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Two Apple Cultivars". Journal of Economic Entomology. 114 (2): 811–817. doi:10.1093/jee/toaa315. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 33503253.
  22. ^ a b Smitley, D; Hotchkiss, E; Buckley, K; Piombiono, M; Lewis, P; Studyvin, J (2022-06-07). "Gradual Decline of Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Populations in Michigan Follows Establishment of Ovavesicula popilliae (Microsporidia)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 115 (5): 1432–1441. doi:10.1093/jee/toac085. ISSN 0022-0493.
  23. ^ ANDREADIS, THEODORE G.; HANULA, JAMES L. (February 1987). "Ultrastructural Study and Description of Ovavesicula popilliae N. G., N. Sp. (Microsporida: Pleistophoridae) from the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)1". The Journal of Protozoology. 34 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03123.x. ISSN 0022-3921.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Japanese beetle.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese beetle.
  • Japanese beetle on the UF/IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
  • Japanese Beetle, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
  • Organic methods of Japanese Beetle Control
  • Species Profile – Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.

December 15, 2023
japanese, beetle, green, beetles, southwestern, united, states, mexico, figeater, beetle, popillia, japonica, species, scarab, beetle, adult, measures, length, width, iridescent, copper, colored, elytra, green, thorax, head, natural, predators, considered, pes. For the green beetles of southwestern United States and Mexico see Figeater beetle The Japanese beetle Popillia japonica is a species of scarab beetle The adult measures 15 mm 0 6 in in length and 10 mm 0 4 in in width has iridescent copper colored elytra and a green thorax and head Due to natural predators the Japanese beetle is not considered a pest in Japan but in North America and some regions of Europe it is a noted pest to roughly 300 species of plants Some of these plants include rose bushes grapes hops canna crape myrtles birch trees linden trees and others 1 Japanese beetleScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder ColeopteraFamily ScarabaeidaeGenus PopilliaSpecies P japonicaBinomial namePopillia japonicaNewman 1841The adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the foliage i e consuming only the material between a leaf s veins as well as at times feeding on a plant s fruit The subterranean larvae feed on the roots of grasses Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution 4 Life cycle 5 Control 6 Host plants 6 1 List of adult beetle hostplant genera 7 Gallery 8 References 9 External linksTaxonomy editEnglish entomologist Edward Newman described the Japanese beetle in 1841 citation needed Description editAdult P japonica measure 15 mm 0 6 in in length and 10 mm 0 4 in in width with iridescent copper colored elytra and green thorax and head A row of white tufts spots of hair project from under the wing covers on each side of the body 2 Males are slightly smaller than females Grubs are white and lie in curled positions A mature grub is roughly 1 inch 2 5 cm long 3 Distribution editPopillia japonica is native to Japan but is an invasive species in North America and Europe The first written evidence of the insect appearing within the United States was in 1916 in a nursery near Riverton New Jersey 4 The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the United States in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities entering the country began As of 2015 just nine western states of the United States were considered free of Japanese beetles 3 Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the United States since the 1940s Only three were found in Washington State USA in 2020 but from late June to September 3 2021 there were over 20 000 found in Grandview alone 5 The first Japanese beetle found in Canada was inadvertently brought by tourists to Yarmouth Nova Scotia by ferry from Maine in 1939 During the same year three additional adults were captured at Yarmouth and three at Lacolle in southern Quebec 6 Japanese beetles have been found on the islands of the Azores since the 1970s 7 In 2014 the first population in mainland Europe was discovered near Milan Italy 8 9 In 2017 the pest was detected in nearby Ticino Switzerland 10 In 2023 the first population north of the Alps was detected in Kloten near Zurich Switzerland 11 Life cycle edit nbsp Life cycle of the Japanese beetle Larvae feed on roots underground while adults feed on leaves and stems nbsp A typical cluster of Japanese beetle eggs nbsp A Japanese beetle pupa shortly after moultingEggs are laid individually or in small clusters near the soil surface 12 Within approximately two weeks the ova hatch then the larvae feed on fine roots and other organic material As the larvae mature they become c shaped grubs which consume progressively coarser roots and may do economic damage to pasture and turf at this time Larvae hibernate in small cells in the soil emerging in the spring when soil temperatures rise again 12 Within 4 6 weeks of breaking hibernation the larvae will pupate Most of the beetle s life is spent as a larva with only 30 45 days spent as an imago Adults feed on leaf material above ground using pheromones to attract other beetles and overwhelm plants skeletonizing leaves from the top of the plant downward The aggregation of beetles will alternate daily between mating feeding and ovipositing An adult female may lay as many as 40 60 ova in her lifetime 12 Throughout the majority of the Japanese beetle s range its life cycle takes one full year however in the extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones as found in its native Japan development may take two years 13 Control edit nbsp Map showing the parts of the US infested by Japanese beetles as of November 2006 They were present in many more sites as of July 2012 nbsp Egg of biocontrol tachinid fly Istocheta aldrichi introduced from JapanPhenological models might be useful in predicting the timing of the presence of larvae or adults of the Japanese beetle Model outputs can be used to support the timely implementation of monitoring and control actions against the pest thus reducing its potential impact 14 15 Owing to their destructive nature traps have been invented specifically to target Japanese beetles These comprise a pair of crossed walls with a bag or plastic container underneath and are baited with floral scent pheromone or both However studies conducted at the University of Kentucky and Eastern Illinois University suggest beetles attracted to traps frequently do not end up in the traps instead they land on plants in the vicinity and cause more damage along the flight path and near the trap than may have occurred if the trap were not present 16 17 During the larval stage the Japanese beetle lives in lawns and other grasslands where it eats the roots of grasses During that stage it is susceptible to a fatal disease called milky spore disease caused by a bacterium called milky spore Paenibacillus formerly Bacillus popilliae The USDA developed this biological control and it is commercially available in powder form for application to lawn areas Standard applications low density across a broad area take from two to four years to establish maximal protection against larval survival expanding through the soil through repeated rounds of infection Control programs based on milky spore disease have been found to work most efficiently when applied as large scale treatment programs rather than by isolated landowners Bacillus thuringiensis is also used to control Japanese beetle populations in the same manner 3 On field crops such as squash floating row covers can be used to exclude the beetles but this may necessitate hand pollination of the flowers Kaolin sprays can also be used as barriers Research performed by many US extension service branches has shown that pheromone traps attract more beetles than they catch under favorable conditions only up to three quarters of the insects attracted to a trap will be captured by it 3 18 Traps are most effective when spread out over an entire community and downwind and at the borders i e as far away as possible particularly upwind of managed property containing plants being protected When present in small numbers the beetles may be manually controlled using a soap water spray mixture shaking a plant in the morning hours and disposing of the fallen beetles 18 or simply picking them off attractions such as rose flowers since the presence of beetles attracts more beetles to that plant 19 Several insect predators and parasitoids have been introduced to the United States for biocontrol Two of them the fly Istocheta aldrichi a parasite of adult beetles and the solitary wasp Tiphia vernalis a parasite of larvae are well established with significant but variable rates of parasitism Tiphia vernalis reproduces by locating beetle grubs through digging and on finding one it paralyzes it with a sting and lays an egg on it on hatching the wasp larva consumes the grub Istocheta aldrichi instead seeks out adult female beetles and lays eggs on their thoraxes allowing its larvae to burrow into the insect s body and kill it in this manner A female I aldrichi can lay up to 100 eggs over two weeks and the rapidity with which its larvae kill their hosts allows the use of these flies to suppress beetle populations before they can themselves reproduce 3 20 21 Soil dwelling nematodes are known to seek out and prey on Japanese beetle grubs during the subterranean portion of their life cycle by entering larvae and reproducing within their bodies Varieties that have seen commercial use as pest control agents include Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 3 Recent studies have begun to explore a microsporidian pathogen Ovavesicula popilliae as a form of biocontrol against Japanese Beetles 22 Initially discovered in 1987 O popilliae has been observed inhabiting the malpighian tubules of third instar larvae 23 This leads to swelling inefficiency in the gut and potentially cause microsporidiosis in the infected beetles This infection weakens the beetle and creates a suitable breeding ground for opportunistic pathogens However due to a general lack of knowledge about its lifecycle and its difficulty to culture in a lab setting direct evidence for infection rates and decreasing populations of Japanese beetles is not possible But there is a high enough correlation to infection rate and population decline to suppose a connection 22 Host plants editWhile the larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses the adults consume the leaves of a much wider range of hosts including these common crops 6 bean cannabis strawberry tomato pepper grape hop rose cherry plum pear peach raspberry blackberry corn pea okra and blueberry List of adult beetle hostplant genera edit Abelmoschus okra musk mallow Acer maple Aesculus horse chestnut Alcea hollyhock Aronia Asimina pawpaw Asparagus Aster Buddleja butterfly bush Calluna Caladium Canna Cannabis sativa Chaenomeles Castanea sweet chestnut Cirsium thistle Cosmos Dahlia Daucus carrot Dendranthema Digitalis foxglove Dioscorea Yam Dolichos Echinacea coneflower Hemerocallis daylily Heuchera Hibiscus Humulus hop Hydrangea Ilex holly Impatiens Ipomoea sweet potato morning glory Iris Juglans walnut Lagerstroemia Liatris Ligustrum privet Malus apple crabapple Malva mallow Mentha mint Myrica Ocimum basil Oenothera evening primrose Parthenocissus Phaseolus Phlox Physocarpus Pistacia Platanus plane Polygonum Japanese knotweed Populus poplar Prunus plum peach etc Quercus oak Ribes gooseberry currants etc Rheum rhubarb Rhododendron Rosa rose Rubus raspberry blackberry etc Salix willows Sambucus elder Sassafras Solanum nightshades including potato tomato eggplant Spinacia spinach Syringa lilac Thuja arborvitae Tilia basswood linden UK lime Toxicodendron poison oak poison ivy sumac Ulmus elm Vaccinium blueberry Viburnum Vitis grape Weigelia Wisteria Zea maize ZinniaGallery edit nbsp Japanese beetle larva grub nbsp Japanese beetle pupa nbsp Japanese beetle adult nbsp Adult Japanese beetles feeding on peach tree nbsp Mating Ottawa Ontario Canada nbsp Feeding Ottawa nbsp Japanese beetle feeding on calla lily Ottawa Ontario CanadaReferences edit Japanese beetle Popillia japonica entnemdept ufl edu Retrieved 2023 03 14 M F Potter D A Potter L H Townsend January 2006 Japanese Beetles in the Urban Landscape University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Archived from the original on 2018 09 08 Retrieved 2018 09 08 a b c d e f Managing the Japanese Beetle A Homeowner s Handbook PDF www aphis usda gov United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Archived PDF from the original on 14 March 2023 Retrieved 31 Jan 2023 Japanese Beetle Ravages Reading Eagle p 26 22 July 1923 Archived from the original on 6 July 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2015 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint location link Japanese beetle count passes 20 000 WSDA AgBriefs 3 September 2021 Archived from the original on 2021 09 16 Retrieved 2021 09 16 a b Popillia Japonica Japanese Beetle Fact Sheet Canadian Food Inspection Agency 19 February 2014 Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 Retrieved 28 September 2015 Virgilio Vieira 2008 The Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman 1838 Coleoptera Scarabaeidae in the Azores islands PDF Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 43 450 S2CID 83531725 Archived PDF from the original on 29 September 2015 Retrieved 28 September 2015 First report of Popillia japonica in Italy EPPO Archived from the original on 29 September 2015 Retrieved 28 September 2015 Popillia japonica Newman 1841 PDF in Italian Assessorato Agricoltura Caccia e Pesca Regione Piemonte Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 28 September 2015 First report of Popillia japonica in Switzerland EPPO 2017 Archived from the original on 20 June 2018 Retrieved 19 June 2018 Invasive Art Japankafer in Kloten entdeckt Kanton will Schadling tilgen Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF in German 2023 07 25 Retrieved 2023 07 25 a b c Fleming WE 1972 Biology of the Japanese beetle USDA Technical Bulletin 1449 ODA Or egon Department of Agriculture Insect Pest Prevention amp Management Program Oregon gov ODA Rev 3 30 2017 2 Japanese Beetle Eradication Response Plan 2017 PDF www oregon gov ODA Oregon Department of Agriculture Archived PDF from the original on 7 July 2017 Retrieved 31 May 2017 Gilioli Gianni Sperandio Giorgio Simonetto Anna Colturato Michele Battisti Andrea Mori Nicola Ciampitti Mariangela Cavagna Beniamino Bianchi Alessandro Gervasio Paola 2021 09 20 Modelling diapause termination and phenology of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Journal of Pest Science 95 2 869 880 doi 10 1007 s10340 021 01434 8 ISSN 1612 4766 S2CID 239147213 REgniEre Jacques Rabb Robert L Stinner R E 1981 06 01 Popillia japonica Simulation of Temperature Dependent Development of the Immatures and Prediction of Adult Emergence Environmental Entomology 10 3 290 296 doi 10 1093 ee 10 3 290 ISSN 1938 2936 Japanese Beetles in the Urban Landscape University of Kentucky Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 28 September 2015 Paul V Switzer Patrick C Enstrom Carissa A Schoenick 2009 Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small Scale Management of Japanese Beetles Journal of Economic Entomology 102 3 934 940 doi 10 1603 029 102 0311 PMID 19610405 S2CID 11509873 Archived from the original on 2017 09 22 Retrieved 2018 04 20 a b Japanese beetle control methods Landscape America Ohio City Productions Inc Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 Retrieved 28 September 2015 Jeff Gillman 18 March 2010 Disney and Japanese Beetles Washington State University Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2015 Rogers Michael E Potter Daniel A 2004 06 01 Biology of Tiphia pygidialis Hymenoptera Tiphiidae a Parasitoid of Masked Chafer Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Grubs with Notes on the Seasonal Occurrence of Tiphia vernalis in Kentucky Environmental Entomology 33 3 520 527 doi 10 1603 0046 225X 33 3 520 ISSN 0046 225X Shanovich Hailey N Ribeiro Arthur Vieira Koch Robert L 2021 04 01 Seasonal Abundance Defoliation and Parasitism of Japanese Beetle Coleoptera Scarabaeidae in Two Apple Cultivars Journal of Economic Entomology 114 2 811 817 doi 10 1093 jee toaa315 ISSN 0022 0493 PMID 33503253 a b Smitley D Hotchkiss E Buckley K Piombiono M Lewis P Studyvin J 2022 06 07 Gradual Decline of Japanese Beetle Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Populations in Michigan Follows Establishment of Ovavesicula popilliae Microsporidia Journal of Economic Entomology 115 5 1432 1441 doi 10 1093 jee toac085 ISSN 0022 0493 ANDREADIS THEODORE G HANULA JAMES L February 1987 Ultrastructural Study and Description of Ovavesicula popilliae N G N Sp Microsporida Pleistophoridae from the Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica Coleoptera Scarabaeidae 1 The Journal of Protozoology 34 1 15 21 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1987 tb03123 x ISSN 0022 3921 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Japanese beetle nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese beetle Japanese beetle on the UF IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Japanese Beetle Canadian Food Inspection Agency Organic methods of Japanese Beetle Control Species Profile Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica National Invasive Species Information Center United States National Agricultural Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Japanese beetle amp oldid 1188984591, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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