Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consonants usually involves complete closure of the glottis; another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that a glottal stop is made simultaneously with another consonant. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant. The term 'glottalized' is also used for ejective and implosive consonants; see glottalic consonant for examples.
Glottalized
◌ˀ
There are two other ways to represent glottalization of sonorants in the IPA: (a) the same way as ejectives, with an apostrophe; or (b) with the under-tilde for creaky voice. For example, the Yapese word for "sick" with a glottalized m could be transcribed as either [mʼaar] or [m̰aar].[citation needed] (In some typefaces, the apostrophe will occur above the m.)
Glottalization varies along three parameters, all of which are continuums. The degree of glottalization varies from none (modal voice, [d]) through stiff voice ([d̬]) and creaky voice ([d̰]) to full glottal closure (glottal reinforcement or glottal replacement, described below). The timing also varies, from a simultaneous single segment [d̰] to an onset or coda such as [ˀd] or [dˀ] to a sequence such as [ʔd] or [dʔ]. Full or partial closure of the glottis also allows glottalic airstream mechanisms to operate, producing ejective or implosive consonants; implosives may themselves have modal, stiff, or creaky voice. It is not always clear from linguistic descriptions if a language has a series of light ejectives or voiceless consonants with glottal reinforcement,[1] or similarly if it has a series of light implosives or voiced consonants with glottal reinforcement.[a] The airstream parameter is only known to be relevant to obstruents, but the first two are involved with both obstruents and sonorants, including vowels.
Glottal replacementEdit
When a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop [ʔ], one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement. This is, for instance, very common in British English dialects such as Cockney and Estuary English dialects. In these dialects, the glottal stop is an allophone of /p/, /t/ and /k/ word-finally, and when followed by an unstressed vowel (including syllabic /l//m/ and /n/) in a post-stress syllable.[2] 'Water' can be pronounced [ˈwɔːʔə] – the glottal stop has superseded the 't' sound. Other examples include "city" [ˈsɪʔi], "bottle" [ˈbɒʔo], "Britain" [ˈbɹɪʔən], "seniority" [sɪiniˈɒɹəʔi]. In some consonant clusters, glottal replacement of /t/ is common even among RP speakers. Geordie English has a unique form of glottalization involving glottal replacement of t, k, and p, for example in "metro", "thank you", and "people".
Glottal replacement also occurs in Indonesian, where syllable final /k/ is produced as a glottal stop. In Hawaiian, the glottal stop is reconstructed to have come from other Proto-Polynesian consonants. The following table displays the shift /k/ → /ʔ/ as well as the shift /t/ → /k/.
Glottal replacement is not purely a feature of consonants. Yanesha' has three vowel qualities (/a/, /e/, and /o/) that have phonemic contrasts between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms. While the latter generally consists of creaky phonation, there is some allophony involved. In pre-final contexts, a variation occurs (especially before voiced consonants) ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel, glottal stop, and a slightly rearticulated vowel: /maˀˈnʲoʐ/ ('deer') → [maʔa̯ˈnʲoʂ].[3]
Glottal reinforcementEdit
Glottalized
ˀ◌
When a phoneme is accompanied (either sequentially or simultaneously) by a [ʔ] or a [ˀ], a glottal stop modifier, then one speaks of pre-glottalization or glottal reinforcement.
This is common in some varieties of English, RP included; /t/ and /tʃ/ are the most affected but /p/ and /k/ also regularly show pre-glottalization.[4] In the English dialects exhibiting pre-glottalization, the consonants in question are usually glottalized in the coda position: "what" [ˈwɒʔt], "fiction" [ˈfɪʔkʃən], "milkman" [ˈmɪɫʔkmən], "opera" [ˈɒʔpɹə]. To a certain extent, some varieties of English have free variation between glottal replacement and glottal reinforcement.[2]
Low SaxonEdit
Glottal reinforcement is present in some varieties of Low Saxon, most notably Twents. It usually denotes syllable reduction, and can be heard before plosives: "Dat düt et" (that does it, that is the case) can in its most extreme form be reduced to [dʌʔˈdʏʔt].
Andrésen, B.S. (1968). Pre-glottalization in English Standard Pronunciation. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
Christopherson, P. (1952). "The glottal stop in English". English Studies. 33 (1–6): 156–163. doi:10.1080/00138385208596879.
Fast, Peter W. (1953). "Amuesha (Arawak) Phonemes". International Journal of American Linguistics. 19 (3): 191–194. doi:10.1086/464218. S2CID 145692545.
Higginbottom, E. (1964). "Glottal reinforcement in English". Transactions of the Philological Society. 63: 129–142. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1964.tb01010.x.
O'Connor, J.D. (1952). "RP and the reinforcing glottal stop". English Studies. 33: 214–218.
Roach, P. (1973). "Glottalization of English /p/, /t/, /k/ and /tʃ/: a reexamination". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 3 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1017/S0025100300000633. S2CID 145061712.
Sullivan, A.E. (1992). Sound Change in Progress: a study of phonological change and lexical diffusion, with reference to glottalization and r-loss in the speech of some Exeter schoolchildren. Exeter University Press.
English accents
Foulkes, P.; Docherty, G. (1999). Urban Voices: accent studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold.
Hughes, A.; Trudgill, P. (2005). English Accents and Dialects (fourth ed.). London: Arnold.
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-52129719-2, 0-52128540-2, 0-52128541-0.
External linksEdit
[1] Kortlandt, Frederik. Glottalization, Preaspiration and Gemination in English and Scandinavian. Doc PDF.
Kortland, Frederik. How Old is the English Glottal Stop?. Doc PDF.
Docherty, G. et al. Descriptive Adequacy in Phonology: a variationist perspective. Doc PDF.
[4] Kerswill, P. Dialect Levelling and Geographical Diffusion in British English. Doc PDF.
[5] Przedlacka, J. Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings. Doc PDF.
[6] Wells, J.C. Site of the UCL (University College of London) Department of Phonetics and Linguistics. Web documents relating to Estuary English.
October 18, 2023
glottalization, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 201. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Glottalization news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice partial closure Glottalization of obstruent consonants usually involves complete closure of the glottis another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that a glottal stop is made simultaneously with another consonant In certain cases the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant The term glottalized is also used for ejective and implosive consonants see glottalic consonant for examples Glottalized ˀThere are two other ways to represent glottalization of sonorants in the IPA a the same way as ejectives with an apostrophe or b with the under tilde for creaky voice For example the Yapese word for sick with a glottalized m could be transcribed as either mʼaar or m aar citation needed In some typefaces the apostrophe will occur above the m Contents 1 Types 2 Glottal replacement 3 Glottal reinforcement 3 1 English 3 2 Low Saxon 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksTypes EditGlottalization varies along three parameters all of which are continuums The degree of glottalization varies from none modal voice d through stiff voice d and creaky voice d to full glottal closure glottal reinforcement or glottal replacement described below The timing also varies from a simultaneous single segment d to an onset or coda such as ˀd or dˀ to a sequence such as ʔd or dʔ Full or partial closure of the glottis also allows glottalic airstream mechanisms to operate producing ejective or implosive consonants implosives may themselves have modal stiff or creaky voice It is not always clear from linguistic descriptions if a language has a series of light ejectives or voiceless consonants with glottal reinforcement 1 or similarly if it has a series of light implosives or voiced consonants with glottal reinforcement a The airstream parameter is only known to be relevant to obstruents but the first two are involved with both obstruents and sonorants including vowels Glottal replacement EditWhen a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop ʔ one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement This is for instance very common in British English dialects such as Cockney and Estuary English dialects In these dialects the glottal stop is an allophone of p t and k word finally and when followed by an unstressed vowel including syllabic l m and n in a post stress syllable 2 Water can be pronounced ˈwɔːʔe the glottal stop has superseded the t sound Other examples include city ˈsɪʔi bottle ˈbɒʔo Britain ˈbɹɪʔen seniority sɪiniˈɒɹeʔi In some consonant clusters glottal replacement of t is common even among RP speakers Geordie English has a unique form of glottalization involving glottal replacement of t k and p for example in metro thank you and people Glottal replacement also occurs in Indonesian where syllable final k is produced as a glottal stop In Hawaiian the glottal stop is reconstructed to have come from other Proto Polynesian consonants The following table displays the shift k ʔ as well as the shift t k Gloss man sea taboo octopus canoe Tongan taŋata tahi tapu feke vaka Samoan taŋata tai tapu feʔe vaʔa Maori taŋata tai tapʉ ɸeke waka Rapanui taŋata tai tapu heke vaka Rarotongan taŋata tai tapu ʔeke vaka Hawaiian kanaka kai kapu heʔe waʔaGlottal replacement is not purely a feature of consonants Yanesha has three vowel qualities a e and o that have phonemic contrasts between short long and laryngeal or glottalized forms While the latter generally consists of creaky phonation there is some allophony involved In pre final contexts a variation occurs especially before voiced consonants ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel glottal stop and a slightly rearticulated vowel maˀˈnʲoʐ deer maʔa ˈnʲoʂ 3 Glottal reinforcement EditGlottalizedˀ When a phoneme is accompanied either sequentially or simultaneously by a ʔ or a ˀ a glottal stop modifier then one speaks of pre glottalization or glottal reinforcement English Edit See also Phonological history of English consonant clusters Glottalization T glottalization and Unreleased stop This is common in some varieties of English RP included t and tʃ are the most affected but p and k also regularly show pre glottalization 4 In the English dialects exhibiting pre glottalization the consonants in question are usually glottalized in the coda position what ˈwɒʔt fiction ˈfɪʔkʃen milkman ˈmɪɫʔkmen opera ˈɒʔpɹe To a certain extent some varieties of English have free variation between glottal replacement and glottal reinforcement 2 Low Saxon Edit Glottal reinforcement is present in some varieties of Low Saxon most notably Twents It usually denotes syllable reduction and can be heard before plosives Dat dut et that does it that is the case can in its most extreme form be reduced to dʌʔˈdʏʔt See also EditEjective consonant Glottalic consonant Guttural Implosive consonant Stod T glottalizationNotes Edit See Vietnamese phonologyReferences Edit See Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996 74 for the case of Siona a b Sullivan 1992 p 46 Fast 1953 p 192 Roach 1973 p 10 Bibliography EditGlottalization Andresen B S 1968 Pre glottalization in English Standard Pronunciation Oslo Norwegian University Press Christopherson P 1952 The glottal stop in English English Studies 33 1 6 156 163 doi 10 1080 00138385208596879 Fast Peter W 1953 Amuesha Arawak Phonemes International Journal of American Linguistics 19 3 191 194 doi 10 1086 464218 S2CID 145692545 Higginbottom E 1964 Glottal reinforcement in English Transactions of the Philological Society 63 129 142 doi 10 1111 j 1467 968X 1964 tb01010 x Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 O Connor J D 1952 RP and the reinforcing glottal stop English Studies 33 214 218 Roach P 1973 Glottalization of English p t k and tʃ a reexamination Journal of the International Phonetic Association 3 1 10 21 doi 10 1017 S0025100300000633 S2CID 145061712 Sullivan A E 1992 Sound Change in Progress a study of phonological change and lexical diffusion with reference to glottalization and r loss in the speech of some Exeter schoolchildren Exeter University Press English accents Foulkes P Docherty G 1999 Urban Voices accent studies in the British Isles London Arnold Hughes A Trudgill P 2005 English Accents and Dialects fourth ed London Arnold Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Vol 1 An Introduction pp i xx 1 278 Vol 2 The British Isles pp i xx 279 466 Vol 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52129719 2 0 52128540 2 0 52128541 0 External links Edit 1 Kortlandt Frederik Glottalization Preaspiration and Gemination in English and Scandinavian Doc PDF 2 Kortland Frederik How Old is the English Glottal Stop Doc PDF 3 Docherty G et al Descriptive Adequacy in Phonology a variationist perspective Doc PDF 4 Kerswill P Dialect Levelling and Geographical Diffusion in British English Doc PDF 5 Przedlacka J Estuary English and RP Some Recent Findings Doc PDF 6 Wells J C Site of the UCL University College of London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics Web documents relating to Estuary English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glottalization amp oldid 1174464471, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
