A fodder factory set up by an individual farmer to produce customised cattle feed
The worldwide animal feed trade produced 873 million tons of feed (compound feed equivalent) in 2011,[1] fast approaching 1 billion tonnes according to the International Feed Industry Federation,[2] with an annual growth rate of about 2%. The use of agricultural land to grow feed rather than human food can be controversial (see food vs. feed); some types of feed, such as corn (maize), can also serve as human food; those that cannot, such as grassland grass, may be grown on land that can be used for crops consumed by humans. In many cases the production of grass for cattle fodder is a valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption, because it builds the organic matter in the soil.[citation needed] When evaluating if this soil organic matter increase mitigates climate change, both permanency of the added organic matter as well as emissions produced during use of the fodder product have to be taken into account.[clarification needed] Some agricultural byproducts fed to animals may be considered unsavory by humans.[citation needed]
In the past, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination. This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred.[citation needed] Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others, and certain types of molds, toxins, or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals. The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed.[citation needed]
Droughtsedit
Farmer mills branches of shrubs for the production of low-cost animal fodder in NamibiaFeed crusher. 1976
Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.[9][10][11][12]
Fodder in the form of sprouted cereal grains such as barley, and legumes can be grown in small and large quantities.
Systems have been developed recently[when?] that allow for many tons of sprouts to be produced each day, year round. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock.[13] In addition, they use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in a carefully-controlled environment.[14] Hydroponically-grown sprouted fodder at 150 mm tall with a 50 mm root mat is at its peak for animal feed.
Although products such as barley are grain, when sprouted they are approved by the American Grassfed Association to be used as livestock feed.[citation needed]
^"allaboutfeed.net". allaboutfeed.net. 21 March 2012. from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
^"IFIF". IFIF.org. IFIF. from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
^Valorization of agricultural wastewater streams into an alternative protein source duckweed.
^Daly, Jon (18 October 2019). "Poo-eating beetles and charcoal used by WA farmer to combat climate change". ABC.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Mr Pow said his innovative farming system could help livestock producers become more profitable while helping to address the impact of climate change.
^Logsdon, Gene (2004). All Flesh Is Grass. Ohio University: Swallow Press. Chapter 20. ISBN0-8040-1069-2.
^"Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Medeiros, João (9 March 2014). "How AgriProtein makes chicken food from maggots". Wired.
^Giec, A; Skupin, J (1988). "Single cell protein as food and feed". Nahrung. 32 (3): 219–29. doi:10.1002/food.19880320302. PMID 3292921.
^Mupangwa, Johnfisher; Lutaaya, Emmanuel; Shipandeni, Maria Ndakula Tautiko; Kahumba, Absalom; Charamba, Vonai; Shiningavamwe, Katrina Lugambo (2023), Fanadzo, Morris; Dunjana, Nothando; Mupambwa, Hupenyu Allan; Dube, Ernest (eds.), "Utilising Encroacher Bush in Animal Feeding", Towards Sustainable Food Production in Africa: Best Management Practices and Technologies, Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 239–265, doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14, ISBN978-981-99-2427-1, retrieved 2023-07-13
^"Report on the Bush-to-Feed Pilot Projet in the African Wild Dog Community Forest". Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry. 2018.
^Matthys, Donald (2018-11-30). "Manual on how to produce animal feed from local encroached bush launched". Namibia Economist.
^"Turning bush to feed in face of drought". The Namibian. 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^Sneath, Roger; McIntosh, Felicity (October 2003). Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle. Meat & Livestock Australia Limited. p. 15. ISBN1740365038. Retrieved 7 June 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^Sneath, Roger; McIntosh, Felicity (October 2003). Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle. Meat & Livestock Australia Limited. ISBN1740365038. Retrieved 7 June 2018. Hydroponic sprouts may have profitable application in intensive, small-scale livestock situations with high value outputs, where land and alternative feed costs are high, and where the quality changes (eg less starch, more lysine, vitamins, etc) due to sprouting are advantageous to the particular livestock.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Further readingedit
Zhou, Yiqin. Compar[ison of] Fresh or Ensiled Fodders (e.g., Grass, Legume, Corn) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle. Rouyn-Noranda, Qué.: Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 2011. N.B.: Research report.
Karl Heinrich Ritthausen (1872) Die Eiweisskörper der Getreidearten, Hülsenfrüchte und Ölsamen. Beiträge zur Physiologie der Samen der Kulturgewachese, der Nahrungs- und Futtermitel, Bonn, 1872 from Google books.
External linksedit
Look up fodder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fodder.
UK Food Standards Agency, Animal feed legislation and guidance 2010-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
FAO Feed Safety guidelines
February 15, 2024
fodder, former, unit, weight, load, provender, redirects, here, house, england, provender, house, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challe. For the former unit of weight see load Provender redirects here For the house in England see Provender House This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Fodder news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Fodder ˈ f ɒ d er also called provender ˈ p r ɒ v en d er is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock such as cattle rabbits sheep horses chickens and pigs Fodder refers particularly to food given to the animals including plants cut and carried to them rather than that which they forage for themselves called forage Fodder includes hay straw silage compressed and pelleted feeds oils and mixed rations and sprouted grains and legumes such as bean sprouts fresh malt or spent malt Most animal feed is from plants but some manufacturers add ingredients to processed feeds that are of animal origin A fodder factory set up by an individual farmer to produce customised cattle feedThe worldwide animal feed trade produced 873 million tons of feed compound feed equivalent in 2011 1 fast approaching 1 billion tonnes according to the International Feed Industry Federation 2 with an annual growth rate of about 2 The use of agricultural land to grow feed rather than human food can be controversial see food vs feed some types of feed such as corn maize can also serve as human food those that cannot such as grassland grass may be grown on land that can be used for crops consumed by humans In many cases the production of grass for cattle fodder is a valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption because it builds the organic matter in the soil citation needed When evaluating if this soil organic matter increase mitigates climate change both permanency of the added organic matter as well as emissions produced during use of the fodder product have to be taken into account clarification needed Some agricultural byproducts fed to animals may be considered unsavory by humans citation needed Manual cutting of green fodder in Punjab Contents 1 Common plants specifically grown for fodder 2 Types 3 Health concerns 4 Droughts 5 Production of sprouted grains as fodder 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksCommon plants specifically grown for fodder edit nbsp Round hay bales nbsp Newton of Cawdor stack of bales sweet smelling fodder stored for winter nbsp Cut green fodder being transported to cattle in TanzaniaAlfalfa lucerne Barley Common duckweed 3 Birdsfoot trefoil Brassica spp Kale Rapeseed canola Rutabaga swede Turnip Clover Alsike clover Red clover Subterranean clover White clover Grass Bermuda grass Brome False oat grass Fescue Heath grass Meadow grasses from naturally mixed grassland swards Orchard grass Ryegrass Timothy grass Corn maize Millet Oats Sorghum Soybeans Trees pollard tree shoots for tree hay Wheat nbsp A traditional method of storing wheat hay in Punjab nbsp Cut green fodder being transported to cattle in Nepal Types editBiochar for cattle 4 Bran Conserved forage plants hay and silage Compound feed and premixes often called pellets nuts or cattle cake Crop residues stover copra straw chaff sugar beet waste Fish meal Freshly cut grass and other forage plants Grass or lawn clipping waste 5 Green maize Green sorghum Horse gram Leaves from certain species of trees 6 Meat and bone meal now illegal in cattle and sheep feeds in many areas due to risk of BSE Molasses Native green grass Oilseed press cake cottonseed safflower sunflower soybean peanut or groundnut Oligosaccharides Processed insects i e processed maggots 7 Seaweed including Asparagopsis taxiformis which is used mainly as a supplement to reduce methane emissions by up to 90 Seeds and grains either whole or prepared by crushing milling etc Single cell protein 8 can also be made from atmospheric CO2 Sprouted grains and legumes Yeast extract brewer s yeast residue Health concerns editIn the past bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE or mad cow disease spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred citation needed Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others and certain types of molds toxins or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed citation needed Droughts edit nbsp Farmer mills branches of shrubs for the production of low cost animal fodder in Namibia nbsp Feed crusher 1976Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi arid and arid geographic areas Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported such as bush based animal fodder production in Namibia During extended dry periods some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed adding locally available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability 9 10 11 12 Production of sprouted grains as fodder editThis section may be confusing or unclear to readers Please help clarify the section There might be a discussion about this on the talk page July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp On site system in the USFodder in the form of sprouted cereal grains such as barley and legumes can be grown in small and large quantities Systems have been developed recently when that allow for many tons of sprouts to be produced each day year round Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock 13 In addition they use less water than traditional forage making them ideal for drought conditions Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in a carefully controlled environment 14 Hydroponically grown sprouted fodder at 150 mm tall with a 50 mm root mat is at its peak for animal feed Although products such as barley are grain when sprouted they are approved by the American Grassfed Association to be used as livestock feed citation needed See also edit nbsp Agriculture and Agronomy portalCannon fodder metaphorical usage Circular agriculture Factory farming Feed manufacturing Food feed system PastureReferences edit allaboutfeed net allaboutfeed net 21 March 2012 Archived from the original on 13 October 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 IFIF IFIF org IFIF Archived from the original on 14 October 2014 Retrieved 8 October 2014 Valorization of agricultural wastewater streams into an alternative protein source duckweed Daly Jon 18 October 2019 Poo eating beetles and charcoal used by WA farmer to combat climate change ABC net au Australian Broadcasting Corporation Mr Pow said his innovative farming system could help livestock producers become more profitable while helping to address the impact of climate change Logsdon Gene 2004 All Flesh Is Grass Ohio University Swallow Press Chapter 20 ISBN 0 8040 1069 2 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2015 09 27 Retrieved 2015 09 22 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Medeiros Joao 9 March 2014 How AgriProtein makes chicken food from maggots Wired Giec A Skupin J 1988 Single cell protein as food and feed Nahrung 32 3 219 29 doi 10 1002 food 19880320302 PMID 3292921 Mupangwa Johnfisher Lutaaya Emmanuel Shipandeni Maria Ndakula Tautiko Kahumba Absalom Charamba Vonai Shiningavamwe Katrina Lugambo 2023 Fanadzo Morris Dunjana Nothando Mupambwa Hupenyu Allan Dube Ernest eds Utilising Encroacher Bush in Animal Feeding Towards Sustainable Food Production in Africa Best Management Practices and Technologies Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa Singapore Springer Nature pp 239 265 doi 10 1007 978 981 99 2427 1 14 ISBN 978 981 99 2427 1 retrieved 2023 07 13 Report on the Bush to Feed Pilot Projet in the African Wild Dog Community Forest Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry 2018 Matthys Donald 2018 11 30 Manual on how to produce animal feed from local encroached bush launched Namibia Economist Turning bush to feed in face of drought The Namibian 2016 10 18 Retrieved 2020 06 22 Sneath Roger McIntosh Felicity October 2003 Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle Meat amp Livestock Australia Limited p 15 ISBN 1740365038 Retrieved 7 June 2018 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Sneath Roger McIntosh Felicity October 2003 Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle Meat amp Livestock Australia Limited ISBN 1740365038 Retrieved 7 June 2018 Hydroponic sprouts may have profitable application in intensive small scale livestock situations with high value outputs where land and alternative feed costs are high and where the quality changes eg less starch more lysine vitamins etc due to sprouting are advantageous to the particular livestock a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Further reading editZhou Yiqin Compar ison of Fresh or Ensiled Fodders e g Grass Legume Corn on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle Rouyn Noranda Que Universite du Quebec en Abitibi Temiscamingue 2011 N B Research report Karl Heinrich Ritthausen 1872 Die Eiweisskorper der Getreidearten Hulsenfruchte und Olsamen Beitrage zur Physiologie der Samen der Kulturgewachese der Nahrungs und Futtermitel Bonn 1872 from Google books External links edit nbsp Look up fodder in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fodder UK Food Standards Agency Animal feed legislation and guidance Archived 2010 12 13 at the Wayback Machine FAO Feed Safety guidelines Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fodder amp oldid 1197258997, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
