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Rabanus Maurus

February 16, 2024

Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c. 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia.[1] He was the author of the encyclopaedia De rerum naturis ("On the Natures of Things"). He also wrote treatises on education and grammar and commentaries on the Bible. He was one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age,[2] and was called "Praeceptor Germaniae", or "the teacher of Germany". In the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology (Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, pp. 133), his feast is given as 4 February and he is qualified as a Saint ('sanctus').

Saint

Rabanus Maurus
Rabanus Maurus (left) with Alcuin presents his work to Otgar of Mainz (right). Illustration from a Fulda manuscript, c. 830–840.
Archbishop of Mainz, Monk
Bornc. 780
Mainz
Died4 February 856
Winkel
Venerated inCatholic Church
Feast4 February
InfluencesAlcuin

Life edit

 
Page from Rabanus' De rerum naturis.

Rabanus was born of noble parents in Mainz. The date of his birth remains uncertain, but in 801 he was ordained a deacon at Benedictine Abbey of Fulda in Hesse, where he had been sent to school and had become a monk. At the insistence of Ratgar, his abbot, he went together with Haimo (later of Halberstadt) to complete his studies at Tours. There he studied under Alcuin, who in recognition of his diligence and purity gave him the surname of Maurus, after the favourite disciple of Benedict, Saint Maurus.[2][3]

Returning to Fulda, in 803 he was entrusted with the principal charge of the abbey school,[3] which under his direction became one of the most preeminent centers of scholarship and book production in Europe, and sent forth such pupils as Walafrid Strabo, Servatus Lupus of Ferrières, and Otfrid of Weissenburg. It was probably at this period that he compiled his excerpt from the grammar of Priscian,[2] a popular textbook during the Middle Ages. According to Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints, Rabanus ate no meat and drank no wine.

In 814 Rabanus was ordained a priest. Shortly afterwards, apparently on account of disagreement with Abbot Ratgar, he withdrew for a time from Fulda. This banishment was long thought to have occasioned a pilgrimage to Palestine, based on an allusion in his commentary on Joshua.[2] However, the passage in question is taken from Origen's Homily xiv In Librum Jesu Nave. Hence, it was Origen, not Rabanus, who visited Palestine.[4] Rabanus returned to Fulda in 817 on the election of a new abbot, Eigil, and at Eigil's death in 822, Rabanus himself became abbot.[2] He handled this position efficiently and successfully, but in 842 he resigned so as to have greater leisure for study and prayer, retiring to the neighbouring monastery of St Petersberg.

In 847 Rabanus was constrained to return to public life when he was elected to succeed Otgar as Archbishop of Mainz. He died at Winkel on the Rhine in 856.[2]

Hymns edit

Rabanus composed a number of hymns, the most famous of which is the Veni Creator Spiritus. This is a hymn to the Holy Spirit often sung at Pentecost and at ordinations. It is known in English through many translations, including Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire; Come, Holy Ghost, Creator blest; and Creator Spirit, by whose aid.[5] Veni Creator Spiritus was used by Gustav Mahler as the first chorale of his eighth symphony.

Another of Rabanus' hymns, Christ, the fair glory of the holy angels (Christe, sanctorum decus Angelorum), sung for the commemoration of Saint Michael and All Angels, and to include the archangels Gabriel and Raphael, is found in English translation in The Hymnal 1982 (of the Episcopal Church), and was harmonized by Ralph Vaughan Williams.[6]

Works edit

 
In Honorem Sanctae Crucis, 13th century, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence

Rabanus' works, many of which as of 1911 remained unpublished, comprise commentaries on scripture (Genesis to Judges, Ruth, Kings, Chronicles, Judith, Esther, Canticles, Proverbs, Wisdom, Sirach, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Maccabees, Matthew, the Epistles of St Paul, including Hebrews); and various treatises relating to doctrinal and practical subjects, including more than one series of homilies. In De institutione clericorum he brought into prominence the views of Augustine and Gregory the Great as to the training which was requisite for a right discharge of the clerical function.[2][7] One of his most popular and enduring works is a collection of poems centered on the cross, called De laudibus sanctae crucis or In honorem sanctae crucis, a set of highly sophisticated poems that present the cross (and, in the last poem, Rabanus himself kneeling before it) in word and image, even in numbers.[8]

Among the others may be mentioned the De universo libri xxii., sive etymologiarum opus, a kind of dictionary or encyclopedia, heavily dependent upon Isidore of Seville's Etymologies, designed as a help towards the typological, historical and mystical interpretation of Scripture, the De sacris ordinibus, the De disciplina ecclesiastica and the Martyrologium. All of them are characterized by erudition (he knew even some Greek and Hebrew).[2] He also published an annotated version of De re militari to improve Frankish warfare.[1]

In the annals of German philology a special interest attaches to the Glossaria Latino-Theodisca. A commentary, Super Porphyrium, printed by Cousin in 1836 among the Ouvrages inédits d'Abélard, and assigned both by that editor and by Haurau to Hrabantis Maurus, is now generally believed to have been the work of a disciple.[2]

In 2006 Germans marked the 1150th anniversary of his death, especially in Mainz and in Fulda. Highlights of the celebrations included the display of Codex Vaticanus Reginensis latinus 124, an extremely rare loan by the Vatican to Mainz of a spectacular manuscript containing De laudibus sanctae crucis. The anniversary also saw the publication of no fewer than three book-length studies of Maurus and his work.[9]

Marcomannic runes edit

 
Marcomannic runes

A runic alphabet recorded in a treatise called De Inventione Litterarum has been ascribed to Rabanus. It consisted of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo-Saxon runes and is preserved in 8th and 9th-century manuscripts mainly from the southern part of the Carolingian Empire (Alemannia, Bavaria). The manuscript text attributes the runes to the Marcomanni, quos nos Nordmannos vocamus (and hence traditionally, the alphabet is called "Marcomannic runes") but it has no connection with the Marcomanni, and rather is an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabet with runic equivalents.

Wilhelm Grimm discussed these runes in 1821.[10]

Bibliography edit

The first nominally complete edition of the works of Hrabanus Maurus was that of Georges Colvener (Cologne, 6 vols. fol., 1627). The Opera omnia form vols. cvii–cxii of Migne's Patrologiae cursus completus (1852). The De universo is the subject of Compendium der Naturwissenschaften an der Schule zu Fulda im IX. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1880).

Recent critical editions and translations are available of some of his works:

  • De sermonum proprietate sive Opus de universo, ed. and tr. by Priscilla Throop, Hrabanus Maurus: De Universo: the peculiar properties of words and their mystical significance, 2 vols. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2009.
  • Expositio in Matthaeum, edited by B. Löfstedt, 2 vols. Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis 174-174A. Turnhout: Brepols, 2000.
  • In honorem sanctae crucis, edited by M. Perrin, 2 vols. Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis 100-100A. Turnhout: Brepols, 1997.
  • De magicis artibus, partial English translation in European Magic and Witchcraft: a reader, tr. Martha Rampton, 2018, pp. 143-145
  • Martyrologium. Liber de computo, edited by J. McCulloh and W. Stevens, Corpus Christianorum, continuatio mediaevalis 44. Turnhout: Brepols, 1997.
  • Hrabanus Maurus: De institutione clericorum; Studien und Edition, Freiburger Beitraege zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte 7. Frankfurt am Main: 1996. An edition (with German translation?) of the De Institutione Clericorum is listed as "in preparation" by Brepols.

German publications on the occasion of the 1150th anniversary of his death:

  • Hans-Jürgen Kotzur, ed., Rabanus Maurus: Auf den Spuren eines karolingischen Gelehrten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2006. ISBN 3-8053-3613-6. 120 pages, 85 illustrations, including Maurus's cross poems and their transcriptions and partial translations.
  • Stephanie Haarländer, Rabanus Maurus zum Kennenlernen: Ein Lesebuch mit einer Einführung in sein Leben und Werk. Publikationen Bistum Mainz. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgeselschaft, 2006. ISBN 978-3-934450-24-0. 184 pages, many illustrations. Collection of texts by Maurus translated into German, with extensive introduction to Maurus's life and work.
  • Franz J. Felten, ed., Hrabanus Maurus: Gelehrter, Abt von Fulda und Erzbischof von Mainz. Mainz: Publikationen Bistum Mainz, 2006. ISBN 978-3-934450-26-4. 196 pages, 4 illustrations. Collection of historical essays.

See also:

  • Raymund Kottje, Verzeichnis der Handschriften mit den Werken des Hrabanus Maurus [Index of Manuscripts with the Works of Hrabanus Maurus]. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2012. ISBN 978-3-7752-1134-5.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hrabanus Maurus Magnentius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 842.
  3. ^ a b "Rabanus Maurus", Hymnary
  4. ^ Throop, Hrabanus Maurus: De Universo, vol. 1, p. x
  5. ^ The Hymnal 1940 Companion, New York: The Church Pension Fund (1949)
  6. ^ No. 282 in The Hymnal 1982, Church Publishing Incorporated, New York.
  7. ^ Newly edited by Detlev Zimpel, see bibliography.
  8. ^ A new publication, occasioned by the 1150th anniversary of his death and the display in Mainz of the famous Vatican manuscript Reginensis latinus 124, contains many full-color illustrations of some of the poems, as well as textual and visual explanations. Hans-Jürgen Kotzur, Rabanus Maurus: Auf den Spuren eines karolingischen Gelehrten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2006. Images of these poems (copied from the Vatican manuscript) can also be found at this site.
  9. ^ Aaij, Michel (May 2009). "Continental Business: Rabanus Maurus, the Preaceptor Germaniae, on the 1150th Anniversary of his Death". The Heroic Age (12). ISSN 1526-1867. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  10. ^ Grimm, William (1821), "18", Ueber deutsche Runen [Concerning German runes] (in German), pp. 149–159.

Sources edit

  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Blessed Maurus Magnentius Rabanus" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Migne, Jacques Paul (orig. 1852), Opera Omnia. Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rabanus Maurus.
  •   Works by or about Rabanus Maurus at Wikisource
  • Veni Creator Spiritus (with phonetic pronunciation)
  • Come Holy Ghost, Creator Blest, Ann Blyth
  • Pope Benedict XVI, "Rabanus Maurus", General Audience June 3, 2009
  • Literature by and about Rabanus Maurus in the German National Library catalogue
  • Works by and about Rabanus Maurus in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
  • "Hrabanus Maurus". Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters).
Preceded by Archbishop of Mainz
848–856 		Succeeded by

February 16, 2024
rabanus, maurus, magnentius, february, also, known, hrabanus, rhabanus, frankish, benedictine, monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist, military, writer, became, archbishop, mainz, east, francia, author, encyclopaedia, rerum, naturis, natures, things, also, wrot. Rabanus Maurus Magnentius c 780 4 February 856 also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus was a Frankish Benedictine monk theologian poet encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia 1 He was the author of the encyclopaedia De rerum naturis On the Natures of Things He also wrote treatises on education and grammar and commentaries on the Bible He was one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age 2 and was called Praeceptor Germaniae or the teacher of Germany In the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology Martyrologium Romanum 2004 pp 133 his feast is given as 4 February and he is qualified as a Saint sanctus SaintRabanus MaurusRabanus Maurus left with Alcuin presents his work to Otgar of Mainz right Illustration from a Fulda manuscript c 830 840 Archbishop of Mainz MonkBornc 780MainzDied4 February 856WinkelVenerated inCatholic ChurchFeast4 FebruaryInfluencesAlcuin Contents 1 Life 2 Hymns 3 Works 3 1 Marcomannic runes 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksLife edit nbsp Page from Rabanus De rerum naturis Rabanus was born of noble parents in Mainz The date of his birth remains uncertain but in 801 he was ordained a deacon at Benedictine Abbey of Fulda in Hesse where he had been sent to school and had become a monk At the insistence of Ratgar his abbot he went together with Haimo later of Halberstadt to complete his studies at Tours There he studied under Alcuin who in recognition of his diligence and purity gave him the surname of Maurus after the favourite disciple of Benedict Saint Maurus 2 3 Returning to Fulda in 803 he was entrusted with the principal charge of the abbey school 3 which under his direction became one of the most preeminent centers of scholarship and book production in Europe and sent forth such pupils as Walafrid Strabo Servatus Lupus of Ferrieres and Otfrid of Weissenburg It was probably at this period that he compiled his excerpt from the grammar of Priscian 2 a popular textbook during the Middle Ages According to Alban Butler s Lives of the Saints Rabanus ate no meat and drank no wine In 814 Rabanus was ordained a priest Shortly afterwards apparently on account of disagreement with Abbot Ratgar he withdrew for a time from Fulda This banishment was long thought to have occasioned a pilgrimage to Palestine based on an allusion in his commentary on Joshua 2 However the passage in question is taken from Origen s Homily xiv In Librum Jesu Nave Hence it was Origen not Rabanus who visited Palestine 4 Rabanus returned to Fulda in 817 on the election of a new abbot Eigil and at Eigil s death in 822 Rabanus himself became abbot 2 He handled this position efficiently and successfully but in 842 he resigned so as to have greater leisure for study and prayer retiring to the neighbouring monastery of St Petersberg In 847 Rabanus was constrained to return to public life when he was elected to succeed Otgar as Archbishop of Mainz He died at Winkel on the Rhine in 856 2 Hymns editRabanus composed a number of hymns the most famous of which is the Veni Creator Spiritus This is a hymn to the Holy Spirit often sung at Pentecost and at ordinations It is known in English through many translations including Come Holy Ghost our souls inspire Come Holy Ghost Creator blest and Creator Spirit by whose aid 5 Veni Creator Spiritus was used by Gustav Mahler as the first chorale of his eighth symphony Another of Rabanus hymns Christ the fair glory of the holy angels Christe sanctorum decus Angelorum sung for the commemoration of Saint Michael and All Angels and to include the archangels Gabriel and Raphael is found in English translation in The Hymnal 1982 of the Episcopal Church and was harmonized by Ralph Vaughan Williams 6 Works edit nbsp In Honorem Sanctae Crucis 13th century Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana FlorenceRabanus works many of which as of 1911 update remained unpublished comprise commentaries on scripture Genesis to Judges Ruth Kings Chronicles Judith Esther Canticles Proverbs Wisdom Sirach Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Maccabees Matthew the Epistles of St Paul including Hebrews and various treatises relating to doctrinal and practical subjects including more than one series of homilies In De institutione clericorum he brought into prominence the views of Augustine and Gregory the Great as to the training which was requisite for a right discharge of the clerical function 2 7 One of his most popular and enduring works is a collection of poems centered on the cross called De laudibus sanctae crucis or In honorem sanctae crucis a set of highly sophisticated poems that present the cross and in the last poem Rabanus himself kneeling before it in word and image even in numbers 8 Among the others may be mentioned the De universo libri xxii sive etymologiarum opus a kind of dictionary or encyclopedia heavily dependent upon Isidore of Seville s Etymologies designed as a help towards the typological historical and mystical interpretation of Scripture the De sacris ordinibus the De disciplina ecclesiastica and the Martyrologium All of them are characterized by erudition he knew even some Greek and Hebrew 2 He also published an annotated version of De re militari to improve Frankish warfare 1 In the annals of German philology a special interest attaches to the Glossaria Latino Theodisca A commentary Super Porphyrium printed by Cousin in 1836 among the Ouvrages inedits d Abelard and assigned both by that editor and by Haurau to Hrabantis Maurus is now generally believed to have been the work of a disciple 2 In 2006 Germans marked the 1150th anniversary of his death especially in Mainz and in Fulda Highlights of the celebrations included the display of Codex Vaticanus Reginensis latinus 124 an extremely rare loan by the Vatican to Mainz of a spectacular manuscript containing De laudibus sanctae crucis The anniversary also saw the publication of no fewer than three book length studies of Maurus and his work 9 Marcomannic runes edit nbsp Marcomannic runesA runic alphabet recorded in a treatise called De Inventione Litterarum has been ascribed to Rabanus It consisted of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo Saxon runes and is preserved in 8th and 9th century manuscripts mainly from the southern part of the Carolingian Empire Alemannia Bavaria The manuscript text attributes the runes to the Marcomanni quos nos Nordmannos vocamus and hence traditionally the alphabet is called Marcomannic runes but it has no connection with the Marcomanni and rather is an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabet with runic equivalents Wilhelm Grimm discussed these runes in 1821 10 Bibliography editThe first nominally complete edition of the works of Hrabanus Maurus was that of Georges Colvener Cologne 6 vols fol 1627 The Opera omnia form vols cvii cxii of Migne s Patrologiae cursus completus 1852 The De universo is the subject of Compendium der Naturwissenschaften an der Schule zu Fulda im IX Jahrhundert Berlin 1880 Recent critical editions and translations are available of some of his works De sermonum proprietate sive Opus de universo ed and tr by Priscilla Throop Hrabanus Maurus De Universo the peculiar properties of words and their mystical significance 2 vols Charlotte VT MedievalMS 2009 Expositio in Matthaeum edited by B Lofstedt 2 vols Corpus Christianorum continuatio medievalis 174 174A Turnhout Brepols 2000 In honorem sanctae crucis edited by M Perrin 2 vols Corpus Christianorum continuatio medievalis 100 100A Turnhout Brepols 1997 De magicis artibus partial English translation in European Magic and Witchcraft a reader tr Martha Rampton 2018 pp 143 145 Martyrologium Liber de computo edited by J McCulloh and W Stevens Corpus Christianorum continuatio mediaevalis 44 Turnhout Brepols 1997 Hrabanus Maurus De institutione clericorum Studien und Edition Freiburger Beitraege zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte 7 Frankfurt am Main 1996 An edition with German translation of the De Institutione Clericorum is listed as in preparation by Brepols German publications on the occasion of the 1150th anniversary of his death Hans Jurgen Kotzur ed Rabanus Maurus Auf den Spuren eines karolingischen Gelehrten Mainz Philipp von Zabern 2006 ISBN 3 8053 3613 6 120 pages 85 illustrations including Maurus s cross poems and their transcriptions and partial translations Stephanie Haarlander Rabanus Maurus zum Kennenlernen Ein Lesebuch mit einer Einfuhrung in sein Leben und Werk Publikationen Bistum Mainz Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Buchgeselschaft 2006 ISBN 978 3 934450 24 0 184 pages many illustrations Collection of texts by Maurus translated into German with extensive introduction to Maurus s life and work Franz J Felten ed Hrabanus Maurus Gelehrter Abt von Fulda und Erzbischof von Mainz Mainz Publikationen Bistum Mainz 2006 ISBN 978 3 934450 26 4 196 pages 4 illustrations Collection of historical essays See also Raymund Kottje Verzeichnis der Handschriften mit den Werken des Hrabanus Maurus Index of Manuscripts with the Works of Hrabanus Maurus Hannover Hahnsche Buchhandlung 2012 ISBN 978 3 7752 1134 5 References edit a b Hanson Victor Davis 18 December 2007 Carnage and Culture Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 307 42518 8 a b c d e f g h i nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Hrabanus Maurus Magnentius Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 842 a b Rabanus Maurus Hymnary Throop Hrabanus Maurus De Universo vol 1 p x The Hymnal 1940 Companion New York The Church Pension Fund 1949 No 282 in The Hymnal 1982 Church Publishing Incorporated New York Newly edited by Detlev Zimpel see bibliography A new publication occasioned by the 1150th anniversary of his death and the display in Mainz of the famous Vatican manuscript Reginensis latinus 124 contains many full color illustrations of some of the poems as well as textual and visual explanations Hans Jurgen Kotzur Rabanus Maurus Auf den Spuren eines karolingischen Gelehrten Mainz Philipp von Zabern 2006 Images of these poems copied from the Vatican manuscript can also be found at this site Aaij Michel May 2009 Continental Business Rabanus Maurus the Preaceptor Germaniae on the 1150th Anniversary of his Death The Heroic Age 12 ISSN 1526 1867 Retrieved 30 April 2010 Grimm William 1821 18 Ueber deutsche Runen Concerning German runes in German pp 149 159 Sources editHerbermann Charles ed 1913 Blessed Maurus Magnentius Rabanus Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Migne Jacques Paul orig 1852 Opera Omnia Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rabanus Maurus nbsp Works by or about Rabanus Maurus at Wikisource Veni Creator Spiritus with phonetic pronunciation Come Holy Ghost Creator Blest Ann Blyth Pope Benedict XVI Rabanus Maurus General Audience June 3 2009 Literature by and about Rabanus Maurus in the German National Library catalogue Works by and about Rabanus Maurus in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek German Digital Library Hrabanus Maurus Repertorium Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters Preceded byOdgar Archbishop of Mainz848 856 Succeeded byCharles Portal nbsp Saints Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rabanus Maurus amp oldid 1202831794, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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