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Salinan

January 01, 1970

For the language, see Salinan language. For the ship, see USS Salinan (ATF-161).

The Salinan are a Native American tribe whose ancestral territory is in the southern Salinas Valley and the Santa Lucia Range in the Central Coast of California. Today, the Salinan governments are now working toward federal tribal recognition from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Salinan
Te'po'ta'ahl
Miguelino family near Mission San Antonio de Padua
Total population
681 (2000, census)
Regions with significant populations
 California
Languages
English, formerly Salinan
Religion
Salinan traditional narratives
Pre-contact distribution of the Salinan.
Map of Salinan placenames, dialects, and tribelets

Geographic origins edit

There were two major divisions and one subgroup. From north to south, the Antoniano lived in the lower part of the Salinas Valley (which flows south to north), near the future site of two missions: (Mission San Antonio de Padua and Mission San Miguel Arcángel). The Miguelino lived on the upper course of the Salinas River, and to the south near Slates Hot Springs, Junipero Serra Peak, and Soledad. There were also a Playano subgroup on the Pacific Coast in the vicinity of what is now Lucia and San Simeon. Salinans were Hunter-gatherers and, like most other California tribes, were organized in small groups with little centralized political structure.

They left shell middens behind indicating that they lived in the area in numbers along the coast. Their main diet during the summer consisted of fish and shellfish, evidenced by the fine particles of shell present in the soil for a depth of several feet in areas where the Indians camped. The Salinan named the peak Pimkolam.[1][2]

The 56 acres (23 ha) Wagon Caves rock formation about 18 miles (29 km) northwest of present-day Jolon is an archeological site that was used by the Salinan Antonianos subtribe[3][4] who researchers believe occupied at least two villages in the area, an older site dating to approximately 450 A.D. and a later, protohistoric site with dates ranging from about 1450 to 1650 A.D. Archeologists have found a stemmed biface, lithic flakes, shell beads, and non-human bones, as well as shell, bone, flaked stone, fire-affected rock, charred seeds, and mortars at the cave site.[5] The rock overhangs and caves have fire-scarred roofs that bear evidence of occupancy over hundreds of years. The Wagon Cave Research Natural Area of 806 acres (326 ha) contains diverse stands of Valley Oaks of varying ages and densities and has been recommended as a Research Natural Areas within the Los Padres National Forest.[6]

Etymology edit

The tribe's name is taken from the Salinas River, as the Spanish did not understand if the people had a name for themselves.[7][8] The people's own name is "Te'po'ta'ahl" or "People of the Oaks," according to current tribal leadership.[9] C. Hart Merriam called these people the En-'ne-sen on advice from one informant; En-'ne-sen was the native word for the Salinan headquarters.[10]

Language edit

The Salinan language, spoken until the 1950s[11] is a language isolate. It may be a part of the Hokan language family. Sapir included it in a subfamily of Hokan, along with Chumash and Seri; this classification has found its way into more recent encyclopedias and presentations of language families, but serious supporting evidence has never been presented.[12]

Population edit

Further information: Population of Native California

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Salinan as 3,000.[13] Sherburne F. Cook similarly estimated that there were at least 700 Salinans.[14] The 2000 United States Census reported a total population of Salinan people as 681.[15]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Jewell, Jennifer (October 12, 2018). "Obi Kaufmann & The California Field Atlas; Botanical Artistry Of October, Part 2". Cultivating Place (Podcast). North State Public Radio. Retrieved February 13, 2019 – via SoundCloud.
  2. ^ Kaufmann, Obi (2017a). The California Field Atlas. Heyday Books. ISBN 978-1-59714-402-5.
  3. ^ Clearinghouse, Passport in Time. "Wagon Cave". Passport in Time. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--Overview of Post-Hispanic Monterey County History". www.mchsmuseum.com. from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  5. ^ Cummings, Linda Scott; Puseman, Kathryn; Dexter, Jaime; Eksambekar, Sanjay (2005). "POLLEN, PHYTOLlTH, AND MACROFLORAL ANALYSIS AT SITE CA-MNT-307, CALIFORNIA". Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Wagon Caves" (PDF). www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  7. ^ Clearinghouse, Passport in Time. "Wagon Cave". Passport in Time. from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  8. ^ Mason, J. Alden (1856). "The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians" (PDF).
  9. ^ Eargle, Dolan H. Jr (5 January 2007). Dodsworth, Fred (ed.). Native California: An Introductory Guide to the Original Peoples from Earliest to Modern Times. Trees Co Pr. ISBN 978-0-937401-11-8.
  10. ^ Hester, p.504
  11. ^ "Salinan Language and the Salinan Indian Tribe (Sextapay, Antoniano, Migueleno)". Native-languages.org. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  12. ^ Marlett 2008
  13. ^ Kroeber, p.883
  14. ^ Cook, p.187
  15. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-18. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States: 2000" (PDF). September 2002.

References edit

  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
  • Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
  • Hester, Thomas R. 1978. Salinan, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8 (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, pages 500–504.
  • Marlett, Stephen A. 2008. The Seri-Salinan connection revisited. International Journal of American Linguistics 74.3:393-399.
  • Sapir, Edward. 1925. The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua. American Anthropologist 27: (3).402-34, (4).491-527.
  • National Public Radio segment by Allison Herrera, December 13, 2017

January 01, 1970
salinan, language, language, ship, native, american, tribe, whose, ancestral, territory, southern, salinas, valley, santa, lucia, range, central, coast, california, today, governments, working, toward, federal, tribal, recognition, from, bureau, indian, affair. For the language see Salinan language For the ship see USS Salinan ATF 161 The Salinan are a Native American tribe whose ancestral territory is in the southern Salinas Valley and the Santa Lucia Range in the Central Coast of California Today the Salinan governments are now working toward federal tribal recognition from the Bureau of Indian Affairs SalinanTe po ta ahlMiguelino family near Mission San Antonio de PaduaTotal population681 2000 census Regions with significant populations CaliforniaLanguagesEnglish formerly SalinanReligionSalinan traditional narrativesPre contact distribution of the Salinan Map of Salinan placenames dialects and tribelets Contents 1 Geographic origins 2 Etymology 3 Language 4 Population 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesGeographic origins editThere were two major divisions and one subgroup From north to south the Antoniano lived in the lower part of the Salinas Valley which flows south to north near the future site of two missions Mission San Antonio de Padua and Mission San Miguel Arcangel The Miguelino lived on the upper course of the Salinas River and to the south near Slates Hot Springs Junipero Serra Peak and Soledad There were also a Playano subgroup on the Pacific Coast in the vicinity of what is now Lucia and San Simeon Salinans were Hunter gatherers and like most other California tribes were organized in small groups with little centralized political structure They left shell middens behind indicating that they lived in the area in numbers along the coast Their main diet during the summer consisted of fish and shellfish evidenced by the fine particles of shell present in the soil for a depth of several feet in areas where the Indians camped The Salinan named the peak Pimkolam 1 2 The 56 acres 23 ha Wagon Caves rock formation about 18 miles 29 km northwest of present day Jolon is an archeological site that was used by the Salinan Antonianos subtribe 3 4 who researchers believe occupied at least two villages in the area an older site dating to approximately 450 A D and a later protohistoric site with dates ranging from about 1450 to 1650 A D Archeologists have found a stemmed biface lithic flakes shell beads and non human bones as well as shell bone flaked stone fire affected rock charred seeds and mortars at the cave site 5 The rock overhangs and caves have fire scarred roofs that bear evidence of occupancy over hundreds of years The Wagon Cave Research Natural Area of 806 acres 326 ha contains diverse stands of Valley Oaks of varying ages and densities and has been recommended as a Research Natural Areas within the Los Padres National Forest 6 Etymology editThe tribe s name is taken from the Salinas River as the Spanish did not understand if the people had a name for themselves 7 8 The people s own name is Te po ta ahl or People of the Oaks according to current tribal leadership 9 C Hart Merriam called these people the En ne sen on advice from one informant En ne sen was the native word for the Salinan headquarters 10 Language editThe Salinan language spoken until the 1950s 11 is a language isolate It may be a part of the Hokan language family Sapir included it in a subfamily of Hokan along with Chumash and Seri this classification has found its way into more recent encyclopedias and presentations of language families but serious supporting evidence has never been presented 12 Population editFurther information Population of Native California Estimates for the pre contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially Alfred L Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Salinan as 3 000 13 Sherburne F Cook similarly estimated that there were at least 700 Salinans 14 The 2000 United States Census reported a total population of Salinan people as 681 15 See also editSalinan traditional narratives Kuksu religion Painted Rock San Luis Obispo County Chalon USS Salinan ATF 161 Notes edit Jewell Jennifer October 12 2018 Obi Kaufmann amp The California Field Atlas Botanical Artistry Of October Part 2 Cultivating Place Podcast North State Public Radio Retrieved February 13 2019 via SoundCloud Kaufmann Obi 2017a The California Field Atlas Heyday Books ISBN 978 1 59714 402 5 Clearinghouse Passport in Time Wagon Cave Passport in Time Retrieved 31 March 2022 Monterey County Historical Society Local History Pages Overview of Post Hispanic Monterey County History www mchsmuseum com Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 Retrieved 17 March 2022 Cummings Linda Scott Puseman Kathryn Dexter Jaime Eksambekar Sanjay 2005 POLLEN PHYTOLlTH AND MACROFLORAL ANALYSIS AT SITE CA MNT 307 CALIFORNIA Retrieved 2 April 2022 Wagon Caves PDF www fs fed us Retrieved 31 March 2022 Clearinghouse Passport in Time Wagon Cave Passport in Time Archived from the original on 17 April 2022 Retrieved 31 March 2022 Mason J Alden 1856 The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians PDF Eargle Dolan H Jr 5 January 2007 Dodsworth Fred ed Native California An Introductory Guide to the Original Peoples from Earliest to Modern Times Trees Co Pr ISBN 978 0 937401 11 8 Hester p 504 Salinan Language and the Salinan Indian Tribe Sextapay Antoniano Migueleno Native languages org Retrieved 13 October 2017 Marlett 2008 Kroeber p 883 Cook p 187 Census 2000 PHC T 18 American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States 2000 PDF September 2002 References editCampbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages the historical linguistics of Native America Oxford Oxford University Press Cook Sherburne F 1976 The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization Berkeley California University of California Press Kroeber Alfred L 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No 78 Washington D C Hester Thomas R 1978 Salinan in Handbook of North American Indians vol 8 California William C Sturtevant and Robert F Heizer eds Washington DC Smithsonian Institution 1978 ISBN 0 16 004578 9 0160045754 pages 500 504 Marlett Stephen A 2008 The Seri Salinan connection revisited International Journal of American Linguistics 74 3 393 399 Sapir Edward 1925 The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua American Anthropologist 27 3 402 34 4 491 527 National Public Radio segment by Allison Herrera December 13 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Salinan amp oldid 1217322842, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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