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Hemp oil

October 22, 2023

Not to be confused with hash oil.

Hemp oil (hemp seed oil) is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour. It should not be confused with hash oil, a tetrahydrocannabinol-containing oil made from the Cannabis flower.

Hemp seed oil

Description Edit

Refined hemp seed oil is clear and colorless, with little flavor. It is primarily used in body care products. Industrial hemp seed oil is used in lubricants, paints, inks, fuel, and plastics. Hemp seed oil is used in the production of soaps, shampoos and detergents. The oil has a 3:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids.[1] It may also be used as a feedstock for the large-scale production of biodiesel.[2]

Manufacture Edit

Hemp seed oil is manufactured from varieties of Cannabis sativa that do not contain significant amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive element present in the cannabis plant. This manufacturing process typically includes cleaning the seed to 99.99% before pressing the oil. There is no THC within the hemp seed, although trace amounts of THC may be found in hemp seed oil when plant matter adheres to the seed surface during manufacturing. The modern production of hemp seed oil, particularly in Canada, has successfully lowered THC values since 1998.[3] Regular accredited sampling of THC in Canadian hemp seed oil shows THC levels usually below detection limit of 4 ppm (parts per million, or 4 mg/kg). Legal limit for THC content in foodstuffs in Canada is 10 ppm.[4] In the EU some countries have limits defined such as 5 ppm or "none detected", while other EU countries have no limits defined.

Nutrition Edit

Main article: Hemp

About 49% of the weight of hempseed is an edible oil[5] that contains 76% as polyunsaturated fat, including omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA, 54%) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 3%), and omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 17%) and stearidonic acid (2%). Both LA and ALA are essential fatty acids. In addition, hempseed oil contains 5% to 11% monounsaturated fat and 5% to 7% saturated fat.[5][6] In common with other oils and fats, hemp seed oil provides 9 kcal/g.[6]

Compared with other culinary oils, hempseed oil is low in saturated fat and rich in polyunsaturated fat. It has a relatively low smoke point and is not suitable for frying. It is primarily used as a food oil and dietary supplement.

Comparison to other vegetable oils Edit

Properties of vegetable oils[7][8]
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
Type Processing
treatment[9]		 Saturated
fatty acids		 Monounsaturated
fatty acids		 Polyunsaturated
fatty acids		 Smoke point
Total[7] Oleic
acid
(ω-9)		 Total[7] α-Linolenic
acid
(ω-3)		 Linoleic
acid
(ω-6)		 ω-6:3
ratio
Avocado[10] 11.6 70.6 52–66
[11]		 13.5 1 12.5 12.5:1 250 °C (482 °F)[12]
Brazil nut[13] 24.8 32.7 31.3 42.0 0.1 41.9 419:1 208 °C (406 °F)[14]
Canola[15] 7.4 63.3 61.8 28.1 9.1 18.6 2:1 204 °C (400 °F)[16]
Coconut[17] 82.5 6.3 6 1.7 175 °C (347 °F)[14]
Corn[18] 12.9 27.6 27.3 54.7 1 58 58:1 232 °C (450 °F)[16]
Cottonseed[19] 25.9 17.8 19 51.9 1 54 54:1 216 °C (420 °F)[16]
Cottonseed[20] hydrogenated 93.6 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.5:1
Flaxseed/linseed[21] 9.0 18.4 18 67.8 53 13 0.2:1 107 °C (225 °F)
Grape seed   10.4 14.8 14.3   74.9 0.15 74.7 very high 216 °C (421 °F)[22]
Hemp seed[23] 7.0 9.0 9.0 82.0 22.0 54.0 2.5:1 166 °C (330 °F)[24]
High-oleic safflower oil[25] 7.5 75.2 75.2 12.8 0 12.8 very high 212 °C (414 °F)[14]
Olive, Extra Virgin[26] 13.8 73.0 71.3 10.5 0.7 9.8 14:1 193 °C (380 °F)[14]
Palm[27] 49.3 37.0 40 9.3 0.2 9.1 45.5:1 235 °C (455 °F)
Palm[28] hydrogenated 88.2 5.7 0
Peanut[29] 16.2 57.1 55.4 19.9 0.318 19.6 61.6:1 232 °C (450 °F)[16]
Rice bran oil 25 38.4 38.4 36.6 2.2 34.4[30] 15.6:1 232 °C (450 °F)[31]
Sesame[32] 14.2 39.7 39.3 41.7 0.3 41.3 138:1
Soybean[33] 15.6 22.8 22.6 57.7 7 51 7.3:1 238 °C (460 °F)[16]
Soybean[34] partially hydrogenated 14.9 43.0 42.5 37.6 2.6 34.9 13.4:1
Sunflower[35] 8.99 63.4 62.9 20.7 0.16 20.5 128:1 227 °C (440 °F)[16]
Walnut oil[36] unrefined 9.1 22.8 22.2 63.3 10.4 52.9 5:1 160 °C (320 °F)[37]

Wood finish Edit

Hemp oil is a "drying oil", as it can polymerize into a solid form. Due to its polymer-forming properties, hemp oil is used on its own or blended with other oils, resins, and solvents as an impregnator and varnish in wood finishing, as a pigment binder in oil paints, and as a plasticizer and hardener in putty.

Gallery Edit

  •  

    Bottles of hemp seed oil

  •  

    An experimental batch of hemp oil produced in bottles in Buryatia

  •  

    Hemp seeds from which hemp seed oil can be extracted

Society and culture Edit

In December 2021, Berlin's public transport offered passengers edible hemp tickets.[38]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Callaway, J. C. (2004). "Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview". Euphytica. 140 (1–2): 65–72. doi:10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6. S2CID 43988645.
  2. ^ Agua Das (November 16, 1997). . HempFarm.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
  3. ^ Holler JM, Bosy TZ, Dunkley CS, Levine B, Past MR, Jacobs A (2008). "Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of commercially available hemp products". J Anal Toxicol. 32 (6): 428–32. doi:10.1093/jat/32.6.428. PMID 18652749.
  4. ^ "Cannabis Hemp THC in the Food–Cosmetic Supply". drugwatch.org. from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Basic Report: 12012, Seeds, hemp seed, hulled". USDA National Nutrient Database. April 2018. from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  6. ^ a b Tom Sanders; Fioa Lewis (February 26, 2009). (PDF). Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College, London. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009.
  7. ^ a b c "US National Nutrient Database, Release 28". United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
  8. ^ "Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)". Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2017. Values from Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
  9. ^ "USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996" (PDF).
  10. ^ "Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  11. ^ Ozdemir F, Topuz A (2004). "Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period" (PDF). Food Chemistry. Elsevier. pp. 79–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  12. ^ Wong M, Requejo-Jackman C, Woolf A (April 2010). "What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?". Aocs.org. The American Oil Chemists' Society. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  13. ^ "Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120: 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
  15. ^ "Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Wolke RL (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  17. ^ "Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  18. ^ "Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  19. ^ "Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  20. ^ "Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  21. ^ "Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  22. ^ Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016). "Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health". Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 9: 59–64. doi:10.4137/NMI.S32910. PMC 4988453. PMID 27559299.
  23. ^ Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 16 (2): 87–94. doi:10.1080/09546630510035832. PMID 16019622. S2CID 18445488.
  24. ^ Melina V. "Smoke points of oils" (PDF). veghealth.com. The Vegetarian Health Institute.
  25. ^ "Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  26. ^ "Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  27. ^ "Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  28. ^ "Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  29. ^ "Oil, peanut". FoodData Central. usda.gov.
  30. ^ Orthoefer FT (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In Shahidi F (ed.). Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465. doi:10.1002/047167849X. ISBN 978-0-471-38552-3.
  31. ^ "Rice bran oil". RITO Partnership. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  32. ^ "Oil, sesame, salad or cooking". FoodData Central. fdc.nal.usda.gov. April 1, 2019.
  33. ^ "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  34. ^ "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  35. ^ "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov.
  36. ^ "Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
  37. ^ "Smoke Point of Oils". Baseline of Health. Jonbarron.org.
  38. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Berlin metro offers passengers edible hemp tickets | DW | 14.12.2021". DW.COM. from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.

October 22, 2023
hemp, confused, with, hash, hemp, seed, obtained, pressing, hemp, seeds, cold, pressed, unrefined, hemp, dark, clear, light, green, color, with, nutty, flavor, darker, color, grassier, flavour, should, confused, with, hash, tetrahydrocannabinol, containing, ma. Not to be confused with hash oil Hemp oil hemp seed oil is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds Cold pressed unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color with a nutty flavor The darker the color the grassier the flavour It should not be confused with hash oil a tetrahydrocannabinol containing oil made from the Cannabis flower Hemp seed oil Contents 1 Description 2 Manufacture 3 Nutrition 3 1 Comparison to other vegetable oils 4 Wood finish 5 Gallery 6 Society and culture 7 See also 8 ReferencesDescription EditRefined hemp seed oil is clear and colorless with little flavor It is primarily used in body care products Industrial hemp seed oil is used in lubricants paints inks fuel and plastics Hemp seed oil is used in the production of soaps shampoos and detergents The oil has a 3 1 ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 essential fatty acids 1 It may also be used as a feedstock for the large scale production of biodiesel 2 Manufacture EditHemp seed oil is manufactured from varieties of Cannabis sativa that do not contain significant amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol THC the principal psychoactive element present in the cannabis plant This manufacturing process typically includes cleaning the seed to 99 99 before pressing the oil There is no THC within the hemp seed although trace amounts of THC may be found in hemp seed oil when plant matter adheres to the seed surface during manufacturing The modern production of hemp seed oil particularly in Canada has successfully lowered THC values since 1998 3 Regular accredited sampling of THC in Canadian hemp seed oil shows THC levels usually below detection limit of 4 ppm parts per million or 4 mg kg Legal limit for THC content in foodstuffs in Canada is 10 ppm 4 In the EU some countries have limits defined such as 5 ppm or none detected while other EU countries have no limits defined Nutrition EditMain article Hemp About 49 of the weight of hempseed is an edible oil 5 that contains 76 as polyunsaturated fat including omega 6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid LA 54 and gamma linolenic acid GLA 3 and omega 3 fatty acids such as alpha linolenic acid ALA 17 and stearidonic acid 2 Both LA and ALA are essential fatty acids In addition hempseed oil contains 5 to 11 monounsaturated fat and 5 to 7 saturated fat 5 6 In common with other oils and fats hemp seed oil provides 9 kcal g 6 Compared with other culinary oils hempseed oil is low in saturated fat and rich in polyunsaturated fat It has a relatively low smoke point and is not suitable for frying It is primarily used as a food oil and dietary supplement Comparison to other vegetable oils Edit Properties of vegetable oils 7 8 The nutritional values are expressed as percent by mass of total fat Type Processingtreatment 9 Saturatedfatty acids Monounsaturatedfatty acids Polyunsaturatedfatty acids Smoke pointTotal 7 Oleicacid w 9 Total 7 a Linolenicacid w 3 Linoleicacid w 6 w 6 3ratioAvocado 10 11 6 70 6 52 66 11 13 5 1 12 5 12 5 1 250 C 482 F 12 Brazil nut 13 24 8 32 7 31 3 42 0 0 1 41 9 419 1 208 C 406 F 14 Canola 15 7 4 63 3 61 8 28 1 9 1 18 6 2 1 204 C 400 F 16 Coconut 17 82 5 6 3 6 1 7 175 C 347 F 14 Corn 18 12 9 27 6 27 3 54 7 1 58 58 1 232 C 450 F 16 Cottonseed 19 25 9 17 8 19 51 9 1 54 54 1 216 C 420 F 16 Cottonseed 20 hydrogenated 93 6 1 5 0 6 0 2 0 3 1 5 1Flaxseed linseed 21 9 0 18 4 18 67 8 53 13 0 2 1 107 C 225 F Grape seed 10 4 14 8 14 3 74 9 0 15 74 7 very high 216 C 421 F 22 Hemp seed 23 7 0 9 0 9 0 82 0 22 0 54 0 2 5 1 166 C 330 F 24 High oleic safflower oil 25 7 5 75 2 75 2 12 8 0 12 8 very high 212 C 414 F 14 Olive Extra Virgin 26 13 8 73 0 71 3 10 5 0 7 9 8 14 1 193 C 380 F 14 Palm 27 49 3 37 0 40 9 3 0 2 9 1 45 5 1 235 C 455 F Palm 28 hydrogenated 88 2 5 7 0Peanut 29 16 2 57 1 55 4 19 9 0 318 19 6 61 6 1 232 C 450 F 16 Rice bran oil 25 38 4 38 4 36 6 2 2 34 4 30 15 6 1 232 C 450 F 31 Sesame 32 14 2 39 7 39 3 41 7 0 3 41 3 138 1Soybean 33 15 6 22 8 22 6 57 7 7 51 7 3 1 238 C 460 F 16 Soybean 34 partially hydrogenated 14 9 43 0 42 5 37 6 2 6 34 9 13 4 1Sunflower 35 8 99 63 4 62 9 20 7 0 16 20 5 128 1 227 C 440 F 16 Walnut oil 36 unrefined 9 1 22 8 22 2 63 3 10 4 52 9 5 1 160 C 320 F 37 Wood finish EditHemp oil is a drying oil as it can polymerize into a solid form Due to its polymer forming properties hemp oil is used on its own or blended with other oils resins and solvents as an impregnator and varnish in wood finishing as a pigment binder in oil paints and as a plasticizer and hardener in putty Gallery Edit nbsp Bottles of hemp seed oil nbsp An experimental batch of hemp oil produced in bottles in Buryatia nbsp Hemp seeds from which hemp seed oil can be extractedSociety and culture EditIn December 2021 Berlin s public transport offered passengers edible hemp tickets 38 See also Edit nbsp Cannabis portal nbsp Food portalCannabis drug Cannabis flower essential oil Finola hemp Hemp plastic Vegetable oilReferences Edit Callaway J C 2004 Hempseed as a nutritional resource An overview Euphytica 140 1 2 65 72 doi 10 1007 s10681 004 4811 6 S2CID 43988645 Agua Das November 16 1997 Hemp Oil Fuels amp How to Make Them HempFarm com Archived from the original on October 29 2006 Retrieved November 18 2006 Holler JM Bosy TZ Dunkley CS Levine B Past MR Jacobs A 2008 Delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol content of commercially available hemp products J Anal Toxicol 32 6 428 32 doi 10 1093 jat 32 6 428 PMID 18652749 Cannabis Hemp THC in the Food Cosmetic Supply drugwatch org Archived from the original on December 21 2018 Retrieved December 20 2018 a b Basic Report 12012 Seeds hemp seed hulled USDA National Nutrient Database April 2018 Archived from the original on April 3 2019 Retrieved February 22 2019 a b Tom Sanders Fioa Lewis February 26 2009 King s College Review of Nutritional Attributes of Cold Pressed Hemp Seed Oil PDF Nutritional Sciences Division King s College London Archived from the original PDF on February 26 2009 a b c US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g click for more details Example Avocado oil user can search for other oils Nutritiondata com Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database Standard Release 21 2014 Retrieved September 7 2017 Values from Nutritiondata com SR 21 may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017 USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28 1996 PDF Avocado oil fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Ozdemir F Topuz A 2004 Changes in dry matter oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post harvesting ripening period PDF Food Chemistry Elsevier pp 79 83 Archived from the original PDF on January 16 2020 Retrieved January 15 2020 Wong M Requejo Jackman C Woolf A April 2010 What is unrefined extra virgin cold pressed avocado oil Aocs org The American Oil Chemists Society Retrieved December 26 2019 Brazil nut oil fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 a b c d Katragadda HR Fullana A Sidhu S Carbonell Barrachina AA 2010 Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils Food Chemistry 120 59 65 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2009 09 070 Canola oil fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 a b c d e f Wolke RL May 16 2007 Where There s Smoke There s a Fryer The Washington Post Retrieved March 5 2011 Coconut oil fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Corn oil industrial and retail all purpose salad or cooking fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Cottonseed oil salad or cooking fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Cottonseed oil industrial fully hydrogenated fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Linseed Flaxseed oil cold pressed fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Garavaglia J Markoski MM Oliveira A Marcadenti A 2016 Grape Seed Oil Compounds Biological and Chemical Actions for Health Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 9 59 64 doi 10 4137 NMI S32910 PMC 4988453 PMID 27559299 Callaway J Schwab U Harvima I Halonen P Mykkanen O Hyvonen P Jarvinen T April 2005 Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis The Journal of Dermatological Treatment 16 2 87 94 doi 10 1080 09546630510035832 PMID 16019622 S2CID 18445488 Melina V Smoke points of oils PDF veghealth com The Vegetarian Health Institute Safflower oil salad or cooking high oleic primary commerce fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Olive oil salad or cooking fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Palm oil fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Palm oil industrial fully hydrogenated filling fat fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Oil peanut FoodData Central usda gov Orthoefer FT 2005 Chapter 10 Rice Bran Oil In Shahidi F ed Bailey s Industrial Oil and Fat Products Vol 2 6th ed John Wiley amp Sons Inc p 465 doi 10 1002 047167849X ISBN 978 0 471 38552 3 Rice bran oil RITO Partnership Retrieved January 22 2021 Oil sesame salad or cooking FoodData Central fdc nal usda gov April 1 2019 Soybean oil salad or cooking fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 Soybean oil salad or cooking partially hydrogenated fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database Release 28 United States Department of Agriculture May 2016 Retrieved September 6 2017 FoodData Central fdc nal usda gov Walnut oil fat composition 100 g US National Nutrient Database United States Department of Agriculture Smoke Point of Oils Baseline of Health Jonbarron org Welle www dw com Deutsche Berlin metro offers passengers edible hemp tickets DW 14 12 2021 DW COM Archived from the original on January 7 2022 Retrieved January 7 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hemp oil amp oldid 1176791907, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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