Glagolitic script

The Glagolitic script (/ˌɡlæɡəˈlɪtɪk/,^[2] ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰹⱌⰰ, glagolitsa) is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. It is generally agreed to have been created in the 9th century by Saint Cyril, a monk from Thessalonica. He and his brother Saint Methodius were sent by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III in 863 to Great Moravia to spread Christianity among the West Slavs in the area. The brothers decided to translate liturgical books into the contemporary Slavic language understandable to the general population (now known as Old Church Slavonic). As the words of that language could not be easily written by using either the Greek or Latin alphabets, Cyril decided to invent a new script, Glagolitic, which he based on the local dialect of the Slavic tribes from the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica.

Glagolitic
Samples of text from "Kiev Missal" and "Reims Gospel"
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Saints Cyril and Methodius
Time period	862/863 to the Middle Ages
Direction	left-to-right
Languages	Old Church Slavonic (round variant), Croatian (angular variant)
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Greek^[1] Glagolitic
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Glag (225), ​Glagolitic
Unicode
Unicode alias	Glagolitic
Unicode range	U+2C00–U+2C5F Glagolitic U+1E000–U+1E02F Glag. Supplement
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

A page from the Zograf Codex with text of the Gospel of Luke

After the deaths of Cyril and Methodius, the Glagolitic alphabet ceased to be used in Moravia for political or religious needs. In 885, Pope Stephen V issued a papal bull to restrict spreading and reading Christian services in languages other than Latin or Greek. Around the same time, Svatopluk I, following the interests of the Frankish Empire, prosecuted the students of Cyril and Methodius and expelled them from Great Moravia. In 886, Clement of Ohrid (also known as Kliment), Naum, Gorazd, Angelar and Sava arrived in the First Bulgarian Empire where they were warmly accepted by the Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria. Both the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets were used until 13th-14th century in Bulgaria. The Cyrillic alphabet (which borrowed some letters from the Glagolitic alphabet) was developed at the Preslav Literary School in the late 9th century.^[3][4] The Glagolitic alphabet was preserved only by the clergy of Croatia and Dalmatia to write Church Slavonic until the early 19th century. Glagolitic also spread in Bohemia with traces in Pannonia, Moravia and Russia.

With the adoption of Latin and Cyrillic alphabets in all Slavic-speaking countries, Glagolitic script remained in limited liturgical use for Church Slavonic in primarily Eastern Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholic Church observance, a direct descendant of Old Church Slavonic.

Name and etymology

The word glagolitic comes from New Latin glagoliticus and Croatian glagoljica, from Old Church Slavonic ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱏ (glagolŭ), meaning "utterance" or "word".^[2] The name was not created until centuries after the script's creation.

The name glagolitsa is speculated to have developed in Croatia, around the 14th century, and was derived from the word glagoljati, literally "verb (glagol) using (jati)", meaning to say Mass in Old Church Slavonic liturgy.^[5][6]

In the languages now spoken in the places where Glagolitic script was once used, the script is known as глаголица (romanized as glagolitsa and glagolica, respectively) in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian; glagoljica in Croatian and Serbian; hlaholice in Czech; głagolica in Polish; hlaholika in Slovak; and glagolica in Slovene.

History

Origins

 

The Baška tablet, found in the 19th century on Krk, conventionally dated to about 1100.^[7]

 

The first page of the Gospel of Mark from the 10th–11th century Codex Zographensis, found in the Zograf Monastery in 1843.

 

The first page of the Gospel of John from the Codex Zographensis.

 

In a book printed in 1591, Angelo Rocca attributed the Glagolitic script to Saint Jerome.

 

Glagolitic script in the Zagreb Cathedral

 

The final Glagolitic entry in the Omišalj parish's baptismal register, by the cleric Nicholas in 1817.

The creation of the characters is popularly attributed to Saints Cyril and Methodius, who may have created them to facilitate the introduction of Christianity.^{[8][9][10][11][12]} It is believed that the original letters were fitted to Slavic dialects in geographical Macedonia specifically.^[9][13]

The number of letters in the original Glagolitic alphabet is not known, but it may have been close to its presumed Greek model. The 41 letters known today include letters for non-Greek sounds, which may have been added by Saint Cyril, as well as ligatures added in the 12th century under the influence of Cyrillic, as Glagolitic lost its dominance.^[13] In later centuries, the number of letters dropped dramatically, to fewer than 30 in modern Croatian and Czech recensions of the Church Slavic language. Twenty-four of the 41 original Glagolitic letters (see table below) probably derive from graphemes of the medieval cursive Greek small alphabet but have been given an ornamental design.

The source of the other consonantal letters is unknown. If they were added by Cyril, it is likely that they were taken from an alphabet used for Christian scripture. It is frequently proposed that the letters sha Ⱎ, tsi Ⱌ, and cherv Ⱍ were taken from the letters shin ש and tsadi צ of the Hebrew alphabet, and that Ⰶ zhivete derives from Coptic janja Ϫ.^{[13][citation needed]} However, Cubberley^[13] suggests that if a single prototype were presumed, the most likely source would be Armenian. Other proposals include the Samaritan alphabet, which Cyril learned during his journey to the Khazars in Cherson.

For writing numbers, the Glagolitic numerals uses letters with a numerical value assigned to each based on their native alphabetic order. This differs from Cyrillic numerals, which inherited their numeric value from the corresponding Greek letter (see Greek numerals).^[14]

The two brothers from Thessaloniki, who were later canonized as Saints Cyril and Methodius, were sent to Great Moravia in 862 by the Byzantine emperor at the request of Prince Rastislav, who wanted to weaken the dependence of his country on East Frankish priests. The Glagolitic alphabet, however it originated, was used between 863 and 885 for government and religious documents and books and at the Great Moravian Academy (Veľkomoravské učilište) founded by the missionaries, where their followers were educated. The Kiev Missal, found in the 19th century in Jerusalem, was dated to the 10th century.

In 886 an East Frankish bishop of Nitra named Wiching banned the script and jailed 200 followers of Methodius, mostly students of the original academy. They were then dispersed or, according to some sources, sold as slaves by the Franks. However, many of them, including Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, Sava and Gorazd, reached Bulgaria and were commissioned by Boris I of Bulgaria to teach and instruct the future clergy of the state in the Slavic language. After the adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria in 865, religious ceremonies and Divine Liturgy were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire, using the Byzantine rite. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the introduction of the Slavic alphabet and language into church use as a way to preserve the independence of the Bulgarian Empire from Byzantine Constantinople. As a result of Boris' measures, two academies, one in Ohrid and one in Preslav, were founded.

Spread and decline outside Croatia

From there, the students travelled to other places and spread the use of their alphabet. Students of the two apostles who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, notably Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum, brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the First Bulgarian Empire on Balkans and were received and accepted officially by Boris I of Bulgaria. This led to the establishment of the two literary schools: the Preslav Literary School and the Ohrid Literary School.^[15][16][17] Some went to Croatia (Dalmatia), where the squared variant arose and where Glagolitic remained in use for a long time. In 1248, Pope Innocent IV granted the Croatians of southern Dalmatia the unique privilege of using their own language and this script in the Roman Rite liturgy.^[18] Formally granted to bishop Philip of Senj,^[19] permission to use the Glagolitic liturgy (the Roman Rite conducted in the Slavic language instead of Latin, not the Byzantine rite), actually extended to all Croatian lands, mostly along the Adriatic coast. The Holy See had several Glagolitic missals published in Rome. Authorization for the use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.^[20] In missals, the Glagolitic script was eventually replaced with the Latin alphabet, but the use of the Slavic language in the Mass continued, until replaced by modern vernacular languages.

At the end of the 9th century, one of these students of Methodius – Naum, who had settled in Ohrid, Bulgaria – is often credited, at least by supporters of glagolitic precedence, for the "creation" or wider adoption of the Cyrillic script,^[21] which almost entirely replaced Glagolitic during the Middle Ages. The Cyrillic alphabet is derived from the Greek alphabet used at that time, with some additional letters for sounds peculiar to Slavic languages (like ⟨ш⟩, ⟨ц⟩, ⟨ч⟩, ⟨ъ⟩, ⟨ь⟩, ⟨ѣ⟩), likely derived from the Glagolitic alphabet. The decision by a great assembly of notables summoned by Boris in the year 893 in favor of Cyrillic created an alphabetical difference between the two literary centres of the Bulgarian state in Pliska and Ohrid. In the western part the Glagolitic alphabet remained dominant at first. However, subsequently in the next two centuries, mostly after the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire to the Byzantines, Glagolitic gradually ceased to be used there at all.^[22] Nevertheless, particular passages or words written with the Glagolitic alphabet appeared in Bulgarian Cyrillic manuscripts till the end of the 14th century.^[23] Some students of the Ohrid academy went to Bohemia where the alphabet was used in the 10th and 11th centuries, along with other scripts. It is not clear whether the Glagolitic alphabet was used in the Duchy of Kopnik before the Wendish Crusade, but it was certainly used in Kievan Rus'.

Survival and use in Croatia

In Croatia, from the 12th century, Glagolitic inscriptions appeared mostly in littoral areas: Istria, Primorje, Kvarner, and Kvarner islands, notably Krk, Cres, and Lošinj; in Dalmatia, on the islands of Zadar, but there were also findings in inner Lika and Krbava, reaching to Kupa river, and even as far as Međimurje and Slovenia. The Hrvoje's Missal (Croatian: Hrvojev misal) from 1404 was written in Split, and it is considered one of the most beautiful Croatian Glagolitic books. The 1483 Missale Romanum Glagolitice was the first printed Croatian Glagolitic book.

It was believed that Glagolitsa in Croatia was present only in those areas. But, in 1992, the discovery of Glagolitic inscriptions in churches along the Orljava river in Slavonia totally changed the picture (churches in Brodski Drenovac, Lovčić, and some others), showing that use of the Glagolitic alphabet was spread from Slavonia also.^[24]

Sporadic instances aside, Glagolitic survived beyond the 12th century as a primary script in Croatia alone, although from there a brief attempt at reintroduction was made in the West Slavic area in the 14th century. The centre of influence appears to have been in the Kvarner Gulf, though the nature and extent of this influence remain subjects of debate. The early development of the Glagolitic minuscule script alongside the increasingly square majuscule is poorly documented, but before the advent of printing, a mutual relationship evolved between the two varieties; the majuscule being used primarily for inscriptions and higher liturgical uses, and the minuscule being applied to both religious and secular documents. Ignoring the problematic early Slavonian inscriptions, the use of the Glagolitic script at its peak before the Croatian-Ottoman wars corresponded roughly to the area that spoke the Chakavian dialect at the time, in addition to, to varying extents, the adjacent Kajkavian regions within the Zagreb bishopric. As a result, vernacular impact on the liturgical language and script largely stems from Chakavian sub-dialects.^{[citation needed]}

Decline in Croatia

The first major threat to Croatian Glagolitic since it attained stability was from the Ottoman excursions, though the extent of cultural damage varied locally depending on the course of war. In the 17th century, though, the first successful direct attack on the script since the 12th century was headed by the Bishop of Zagreb, and after the Magnate conspiracy left the script without secular protectors, its use was limited to the littoral region. In the meantime, printing gradually overtook handwriting for liturgical manuscripts, resulting in a decline of the majuscule script, which was absorbed for titular and sometimes initial use within for minuscule documents. It was not until the late 18th century and the onset of modernity that Glagolitic received significant further threats, and through western influence, especially secular, Glagolitic culture collapsed, so that by the mid 19th century, the script was purely liturgical, relying mostly on printed materials. By the time of the devastating Italianization movements under Fascist Italy in the early 20th century, numerous independent events had already greatly reduced the area of the liturgical use of Glagolitic.^[25]

Versions of authorship and name

The tradition that the alphabet was designed by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius has not been universally accepted. A once common belief was that the Glagolitic was created or used in the 4th century by St. Jerome (Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus), hence the alphabet is sometimes named Hieronymian.

It is also acrophonically called azbuka from the names of its first two letters, on the same model as "alpha" + "beta" (the same name can also refer to Cyrillic and in some modern languages it simply means "alphabet" in general). The Slavs of Great Moravia (present-day Slovakia and Moravia), Hungary, Slovenia and Slavonia were called Slověne at that time, which gives rise to the name Slovenish for the alphabet. Some other, rarer, names for this alphabet are Bukvitsa (from common Slavic word "bukva" meaning "letter", and a suffix "-itsa") and Illyrian (presumably similar to using the same anachronistic name for the Illyrian (Slavic) language).

Hieronymian version

In the Middle Ages, Glagolitsa was also known as "St. Jerome's script" due to a popular mediaeval legend (created by Croatian scribes in the 13th century) ascribing its invention to St. Jerome (342–429). The legend was partly based on the saint's place of birth on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. He was viewed as a "compatriot" and anachronistically as belonging to the same ethnic group; this helped the spread of the cult of the saint in Dalmatia and was later used to support the idea of the presence of Slavic communities in the Eastern Adriatic Coast from ancient times, but the legend was probably firstly introduced for other reasons, like giving a more solid religious justification for the use of this script and Slavic liturgy.^[26] The theory nevertheless gained much popularity and spread to other countries before being resolutely^{[clarification needed]} disproven.

Until the end of the 18th century, a strange but widespread opinion dominated that the Glagolitic writing system, which was in use in Dalmatia and Istria along with neighboring islands, including the translation of the Holy Scripture, owe their existence to the famous church father St. Jerome. Knowing him as the author of the Latin Vulgate, considering him – by his own words, born on the border between Dalmatia and Pannonia (remembering that the Dalmatian borders extended well into Istria at that time) – presumed to be an Illyrian, the self-styled Slavic intellectuals in Dalmatia very early began to ascribe to him the invention of glagolitsa, possibly with the intention of more successfully defending both Slavic writing and the Slavic holy service against prosecutions and prohibitions from Rome's hierarchy, thus using the opinion of the famous Latin Father of the Church to protect their church rituals which were inherited not from the Greeks Cyril and Methodius but unknown. We do not know who was the first to put in motion this unscientifically-based tradition about Jerome's authorship of the Glagolitic script and translation of the Holy Scripture, but in 1248 this version came to the knowledge of Pope Innocent IV. <...> The belief in Jerome as an inventor of the Glagolitic lasted many centuries, not only in his homeland, i.e. in Dalmatia and Croatia, not only in Rome, due to Slavs living there... but also in the West. In the 14th century, Croatian monks brought the legend to the Czechs, and even the Emperor Charles IV believed them.^[27]

— Jagić, Vatroslav, Glagolitica. Würdigung neuentdeckter Fragmente. Wien, 1890

The epoch of traditional attribution of the script to Jerome ended probably in 1812.^[28] In modern times, only certain marginal authors share this view, usually "re-discovering" one of the already-known mediaeval sources.^[29]

Pre-Glagolitic Slavic writing systems

Further information: Pre-Christian Slavic writing

A hypothetical pre-Glagolitic writing system is typically referred to as cherty i rezy (strokes and incisions)^[30] – but no material evidence of the existence of any pre-Glagolitic Slavic writing system has been found, except for a few brief and vague references in old chronicles and "lives of the saints". All artifacts presented as evidence of pre-Glagolitic Slavic inscriptions have later been identified as texts in known scripts and in known non-Slavic languages, or as fakes.^[31] The well-known Chernorizets Hrabar's strokes and incisions are usually considered to be a reference to a kind of property mark or alternatively fortune-telling signs. Some "Ruthenian letters" found in one version of St. Cyril's life are explainable as misspelled "Syrian letters" (in Slavic, the roots are very similar: rus- vs. sur- or syr-), etc.

Characteristics

 

The Lord's Prayer shown in (from left) round, angular, and cursive versions of Glagolitic script.

The phonetic values of many of the letters are thought to have been displaced under Cyrillic influence or to have become confused through the early spread to different dialects, so the original values are not always clear. For instance, the letter yu Ⱓ is thought to have perhaps originally had the sound /u/ but was displaced by the adoption of the ligature Ⱆ under the influence of later Cyrillic oѵ, mirroring the Greek ου. Other letters were late creations after a Cyrillic model. It should also be noted that Ⱑ corresponds to two different Cyrillic letters (Ѣ and Я), present even in older manuscripts, and not to different later variants of the same Cyrillic letter in different times or places.

The following table lists each letter in its modern order, showing its Unicode representation, images of the letter in both the round and angular/squared variant forms, the corresponding modern Cyrillic letter, the approximate sound transcribed with the IPA, the name, and suggestions for its origin. The Old Church Slavonic names follow the scientific transliteration, while the mostly similar Church Slavonic ones follow an approach more familiar to a generic English speaking reader. Several letters have no modern counterpart. The column for the angular variant, sometimes referred to as Croatian Glagolitic, isn't complete as some of the letters weren't used following the Croatian recension of Old Church Slavonic.

Unicode	Round	Angular	Cyrillic	Sound	OCS name	CS name	Meaning	Origin
Ⰰ			А	/ɑ/	Azъ	Az	I	Phoenician alphabet aleph 𐤀‎ or the sign of the cross^[32]
Ⰱ			Б	/b/	Buky	Buky	letters	Unknown,^[32] possibly Hebrew bet בּ‎^[33] or Aramaic bīt ܒ‎^[34]
Ⰲ			В	/ʋ/	Vědě	Vedi	(you/he/she/it) knew	Possibly Latin V^[32] or an inverted dobro Ⰴ^[35]
Ⰳ			Г, Ґ	/ɡ/	Glagoli	Glagoli	speak (past or imperative)	Possibly cursive Greek gamma ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ ^[32]
Ⰴ			Д	/d/	Dobro	Dobro	kindness / good / well	Greek delta Δ^[32]
Ⰵ			Є, Е, Э, Ё	/ɛ/	Jestъ	Yest	is / exists	Possibly Samaritan īy ࠄ‎ or Greek sampi ϡ^[32]
Ⰶ			Ж	/ʒ/	Živěte	Zhivete	life / live (2nd plural imperative)	Unknown,^[32] possibly Coptic janja ϫ^[citation needed] or astrological symbol for Pisces ♓︎
Ⰷ			Ѕ	/d͡z/	Dzělo	Zelo	very	Unknown,^[32] possibly Armenian ja Ձ^[36]
Ⰸ			З	/z/	Zemlja	Zeml(j)a	Earth / ground / soil	Possibly a variant of Greek theta θ^[32]
Ⰹ, Ⰺ	,		Ι, Ї	/i/, /j/	Iže	Izhe	which is / the	Possibly Greek upsilon Y^[37] or Greek iota with dieresis ϊ^[32]
Ⰻ			И	/i/, /j/	I/ižei	I/izhey	and	Possibly mimicking the shape of a fish^[37]
Ⰼ			Ꙉ, Ћ, Ђ	/dʑ/, /tɕ/	Djervь, ǵervь	Cherv, Djerv	tree / wood	Unknown^[32]
Ⰽ			К	/k/	Kako	Kako	how / as	Hebrew qoph ק‎‎^[32]
Ⰾ	,		Л, Љ	/l/, /ʎ/	Ljudie	Lyudi	people	Possibly Greek lambda λ^[32]
Ⰿ			М	/m/	Myslite	Mislete	think (2nd plural)	Greek mu μ.^[32] In squared glagolitic it was eventually replaced by a Latin/Cyrillic like form, partly due to its complexity^[38]
Ⱀ	,		Н, Њ	/n/, /ɲ/	Našь	Nash	ours	[unknown]^[32]
Ⱁ			О	/ɔ/	Onъ	On	he, that	[unknown]^[32]
Ⱂ			П	/p/	Pokoj	Pokoy	calmness / peace	Possibly a variant of early Greek pi  ^[32]
Ⱃ			Р	/r/	Rьci	Rtsi	speak! / pronounce!	Possibly Greek rho ρ^[32]
Ⱄ			С	/s/	Slovo	Slovo	word / speech
Ⱅ			Т	/t/	Tvrьdo	Tverdo	solid / hard / surely	Perhaps from crossbar of Greek tau τ^[32]
Ⱆ			У	/u/	Ukъ	Uk	teaching	Ligature of onъ Ⱁ and izhitsa Ⱛ^[32]
Ⱇ			Ф	/f/	Frьtъ	Fert		Variant of Greek phi φ^[32]
Ⱈ			Х	/x/	Xěrъ	Kher		[unknown] (similar to glagoli Ⰳ and Latin h)^[32]
Ⱉ			Ѡ	/ɔ/	Otъ	Oht, Omega	from	Ligature of onъ Ⱁ and its mirror image^[32]
Ⱋ			Щ	/tʲ/, /ʃ͡t/	Šta / Šča	Shta / Shcha		Ligature of sha Ⱎ over tvrьdo Ⱅ^[32]
Ⱌ			Ц	/t͡s/	Ci	Tsi		Final form of Hebrew tsade ץ‎^[32]
Ⱍ			Ч, Џ	/t͡ʃ/	Črьvъ	Cherv	worm	[unknown] (similar to shta Ⱋ;^[32] perhaps non-final form of Hebrew tsade צ‎)
Ⱎ			Ш	/ʃ/	Ša	Sha	silence / quiet	Hebrew shin ש‎‎^[32]
Ⱏ	,		Ъ	/ɯ/	Jerъ	Yer, Yor		Possibly modification of onъ Ⱁ^[32]
ⰟⰊ			Ы	/ɨ/	Jery	Yerɨ		Ligature; digraph of either yer (Ⱏ) or yerь (Ⱐ), followed by either izhe (Ⰹ, Ⰺ) or i (Ⰻ).^[32]
Ⱐ	,		Ь	/ə/	Jerь	Yer`		Possibly modification of onъ Ⱁ^[32]
Ⱑ			Ѣ, Я	/æ/, /jɑ/	Jatь	Yat, Ya		Possibly epigraphic Greek alpha Α^[32]
Ⱖ			Ё	/jo/				Unknown:^[32] Hypothetical component of jonsь Ⱙ below; /jo/ was not possible at the time
Ⱓ			Ю	/ju/	Ju	Yu		Unknown^[32]
Ⱔ			Ѧ	/ɛ̃/	[Ensь]	[small yus]		Greek epsilon ε, also used to denote nasality^[32]
Ⱗ			Ѩ	/jɛ̃/	[Jensь]	[small iotated yus]		Ligature of jestъ Ⰵ and ensь Ⱔ for nasality^[32]
Ⱘ			Ѫ	/ɔ̃/	[Onsь]	[big yus]		Ligature of onъ Ⱁ and ensь Ⱔ for nasality^[32]
Ⱙ			Ѭ	/jɔ̃/	[Jonsь]	[big iotated yus]		Ligature of unknown letter and ensь Ⱔ for nasality^[32]
Ⱚ			Ѳ	/θ/	[Thita]	Fita	Theta	Greek theta θ^[32]
Ⱛ			Ѵ	/ʏ/, /i/	Ižica	Izhitsa

In older texts, uk (Ⱆ) and three out of four yuses (Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ) also can be written as digraphs, in two separate parts.

The order of izhe (Ⰹ, Ⰺ) and i (Ⰻ) varies from source to source, as does the order of the various forms of yus (Ⱔ, Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ).^[39] Correspondence between Glagolitic izhe (Ⰹ, Ⰺ) and i (Ⰻ) with Cyrillic И and І is unknown.

The Proto-Slavic language did not have the phoneme /f/, and the letters fert (Ⱇ) and fita (Ⱚ) were used for transcribing words of Greek origin, and so was izhitsa (Ⱛ) for the Greek upsilon.

Unicode

Main articles: Glagolitic (Unicode block) and Glagolitic Supplement (Unicode block)

The Glagolitic alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1.

The Unicode block for Glagolitic is U+2C00–U+2C5F.

Glagolitic^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+2C0x

Ⰰ

Ⰱ

Ⰲ

Ⰳ

Ⰴ

Ⰵ

Ⰶ

Ⰷ

Ⰸ

Ⰹ

Ⰺ

Ⰻ

Ⰼ

Ⰽ

Ⰾ

Ⰿ

U+2C1x

Ⱀ

Ⱁ

Ⱂ

Ⱃ

Ⱄ

Ⱅ

Ⱆ

Ⱇ

Ⱈ

Ⱉ

Ⱊ

Ⱋ

Ⱌ

Ⱍ

Ⱎ

Ⱏ

U+2C2x

Ⱐ

Ⱑ

Ⱒ

Ⱓ

Ⱔ

Ⱕ

Ⱖ

Ⱗ

Ⱘ

Ⱙ

Ⱚ

Ⱛ

Ⱜ

Ⱝ

Ⱞ

Ⱟ

U+2C3x

ⰰ

ⰱ

ⰲ

ⰳ

ⰴ

ⰵ

ⰶ

ⰷ

ⰸ

ⰹ

ⰺ

ⰻ

ⰼ

ⰽ

ⰾ

ⰿ

U+2C4x

ⱀ

ⱁ

ⱂ

ⱃ

ⱄ

ⱅ

ⱆ

ⱇ

ⱈ

ⱉ

ⱊ

ⱋ

ⱌ

ⱍ

ⱎ

ⱏ

U+2C5x

ⱐ

ⱑ

ⱒ

ⱓ

ⱔ

ⱕ

ⱖ

ⱗ

ⱘ

ⱙ

ⱚ

ⱛ

ⱜ

ⱝ

ⱞ

ⱟ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.0

The Glagolitic combining letters for Glagolitic Supplement block (U+1E000–U+1E02F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0:

Glagolitic Supplement^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+1E00x

𞀀

𞀁

𞀂

𞀃

𞀄

𞀅

𞀆

𞀈

𞀉

𞀊

𞀋

𞀌

𞀍

𞀎

𞀏

U+1E01x

𞀐

𞀑

𞀒

𞀓

𞀔

𞀕

𞀖

𞀗

𞀘

𞀛

𞀜

𞀝

𞀞

𞀟

U+1E02x

𞀠

𞀡

𞀣

𞀤

𞀦

𞀧

𞀨

𞀩

𞀪

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

In popular culture

Glagolitic script is the writing system used in the world of The Witcher books and video game series.^[40] It is also featured, in various uses, in several of the point and click adventure games made by Cateia Games, a Croatian game studio.^[41] It is also going to be featured on 1 euro cent, 2 euro cent and 5 euro cent coins minted in Croatia.^[42]

See also

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glagolitic alphabet.

• List of Glagolitic books
• List of Glagolitic manuscripts
• Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets
• Glagolitic numerals
• Glagolitic Mass (by Janáček)
• George of Slavonia

References

1. Schenker, Alexander M. (1995), The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 179, ISBN 0-300-05846-2
2. "glagolitic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
3. The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church, J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0191614882, p. 100.
4. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221–222.
5. Corbett, Greville G.; Comrie, Bernard (2003). The Slavonic Languages. Milton Park, UK: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-136-86137-6. from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
6. "Hrvatski jezični portal" [Croatian language portal]. from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
7. Fučić, Branko (21 September 1971). "Najstariji glagoljski natpisi" [Oldest Glagolitic Inscriptions]. Slovo (in Croatian). 21: 227–254.
8. Alan Timberlake, A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 14 2021-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
9. Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 2017-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 125
10. Simon Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 93: "East Christian Slays used two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Just to confuse matters, the script devised by Cyril was probably Glagolitic, while Cyrillic—which came to predominate, emerged somewhat later."
11. Henri-Jean Martin, The History and Power of Writing, University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 40
12. Jean W. Sedlar,East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, 1994, p. 144
13. Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets" 2012-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 347. ISBN 978-0195079937.
14. Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–182. ISBN 978-1-139-48533-3. from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
15. Price, Glanville (2000-05-18). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. ISBN 9780631220398. from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
16. Parry, Ken (2010-05-10). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. ISBN 9781444333619. from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
17. Rosenqvist, Jan Olof (2004). Interaction and Isolation in Late Byzantine Culture. ISBN 9781850439448. from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
18. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2020.
19. Kraft Soić, Vanda (2016). "OTPIS INOCENTA IV. SENJSKOM BISKUPU (1248.) POD PATRONATOM SV. JERONIMA I. Senjski privilegij iz godine 1248". Croatica Christiana Periodica. 40 (77): 1–23. from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
20. "The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south-western Balkan countries, and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes..." Dalmatia 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Catholic Encyclopedia; "In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state..." The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage 2007-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Marko Japundzić.
21. The A to Z of the Orthodox Church, Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, ISBN 0810876027 p. 91. 2021-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
22. Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780295972916. from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
23. Велчева, Б. Късната българска глаголица. Кирило-Методиевски студии, кн. 12, София, 1999, 87–152.
24. (in Croatian) "Glagoljaška baština u Slavonskom Kobašu" 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Slavonskobrodska televizija, News from February 25, 2007.
25. Strohal, Rudolf (1915). Hrvatska glagolska knjiga [Croatian Glagolitic Book] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Merkur. from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
26. Ivić, Ines (2018). "The "Making" of a National Saint: Reflections on the Formation of the Cult of Saint Jerome in the Eastern Adriatic". Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage. Supplementi 07/2018. doi:10.13138/2039-2362/1795. from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
27. До конца XVIII века господствовало странное, но широко распространенное мнение, что глаголическое письмо, бывшее в употреблении в Далмации и Истрии с прилегающими островами и в приморской Хорватии, вместе с переводом священного писания, обязано своим существованием знаменитому отцу церкви св. Иерониму. Зная о нем как авторе латинской «Вульгаты», считая его же как уроженца Далмации славянином, в частности хорватом, домашняя славянская интеллигенция Далмации стала очень рано присваивать ему изобретение глаголицы, быть может, нарочно, с тем умыслом, чтобы успешнее отстаивать и письмо, и богослужение славянское от преследований и запретов со стороны римской иерархии, прикрывая авторитетным именем знаменитого латинского отца церкви свой от греков Кирилла и Мефодия унаследованный обряд. Кем впервые пущено в ход это ни на чем не основанное ученое предание об авторстве св. Иеронима по части глаголического письма и перевода св. писания, мы не знаем, но в 1248 году оно дошло уже до сведения папы Иннокентия IV. <...> Много столетий продолжалась эта вера в Иеронима как изобретателя глаголического письма, не только дома, т. е. в Далмации и Хорватии, не только в Риме, через проживавших там славян... но также и на западе. В Чехию предание занесено в XIV столетии хорватскими монахами-глаголитами, которым поверил даже император Карл IV. (Jagić 1911, pp. 51–52)
28. P. Solarić's "Букварь славенскiй трiазбучный" (Three-alphabet Slavic Primer), Venice, 1812 mentions the version as a fact of science (see Jagić 1911, p. 52; Vajs 1932, p. 23).
29. For example, K. Šegvić in Nastavni vjesnik, XXXIX, sv. 9-10, 1931, refers to a work of Rabanus Maurus. (see Vajs 1932, p. 23).
30. Chernorizets Hrabar An Account of Letters; Preslav 895, Bulgaria; Oldest manuscript 1348
31. L. Niederle, "Slovanské starožitnosti" (Slavic antiquities), III 2, 735; citation can be found in Vajs 1932, p. 4.
32. 
    Schenker, Alexander M. (1995). "Early writing". The Dawn of Slavic: An introduction to Slavic philology. New Haven, CT / London, UK: Yale University Press. pp. 168–172. ISBN 978-0-300-05846-8.
33. Ilievski, Petar H.R. (2002). "Glagolica: An iconic script for visual evangelic preaching". Illinois Classical Studies. 27–28: 153–164. ISSN 0363-1923. JSTOR 23065457. from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
34. Jung, Hakyung (January 2013). "On the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet". Scripta. 5: 105–130. from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
35. Uspenskij, Boris (2013). "Glagolitic script as a manifestation of sacred knowledge". Studi Slavistici (online ed.). Firenze University Press. 10: 7–27, 358. ISSN 1824-7601. ProQuest 1550519312.
36. "Wiener slawistischer Almanach". periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de. from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
37. Kuznetsov, Anatoly Mikhailovich (2012). ""Бывают странные сближенья…": греческий юпсилон и глаголица". Slavistica Vilnensis (in Russian). 57: 7–14. ISSN 2351-6895. from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
38. Čunčić, Marica (1999). "Duktus tipaua glagoljskoga pisma" [Ductus of the types of Glagolitic script]. Filologija (in Croatian). Zagreb: Staroslavenski institut. 32: 33. from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
39. Examples of glagolitic abecedaria, numeraria and alphabet acrostics with some considerations about the original order of letters can be found in Veder, William R. (2004). "The glagolitic alphabet as a text". Glagoljica I Hrvatski Glagolizam: Zbornik Radova S Meunarodnoga Znanstvenog Skupa Povodom 100 Obljetnice Staroslavenske Akademije I 50 Obljetnice Staroslavenskog Instituta, Zagreb-krk, 2.-6 Listopada 2002. Staroslavenski Institut. ISBN 9789536080052. from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
40. "Wiedźmiński alfabet - o czym informują nas plakaty w grze Wiedźmin 3: Dziki Gon?". www.grynieznane.pl. from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
41. "About Us - Cateia Games". www.cateia.com. from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
42. "Designs of Croatian national sides of euro and cent coins presented". Retrieved 2022-09-02.

Literature

• Franolić, Branko, and Mateo Žagar: A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian and The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture. Erasmus, Zagreb 2008. ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5
• Fučić, Branko: Glagoljski natpisi. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb 1982.
• Fullerton, Sharon Golke: Paleographic Methods Used in Dating Cyrillic and Glagolitic Manuscripts. Ohio State University, Columbus 1971.
• Jagić, Vatroslav: Gramatika jezika hèrvatskoga. A. Jakić, Zagreb 1864.
• Japundžić, Marko: Hrvatska glagoljica. Hrvatska uzdanica, Zagreb 1998.
• Japundžić, Marko: Tragom hrvatskog glagolizma. Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb 1995.
• Miklas, Heinz, Sylvia Richter, and Velizar Sadovski 2017-10-04 at the Wayback Machine: Glagolitica. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2000. ISBN 3700128959
• Vajs, Josef: Abecedarium palaeoslovenicum in usum glagolitarum. Staroslavenska akademija, Krk 1917.
• Vajs, Josef: Rukověť hlaholské paleografie. Orbis, Prague 1932.
• Žubrinić, Darko: Crtice iz povijesti glagoljice. Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Jeronima, Zagreb 1994. ISBN 953-6111-15-2

External links

 

Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Glagolitic Alphabet.

• Glagolitic manuscripts
• Croatian Glagolitic Script
• Croatian Glagolitic Script
• Glagolitic alphabet. Alternative encoding. – Proposals.
• The Glagolitic alphabet at omniglot.com
• The Budapest Glagolitic Fragments – links to a Unicode Glagolitic font, Dilyana
• Glagolitic Fonts
• Ancient Scripts: Glagolitic
• Misal 1483 – hrvatski prvotisak 2012-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Vrbnički statut 1380/1527
• Istarski razvod 1325/1546
• GNU FreeFont
• A simple 7-bit Squared Glagolitic font (.ttf)