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Guttural

March 13, 2023

Guttural speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity, especially where it is difficult to distinguish a sound's place of articulation and its phonation. In popular usage it is an imprecise term for sounds produced relatively far back in the vocal tract, such as German ch or the Arabic ayin, but not simple glottal sounds like h. The term 'guttural language' is used for languages that have such sounds.

As a technical term used by phoneticians and phonologists, guttural has had various definitions. The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants, but may include velar, uvular or laryngeal consonants as well. Guttural sounds are typically consonants, but murmured, pharyngealized, glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature.[1][2] Some phonologists argue that all post-velar sounds constitute a natural class.[3]

Meaning and etymology

The word guttural literally means 'of the throat' (from Latin guttur, meaning throat), and was first used by phoneticians to describe the Hebrew glottal [ʔ] (א) and [h] (ה), uvular [χ] (ח), and pharyngeal [ʕ] (ע).[4]

The term is commonly used non-technically by English speakers to refer to sounds that subjectively appear harsh or grating. This definition usually includes a number of consonants that are not used in English, such as epiglottal [ʜ] and [ʡ], uvular [χ], [ʁ] and [q], and velar fricatives [x] and [ɣ]. However, it usually excludes sounds used in English, such as the velar stops [k] and [ɡ], the velar nasal [ŋ], and the glottal consonants [h] and [ʔ].[5][6]

Guttural languages

In popular consciousness, languages that make extensive use of guttural consonants are often considered to be guttural languages. English-speakers sometimes find such languages strange and even hard on the ear.[7]

Examples of significant usage

Languages that extensively use [x], [χ], [ʁ], [ɣ] and/or [q] include:

In addition to their usage of [q], [x], [χ], [ʁ] and [ɣ], these languages also have the pharyngeal consonants of [ʕ] and [ħ]:

Examples of partial usage

In French, the only truly guttural sound is (usually) a uvular fricative (or the guttural R). In Portuguese, [ʁ] is becoming dominant in urban areas. There is also a realization as a [χ], and the original pronunciation as an [r] also remains very common in various dialects.

In Russian, /x/ is assimilated to the palatalization of the following velar consonant: лёгких  [ˈlʲɵxʲkʲɪx] (help·info). It also has a voiced allophone [ɣ], which occurs before voiced obstruents.[41] In Romanian, /h/ becomes the velar [x] in word-final positions (duh 'spirit') and before consonants (hrean 'horseradish').[42] In Czech, the phoneme /x/ followed by a voiced obstruent can be realized as either [ɦ] or [ɣ], e.g. abych byl  [abɪɣ.bɪl].[43]

In Kyrgyz, the consonant phoneme /k/ has a uvular realisation ([q]) in back vowel contexts. In front-vowel environments, /ɡ/ is fricativised between continuants to [ɣ], and in back vowel environments both /k/ and /ɡ/ fricativise to [χ] and [ʁ] respectively.[44] In Uyghur, the phoneme /ʁ/ occurs with a back vowel. In the Mongolian language, /x/ is usually followed by /ŋ/.[45]

The Tuu and Juu (Khoisan) languages of southern Africa have large numbers of guttural vowels. These sounds share certain phonological behaviors that warrant the use of a term specifically for them. There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, such as in the Nilo-Saharan, Tama language.

In Swabian German, a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ] is an allophone of /ʁ/ in nucleus and coda positions.[46] In onsets, it is pronounced as a uvular approximant.[46] In Danish, /ʁ/ may have slight frication, and, according to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), it may be a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ].[47] In Finnish, a weak pharyngeal fricative is the realization of /h/ after the vowels /ɑ/ or /æ/ in syllable-coda position, e.g. tähti [tæħti] 'star'.

See also

References

  1. ^ Miller, Amanda (2007). "Guttural vowels and guttural co-articulation in Juǀʼhoansi". Journal of Phonetics. 35 (1): 56–84. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2005.11.001.
  2. ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide (Second ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226685359.
  3. ^ Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins & John Esling (2021) Phonological potentials and the lower vocal tract
  4. ^ See Oxford English Dictionary entry
  5. ^ McCarthy, John J. 1989. 'Guttural Phonology', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  6. ^ McCarthy, John J. Forthcoming. 'Guttural Transparency', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  7. ^ Hayward, K. M. and Hayward, R. J. 1989. '"Guttural": Arguments for a New Distinctive Feature', Transactions of the Philological Society 87: 179-193.
  8. ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  9. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–20)
  10. ^ Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2.
  11. ^ Brock, Sebastian (2006). An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-349-8.
  12. ^ Shiraliyev, Mammadagha. The Baku Dialect. Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences Publ.: Baku, 1957; p. 41
  13. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 10
  14. ^ Friedrich Maurer uses the term Istvaeonic instead of Franconian; see Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Bern: Verlag Francke.
  15. ^ For a history of the German consonants see Fausto Cercignani, The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony, Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.
  16. ^ Boeder (2002), p. 3
  17. ^ Boeder (2005), p. 6
  18. ^ Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 69
  19. ^ Fähnrich & Sardzhveladze (2000)
  20. ^ Habib, Abdul (1967). The Two Thousand Years Old Language of Afghanistan or The Mother of Dari Language (An Analysis of the Baghlan Inscription) (PDF). Historical Society of Afghanistan. p. 6.
  21. ^ Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press, 1971.
  22. ^ Bauer, Michael Blas na Gàidhlig - The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation (2011) Akerbeltz ISBN 978-1-907165-00-9
  23. ^ A Beginners' Guide to Tajiki by Azim Baizoyev and John Hayward, Routledge, London and New York, 2003, p. 3
  24. ^ John C. Wells (1982), Accents of English, Cambridge University Press, p. 390, ISBN 9780521285407
  25. ^ Brenzinger (2007:128)
  26. ^ Chaker (1996:4–5)
  27. ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:11)
  28. ^ Creissels (2006:3–4)
  29. ^ Richard Hayward, "Afroasiatic", in Heine & Nurse, 2000, African Languages
  30. ^ Savà, Graziano; Tosco, Mauro (2003). "The classification of Ongota". In Bender, M. Lionel; et al. (eds.). Selected comparative-historical Afrasian linguistic studies. LINCOM Europa.
  31. ^ Sands, Bonny (2009). "Africa's Linguistic Diversity". Language and Linguistics Compass. 3 (2): 559–580. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00124.x.
  32. ^ Haig, Geoffrey; Yaron Matras (2002). (PDF). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. Berlin. 55 (1): 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  33. ^ Hewitt, George (2004). Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus. Munich: Lincom Europaq. p. 49.
  34. ^ Plaster, Keith; et al. Noun classes grow on trees: noun classification in the North-East Caucasus. Language and Representations (Tentative). Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  35. ^ Nichols, J. 1997 Nikolaev and Starostin's North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: an assessment Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Non-Slavic Languages (NSL) Conference, Chicago, 8–10 May 1997.
  36. ^ Row 7 in [Appendix 6: Population of the Russian Federation by languages used] (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
  37. ^ "First Nations Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization.
  38. ^ Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salishan language and culture. Language science monographs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. p. 105.
  39. ^ Kaufman, Stephen (1997), "Aramaic", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages, Routledge, pp. 117–119.
  40. ^ Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 75 (1): 135–145. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.1033. doi:10.1017/s0041977x11001261. S2CID 16649580.
  41. ^ Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. pp. 145–167.
  42. ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  43. ^ Kučera, H. (1961). The Phonology of Czech. s’ Gravenhage: Mouton & Co.
  44. ^ Кызласов И. Л., Рунические письменности евразийских степей (Kyzlasov I.L. Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes), Восточная литература (Eastern Literature), Moscow, 1994, pp. 80 on, ISBN 5-02-017741-5, with further bibliography.
  45. ^ Anastasia Mukhanova Karlsson, Lund University, Department of Linguistics. "Vowels in Mongolian speech: deletions and epenthesis". Retrieved 2014-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ a b Markus Hiller. (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28.
  47. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)

Bibliography

March 13, 2023
guttural, speech, sounds, those, with, primary, place, articulation, near, back, oral, cavity, especially, where, difficult, distinguish, sound, place, articulation, phonation, popular, usage, imprecise, term, sounds, produced, relatively, back, vocal, tract, . Guttural speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity especially where it is difficult to distinguish a sound s place of articulation and its phonation In popular usage it is an imprecise term for sounds produced relatively far back in the vocal tract such as German ch or the Arabic ayin but not simple glottal sounds like h The term guttural language is used for languages that have such sounds As a technical term used by phoneticians and phonologists guttural has had various definitions The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants but may include velar uvular or laryngeal consonants as well Guttural sounds are typically consonants but murmured pharyngealized glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature 1 2 Some phonologists argue that all post velar sounds constitute a natural class 3 Contents 1 Meaning and etymology 2 Guttural languages 2 1 Examples of significant usage 2 2 Examples of partial usage 3 See also 4 References 5 BibliographyMeaning and etymology EditThe word guttural literally means of the throat from Latin guttur meaning throat and was first used by phoneticians to describe the Hebrew glottal ʔ א and h ה uvular x ח and pharyngeal ʕ ע 4 The term is commonly used non technically by English speakers to refer to sounds that subjectively appear harsh or grating This definition usually includes a number of consonants that are not used in English such as epiglottal ʜ and ʡ uvular x ʁ and q and velar fricatives x and ɣ However it usually excludes sounds used in English such as the velar stops k and ɡ the velar nasal ŋ and the glottal consonants h and ʔ 5 6 Guttural languages EditIn popular consciousness languages that make extensive use of guttural consonants are often considered to be guttural languages English speakers sometimes find such languages strange and even hard on the ear 7 Examples of significant usage Edit Languages that extensively use x x ʁ ɣ and or q include Afrikaans 8 Arabic Armenian 9 Assamese Assyrian Neo Aramaic 10 11 Azerbaijani 12 Crimean Tatar 13 Dutch 14 French German 15 Greek Hebrew Hindustani Hindi Urdu Irish Lakota Manx Mongolian language Kartvelian languages i e Georgian Mingrelian Laz Svan 16 17 18 19 Kurdish Pashto 20 Persian 21 Scottish Gaelic 22 Spanish Tajik Persian 23 Tswana Welsh 24 In addition to their usage of q x x ʁ and ɣ these languages also have the pharyngeal consonants of ʕ and ħ Berber languages i e Kabyle Tamasheq 25 26 27 28 Cushitic languages i e Somali and Oromo 29 30 31 Some Kurdish dialects as a result of borrowings from Arabic 32 Northeast Caucasian languages i e Chechen Lezgian Avar 33 34 Northwest Caucasian i e Abkhaz Adyghe Kabardian 35 36 Salishan and Wakashan language families in British Columbia 37 38 Semitic languages i e Arabic Chaldean Neo Aramaic Amharic Tigrinya Turoyo Hebrew Ge ez 39 40 Examples of partial usage Edit In French the only truly guttural sound is usually a uvular fricative or the guttural R In Portuguese ʁ is becoming dominant in urban areas There is also a realization as a x and the original pronunciation as an r also remains very common in various dialects In Russian x is assimilated to the palatalization of the following velar consonant lyogkih ˈlʲɵxʲkʲɪx help info It also has a voiced allophone ɣ which occurs before voiced obstruents 41 In Romanian h becomes the velar x in word final positions duh spirit and before consonants hrean horseradish 42 In Czech the phoneme x followed by a voiced obstruent can be realized as either ɦ or ɣ e g abych byl abɪɣ bɪl 43 In Kyrgyz the consonant phoneme k has a uvular realisation q in back vowel contexts In front vowel environments ɡ is fricativised between continuants to ɣ and in back vowel environments both k and ɡ fricativise to x and ʁ respectively 44 In Uyghur the phoneme ʁ occurs with a back vowel In the Mongolian language x is usually followed by ŋ 45 The Tuu and Juu Khoisan languages of southern Africa have large numbers of guttural vowels These sounds share certain phonological behaviors that warrant the use of a term specifically for them There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere such as in the Nilo Saharan Tama language In Swabian German a pharyngeal approximant ʕ is an allophone of ʁ in nucleus and coda positions 46 In onsets it is pronounced as a uvular approximant 46 In Danish ʁ may have slight frication and according to Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 it may be a pharyngeal approximant ʕ 47 In Finnish a weak pharyngeal fricative is the realization of h after the vowels ɑ or ae in syllable coda position e g tahti taeħti star See also EditGuttural R Laryngeal consonantReferences Edit Miller Amanda 2007 Guttural vowels and guttural co articulation in Juǀʼhoansi Journal of Phonetics 35 1 56 84 doi 10 1016 j wocn 2005 11 001 Pullum Geoffrey K Ladusaw William 1996 Phonetic Symbol Guide Second ed Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226685359 Scott Moisik Ewa Czaykowska Higgins amp John Esling 2021 Phonological potentials and the lower vocal tract See Oxford English Dictionary entry McCarthy John J 1989 Guttural Phonology ms University of Massachusetts Amherst McCarthy John J Forthcoming Guttural Transparency ms University of Massachusetts Amherst Hayward K M and Hayward R J 1989 Guttural Arguments for a New Distinctive Feature Transactions of the Philological Society 87 179 193 John Wells s phonetic blog velar or uvular 5 December 2011 Retrieved 12 February 2015 Dum Tragut 2009 17 20 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFDum Tragut2009 help Beyer Klaus 1986 The Aramaic language its distribution and subdivisions Gottingen Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht ISBN 3 525 53573 2 Brock Sebastian 2006 An Introduction to Syriac Studies Piscataway NJ Gorgias Press ISBN 1 59333 349 8 Shiraliyev Mammadagha The Baku Dialect Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences Publ Baku 1957 p 41 Kavitskaya 2010 p 10harvnb error no target CITEREFKavitskaya2010 help Friedrich Maurer uses the term Istvaeonic instead of Franconian see Friedrich Maurer 1942 Nordgermanen und Alemannen Studien zur germanischen und fruhdeutschen Sprachgeschichte Stammes und Volkskunde Bern Verlag Francke For a history of the German consonants see Fausto Cercignani The Consonants of German Synchrony and Diachrony Milano Cisalpino 1979 Boeder 2002 p 3 Boeder 2005 p 6 Gamkrelidze 1966 p 69 Fahnrich amp Sardzhveladze 2000 Habib Abdul 1967 The Two Thousand Years Old Language of Afghanistan or The Mother of Dari Language An Analysis of the Baghlan Inscription PDF Historical Society of Afghanistan p 6 Lazard Gilbert Pahlavi Parsi dari Les langues d Iran d apes Ibn al Muqaffa in R N Frye Iran and Islam In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky Edinburgh University Press 1971 Bauer Michael Blas na Gaidhlig The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation 2011 Akerbeltz ISBN 978 1 907165 00 9 A Beginners Guide to Tajiki by Azim Baizoyev and John Hayward Routledge London and New York 2003 p 3 John C Wells 1982 Accents of English Cambridge University Press p 390 ISBN 9780521285407 Brenzinger 2007 128 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFBrenzinger2007 help Chaker 1996 4 5 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFChaker1996 help Abdel Massih 1971b 11 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFAbdel Massih1971b help Creissels 2006 3 4 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFCreissels2006 help Richard Hayward Afroasiatic in Heine amp Nurse 2000 African Languages Sava Graziano Tosco Mauro 2003 The classification of Ongota In Bender M Lionel et al eds Selected comparative historical Afrasian linguistic studies LINCOM Europa Sands Bonny 2009 Africa s Linguistic Diversity Language and Linguistics Compass 3 2 559 580 doi 10 1111 j 1749 818x 2008 00124 x Haig Geoffrey Yaron Matras 2002 Kurdish linguistics a brief overview PDF Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung Berlin 55 1 5 Archived from the original PDF on 14 October 2013 Retrieved 27 April 2013 Hewitt George 2004 Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus Munich Lincom Europaq p 49 Plaster Keith et al Noun classes grow on trees noun classification in the North East Caucasus Language and Representations Tentative Retrieved 20 April 2013 Nichols J 1997 Nikolaev and Starostin s North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long Range Comparison an assessment Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Non Slavic Languages NSL Conference Chicago 8 10 May 1997 Row 7 in Prilozhenie 6 Naselenie Rossijskoj Federacii po vladeniyu yazykami Appendix 6 Population of the Russian Federation by languages used in Russian Archived from the original XLS on 2021 10 06 Retrieved 2015 02 21 First Nations Culture Areas Index the Canadian Museum of Civilization Jorgensen Joseph G 1969 Salishan language and culture Language science monographs Bloomington IN Indiana University p 105 Kaufman Stephen 1997 Aramaic in Hetzron Robert ed The Semitic Languages Routledge pp 117 119 Garnier Romain Jacques Guillaume 2012 A neglected phonetic law The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North West Semitic Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 75 1 135 145 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 395 1033 doi 10 1017 s0041977x11001261 S2CID 16649580 Avanesov R I 1984 Russkoe literaturnoe proiznoshenie M Prosveshenie pp 145 167 Ovidiu Drăghici Limba Romană contemporană Fonetică Fonologie Ortografie Lexicologie PDF Retrieved April 19 2013 permanent dead link Kucera H 1961 The Phonology of Czech s Gravenhage Mouton amp Co Kyzlasov I L Runicheskie pismennosti evrazijskih stepej Kyzlasov I L Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes Vostochnaya literatura Eastern Literature Moscow 1994 pp 80 on ISBN 5 02 017741 5 with further bibliography Anastasia Mukhanova Karlsson Lund University Department of Linguistics Vowels in Mongolian speech deletions and epenthesis Retrieved 2014 07 26 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Markus Hiller Pharyngeals and lax vowel quality PDF Mannheim Institut fur Deutsche Sprache Archived from the original PDF on 2014 05 28 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 323 Bibliography EditBauer Michael Blas na Gaidhlig The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation 2011 Akerbeltz ISBN 978 1 907165 00 9 Beyer Klaus 1986 The Aramaic language its distribution and subdivisions Gottingen Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht ISBN 3 525 53573 2 An Introduction to Syriac Studies Piscataway NJ Gorgias Press ISBN 1 59333 349 8 Kyzlasov I L Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes Vostochnaya literatura Eastern Literature Moscow 1994 pp 80 on ISBN 5 02 017741 5 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guttural amp oldid 1141821678, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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