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Dominion theology

January 07, 2023

Dominion theology, also known as dominionism, is a group of Christian political ideologies that seek to institute a nation that is governed by Christians and based on their understandings of biblical law. Extents of rule and ways of acquiring governing authority are varied. For example, dominion theology can include theonomy but does not necessarily involve advocacy of adherence to the Mosaic Law as the basis of government. The label is primarily applied to groups of Christians in the United States.

Prominent adherents of those ideologies include Calvinist Christian reconstructionism, Charismatic and Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology, and the New Apostolic Reformation.[1][2] Most of the contemporary movements that are labeled dominion theology arose in the 1970s from religious movements asserting aspects of Christian nationalism. Roman Catholic integralism is also sometimes considered to fall under the dominionist umbrella, but the Catholic integralist movement is much older and theologically markedly different from Protestant dominionism since it is tied to the doctrine of the Catholic Church as being the only true church.

Some[who?] have applied the term dominionist more broadly to the whole Christian right, but that usage is controversial. Some members of those communities[citation needed] claim to be concerned that that is a label being used to marginalize them from public discourse.

Etymology

Dominion theology is a reference to the King James Bible's rendering of Genesis 1:28 in which God grants humanity "dominion" over the Earth.

And God blessed them, and God said unto them, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth."

In the late 1980s, several prominent Evangelical authors[3][4][5][6] used the phrase dominion theology and other terms such as dominionism to label a loose grouping of theological movements that made direct appeals to the passage in Genesis.[7] Christians typically interpret the passage as meaning that God gave mankind responsibility over the Earth, but one of the most distinctive aspects of dominion theology is that it is interpreted as a mandate for Christian stewardship in civil affairs, no less than in other human matters.[8]

Types

Protestant Christian reconstructionism

An example of dominionism in Reformed theology is Christian reconstructionism, which originated in the teachings of R. J. Rushdoony in the 1960s and the 1970s.[9] His theology focuses on theonomy, the rule of the Law of God), and his belief that all of society should be ordered according to the laws that governed the Israelites in the Old Testament. His ideas on biblical law in civil government are laid out most comprehensively in The Institutes of Biblical Law, but he wrote many other books dealing with the subject. Rushdoony's proposed system is strongly Calvinistic by emphasizing the sovereignty of God over human freedom and action, and denying the operation of charismatic gifts in the present day (cessationism). Both of those aspects are in direct opposition to Kingdom Now theology (see below).

Full adherents to reconstructionism are few and marginalized among most Christians.[10][11][12] Dave Hunt,[3] Albert James Dager,[4] Hal Lindsey,[5] and Thomas Ice[6] specifically criticize Christian reconstructionism from a Christian viewpoint and disagrees on theological grounds with its theocratic elements as well as its Calvinism and postmillennialism. J. Ligon Duncan,[13] Sherman Isbell,[14]Vern Poythress,[15]Robert Godfrey,[16] and Sinclair Ferguson[17] analyze reconstructionism as conservative Calvinists, primarily giving a theological critique of its theocratic elements. Michael J. McVicar has noted that many leading Christian reconstructionists are also leading writers in paleolibertarian circles.[18]

Some social scientists have used the word dominionism to refer to adherence to Christian reconstructionism.[19][20][21]

Catholic integralism

Catholic integralism has been characterized as a form of dominionist theology, but in reality, it is much older and theologically distinct from the dominionism that is espoused by Protestants.[1][2] Antonio Spadaro and Marcelo Figueroa have stated that Catholic integralists have entered into a nontraditional ecumenical alliance with Protestant reconstructionists who share "the same desire for religious influence in the political sphere."[22][23] Likewise, in the National Catholic Reporter, Joshua J. McElwee stated that Catholic integralists, along with their Protestant counterparts, wish to achieve the goal of establishing a "theocratic type of state."[24] Ultimately, however, the goals of Protestant dominionists and Catholic integralists are divergent, as Catholic integralists adhere to the doctrine that the Catholic Church is the "only true church" and that every form of Protestantism is "heretical." That has not prevented mutual co&operation between them, however, when it has been mutually beneficial.

Catholic integralism has a much longer history than the Protestant dominionism that arose in the United States in the 1970s and in fact has its root in traditional Catholic doctrine on church-state relations that developed when the governments of Europe were nearly all Catholic confessional states and had Catholicism established as their official religion. Such a political conception was referred to as "Christendom" with the summit of political authority held by the Holy Roman Emperor and the summit of spiritual authority held by the Supreme Pontiff (Pope). After the movement towards liberal secularism and disestablishmentarianism, several modern states eventually reacted with a revived integralism, often in a fascistic or proto-fascistic form, such as in Spain under the leadership of Francisco Franco, Portugal under Antonio Salazar, and Austria under Engelbert Dollfuß and his Fatherland Front. Today, only a handful of states remain with Catholicism as the official established religion of state, but there are still movements in other nations and among some in the Catholic hierarchy who support a revival of integralism in states that have become secular.

 
Fatherland Front rally, 1936

In recent years, a "revived Catholic integralism" has been noted among the younger generation of Catholics writing for websites such as The Josias.[25] Integralism could be said to merely be the modern continuation of the traditional Catholic conception of church–state relations that was elucidated by Pope Gelasius I and expounded upon throughout the centuries until the Syllabus of Errors, which condemned the idea that the separation of church and state is a moral good.[26] For example, some Catholics have praised the actions of Pius IX in the 1858 Mortara case in which he ordered the abduction of a six-year-old Jewish boy who had been baptized without his parents' consent.[27]: 1039–1041  A systematic account of Catholic integralism as a coherent political philosophy has recently been written by the Catholic theologians Thomas Crean and Alan Fimister in their work, 'Integralism: a manual of political philosophy'.[28]

 
Allegory of the Concordat of 1801, by Pierre Joseph Célestin François

Today, the Catholic Church's political treaties with various countries, known as concordats, are criticized by some liberal and democratic human rights groups for advancing Catholic integralism. There are over 200 concordats currently in force. Some of the concordats explicitly guarantee that Catholicism is recognized as the official religion of state in several countribut and others grant historical recognition of the Catholic faith and grant certain rights and privileges to the Church.

Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology

Kingdom Now theology is a branch of dominion theology that has a following within Pentecostalism and attracted attention in the late 1980s.[29][30]

Kingdom Now theology states that although Satan has been in control of the world since the Fall of Man, God is looking for people who will help him take back dominion. Those who yield themselves to the authority of God's apostles and prophets will take control of the kingdoms of this world, being defined as all social institutions, the "kingdom" of education, the "kingdom" of science, the "kingdom" of the arts, etc.[31] C. Peter Wagner, the founder of the New Apostolic Reformation, writes: "The practical theology that best builds a foundation under social transformation is dominion theology, sometimes called 'Kingdom Now'. Its history can be traced back through R. J. Rushdoony and Abraham Kuyper to John Calvin."[32]

Kingdom Now theology is influenced by the Latter Rain movement,[33] and critics have connected it to the New Apostolic Reformation,[34] "Spiritual Warfare Christianity,"[33] and Fivefold ministry thinking.[35]

Seven Mountains Dominionism, also known as the Seven Mountains Mandate or 7MM, has become a more prevalent manifestation of Kingdom Now theology since the early 2010s. Bill Bright, Loren Cunningham, and Francis Schaeffer are often credited as having been given the same divine vision that revealed the Seven Mountain Mandate in 1975.[36][37] The mandate proposes that there are seven "mountains" that Christians must control to establish a global Christian theocracy and prepare the world for Jesus' return. The seven "mountains" are government, education, media, arts and entertainment, religion, family, and business.[38] The mandate is based on two Biblical passages: Isaiah 2:2-3, which says, "In the last days the mountain of the Lord’s temple will be established as the highest of the mountains," and Revelation 17:1-18, which describes "a scarlet beast... [with] had seven heads and ten horns."[39][40][41] Prominent Christian leaders who support Seven Mountains Dominionism include David Barton, James Dobson, John Hagee, Bill Johnson, Lance Wallnau, and Paula White, and notable politicians who have embraced it include Michele Bachmann, Sam Brownback, Ted Cruz, Newt Gingrich, Mike Huckabee, Charlie Kirk, Sarah Palin, and Rick Perry.[38][42][43][37][44][45]

Kingdom Now theology should not be confused with Kingdom theology, which is related to inaugurated eschatology.

Christian right

In the late 1980s, the sociologist Sara Diamond[46][47] started to write about the intersection of dominion theology with the political activism of the Christian right. Diamond argued that "the primary importance of the [Christian reconstructionist] ideology is its role as a catalyst for what is loosely called 'dominion theology.'" According to Diamond, "Largely through the impact of Rushdoony's and North's writings, the concept that Christians are Biblically mandated to 'occupy' all secular institutions has become the central unifying ideology for the Christian Right"[46]: 138  (emphasis in original) in the United States.

While acknowledging the small number of actual adherents, authors such as Diamond and Frederick Clarkson have argued that postmillennial Christian reconstructionism played a major role in pushing the primarily premillennial Christian right to adopt a more aggressive dominionist stance.[48]

Misztal and Shupe concur with Sara Diamond and Frederick Clarkson by arguing, "Reconstructionists have many more sympathizers who fall somewhere within the dominionist framework, but who are not card-carrying members."[49] According to Diamond, "Reconstructionism is the most intellectually grounded, though esoteric, brand of dominion theology."[48]

The journalist Frederick Clarkson[50][51] defined dominionism as a movement that includes dominion theology and reconstructionism as subsets but is much broader in scope and extends to much of the Christian right in the United States.

In his 1992 study of dominion theology and its influence on the Christian right, Bruce Barron wrote:

In the context of American evangelical efforts to penetrate and transform public life, the distinguishing mark of a dominionist is a commitment to defining and carrying out an approach to building society that is self-consciously defined as exclusively Christian, and dependent specifically on the work of Christians, rather than based on a broader consensus.[52]

In 1995, Diamond called the influence of dominion theology "prevalent on the Christian Right."[53]

The journalist Chip Berlet added in 1998 that although they represent different theological and political ideas, dominionists assert a Christian duty to take "control of a sinful secular society."[54]

In 2005, Clarkson enumerated the following characteristics shared by all forms of dominionism:[55]

  1. Dominionists celebrate Christian nationalism, in that they believe that the United States once was, and should once again be, a Christian nation. In this way, they deny the Enlightenment roots of American democracy.
  2. Dominionists promote religious supremacy, insofar as they generally do not respect the equality of other religions, or even other versions of Christianity.
  3. Dominionists endorse theocratic visions, insofar as they believe that the Ten Commandments, or "biblical law," should be the foundation of American law, and that the U.S. Constitution should be seen as a vehicle for implementing Biblical principles.[55]

The essayist Katherine Yurica began using the term dominionism in her articles in 2004, beginning with "The Despoiling of America" (February 11, 2004),[56][57][self-published source?][58] Authors who also use the term dominionism in the broader sense include the journalist Chris Hedges,[59][60][61] Marion Maddox,[62] James Rudin,[63] Michelle Goldberg,[64][65] Kevin Phillips,[66] Sam Harris,[67] Ryan Lizza,[68] Frank Schaeffer,[69] and the group TheocracyWatch.[70] Some authors have applied the term to a broader spectrum of people than have Diamond, Clarkson, and Berlet.

Sarah Posner in Salon argues that there are various "iterations of dominionism that call on Christians to enter... government, law, media and so forth... so that they are controlled by Christians." According to Posner, "Christian right figures promoted dominionism... and the GOP courted... religious leaders for the votes of their followers." She added: "If people really understood dominionism, they’d worry about it between election cycles."[71]

Michelle Goldberg notes[72] that George Grant wrote in his 1987 book The Changing of the Guard: Biblical Principles for Political Action:

Christians have an obligation, a mandate, a commission, a holy responsibility to reclaim the land for Jesus Christ—to have dominion in civil structures, just as in every other aspect of life and godliness.... But it is dominion we are after. Not just a voice.... Christian politics has as its primary intent the conquest of the land—of men, families, institutions, bureaucracies, courts, and governments for the Kingdom of Christ.

Spectrum of dominionism

Writers including Chip Berlet[73] and Frederick Clarkson[55] distinguish between what they term "hard" and "soft" dominionism. Such commentators define "soft" dominionism as the belief that "America is a Christian nation" and opposition to separation of church and state, but "hard" dominionism refers to dominion theology and Christian reconstructionism.

Michelle Goldberg uses the terms Christian nationalism and dominionism for the former view.[64] According to Goldberg:

In many ways, Dominionism is more a political phenomenon than a theological one. It cuts across Christian denominations, from stern, austere sects to the signs-and-wonders culture of modern megachurches. Think of it like political Islamism, which shapes the activism of a number of antagonistic fundamentalist movements, from Sunni Wahabis in the Arab world to Shiite fundamentalists in Iran.[74]

Berlet and Clarkson have agreed, "Soft Dominionists are Christian nationalists."[73] Unlike "dominionism", the phrase "Christian nation" occurs commonly in the writings of leaders of the Christian right. Proponents of the idea (such as David Barton and D. James Kennedy) argue that the Founding Fathers of the United States were overwhelmingly Christian, that founding documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution are based on Christian principles, and that a Christian character is fundamental to American culture.[75][76][77] They cite, for example, the U.S. Supreme Court's comment in 1892 that "this [the United States] is a Christian nation"[78] after they cite numerous historical and legal arguments in support of that statement.[79]

Kennedy characterized his perspective on Christian political involvement as more akin to participatory democracy than to dominionism. In an interview with NPR's Terry Gross, Kennedy was asked whether he wanted all public office holders to be Christians. Kennedy answered, "We have people who are secular and humanist and unbelievers who are constantly supporting in every way possible other people who share those views. And I don't object to that. That's their privilege. And I think that Christians should be allowed the same privilege to vote for people whom they believe share their views about life and government. And that's all I'm talking about."[80]

Criticism of usage of term

Those labelled dominionists rarely use the terms dominionist and dominionism for self-description, and some people have attacked the use of such words.[7] The cournalist and conservative commentator Stanley Kurtz, writing for the National Review, labeled it "conspiratorial nonsense," "political paranoia," and "guilt by association",[81] and decried Hedges' "vague characterizations" that allow him to "paint a highly questionable picture of a virtually faceless and nameless 'Dominionist' Christian mass".[82] Kurtz also complained about a perceived link between average Christian evangelicals and extremism such as Christian reconstructionism:

The notion that conservative Christians want to reinstitute slavery and rule by genocide is not just crazy, it's downright dangerous. The most disturbing part of the Harper's cover story (the one by Chris Hedges) was the attempt to link Christian conservatives with Hitler and fascism. Once we acknowledge the similarity between conservative Christians and fascists, Hedges appears to suggest, we can confront Christian evil by setting aside 'the old polite rules of democracy.' So wild conspiracy theories and visions of genocide are really excuses for the Left to disregard the rules of democracy and defeat conservative Christians—by any means necessary.[81]

Joe Carter of First Things writes:

[T]here is no "school of thought" known as "dominionism." The term was coined in the 1980s by Diamond and is never used outside liberal blogs and websites. No reputable scholars use the term for it is a meaningless neologism that Diamond concocted for her dissertation.[83]

Diamond denies that she coined the broader sense of the term dominionism,[84] which appears in her dissertation and in Roads to Dominion solely to describe dominion theology. Nevertheless, Diamond originated the idea that dominion theology is the "central unifying ideology for the Christian Right."[46]: 138 

Jeremy Pierce of First Things coined the word dominionismist to describe those who promote the idea that there is a dominionist conspiracy and wrote:

It strikes me as irresponsible to lump [Rushdoony] together with Francis Schaeffer and those influenced by him, especially given Schaeffer's many recorded instances of resisting exactly the kinds of views Rushdoony developed. Indeed, it strikes me as an error of the magnitude of some of Rushdoony's own historical nonsense to consider there to be such a view called Dominionism [sic] that Rushdoony, Schaeffer, James Dobson, and all the other people in the list somehow share and that it seeks to get Christians and only Christians into all the influential positions in secular society.[85]

Lisa Miller of Newsweek writes that "'dominionism' is the paranoid mot du jour" and that "certain journalists use 'dominionist' the way some folks on Fox News use the word sharia. Its strangeness scares people. Without history or context, the word creates a siege mentality in which 'we' need to guard against 'them'."[86] Ross Douthat of The New York Times noted that "many of the people that writers like Diamond and others describe as 'dominionists' would disavow the label, many definitions of dominionism conflate several very different Christian political theologies, and there's a lively debate about whether the term is even useful at all."[87]

Other criticism has focused on the proper use of the term. Berlet wrote that "just because some critics of the Christian Right have stretched the term dominionism past its breaking point does not mean we should abandon the term,"[88] and he argued that rather than label conservatives as extremists, it would be better to "talk to these people" and "engage them."[89] Diamond wrote, "Liberals' writing about the Christian Right's take-over plans has generally taken the form of conspiracy theory" and argued that instead, one should "analyze the subtle ways" that ideas like Dominionism "take hold within movements and why."[53] The authors Robert Gagnon and Edith Humphrey argued strongly against the use of the term in reference to the US presidential candidate Ted Cruz in a 2016 op-ed for Christianity Today.[90]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Nel, Marius (16 September 2019). African Pentecostalism and Eschatological Expectations: He is Coming Back Again!. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-5275-4007-1. In pentecostal practice, the attention of Christian life moved from the "other world" to this world, and the expectancy of the kingdom that would realise in this lifetime changed to "kingdom now" that eventually ended in dominion theology (dominionism), a group of Christian political ideologies that seeks to institute a nation governed by Christians where biblical law would be upheld. Other ideologies represented by this thinking include theologically diverse groups like Calvinist Christian reconstructionism and Roman Catholic integralism.
  2. ^ a b Faggioli, Massimo (18 July 2017). "Why Should We Read Spadaro on 'Catholic Integralism'?". Commonweal. Retrieved 20 July 2017. Spadaro and Figueroa capture this tension most explicitly when they point out the difference between the “dominionist” political culture of the conservative political ecumenism of “Evangelical and Catholic integralists,” and Pope Francis’s acceptance of the distinction between political power and religious authority.
  3. ^ a b Hunt, Dave 1988. Whatever Happened to Heaven? Harvest House.
  4. ^ a b Dager, Albert James. 1990. Vengeance is Ours: The Church in Dominion Sword Publishers; The World Christian Movement Sword Publishers.
  5. ^ a b Lindsey, Hal 1990. The Road to Holocaust, Bantam
  6. ^ a b Ice, Thomas, and H. Wayne House 1988. Dominion Theology: Blessing or Curse?, Multnomah Pub (ISBN 0-88070-261-3)
  7. ^ a b McVicar, Michael J. (2013). "'Let them have Dominion:' 'Dominion Theology' and the Construction of Religious Extremism in the US Media". Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. 25 (1): 120–145. doi:10.3138/jrpc.25.1.120. S2CID 143317815.
  8. ^ Vlas, Natalia; Vasile Borari (26 July 2013). Religion and Politics in the 21st Century: Global and Local Reflections. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4438-5076-6. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  9. ^ "5 Facts About Dominionism". 1 September 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2017 – via Huff Post.
  10. ^ Martin, William (1996). With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America. New York: Broadway Books.[page needed]
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  32. ^ Wagner, C. Peter (2008). Dominion!: How Kingdom Action Can Change the World. Grand Rapids, MI: Chosen Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8007-9435-4.
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  37. ^ a b Hardy, Elle. "The "modern apostles" who want to reshape America ahead of the end times". The Outline. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  38. ^ a b Matirko, Jack (2019-02-20). "Dominionism in America Part 5: The Seven Mountains Mandate". Patheos. from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  39. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 2:2-3 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
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  41. ^ "World's scariest conspiracy theory". adelaidenow. 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
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  45. ^ "John Fea on Ted Cruz's Dominionism – Warren Throckmorton". Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  46. ^ a b c Diamond, Sara (1989). Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right. Boston: South End Press.[page needed]
  47. ^ Diamond, Sara (1995). Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford Press. p. 246. ISBN 0-89862-864-4.
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  49. ^ Bruce Barron and Anson Shupe, 1992, "Reasons for the Growing Popularity of Christian Reconstructionism: The Determination to Attain Dominion", in Bronislaw Misztal and Anson D. Shupe, eds. Religion and politics in comparative perspective: revival of religious fundamentalism in East and West. Westport, Conn: Praeger, p.85.
  50. ^ Clarkson, Frederick (March–June 1994). "Christian Reconstructionism: Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence". The Public Eye. Political Research Associates. 8 (1 & 2).
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  53. ^ a b Diamond, Sara. 1995. "Dominion Theology." Z Magazine, February 1995
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  73. ^ a b Chip Berlet The Christian Right, Dominionism, and Theocracy: Part Two February 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
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  89. ^ Ellis Henican, "A spiritual olive branch for the far-right faithful" 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Newsday, May 1, 2005. Reposted at YuricaReport.com. Retrieved 23 September 2006
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Bibliography

External links

  •   Media related to Dominion theology at Wikimedia Commons

January 07, 2023
dominion, theology, also, known, dominionism, group, christian, political, ideologies, that, seek, institute, nation, that, governed, christians, based, their, understandings, biblical, extents, rule, ways, acquiring, governing, authority, varied, example, dom. Dominion theology also known as dominionism is a group of Christian political ideologies that seek to institute a nation that is governed by Christians and based on their understandings of biblical law Extents of rule and ways of acquiring governing authority are varied For example dominion theology can include theonomy but does not necessarily involve advocacy of adherence to the Mosaic Law as the basis of government The label is primarily applied to groups of Christians in the United States Prominent adherents of those ideologies include Calvinist Christian reconstructionism Charismatic and Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology and the New Apostolic Reformation 1 2 Most of the contemporary movements that are labeled dominion theology arose in the 1970s from religious movements asserting aspects of Christian nationalism Roman Catholic integralism is also sometimes considered to fall under the dominionist umbrella but the Catholic integralist movement is much older and theologically markedly different from Protestant dominionism since it is tied to the doctrine of the Catholic Church as being the only true church Some who have applied the term dominionist more broadly to the whole Christian right but that usage is controversial Some members of those communities citation needed claim to be concerned that that is a label being used to marginalize them from public discourse Contents 1 Etymology 2 Types 2 1 Protestant Christian reconstructionism 2 2 Catholic integralism 2 3 Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology 3 Christian right 3 1 Spectrum of dominionism 4 Criticism of usage of term 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Bibliography 7 External linksEtymology EditDominion theology is a reference to the King James Bible s rendering of Genesis 1 28 in which God grants humanity dominion over the Earth And God blessed them and God said unto them Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth In the late 1980s several prominent Evangelical authors 3 4 5 6 used the phrase dominion theology and other terms such as dominionism to label a loose grouping of theological movements that made direct appeals to the passage in Genesis 7 Christians typically interpret the passage as meaning that God gave mankind responsibility over the Earth but one of the most distinctive aspects of dominion theology is that it is interpreted as a mandate for Christian stewardship in civil affairs no less than in other human matters 8 Types EditProtestant Christian reconstructionism Edit An example of dominionism in Reformed theology is Christian reconstructionism which originated in the teachings of R J Rushdoony in the 1960s and the 1970s 9 His theology focuses on theonomy the rule of the Law of God and his belief that all of society should be ordered according to the laws that governed the Israelites in the Old Testament His ideas on biblical law in civil government are laid out most comprehensively in The Institutes of Biblical Law but he wrote many other books dealing with the subject Rushdoony s proposed system is strongly Calvinistic by emphasizing the sovereignty of God over human freedom and action and denying the operation of charismatic gifts in the present day cessationism Both of those aspects are in direct opposition to Kingdom Now theology see below Full adherents to reconstructionism are few and marginalized among most Christians 10 11 12 Dave Hunt 3 Albert James Dager 4 Hal Lindsey 5 and Thomas Ice 6 specifically criticize Christian reconstructionism from a Christian viewpoint and disagrees on theological grounds with its theocratic elements as well as its Calvinism and postmillennialism J Ligon Duncan 13 Sherman Isbell 14 Vern Poythress 15 Robert Godfrey 16 and Sinclair Ferguson 17 analyze reconstructionism as conservative Calvinists primarily giving a theological critique of its theocratic elements Michael J McVicar has noted that many leading Christian reconstructionists are also leading writers in paleolibertarian circles 18 Some social scientists have used the word dominionism to refer to adherence to Christian reconstructionism 19 20 21 Catholic integralism Edit Catholic integralism has been characterized as a form of dominionist theology but in reality it is much older and theologically distinct from the dominionism that is espoused by Protestants 1 2 Antonio Spadaro and Marcelo Figueroa have stated that Catholic integralists have entered into a nontraditional ecumenical alliance with Protestant reconstructionists who share the same desire for religious influence in the political sphere 22 23 Likewise in the National Catholic Reporter Joshua J McElwee stated that Catholic integralists along with their Protestant counterparts wish to achieve the goal of establishing a theocratic type of state 24 Ultimately however the goals of Protestant dominionists and Catholic integralists are divergent as Catholic integralists adhere to the doctrine that the Catholic Church is the only true church and that every form of Protestantism is heretical That has not prevented mutual co amp operation between them however when it has been mutually beneficial Catholic integralism has a much longer history than the Protestant dominionism that arose in the United States in the 1970s and in fact has its root in traditional Catholic doctrine on church state relations that developed when the governments of Europe were nearly all Catholic confessional states and had Catholicism established as their official religion Such a political conception was referred to as Christendom with the summit of political authority held by the Holy Roman Emperor and the summit of spiritual authority held by the Supreme Pontiff Pope After the movement towards liberal secularism and disestablishmentarianism several modern states eventually reacted with a revived integralism often in a fascistic or proto fascistic form such as in Spain under the leadership of Francisco Franco Portugal under Antonio Salazar and Austria under Engelbert Dollfuss and his Fatherland Front Today only a handful of states remain with Catholicism as the official established religion of state but there are still movements in other nations and among some in the Catholic hierarchy who support a revival of integralism in states that have become secular Fatherland Front rally 1936 In recent years a revived Catholic integralism has been noted among the younger generation of Catholics writing for websites such as The Josias 25 Integralism could be said to merely be the modern continuation of the traditional Catholic conception of church state relations that was elucidated by Pope Gelasius I and expounded upon throughout the centuries until the Syllabus of Errors which condemned the idea that the separation of church and state is a moral good 26 For example some Catholics have praised the actions of Pius IX in the 1858 Mortara case in which he ordered the abduction of a six year old Jewish boy who had been baptized without his parents consent 27 1039 1041 A systematic account of Catholic integralism as a coherent political philosophy has recently been written by the Catholic theologians Thomas Crean and Alan Fimister in their work Integralism a manual of political philosophy 28 Allegory of the Concordat of 1801 by Pierre Joseph Celestin Francois Today the Catholic Church s political treaties with various countries known as concordats are criticized by some liberal and democratic human rights groups for advancing Catholic integralism There are over 200 concordats currently in force Some of the concordats explicitly guarantee that Catholicism is recognized as the official religion of state in several countribut and others grant historical recognition of the Catholic faith and grant certain rights and privileges to the Church Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology Edit Kingdom Now theology is a branch of dominion theology that has a following within Pentecostalism and attracted attention in the late 1980s 29 30 Kingdom Now theology states that although Satan has been in control of the world since the Fall of Man God is looking for people who will help him take back dominion Those who yield themselves to the authority of God s apostles and prophets will take control of the kingdoms of this world being defined as all social institutions the kingdom of education the kingdom of science the kingdom of the arts etc 31 C Peter Wagner the founder of the New Apostolic Reformation writes The practical theology that best builds a foundation under social transformation is dominion theology sometimes called Kingdom Now Its history can be traced back through R J Rushdoony and Abraham Kuyper to John Calvin 32 Kingdom Now theology is influenced by the Latter Rain movement 33 and critics have connected it to the New Apostolic Reformation 34 Spiritual Warfare Christianity 33 and Fivefold ministry thinking 35 Seven Mountains Dominionism also known as the Seven Mountains Mandate or 7MM has become a more prevalent manifestation of Kingdom Now theology since the early 2010s Bill Bright Loren Cunningham and Francis Schaeffer are often credited as having been given the same divine vision that revealed the Seven Mountain Mandate in 1975 36 37 The mandate proposes that there are seven mountains that Christians must control to establish a global Christian theocracy and prepare the world for Jesus return The seven mountains are government education media arts and entertainment religion family and business 38 The mandate is based on two Biblical passages Isaiah 2 2 3 which says In the last days the mountain of the Lord s temple will be established as the highest of the mountains and Revelation 17 1 18 which describes a scarlet beast with had seven heads and ten horns 39 40 41 Prominent Christian leaders who support Seven Mountains Dominionism include David Barton James Dobson John Hagee Bill Johnson Lance Wallnau and Paula White and notable politicians who have embraced it include Michele Bachmann Sam Brownback Ted Cruz Newt Gingrich Mike Huckabee Charlie Kirk Sarah Palin and Rick Perry 38 42 43 37 44 45 Kingdom Now theology should not be confused with Kingdom theology which is related to inaugurated eschatology Christian right EditIn the late 1980s the sociologist Sara Diamond 46 47 started to write about the intersection of dominion theology with the political activism of the Christian right Diamond argued that the primary importance of the Christian reconstructionist ideology is its role as a catalyst for what is loosely called dominion theology According to Diamond Largely through the impact of Rushdoony s and North s writings the concept that Christians are Biblically mandated to occupy all secular institutions has become the central unifying ideology for the Christian Right 46 138 emphasis in original in the United States While acknowledging the small number of actual adherents authors such as Diamond and Frederick Clarkson have argued that postmillennial Christian reconstructionism played a major role in pushing the primarily premillennial Christian right to adopt a more aggressive dominionist stance 48 Misztal and Shupe concur with Sara Diamond and Frederick Clarkson by arguing Reconstructionists have many more sympathizers who fall somewhere within the dominionist framework but who are not card carrying members 49 According to Diamond Reconstructionism is the most intellectually grounded though esoteric brand of dominion theology 48 The journalist Frederick Clarkson 50 51 defined dominionism as a movement that includes dominion theology and reconstructionism as subsets but is much broader in scope and extends to much of the Christian right in the United States In his 1992 study of dominion theology and its influence on the Christian right Bruce Barron wrote In the context of American evangelical efforts to penetrate and transform public life the distinguishing mark of a dominionist is a commitment to defining and carrying out an approach to building society that is self consciously defined as exclusively Christian and dependent specifically on the work of Christians rather than based on a broader consensus 52 In 1995 Diamond called the influence of dominion theology prevalent on the Christian Right 53 The journalist Chip Berlet added in 1998 that although they represent different theological and political ideas dominionists assert a Christian duty to take control of a sinful secular society 54 In 2005 Clarkson enumerated the following characteristics shared by all forms of dominionism 55 Dominionists celebrate Christian nationalism in that they believe that the United States once was and should once again be a Christian nation In this way they deny the Enlightenment roots of American democracy Dominionists promote religious supremacy insofar as they generally do not respect the equality of other religions or even other versions of Christianity Dominionists endorse theocratic visions insofar as they believe that the Ten Commandments or biblical law should be the foundation of American law and that the U S Constitution should be seen as a vehicle for implementing Biblical principles 55 The essayist Katherine Yurica began using the term dominionism in her articles in 2004 beginning with The Despoiling of America February 11 2004 56 57 self published source 58 Authors who also use the term dominionism in the broader sense include the journalist Chris Hedges 59 60 61 Marion Maddox 62 James Rudin 63 Michelle Goldberg 64 65 Kevin Phillips 66 Sam Harris 67 Ryan Lizza 68 Frank Schaeffer 69 and the group TheocracyWatch 70 Some authors have applied the term to a broader spectrum of people than have Diamond Clarkson and Berlet Sarah Posner in Salon argues that there are various iterations of dominionism that call on Christians to enter government law media and so forth so that they are controlled by Christians According to Posner Christian right figures promoted dominionism and the GOP courted religious leaders for the votes of their followers She added If people really understood dominionism they d worry about it between election cycles 71 Michelle Goldberg notes 72 that George Grant wrote in his 1987 book The Changing of the Guard Biblical Principles for Political Action Christians have an obligation a mandate a commission a holy responsibility to reclaim the land for Jesus Christ to have dominion in civil structures just as in every other aspect of life and godliness But it is dominion we are after Not just a voice Christian politics has as its primary intent the conquest of the land of men families institutions bureaucracies courts and governments for the Kingdom of Christ Spectrum of dominionism Edit Writers including Chip Berlet 73 and Frederick Clarkson 55 distinguish between what they term hard and soft dominionism Such commentators define soft dominionism as the belief that America is a Christian nation and opposition to separation of church and state but hard dominionism refers to dominion theology and Christian reconstructionism Michelle Goldberg uses the terms Christian nationalism and dominionism for the former view 64 According to Goldberg In many ways Dominionism is more a political phenomenon than a theological one It cuts across Christian denominations from stern austere sects to the signs and wonders culture of modern megachurches Think of it like political Islamism which shapes the activism of a number of antagonistic fundamentalist movements from Sunni Wahabis in the Arab world to Shiite fundamentalists in Iran 74 Berlet and Clarkson have agreed Soft Dominionists are Christian nationalists 73 Unlike dominionism the phrase Christian nation occurs commonly in the writings of leaders of the Christian right Proponents of the idea such as David Barton and D James Kennedy argue that the Founding Fathers of the United States were overwhelmingly Christian that founding documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution are based on Christian principles and that a Christian character is fundamental to American culture 75 76 77 They cite for example the U S Supreme Court s comment in 1892 that this the United States is a Christian nation 78 after they cite numerous historical and legal arguments in support of that statement 79 Kennedy characterized his perspective on Christian political involvement as more akin to participatory democracy than to dominionism In an interview with NPR s Terry Gross Kennedy was asked whether he wanted all public office holders to be Christians Kennedy answered We have people who are secular and humanist and unbelievers who are constantly supporting in every way possible other people who share those views And I don t object to that That s their privilege And I think that Christians should be allowed the same privilege to vote for people whom they believe share their views about life and government And that s all I m talking about 80 Criticism of usage of term EditThose labelled dominionists rarely use the terms dominionist and dominionism for self description and some people have attacked the use of such words 7 The cournalist and conservative commentator Stanley Kurtz writing for the National Review labeled it conspiratorial nonsense political paranoia and guilt by association 81 and decried Hedges vague characterizations that allow him to paint a highly questionable picture of a virtually faceless and nameless Dominionist Christian mass 82 Kurtz also complained about a perceived link between average Christian evangelicals and extremism such as Christian reconstructionism The notion that conservative Christians want to reinstitute slavery and rule by genocide is not just crazy it s downright dangerous The most disturbing part of the Harper s cover story the one by Chris Hedges was the attempt to link Christian conservatives with Hitler and fascism Once we acknowledge the similarity between conservative Christians and fascists Hedges appears to suggest we can confront Christian evil by setting aside the old polite rules of democracy So wild conspiracy theories and visions of genocide are really excuses for the Left to disregard the rules of democracy and defeat conservative Christians by any means necessary 81 Joe Carter of First Things writes T here is no school of thought known as dominionism The term was coined in the 1980s by Diamond and is never used outside liberal blogs and websites No reputable scholars use the term for it is a meaningless neologism that Diamond concocted for her dissertation 83 Diamond denies that she coined the broader sense of the term dominionism 84 which appears in her dissertation and in Roads to Dominion solely to describe dominion theology Nevertheless Diamond originated the idea that dominion theology is the central unifying ideology for the Christian Right 46 138 Jeremy Pierce of First Things coined the word dominionismist to describe those who promote the idea that there is a dominionist conspiracy and wrote It strikes me as irresponsible to lump Rushdoony together with Francis Schaeffer and those influenced by him especially given Schaeffer s many recorded instances of resisting exactly the kinds of views Rushdoony developed Indeed it strikes me as an error of the magnitude of some of Rushdoony s own historical nonsense to consider there to be such a view called Dominionism sic that Rushdoony Schaeffer James Dobson and all the other people in the list somehow share and that it seeks to get Christians and only Christians into all the influential positions in secular society 85 Lisa Miller of Newsweek writes that dominionism is the paranoid mot du jour and that certain journalists use dominionist the way some folks on Fox News use the word sharia Its strangeness scares people Without history or context the word creates a siege mentality in which we need to guard against them 86 Ross Douthat of The New York Times noted that many of the people that writers like Diamond and others describe as dominionists would disavow the label many definitions of dominionism conflate several very different Christian political theologies and there s a lively debate about whether the term is even useful at all 87 Other criticism has focused on the proper use of the term Berlet wrote that just because some critics of the Christian Right have stretched the term dominionism past its breaking point does not mean we should abandon the term 88 and he argued that rather than label conservatives as extremists it would be better to talk to these people and engage them 89 Diamond wrote Liberals writing about the Christian Right s take over plans has generally taken the form of conspiracy theory and argued that instead one should analyze the subtle ways that ideas like Dominionism take hold within movements and why 53 The authors Robert Gagnon and Edith Humphrey argued strongly against the use of the term in reference to the US presidential candidate Ted Cruz in a 2016 op ed for Christianity Today 90 See also Edit Christianity portalChristendom Christian democracy Christian fascism Christian fundamentalism Christian Identity Christian Patriot movement Christian state Christian terrorism Christian Zionism Christianism Christ of Europe Evangelical deconstruction Evangelical environmentalism Exvangelical First Amendment to the United States Constitution Halachic state Hindutva Islamic fundamentalism Islamism Islamofascism Jihadism Kahanism Liberation theology Munster rebellion National Catholicism Neo Calvinism The Handmaid s Tale The Trump Prophecy ZionismReferences EditNotes Edit a b Nel Marius 16 September 2019 African Pentecostalism and Eschatological Expectations He is Coming Back Again Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 74 ISBN 978 1 5275 4007 1 In pentecostal practice the attention of Christian life moved from the other world to this world and the expectancy of the kingdom that would realise in this lifetime changed to kingdom now that eventually ended in dominion theology dominionism a group of Christian political ideologies that seeks to institute a nation governed by Christians where biblical law would be upheld Other ideologies represented by this thinking include theologically diverse groups like Calvinist Christian reconstructionism and Roman Catholic integralism a b Faggioli Massimo 18 July 2017 Why Should We Read Spadaro on Catholic Integralism Commonweal Retrieved 20 July 2017 Spadaro and Figueroa capture this tension most explicitly when they point out the difference between the dominionist political culture of the conservative political ecumenism of Evangelical and Catholic integralists and Pope Francis s acceptance of the distinction between political power and religious authority a b Hunt Dave 1988 Whatever Happened to Heaven Harvest House a b Dager Albert James 1990 Vengeance is Ours The Church in Dominion Sword Publishers The World Christian Movement Sword Publishers a b Lindsey Hal 1990 The Road to Holocaust Bantam a b Ice Thomas and H Wayne House 1988 Dominion Theology Blessing or Curse Multnomah Pub ISBN 0 88070 261 3 a b McVicar Michael J 2013 Let them have Dominion Dominion Theology and the Construction of Religious Extremism in the US Media Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 25 1 120 145 doi 10 3138 jrpc 25 1 120 S2CID 143317815 Vlas Natalia Vasile Borari 26 July 2013 Religion and Politics in the 21st Century Global and Local Reflections Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 203 ISBN 978 1 4438 5076 6 Retrieved 6 December 2017 5 Facts About Dominionism 1 September 2011 Retrieved 3 November 2017 via Huff Post Martin William 1996 With God on Our Side The Rise of the Religious Right in America New York Broadway Books page needed Diamond Sara 1998 Not by Politics Alone The Enduring Influence of the Christian Right New York Guilford Press p 213 Ortiz Chris 2007 Gary North on D James Kennedy Chalcedon Blog Chalcedon Foundation Archived from the original on 11 October 2009 Retrieved 6 September 2007 Duncan J Ligon 2003 The Westminster Confession of Faith A Theonomic Document Archived November 27 2012 at the Wayback Machine 13 August 2003 Retrieved 6 October 2007 Isbell Sherman 1997 The Divine Law of Political Israel Expired Part II Archived 2007 03 17 at the Wayback Machine and Part III Archived 2007 03 21 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 6 October 2007 Poythress Vern S 1991 The Shadow of Christ in the Law of Moses Brentwood TN Wolgemuth amp Hyatt Publishers Inc Godfrey W Robert 1990 Calvin and Theonomy in Theonomy A Reformed Critique William S Barker and W Robert Godfrey eds 299 312 Grand Rapids MI Academie Books 1990 Ferguson Sinclair 1990 An Assembly of Theonomists in Theonomy A Reformed Critique William S Barker and W Robert Godfrey eds 315 349 Grand Rapids Michigan Academie Books 1990 McVicar Michael J Fall 2007 The Libertarian Theocrats The Long Strange History of RJ Rushdoony and Christian Reconstructionism Public Eye 22 3 archived from the original on 23 August 2013 retrieved 24 August 2013 Barron Bruce A 1992 Heaven on earth the social amp political agendas of dominion theology Grand Rapids Mich Zondervan ISBN 0 310 53611 1 Davis Derek H Hankins Barry 2003 New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America Baylor University Press page needed Davidson Carl Harris Jerry 2006 Globalisation theocracy and the new fascism the US Right s rise to power PDF Race amp Class 47 3 47 67 doi 10 1177 0306396806061086 S2CID 143793920 Archived from the original PDF on September 26 2022 Spadaro Antonio Figueroa Marcelo 2017 Evangelical Fundamentalism and Catholic Integralism in the USA A surprising ecumenism La Civilta Cattolica Retrieved 20 July 2017 Glatz Carol 13 July 2017 Journal Strip religious garb fundamentalist tones from political power Catholic News Service Archived from the original on July 13 2017 Retrieved 20 July 2017 McElwee Joshua J 13 July 2017 Italian Jesuit magazine criticizes political attitudes of some US Catholics National Catholic Reporter Retrieved 20 July 2017 Douthat Ross 8 October 2016 Among the Post Liberals The New York Times Retrieved 16 July 2017 Pope Pius IX 1864 The Syllabus Of Errors Retrieved 11 March 2021 via papalencyclicals net Schwartzman Micah Wilson Jocelyn 2019 The Unreasonableness of Catholic Integralism San Diego Law Review 56 1039 Published by Editiones Scholasticae in 2020 Archived from the original on 2020 06 15 Retrieved 2022 06 14 Anderson Gordon Summer 1990 Kingdom now theology a look at its roots and branches Paraclete 24 3 1 12 Griffin William A Spring 1988 Kingdom Now New Hope or New Heresy Eastern Journal of Practical Theology 2 6 36 An Examination of Kingdom Theology Apologetics Index Retrieved 30 January 2011 Wagner C Peter 2008 Dominion How Kingdom Action Can Change the World Grand Rapids MI Chosen Books p 59 ISBN 978 0 8007 9435 4 a b Steinkamp Orrel November December 2003 The Script Underlying Spiritual Warfare Christianity The Plumbline 8 4 Retrieved 6 November 2010 West Marsha 25 May 2010 Damnable Heresies Invading the Church Conservative Crusader Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 Retrieved 6 November 2010 Bowman Robert M Fall 1987 The Faulty Foundation of the Five Fold Ministry Christian Research Journal 31 Retrieved 6 November 2010 French David How a Rising Religious Movement Rationalizes the Christian Grasp for Power frenchpress thedispatch com Retrieved 2021 09 15 a b Hardy Elle The modern apostles who want to reshape America ahead of the end times The Outline Retrieved 2021 09 15 a b Matirko Jack 2019 02 20 Dominionism in America Part 5 The Seven Mountains Mandate Patheos Archived from the original on 2019 02 20 Retrieved 2021 09 15 Bible Gateway passage Isaiah 2 2 3 New International Version Bible Gateway Retrieved 2021 09 15 Bible Gateway passage Revelation 17 New International Version Bible Gateway Retrieved 2021 09 15 World s scariest conspiracy theory adelaidenow 2018 12 14 Retrieved 2021 09 15 Hardy Elle 15 January 2021 How a conservative Christian movement became an important part of Trump s political strategy CBC Radio Retrieved 15 September 2021 Neocharismatic Christianity and the Rise of the New Apostolic Reformation Firebrand Magazine Retrieved 2021 09 15 Ted Cruz s campaign is fueled by a dominionist vision for America COMMENTARY Religion News Service 2016 02 04 Retrieved 2021 09 15 John Fea on Ted Cruz s Dominionism Warren Throckmorton Retrieved 2021 09 15 a b c Diamond Sara 1989 Spiritual Warfare The Politics of the Christian Right Boston South End Press page needed Diamond Sara 1995 Roads to Dominion Right Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States New York Guilford Press p 246 ISBN 0 89862 864 4 a b Diamond Sara February 1995 Dominion Theology Z Magazine Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 Retrieved 24 August 2013 Bruce Barron and Anson Shupe 1992 Reasons for the Growing Popularity of Christian Reconstructionism The Determination to Attain Dominion in Bronislaw Misztal and Anson D Shupe eds Religion and politics in comparative perspective revival of religious fundamentalism in East and West Westport Conn Praeger p 85 Clarkson Frederick March June 1994 Christian Reconstructionism Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence The Public Eye Political Research Associates 8 1 amp 2 Clarkson Frederick 1997 Eternal Hostility The Struggle Between Theocracy and Democracy Monroe Maine Common Courage ISBN 1 56751 088 4 page needed Barron Bruce A 1992 Heaven on earth the social amp political agendas of dominion theology Grand Rapids Mich Zondervan p 14 ISBN 0 310 53611 1 a b Diamond Sara 1995 Dominion Theology Z Magazine February 1995 Chip Berlet Following the Threads in Ansell Amy E Unraveling the Right The New Conservatism in American Thought and Politics pp 24 Westview Press 1998 ISBN 0 8133 3147 1 a b c Clarkson Frederick Winter 2005 The Rise of Dominionism Remaking America as a Christian Nation The Public Eye 19 3 Retrieved 2016 02 10 Yurica Katherine 11 February 2004 The Despoiling of America Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 3 October 2007 Also published in Barry F Seidman and Neil J Murphy ed 2004 Toward a New Political Humanism New York Prometheus Books page needed Yurica Katherine January 19 2005 Why the Bible Commands You to Be a Liberal And Vote for Democrats Archived from the original on September 30 2009 Retrieved January 19 2010 Yurica Katherine 23 May 2005 Yurica Responds to Stanley Kurtz Attack Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 6 October 2007 The Christian Right and the Rise of American Fascism By Chris Hedges Archived 2008 05 11 at the Wayback Machine TheocracyWatch Hedges Chris May 2005 Feeling the hate with the National Religious Broadcasters Harper s Retrieved 2007 04 11 Hedges Chris American Fascists The Christian Right and the War on America Free Press 2006 Maddox Marion 2005 God under Howard The Rise of the Religious Right in Australian Politics Allen amp Unwin Rudin James 2006 The Baptizing of America The Religious Right s Plans for the Rest of Us New York Thunder s Mouth Press a b Goldberg Michelle 2006 Kingdom Coming The Rise of Christian Nationalism New York W W Norton ISBN 0 393 06094 2 10 ISBN 978 0 393 06094 2 13 Goldberg Michelle 2011 A Christian Plot for Domination The Daily Beast Published 14 August 2011 Retrieved 9 September 2011 Phillips Kevin 2006 American Theocracy The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion Oil and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century ISBN 0 670 03486 X Harris Sam 2007 God s dupes Los Angeles Times 15 March 2007 Retrieved 8 October 2007 Lizza Ryan 2011 Leap of Faith The New Yorker Published 15 August 2011 Retrieved 9 September 2011 Frank Schaeffer August 9 2011 Michele Bachmann Was Inspired By My Dad and His Christian Reconstructionist Friends Here s Why That s Terrifying Alternet Retrieved 3 January 2017 The Rise of the Religious Right in the Republican Party TheocracyWatch December 2005 Retrieved May 8 2006 Sarah Posner 2011 The Christian right s dominionist strategy The emergence of Rick Perry and Michele Bachmann as top presidential candidates is a story 30 years in the making Salon August 21 1 Michelle Goldberg 2006 Kingdom Coming The Rise of Christian Nationalism Salon May 12 2 a b Chip Berlet The Christian Right Dominionism and Theocracy Part Two Archived February 11 2012 at the Wayback Machine Michelle Goldberg A Christian Plot for Domination The Daily Beast August 14 2011 3 Barton David 1993 America s Godly Heritage WallBuilder Press Kennedy D James and Jim Nelson Black 1994 Character and Destiny A Nation in Search of Its Soul Zondervan Publishing Kennedy D James and Jerry Newcombe 2003 What If America Were a Christian Nation Again Thomas Nelson Church of the Holy Trinity v United States 143 U S 457 12 S Ct 511 36 L Ed 226 29 February 1892 Christian Roots of America Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 Retrieved 3 November 2017 Closing the Gap Between Church and State NPR org Retrieved 2018 03 25 a b Stanley Kurtz 2005 05 02 Dominionist Domination The Left runs with a wild theory National Review Online Retrieved 2007 10 06 Stanley Kurtz 2005 04 28 Scary Stuff National Review Online Retrieved 2007 10 06 Carter Joe 2011 A Journalism Lesson for the New Yorker First Things Published 10 August 2011 Retrieved 19 August 2011 Chip Berlet 2011 How We Coined the Term Dominionism Talk to Action August 31 4 Pierce Jeremy 2011 Dominionismists First Things Published 14 August 2011 Retrieved 8 September 2011 Miller Lisa 2011 Dominionism beliefs among conservative Christians overblown Newsweek Published 18 August 2011 Retrieved 8 September 2011 Douthat Ross 2011 The New Yorker and Francis Schaeffer The New York Times Published 29 August 2011 Retrieved 11 September 2011 Berlet Chip 2005 The Christian Right Dominionism and Theocracy Archived September 18 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 25 September 2007 Ellis Henican A spiritual olive branch for the far right faithful Archived 2008 10 06 at the Wayback Machine Newsday May 1 2005 Reposted at YuricaReport com Retrieved 23 September 2006 Stop Calling Ted Cruz a Dominionist Retrieved 3 November 2017 Bibliography Edit Barron Bruce A 1992 Heaven on earth the social amp political agendas of dominion theology Grand Rapids Michigan Zondervan ISBN 0 310 53611 1 Rushdoony Rousas John Gary North 1973 Institutes of Biblical Law Phillipsburg New Jersey P amp R Publishing ISBN 0 87552 410 9 Diamond Sara 1995 Roads to dominion right wing movements and political power in the United States New York Guilford Press ISBN 0 89862 864 4 Lindsey Hal 1989 The Road to Holocaust London Bantam ISBN 0 553 05724 3 Wagner C Peter 2008 Dominion How Kingdom Action Can Change the World Grand Rapids Michigan Chosen Books ISBN 978 0 8007 9435 4 External links Edit Media related to Dominion theology at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dominion theology amp oldid 1131626026 Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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