Carmel River (California)
The Carmel River (Rumsen: tirus ua čorx)[4] is a 41 mi (66 km)[5] river on the Central Coast of California in Monterey County that originates in the Ventana Wilderness of the Santa Lucia Mountains.[3] The river flows northwest through Carmel Valley with its mouth at the Pacific Ocean south of Carmel-by-the-Sea, at Carmel Bay. The Carmel River is considered the northern boundary of Big Sur, the other boundaries being San Carpóforo Creek and the Pacific coastline.[6]
| Carmel River | |
|---|---|
Carmel River in the Ventana Wilderness | |
Location of the mouth of the Carmel River in California | |
| Native name | tirus ua čorx (Southern Ohlone) (Rumsen language) |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Santa Lucia Mountains |
| • coordinates | 36°19′05″N 121°38′44″W / 36.318018°N 121.645501°W |
| • elevation | 4,120 ft (1,260 m)[3] |
| Mouth | |
• location | Pacific Ocean |
• coordinates | 36°32′10″N 121°55′41″W / 36.536072°N 121.928010°WCoordinates: 36°32′10″N 121°55′41″W / 36.536072°N 121.928010°W |
• elevation | Sea level |
| Length | 36 mi (58 km) |
| Basin size | 256 sq mi (660 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Pine Creek, San Clemente Creek, Las Garzas Creek |
| • right | Carmel River-Miller Fork, Cachagua Creek, Tularcitos Creek |
History
Before European first contact, the Indigenous peoples of the Carmel River watershed were the Rumsen Ohlone people in the lower watershed, and the Esselen people of the upper watershed.[7] Both peoples were taken into the Carmel Mission.
The mouth of Carmel Valley where the Carmel River runs into Carmel Bay was first seen by Spanish explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno shortly before he landed in Monterey Bay in December 1602. He wrote about visiting the river on January 3, 1603, but greatly exaggerated its proportions, confusing later explorers. Vizcaino named it El Rio del Carmelo, likely because his voyage was accompanied by three Carmelite friars.[1]
Later that winter the local springs near Monterey froze, and the explorers had to cross the peninsula to find freshwater. Fathers Junípero Serra and Juan Crespí moved Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo from Monterey to its present site by the Carmel River in 1771,[1] they directed Indian laborers to dig ditches from the Carmel River to water their crops. The river has supplied ranchers and residents ever since.[8]
After railroad baron Charles Crocker built the Hotel Del Monte, he commissioned construction of a Dam in 1883 on the upper river near present-day Cachagua. It supplied 400 acre-feet of water annually to the hotel.[8]
In his 1945 novel Cannery Row John Steinbeck wrote "The Carmel is a lovely little river. It isn't very long but in its course it has everything a river should have."[9]
Watershed
The Carmel River watershed drains 256 square miles (660 km2)[10] and originates at 4,120 ft (1,260 m)[5] on the south side of the peak of Miller Mountain[11] in the Ventana Wilderness of the Los Padres National Forest's Santa Lucia Mountains. The Sierra de Salinas range forms the northeastern divide of the watershed and the northern terminus of the Santa Lucia Mountains forms the southwestern divide. Approximately 96% of the Carmel River flows from the many tributaries in the Santa Lucia Mountains, including San Clemente Creek and Cachagua Creek subwatersheds. In contrast, the combined flow from the Tularcitos, Rana, and Chupines subwatersheds of the Sierra de Salinas produces only 4% of the annual discharge of the Carmel River, but occupies 23% of the entire watershed. Ventana Double Cone and South Cone are the tallest peaks in the watershed at elevations 4,853 feet (1.479 km) and 4,965 feet (1.513 km), respectively.[10]
Although the length of the river is reported in various publications as 36 mi (58 km),[12] the river length from its origin on the southern side of Mission Mountain peak to its mouth at the Pacific Ocean is 41 miles (66 km) utilizing the United States Geological Survey (USGS) mouth and source coordinates and the USGS National Map.[3][5] The major tributaries, beginning upstream, are Carmel River-Miller Fork (right), Cachagua Creek (right), Pine Creek (left), Tularcitos Creek (right), and Las Garzas Creek[13] (left).[14] The bee line length of the Carmel River watershed is 26 mi (42 km).[10]
Ecology
The river flows through various habitats beyond its bankside riparian zone: starting in mixed evergreen forests at higher elevations, including coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), Coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) and rare Santa Lucia firs (Abies bracteata) the most endemic fir in North America. At middle elevations the Carmel River flows down through montane chaparral and woodlands, and at lower elevations, to remnant coastal sage and chaparral and coastal prairie, concluding through minor coastal sand dunes at its Pacific mouth.
Stream restoration and conservation projects are proceeding to return/enhance migrating fish in the family Salmonidae, such as the steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and other aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna to the Carmel River ecosystem. Carmel River steelhead trout are part of the South-Central California Coast Steelhead (SCCCS) distinct population segment (DPS) and listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.[15] Removal of the San Clemente Dam via a bypass has removed a partial barrier to steelhead spawning runs and replenished the river below the dam with gravels essential for spawning.[16] The Carmel River supports the largest run of about 27 streams utilized by steelhead trout in the entire South-Central California Coast DPS region.[14] in normal and above water years, adult steelhead can potentially spawn in a total of 73.7 miles of stream, including 28.7 miles of the Carmel River main stem, 34.3 miles of primary tributaries, and 10.8 miles of secondary tributaries.[17] However, Los Padres Dam remains a barrier to steelhead trout in- and out-migration. For passage around Los Padres for adult spawning runs, there is a fish trap at the base of the dam where adults are collected and trucked above the dam and released into the reservoir. For outgoing juveniles/smolts, there is a chute/pipe they are herded into to get them out of the reservoir and into the river downstream of the dam that is operated by NOAA Fisheries. About 6.8 miles (10.9 km) upstream of Los Padres Dam there is a 75 foot waterfall in the river mainstem that is an impassable barrier to anadromous fish.[17] A recent 2022 study has also shown that there is poor downstream passage at the Los Padres Dam which creates an ecological trap for migrating steelhead trout. The steelhead can ascend the fish ladder and spawn above the Los Padres Reservoir but a truncated hydroperiod and low flows limit successfully outmigration back to the ocean.[18]
Another federally threatened species, the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is native to the river.[12]
The Hastings Natural History Reserve lies where Big Creek and Robertson Creek merge to form the Finch Creek tributary to Cachagua Creek, which is, in turn, tributary to the Carmel River mainstem.[19] It is located off Carmel Valley Road just above Jamesburg, California and is a 2,500-acre Biological Field Station of the University of California, Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Natural Reserve System.[20]
Dams and reservoirs
The Carmel River had three dams, with their reservoirs used for drinking water and having severe sediment buildup. The San Clemente Dam, built in 1921, was located 18.5 miles (29.8 km) upstream from the ocean, and once provided drinking water throughout the Monterey Peninsula. It was the second of three dams built on the Carmel River, preceded by the Old Carmel River Dam built in the 1880s and followed by the Los Padres Dam in 1949.[21]
The San Clemente Dam had an original capacity of 1,450 acre⋅ft (1,790,000 m3), but as of 2002, the capacity had fallen to less than 150 acre-feet (190,000 m3) because it was 90 percent silted up. State regulators declared in 1991 that it was in danger of collapsing in an earthquake and spilling the 40 million US gallons (150,000 m3) of water trapped behind its crumbling walls. In January 2010 an agreement was reached with the California American Water Company to dig a new half-mile channel to bypass and strand the sediment behind the dam at a cost of $84 million, beginning in 2013.[22] The Carmel River Reroute and San Clemente Dam Removal Project (CRRDR) was completed at the end of 2015, rerouting the Carmel River channel through a bedrock divide to join San Clemente Creek approximately 2,625 feet (800 m) upstream from the natural San Clemente Creek–Carmel River confluence.[23] The CRRDR opened up 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of historic steelhead rainbow trout habitat on the river mainstem, plus access to three named tributary creeks: San Clemente Creek,[24] Pine Creek[25] and Cachagua Creek.[26] At the time it was the third largest dam removal in North America, and the largest dam removal in a Mediterranean hydroclimate setting.[16]
The Los Padres Dam, built in 1949, is located 26 miles (42 km) upstream from the ocean, and 6.8 miles (10.9 km) above the San Clemente Dam.[16] Its original capacity was 3,030 acre-feet (3,740,000 m3), but as of 2008, its capacity was only 1,775 acre-feet (2,189,000 m3). The most productive habitat for steelhead trout is the 6.2 miles (10.0 km) upstream of Los Padres Dam because of the excellent spawning gravels there.[27] The Los Padres Reservoir is steadily filling with sediment, as the pervasively fractured granitic and metamorphic rock underlying the Carmel River watershed are easily eroded. Sediment loads may greatly increase when fires reduce vegetation cover and are followed by large rainfall events, as in the 1977 Marble Cone Fire that produced catastrophic debris flows.[28] Los Padres dam and reservoir are an impediment to natural flow of woody debris and gravel/sediment downstream, and to steelhead trout migration. However, it also serves an aesthetic function by ensuring summer flow through many miles of river below the dam each summer.
The oldest dam on the river, which was used as a turnout for a water pipeline, was located approximately 2,000 feet (610 m) downstream of San Clemente Dam. It was removed as part of the San Clemente Dam Removal Project.[29] This first dam and associated pipeline was constructed ca. 1880 by Charles Crocker and the Pacific Improvement Company with a labor force that included approximately 700 Chinese workers.[citation needed] This small dam, which has been referred to as the "Chinese Dam" and "Old Carmel River Dam," was built using hewn and mortared granite blocks. A cast-iron pipe 25 miles (40 km) long and 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter was used to deliver water from the dam to the first Del Monte Hotel on the Monterey Peninsula, crossing the Carmel River five times on its way. Remnants of the original iron pipe still exist along Carmel Valley Road, but no records have been found to show where the pipe crossed the river.
See also
References
- ^ a b c Erwin G. Gudde; William Bright (1949). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-520-24217-3.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert H. (1884). History of California, 7 volumes. Vol. 1. San Francisco, California: A.L. Bancroft and Company. p. 170, note 7.
- ^ a b c "Carmel River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ R. F. Heizer (December 5, 1952). "The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart" (PDF). University of California Anthropological Records. 15 (1): 1–84. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
- ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed March 20, 2021
- ^ Paul Henson, Donald J. Usner, Valerie A. Kells (1996). The Natural History of Big Sur. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 1–416. ISBN 9780520205109.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ Kroeber, A.L. (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78). Washington, D.C.: Washington Government Printing Office.
- ^ a b Schmalz, David Just as the Carmel River is bouncing back, its most iconic species—steelhead trout—are under attack September 21, 2017 Monterey County Weekly
- ^ "Quote from John Steinbeck". Good Reads. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
- ^ a b c Douglas Smith, Wendi Newman, Fred Watson, Janna Hameister (November 1, 2004). Physical and Hydrologic Assessment of the Carmel River Watershed California (PDF) (Report). Seaside, California: The Watershed Institute, California State University Monterey Bay. pp. 1–88. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ "Miller Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ a b Gabriela Alberola, Sophia Kirschenman, Damien Lazzari, Mikaela Bogdan (2018). Active Projects in the Carme River Watershed Carmel River Watershed (PDF) (Report). Carmel River Watershed Conservancy. p. 52. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ "Las Gazas Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ a b Rami Shihadeh, Thomas Christensen, and the Carmel River Task Force (2016). Carmel River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan: Update 2016 (PDF) (Report). Resource Conservation District of Monterey County. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ "South-Central California Coast Steelhead". NOAA National Marine Fisheries. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
- ^ a b c Lee R. Harrison, Amy E. East, Douglas P. Smith, Joshua B. Logan, Rosealea M. Bond, Colin L. Nicol, Thomas H. Williams, David A. Boughton, Kaitlyn Chow and Lauren Luna (December 1, 2018). "River response to large-dam removal in a Mediterranean hydroclimatic setting: Carmel River, California, USA". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 43 (15): 3009–3021. Bibcode:2018ESPL...43.3009H. doi:10.1002/esp.4464. S2CID 135194124.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ a b Beverly Chaney (July 1, 2014). Assessment of Steelhead Passage Barriers in Portions of Four Tributaries to the Carmel River (PDF) (Report). Monterey Peninsula Water Management District. pp. 1–149. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ Haley A. Ohms, Dereka N. Chargualafa, Gabriel Brooks, Cory Hamilton, Eric P. Palkovacs, and David A. Boughton (2022). "Poor downstream passage at a dam creates an ecological trap for migratory fish". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2022-0095. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ "Hastings Natural History State Reservation". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ "Hastings Natural History Reserve". Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ Jessica Neafsey (January–February 2016). "Undamming the Carmel: Restoring an Endangered River". Land and Water. 60 (1). Retrieved February 14, 2016.
- ^ Peter Fimrite (January 14, 2010). "Deal reached to bypass San Clemente dam". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ Douglas P. Smith, Stefanie R. Kortman, Andrew M. Caudillo, Ruby L. Kwan-Davis, John J. Wandke, Joseph W. Klein, Michael C.S. Gennaro, Mikaela A. Bogdan and Peter A. Vannerus (March 20, 2020). "Controls on large boulder mobility in an 'auto-naturalized' constructed step-pool river: San Clemente Reroute and Dam Removal Project, Carmel River, California, USA". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 45 (9): 1990–2003. Bibcode:2020ESPL...45.1990S. doi:10.1002/esp.4860. S2CID 216176928. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ "San Clemente Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ "Pine Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ "Cachagua Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ David A. Boughton, Amy East, larry Hampson, Joseph D. Kiernan, Sheldon Leiker, nathan Mantua, Colin Nicol, Douglas Smith, Kevan Urquhart, Thomas H. Williams and Lee R. Harrison (February 1, 2016). Removing a dam and re-routing a river: will expected benefits for steelhead be realized in Carmel River, California. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS (NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-553) (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). p. 85. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ Douglas Smith, Rikk Kvitek, Pat Iampietro, Pam Consulo (March 25, 2018). Summer/Fall 2017 Stage-Volume Relationship for Los Padres Reservoir, Carmel River, California. Publication No. WI-2018-05 (PDF) (Report). Monterey, California: The Watershed Institute, California State University Monterey Bay. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ Rogers, Paul (2019-05-08). "Four years after California's largest dam removal project, how are the fish doing?". The Mercury News. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
Further reading
- March, Ray A. (2012-04-01). River in Ruin: The Story of the Carmel River. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803240452.
External links
- Carmel River Watershed Conservancy website
- Resource Conservation District of Monterey County
- Video "New Life for the Carmel River" June 2013 California American Water
- http://www.carmelsteelhead.org/