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Wikipedia

Gay men

March 08, 2023

Gay men are male homosexuals. Some bisexual and homoromantic men may also dually identify as gay, and a number of young gay men also identify as queer. Historically, gay men have been referred to by a number of different terms, including inverts and uranians.

Two gay men kiss during a Gay Parade
Two interlocked Mars symbols representing male homosexuality.

Gay men continue to face significant discrimination in large parts of the world, particularly in most of Asia and Africa. In the United States, many gay men still experience discrimination in their daily lives,[1] though some openly gay men have reached national success and prominence. In Europe, Xavier Bettel currently serves as the prime minister of Luxembourg; Leo Varadkar serves as the current Taoiseach and head of the Government of Ireland since December 2022 for the second time (he had previously served as Taoiseach (Prime Minister) from June 2017 to June 2020); and from 2011 to 2014, Elio Di Rupo served as Prime Minister of Belgium.

For a time, the term gay was used as a synonym for anything related to homosexual men. For example, the term gay bar still often refers to a bar which caters primarily to a homosexual male clientele or is otherwise part of gay men's culture. By the end of the 20th century, however, the word gay was recommended by LGBT groups and style guides to describe all people exclusively attracted to members of the same sex,[2] while lesbian referred specifically to female homosexuals, and gay men referred exclusively to male homosexuals.[3]

Male homosexuality in world history

Main articles: LGBT history, Timeline of LGBT history, and History of homosexuality

Some scholars argue that the terms "homosexual" and "gay" are problematic when applied to men in ancient cultures since, for example, neither Greeks or Romans possessed any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept of "homosexuality".[4][5] Furthermore, there were diverse sexual practices that varied in acceptance depending on time and place.[4] Other scholars argue that there are significant similarities between ancient and modern male homosexuals.[6][7]

In cultures influenced by Abrahamic religions, the law and the church established sodomy as a transgression against divine law or a crime against nature. The condemnation of anal sex between males, however, predates Christian belief.[8] Throughout the majority of Christian history, most Christian theologians and denominations have considered homosexual behavior as immoral or sinful.[9][10] Many historical figures, including Socrates, Lord Byron, Edward II, and Hadrian,[11] have had terms such as gay or bisexual applied to them. Some scholars, such as Michel Foucault, have regarded this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary construction of sexuality foreign to their times,[12] though other scholars challenge this.[13][7][6]

Africa

See also: Homosexuality in ancient Egypt and LGBT rights in Africa

The first record of a possible homosexual male couple in history is commonly regarded as Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, an ancient Egyptian couple, who lived around 2400 BCE. The pair are portrayed in a nose-kissing position, the most intimate pose in Egyptian art, surrounded by what appear to be their heirs.[14] The 6th- or 7th-century Ashmolean Parchment AN 1981.940 provides the only example in Coptic language of a love spell between men.[15] At around of 1240, the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer Abul Fada'il Ibn al-'Assal compiled a legal code known as Fetha Nagast. Written in Ge'ez language, Ibn al-'Assal referred his laws from apostolic writer and former laws of Byzantine Empire. Fetha Nagast was written in two parts: the first dealt with the Church hierarchy sacraments and connected to religious rites. The second concerned laity, civil administration such as family laws.[16] In 1960, when the government enacted the civil code of Ethiopia, it cited the Fetha Nagast as an inspiration to the codification commission.[17] More recently, the European colonization of Africa resulted in the introduction of anti-sodomy laws, and is generally regarded as the central reason why African nations have such stringent laws against gay men today.[18] Three countries or jurisdictions have imposed the death penalty for gay men in Africa. These include Mauritania and several regions in Nigeria and Jubaland.[19][20][21]

Americas

See also: Homosexuality in ancient Peru
 
Pre-Columbian ceramic of two men engaging in oral sex

As is true of many other non-Western cultures, it is difficult to determine the extent to which Western notions of sexual orientation apply to Pre-Columbian cultures. Evidence of homoerotic sexual acts between men has been found in many pre-conquest civilizations in Latin America, such as the Aztecs, Mayas, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotecs, the Incas, and the Tupinambá of Brazil.[22][23][24] The Spanish conquistadors expressed horror at discovering sodomy openly practiced among native men and used it as evidence of their supposed inferiority.[25] The conquistadors talked extensively of sodomy among the natives to depict them as savages and hence justify their conquest and forced conversion to Christianity. As a result of the growing influence and power of the conquistadors, many Native leaders started condemning homosexual acts themselves. During the period following European colonization, homosexuality was prosecuted by the Inquisition, sometimes leading to death sentences on the charges of sodomy, and the practices became clandestine. Many homosexual men went into heterosexual marriages to keep appearances, and some turned to the clergy to escape public scrutiny.[26]

During the Mexican Inquisition, after a series of denunciations, authorities arrested 123 men in 1658 on suspicion of homosexuality. Although many escaped, the Royal Criminal Court sentenced fourteen men from different social and ethnic backgrounds to death by public burning, in accordance to the law passed by Isabella the Catholic in 1497. The sentences were carried out together on one day, 6 November 1658. The records of these trials and those that occurred in 1660, 1673 and 1687, suggest that Mexico City, like many other large cities at the time had an active underworld.[26][27]

East Asia

 
Two young men about to have relations. Qing China, date unknown.

In East Asia, same-sex relations between men has been noted since the earliest recorded history. Homosexuality in China, known as the passions of the cut peach and various other euphemisms, has been recorded since approximately 600 BCE. Male homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. The instances of same-sex affection and sexual interactions described in the classical novel Dream of the Red Chamber seem as familiar to observers in the present as do equivalent stories of romances between heterosexual people during the same period. Confucianism, being primarily a social and political philosophy, focused little on sexuality, whether homosexual or heterosexual. Ming dynasty literature, such as Bian Er Chai (弁而釵/弁而钗), portray homosexual relationships between men as more enjoyable and more "harmonious" than heterosexual relationships.[28] Writings from the Liu Song Dynasty by Wang Shunu claimed that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality in the late 3rd century China.[29] Opposition to male homosexuality in China originates in the medieval Tang Dynasty (618–907), attributed to the rising influence of Christian and Islamic values,[30] but did not become fully established until the Westernization efforts of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.[31]

Europe

Classical period

Further information: Greek love, Homosexuality in ancient Greece, Homosexuality in ancient Rome, Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom, and Homosexuality in medieval Europe

The earliest Western documents (in the form of literary works, art objects, and mythographic materials) concerning same-sex male relationships are derived from ancient Greece. These relationships were constrained between "normal" men and their young male lovers. Relationships between adult men, however, were still largely considered taboo in Ancient Greek culture. Given the importance in Greek society of cultivating the masculinity of the adult male and the perceived feminizing effect of being the passive partner, relations between adult men of comparable social status were considered highly problematic, and usually associated with social stigma.[32]

This stigma, however, was reserved for only the passive partner in the relationship. According to contemporary opinion, Greek men who took on a passive sexual role after reaching adulthood – at which point they were expected to take the reverse role in pederastic relationships and become the active and dominant member – thereby were feminized or "made a woman" of themselves. There is ample evidence in the theater of Aristophanes that derides these passive men and gives a glimpse of the type of biting social opprobrium and shame ("atimia") heaped upon them by their society.[33]

Some scholars argue that there are examples of male homosexual love in ancient literature, such as Achilles and Patroclus in the Iliad.[34] In Ancient Rome, young men's bodies remained a focus of male sexual attention, but relationships were between older free men and slaves or freed youths who took the receptive role in sex. The Hellenophile emperor Hadrian is renowned for his relationship with Antinous, but the Christian emperor Theodosius I decreed a law on 6 August 390, condemning passive males to be burned at the stake.[35][36]

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, wealthy cities in northern Italy—Florence and Venice in particular—were renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along the classical pattern of Greece and Rome.[37][38] But even as many of the male population were engaging in same-sex relationships, the authorities, under the aegis of the Officers of the Night court, were prosecuting, fining, and imprisoning a good portion of that population.

From the second half of the 13th century, death was the punishment for male homosexuality in most of Europe.[39] The relationships of socially prominent figures, such as King James I and the Duke of Buckingham, served to highlight the issue,[40] including in anonymously authored street pamphlets: "The world is chang'd I know not how, For men Kiss Men, not Women now; ... Of J. the First and Buckingham: He, true it is, his Wives Embraces fled, To slabber his lov'd Ganimede" (Mundus Foppensis, or The Fop Display'd, 1691).

Middle East

Further information: LGBT in Islam, Homosexuality and Judaism, and Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey
 
An illustration from the 19th-century book Sawaqub al-Manaquib depicting homosexual sex between young men

In ancient Sumer, a set of priests known as gala worked in the temples of the goddess Inanna, where they performed elegies and lamentations.[41]: 285  Gala took female names, spoke in the eme-sal dialect, which was traditionally reserved for women, and appear to have engaged in homosexual intercourse.[42] The Sumerian sign for gala was a ligature of the signs for "penis" and "anus".[42] One Sumerian proverb reads: "When the gala wiped off his ass [he said], 'I must not arouse that which belongs to my mistress [i.e., Inanna].'"[42] In later Mesopotamian cultures, kurgarrū and assinnu were male servants of the goddess Ishtar (Inanna's East Semitic equivalent), who dressed in female clothing and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.[42] Several Akkadian proverbs seem to suggest that they may have also engaged in homosexual intercourse.[42] In ancient Assyria, male homosexuality was present and common; it was also not prohibited, condemned, nor looked upon as immoral or disordered. Some religious texts contain prayers for divine blessings on homosexual relationships.[43][44] The Almanac of Incantations contained prayers favoring on an equal basis the love of a man for a woman, of a woman for a man, and of a man for man.[45]

Gay men in modern Western history

The use of gay to mean a "homosexual" man was first used as an extension of its application to prostitution: a gay boy was a young man or adolescent serving male clients.[46] Similarly, a gay cat was a young man apprenticed to an older hobo and commonly exchanging sex and other services for protection and tutelage. The application to homosexuality was also an extension of the word's sexualized connotation of "uninhibited", which implied a willingness to disregard conventional sexual mores. In court in 1889, the prostitute John Saul stated: "I occasionally do odd-jobs for different gay people."[47]

Bringing Up Baby (1938) was the first film to use the word gay in an apparent reference to homosexuality. In a scene in which Cary Grant's character's clothes have been sent to the cleaners, he is forced to wear a woman's feather-trimmed robe. When another character asks about his robe, he responds, "Because I just went gay all of a sudden!" Since this was a mainstream film at a time, when the use of the word to refer to cross-dressing (and, by extension, homosexuality) would still be unfamiliar to most film-goers, the line can also be interpreted to mean, "I just decided to do something frivolous."[48]

In 1950, the earliest reference found to date for the word gay as a self-described name for male homosexuals came from Alfred A. Gross, executive secretary for the George W. Henry Foundation, who said in the June 1950 issue of Sir magazine: "I have yet to meet a happy homosexual. They have a way of describing themselves as gay but the term is a misnomer. Those who are habitues of the bars frequented by others of the kind, are about the saddest people I've ever seen."[49]

Gay men in the Holocaust

Main article: Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
 
A pink triangle was worn by gay men during the Holocaust.

Gay men were one of the primary victims of the Nazi Holocaust. Historically, the earliest legal step towards the Nazi persecution of male homosexuality was 1871's Paragraph 175, a law passed after the unification of the German Empire. Paragraph 175 read: "An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex ... is punishable by imprisonment; the loss of civil rights might also be imposed." The law was interpreted differently in Germany until 23 April 1880, when the Reichsgericht ruled that criminal homosexual acts involved either anal, oral, or intercrural sex between two men. Anything less (such as kissing and cuddling) were deemed harmless play.[50]

Franz Gürtner, the Reich Justice Minister amended Paragraph 175 to address "loopholes" in the law after the Night of the Long Knives. The 1935 version of Paragraph 175 declared "expressions" of homosexuality as prosecutable crimes. The most important change to the law was the definitional shift of male homosexuality from "An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex" to instead "A male who commits a sex offense with another male." This expanded the reach of the law to persecute gay men as a people group, rather than male homosexuality as a sexual act. Kissing, mutual masturbation and love-letters between men were now seen as legitimate reasons for the police to make arrests. The law never defined a "sex offence", leaving it to interpretation.[51]

Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals under the Nazi regime, of whom some 50,000 were officially sentenced. Most of these men served time in prison, while an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 were incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps. Rüdiger Lautmann argued that the death rate of homosexuals in concentration camps may have been as high as 60%. Gay men in the camps suffered an unusual degree of cruelty by their captors and were regularly used as the subjects for Nazi medical experiments as scientists tried to find a "cure" for homosexuality.[52]

AIDS crisis in the United States

See also: HIV/AIDS in the United States
 
ACT UP was founded by Larry Kramer to fight for medical funding and research on the HIV/AIDS crisis.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is considered the deadliest period in modern history for gay men, and the generation of young gay men who died in the crisis is known as the "lost generation".[53] At its start, the epidemic was particularly severe in the United States. In 1980, San Francisco resident Ken Horne was reported to the CDC with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). He was retroactively identified as the first patient of the AIDS epidemic in the US.[54] In 1981, Lawrence Mass became the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic in the New York Native.[55] Later that year, the CDC reported a cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five gay men in Los Angeles.[56] The next month, The New York Times ran the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals".[57] The illness was soon termed Gay Related Immunodeficiency (G.R.I.D.), because it was believed to only affect gay men.[58] In June 1982, Larry Kramer founded the Gay Men's Health Crisis to provide food and support to gay men dying in New York City. During the early years of the AIDS crisis, gay men were treated pitilessly in hospital quarantine wards, left alone without contact for weeks at a time.[59]

 
1990 ACT UP radical direct action protesting the Bush Administration's slow pace of federal research for AIDS

During the early years of the epidemic, there was significant misinformation surrounding the illness. Rumors swirled that being in the same room or being touched by a gay man could lead one to contract HIV. It was not until April 1984 that the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announced in a press conference that the American scientist Robert Gallo had discovered the probable cause of AIDS, the retrovirus which would be named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. In September 1985, during his second term in office, US President Ronald Reagan publicly mentioned AIDS for the first time after being asked about his administration's lack of medical research funding for the crisis.[60][61] Four months later, Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, stated, "One million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years."[62] Gay men, trans women, and bisexual men faced the brunt of deaths during the first decade of the crisis. Activists claimed the government was responding to the epidemic with apathy because of the perceived "social undesirability" of these groups. To address this perceived apathy, activists such as Vito Russo, Larry Kramer, and others,[63] took more militant approaches to AIDS activism, organizing direct action through organizations like ACT UP in order to force pharmaceutical corporations and government agencies to respond to the epidemic with more urgency. ACT UP eventually grew into a transnational organization, with 140 chapters around the world,[64] while the AIDS crisis ultimately became a global epidemic. By 2019, complications related to AIDS had taken 32.7 million lives worldwide.[65]

Legal status of gay men in modern society

Africa

 
Binyavanga Wainaina (right), a Kenyan writer, who came out in 2014 in response to a wave of anti-gay laws in Africa

There are 54 nations in Africa recognized by the United Nations and/or African Union. In 34 of these states, male homosexuality is explicitly outlawed.[66] In a 2015 report, Human Rights Watch noted that in Benin and the Central African Republic, male homosexuality is not explicitly outlawed, but both have laws which are applied differently for gay men than for straight men.[67] In Mauritania, northern Nigeria, Somaliland, and Somalia, male homosexuality is punishable by death.[66][68] In Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda, gay men receive life imprisonment for homosexual acts, though the law is not regularly enforced in Sierra Leone. In Nigeria, legislation has also made it illegal for family members, allies, and friends of gay men to openly express support for homosexuality, and the country is generally recognized for its "cold-blooded" attitudes toward gay men.[69][70] Nigerian law states that any heterosexual person "who administers, witnesses, abets or aids" male homosexual activity should receive a 10-year jail sentence.[71] In Uganda, Christian fundamentalist organizations from the United States funded the introduction of Kill the Gays legislation to impose the death penalty for gay men.[72] The bill was ruled unconstitutional by the Ugandan Supreme Court in 2014, but retains support in the country and has been reconsidered for implementation.[73][74] Of all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa has the most liberal attitudes toward gay men. In 2006, South Africa became the fifth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage, and the Constitution of South Africa guarantees gay men and lesbians full equal rights and protections. South Africa is the only country in Africa where LGBT discrimination is constitutionally forbidden; however, social discrimination against South African gay men persists in rural parts of the country, where high levels of religious tradition continue to fuel prejudice and violence.[75]

Caribbean

 
Jamaican rapper Buju Banton has included been criticzed for violently homophobic messages in his music (see: Stop Murder Music).[76]

In the Americas (both North and South), male homosexuality is legal in every country (except Guyana). In the Caribbean, however, nine nations have criminal punishment for "buggery" on their statute books.[66] These countries include Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, Guyana, and Jamaica. In Jamaica, sexual intercourse between men is legally punishable by imprisonment, though the law's repeal is pending. As in Singapore, sexual intercourse between women is already legal,[77] though lesbians in Jamaica still experience a high level of social stigma.[78]

In Jamaica, reports of vigilante violence and torture against gay men have been reported by the Jamaican police. In 2013, Amnesty International reported that "Gay men and lesbian women have been beaten, cut, burned, raped and shot on account of their sexuality. ... We are concerned that these reports are just the tip of the iceberg. Many gay men and women in Jamaica are too afraid to go to the authorities and seek help".[79] As a result of this violence, hundreds of gay men from Jamaica sought to emigrate to countries with better human rights records.[80] A 2016 poll from J-Flag showed that 88 percent of those polled disapprove of homosexuality,[81] though since 2018, discriminatory attitudes have decreased slightly.[82]

In the Caribbean, like in other developing countries around the world, homosexual identity is often associated with Westernization,[83] and as a result, homophobia is believed to be an anti-colonial tool. Wayne Marshall wrote that gay men are believed to be "decadent products of the West" and "are thus to be resisted alongside other forms of colonization, cultural or political".[84] Wayne cites the example of the Jamaican dancehall hit "Dem Bow" by Shabba Ranks, which calls for the violent murder of gay men alongside a call for the "freedom for Black people". Marshall notes the irony of this ideological position, considering the historical evidence that homophobia was introduced to colonies by European colonists.[85] Nevertheless, Caribbean scholars have noted the importance of opposition to gay men for Jamaican male gender construction. Kingsley Ragashanti Stewart, a professor of anthropology at the University of the West Indies, writes, "A lot of Jamaican men, if you call them a homosexual, ... will immediately get violent. It's the worst insult you could give to a Jamaican man."[86] Stewart writes that homophobia influences Caribbean society even at the micro level of language. He writes of urban youth vernacular, "It's like if you say, 'Come back here,' they will say, 'No, no, no don't say "come back".' You have to say 'come forward,' because come back is implying that you're 'coming in the back,' which is how gay men have sex."[86]

Eastern Europe

 
Activists enact a scene of Chechen mothers mourning their disappeared sons, draped in LGBT and Chechen flags

In Eastern Europe, there has been a steady erosion of rights for gay men over the course of the last decade. In the Russian republic of Chechnya, gay men have been subjected to forced disappearances—secret abductions, imprisonment, torture—and extrajudicial killing by authorities. An unknown number of men, detained due to suspicion of them being gay or bisexual, have died while held in concentration camps.[87][88] Independent media and human rights groups have reported that gay men are being sent to clandestine camps in Chechnya, described by one eyewitness as "closed prison, the existence of which no one officially knows".[88][89] Some gay men have attempted to flee the region, but have been detained by Russian police and sent back to Chechnya.[90] Reports have emerged of prison officials releasing accused gay men from the camps after securing assurances from their families that their families will kill them (at least one man was reported by a witness as having died after returning to his family).[89] These imprisoned men are kept in extremely cramped conditions, with 30 to 40 people detained in one room (two to three metres big), and few are afforded a trial. Witnesses have also reported that the gay men are regularly beaten (with polypropylene pipes below the waist), tortured with electricity, and spat in the face by prison guards.[89] In some cases the process of torture has resulted in the death of the person being tortured.[91][92] As of 2021, the situation in Chechnya continues to worsen for gay men.[93] In other countries in Eastern Europe, rights for gay men continue to deteriorate. Polish President Andrzej Duda has pledged to ban teaching about gay men in schools, forbid same-sex marriage and adoption, and establish "LGBT-free zones".[94]

A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that the majority of Orthodox Christians in the Eastern European and former USSR states surveyed believe that homosexuality "should not be accepted by society"; 45% of Orthodox Christians in Greece and 31% in the United States answered the same way.[95]

Southwest Asia and North Africa

See also: LGBT rights in the Middle East
 
Abdellah Taïa has written about the abuse he suffered as a gay child in Morocco.[96]

In Southwest Asia and North Africa, gay men face some of the harshest and most hostile laws anywhere in the world. Sex between men is explicitly outlawed in 10 of the 18 "Middle Eastern" countries and is punishable by death in six. According to scholars, recent popular turns toward Islamic fundamentalism has strongly influenced the extreme violence against gay men. While all same-sex activity is legal in Bahrain, Cyprus, the West Bank, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Iraq, male homosexuality is illegal and punishable by imprisonment in Syria, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, and Egypt. Israel is the most progressive concerning LGBT rights and recognizing unregistered cohabitation; however, it has faced criticism from academics such as Sarah Schulman and Jason Ritchie for "pinkwashing."[97][98] And although same-sex marriage is not legal in the country, there is public support for recognizing and registering same-sex marriages performed in other countries.[99]

Male same-sex activity is also punishable by death in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Qatar. In the Gaza Strip and Yemen, punishment for male homosexuality varies between death and imprisonment depending on the act committed. In 2018, a transnational survey conducted in the region by Pew Research Center found that 80% of people polled believed homosexuality was "morally unacceptable",[100] though others argue that the true number of people who support rights for gay men is unclear due to fear of backlash and punishment.[101]

Gay men's contemporary art and culture

See also: LGBT culture

High fashion

 
McQueen, Fall 2008

Since the early 20th century, gay men, both out and closeted, have worked as some of the world's most influential fashion designers and started some of the most important fashion houses. Cristóbal Balenciaga (b. 1895), who started the Balenciaga brand, was gay[102] but remained private about his sexuality for his entire life.[103] His long-time partner, Franco-Polish millionaire Władzio Jaworowski d'Attainville, set up the fund for him to start the house. After d'Attainville died, Balenciaga's following collection was designed entirely in black to mourn his loss.[104] The French fashion designer Christian Dior (b. 1905) was another hugely influential fashion designer of the 20th century.[105] Dior never married nor openly identified as a gay man, however, he was known to frequent the gay cultural scene in Paris and was infamously described by Coco Chanel as never having intimately "known" a woman.[106][107] Yves Saint Laurent (b. 1935), also regarded as being among the foremost fashion designers in the twentieth century,[108] was openly gay; his long-time partner was Pierre Berge.[109] Gianni Versace (b. 1946), an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, publicly came out in an interview with The Advocate in July 1995.[110] Versace was murdered in 1997.[111]

A younger generation of gay men gained prominence in the fashion world during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Tom Ford (b. 1961) founded his eponymous brand Tom Ford in 2005 and has stated that he realized he was gay as a young man visiting Studio 54 in the 1980s.[112][113] Alexander McQueen (b. 1969), who was also openly gay, founded his own label Alexander McQueen in 1992 and was recognized as a fashion prodigy for his revolutionary designs.[114] McQueen said he realized his sexual orientation when he was six years old.[115] In 2000, McQueen had a marriage ceremony with his partner George Forsyth, a documentary filmmaker, on a yacht in Ibiza.[116] McQueen died by suicide in 2010, shortly after the death of his mother. In recent years, gay men have continued to produce some of the most influential fashion in the world, including by designers such as Jeremy Scott (b. 1975), Jason Wu (b. 1982), and Alexander Wang (b. 1983).[117][118][119]

Art

 
 
 
 
"Unfromme Wünsche" by Matthias Laurenz Gräff (top left), Keith Haring in East Harlem in 1986 (top right), American artist Andy Warhol in Moderna Museet, Stockholm (bottom left), and "Darya Zhukova" by Alexander Kargaltsev (bottom right).

In the 20th century, gay men were amongst the Western world's most influential and prolific artists, writers, and dancers. In the United States by mid-century, James Baldwin (b. 1924) was considered one of the best writers of his generation.[120] His work, including Giovanni's Room (1956) dealt openly with homosexuality and bisexuality at a time when sex between men was still illegal throughout much of the Western world.[121][122] Other major artists of Baldwin's generation, including Robert Rauschenberg (b. 1925) and Jasper Johns (b. 1930), were less open about their sexuality,[123] and even made fun of other young gay artists of their generation, such as Andy Warhol, for being too feminine.[124] In the world of New York dance, Alvin Ailey (b. 1931) fused theater, modern dance, ballet, and jazz with black vernacular, and his choreographic magnum opus Revelations is recognized as one of the most popular and most performed ballets in the world.[125][126][127] Ailey remained closeted for much of his life, and he passed from an AIDS related illness at the age of 58.[128] David Hockney (b. 1937), another major artist of the Silent Generation, was an important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s and is considered one of the most influential British artists of the 20th century.[129][130] He has been openly gay for much of his life.[131]

Many of the most influential gay and bisexual artists of the Boomer and X generations died at very early ages during the AIDS crises, including Carlos Almaraz (b. 1941), Robert Mapplethorpe (b. 1946), Félix González-Torres (b. 1957), and Keith Haring (b. 1958). Much of the Art of the AIDS Crisis was highly political and critical of the U.S. government and has been described as "afraid, angry, fearful, and defiant".[132] In the aftermath of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, gay men and other queer artists pioneered a new form of experimental filmmaking called New Queer Cinema.[133][134] Today, gay men such as Mark Bradford, Julio Salgado, and Kehinde Wiley are amongst the most influential artists of their generation.[135][136][137] Much of contemporary Western gay art today deals with themes of body, identity, and experience.[138]

Outside of the West, art containing themes of gay male sexuality is still considered subversive and taboo. In Singapore, which criminalized all sexual acts between men through Section 377A of the Penal Code until 2022,[139] art by gay men is considered countercultural. Gay men in Singapore historically have been depicted negatively in local mainstream media, and efforts to counter this discrimination from wider Singaporean society has been made difficult because of the risk of jail, bans, and censorship by the state.[139][140][141][142]

Film and media art

Main article: New Queer Cinema

In the United States, Andy Warhol made underground films with queer themes and actors. His work had an international influence in queer film art.[143] The avant-garde director Rosa von Praunheim has made more than 100 films on queer topics since the late 1960s, some of them have been evaluated internationally. Some films are considered milestones in queer cinema. Von Praunheim is internationally recognized as an icon of queer cinema.[144] The director Rainer Werner Fassbinder had an early influence on queer cinema with films like Querelle (1982).[145] These filmmakers and others pioneered queer Hollywood productions like Brokeback Mountain (2005), which reached an audience of millions.[146]

Drag

Main article: Drag queen
 
Post-Modern Art Attack

Drag queens are a significant part of the popular culture of gay men and are regularly featured in gay bars. Drag queens use drag clothing and makeup to imitate and often exaggerate female gender signifiers and gender roles as part of a performance used for artistic or entertainment purposes. Drag shows often include lip-syncing, dancing, and live singing. They occur at events like drag pageants and gay pride parades and in nightclubs and cabarets, as well as in local gay bars. Drag queens vary by dedication, type, and culture, and range from professionals who star in films, such as Divine or Rupaul, to people who do drag only occasionally.

Drag balls themselves have a long history for gay men in the United States.[147] In 1869 at the Hamilton Lodge in Harlem, the first drag balls were held. These balls were held in secret, but news grew of their existence as a safe place for gay men to congregate.[147] The balls were deemed immoral and illegal, and a moral reform organization known as the Committee of Fourteen investigated alleged "immoral" activities.[147] In 1916, the committee released a report describing "'phenomenal ... male perverts' in expensive frocks and wigs, looking like women".[147] By the 1920s, the balls grew in public visibility. In New York, the events, once called Masquerade and Civic Balls, were called "Faggots Balls" by the general public.[147] The balls, however, also attracted some of the city's top artists and writers, including Charles Henri Ford and Parker Tyler.[147] The men, who co-authored The Young and Evil, described the drag ball as "a scene whose celestial flavor and cerulean coloring no angelic painter or nectarish poet has ever conceived ... lit up like high mass."[148] This flourishing of gay life in the 1920s and 30s was part of a period known as the Pansy Craze.[149]

More recently, the film Paris is Burning (1990) detailed the drag ball scene of New York City and showcased the lives and experiences of a group of young "butch queens" (cisgender gay men), transgender women, drag queens, and butch women. Since its release, the film has become a cult classic and has served as an organizing and academic tool for the gay and trans communities (though it has been subject to significant criticism).[150] Meanwhile, the television reality program RuPaul's Drag Race has been on-air in the United States since 2009 and has introduced the straight mainstream to gay men's popular culture through drag. The original American series has since developed into the global Drag Race franchise.

Camp

Main article: Camp (style)
 
"Magenta carpet" at Life Ball 2013

Camp is a visual aesthetic style often associated with gay men. An English definition of the term first appeared in a 1909 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary: "ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; effeminate or homosexual; pertaining to, characteristic of, homosexuals".[151] From its original meaning, the term has evolved to signify an inversion of aesthetic attributes such as beauty, value, and taste through exaggeration and irony.[152] Camp is often mistaken with kitsch and has been described as "cheesy". In 1964, Susan Sontag's essay Notes on "Camp" emphasized camp's key elements as: "artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness, and shocking excess".[153] In recent years, gay men have sought to disassociate themselves from the term. In a 2018 interview, director Ryan Murphy said he believed camp was "a lazy catchall that gets thrown at gay artists in order to marginalize their ambitions, to frame their work as niche" and preferred to describe his visual aesthetic style as "baroque".[154] As some gay men have moved away from the term, however, mainstream straight society has appropriated it. In 2019, the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art hosted its annual event, the Met Gala, with the theme titled "Notes on Camp".[155] That same year, the museum presented its full exhibit "Camp: Notes on Fashion", in which it presented numerous "campy" women's dresses.[156] Nevertheless, in drag performances and at gay pride events, many gay men continue to embrace a camp aesthetic.[157]

Representations of gay men in Western media

See also: Media portrayal of LGBT people
 
In The Maltese Falcon, Peter Lorre played an overtly stereotyped effeminate villain.

In many forms of popular entertainment, gay men are portrayed stereotypically as promiscuous, flamboyant, flashy, and sassy. Gay men are also rarely the main characters in mainstream films; they frequently play the role of stereotyped supporting characters or are portrayed as either a victim or the villain.[158] Despite the stereotypical depictions of gay men, television shows since the 1990s, such as Queer as Folk, Queer Eye, and Modern Family have promoted broader social acceptance of gay men as "normal people". Nevertheless, gay men are still frequently portrayed in the United States as symbols of social decadence by evangelists and organizations such as Focus on the Family.[159]

Historical Western media representations

Boys Beware, a 1961 U.S. propaganda film warning boys to beware the "predatory" dangers of homosexual men

Historically, many films have included negative sub-texts regarding male homosexuality, such as in Alfred Hitchcock's films, whose villains used implied homosexuality to heighten senses of evil and alienation.[160][161] In news programming, male homosexuality was rarely directly mentioned, but it was often portrayed as a sickness, perversion, or crime. In 1967, CBC released a news segment on homosexuality; however, the segment was simply a compilation of negative stereotypes of gay men.[162] The 1970s showed an increase in gay men's visibility in Western media with the 1972 ABC show That Certain Summer. The show was about a gay man raising a family, and although it did not show any explicit relations between the men, it contained no negative stereotypes.[162]

With the emergence of the AIDS epidemic and its explicit associations with gay men, media outlets in the U.S. varied in their coverage, portrayal, and acceptance of gay male communities. The American Family Association, the Coalition for Better Television, and the Moral Majority organized boycotts against advertisers on television programs which showed gay men in a positive light.[163] Media coverage of gay men during the AIDS crisis depended on the location and therefore the local attitudes toward gay men. For example, in the Bay Area, The San Francisco Chronicle hired an openly gay man as a reporter and ran detailed stories on gay male topics. This was a sharp contrast to The New York Times, which refused to use the word "gay" in its writing, exclusively referring to gay men and lesbians with the term "homosexuals", because it was believed to be a more clinical term. The Times also limited its verbal and visual coverage of issues pertaining to gay men.[162][164]

Contemporary Western media representations

 
On Pose, Billy Porter plays Pray Tell, a Black gay man with AIDS in New York.

In recent years, positive representations of gay men entered mainstream television programming, however, critiques also emerged about the lack of diverse representations of gay men onscreen. Alfred Martin writes, "Popular television shows including Will & Grace, Sex and the City, Brothers and Sisters, and Modern Family routinely depict gay men. Yet the common characteristic among most televisual representations of gay men is that they are usually white."[165] Scholars have noted that intersectional representations of gay men of color are generally not present on television.[165] Additionally, when television shows do depict gay men of color, they are often used as a plot device or as some type of trope. For example, Blaine Anderson and Kurt Hummel were two important characters on the show Glee. Darren Criss, who portrays Blaine, is half-Asian, while Chris Colfer, who portrays Kurt, is white; Blaine often served as nothing more than a love-interest for Kurt's character. Gay male characters of color are also often depicted as "race neutral".[165] For example, on the ABC Family show, GRΣΣK, Calvin Owens is a Black, openly gay man; however, many of his storylines, plots, and struggles singularly revolve around his sexual identity. In an attempt to be colorblind, the show disregards his ethnic identity.[165]

Health

Surviving abuse

 
Gay men are more likely to be abused but less likely to seek help.

From a very early age, sexual and gender minority identified men are at an increased risk of being physically and sexually abused.[166] Among boys of all sexual orientations, about one in six is sexually abused before they turn sixteen (however, the range of available estimates is far broader).[167] An estimated 96–98% of perpetrators of sexual abuse in general are heterosexual men.[168] In the United States, it has been estimated that the number of gay men who were sexually abused or molested when they were children is about 20%.[169] Around the world, the sexual abuse of effeminate male children by heterosexual men continues to be a major concern.[170][171] Writing about his own experience as a feminine boy, the openly-gay Moroccan writer, Abdellah Taïa, wrote in a New York Times op-ed: "I knew what happened to boys like me in our impoverished society; they were designated victims, to be used, with everyone's blessing, as easy sexual objects by frustrated men."[96]

Over the course of their adult lives, gay and bisexual men are also at acute risk of experiencing physical and sexual trauma.[172] Approximately 26 percent of gay men and 37 percent of bisexual men experience physical violence, rape, or stalking by an intimate partner, and 40 percent of gay men and 47 percent of bisexual men have experienced sexual violence other than penetrative rape.[173] This combination of suffering from both childhood and adult sexual victimization has significant health effects on gay men's communities.[172] Gay and bisexual men who were abused as children have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, higher likelihood of sexual compulsivity, and increased risk of exposure to HIV.[172] Gay men who experience sexual abuse also display lower self-esteem, a distorted sense of self-worth, and difficulty forming healthy emotional relationships.[172] However, gay men are less likely than women to seek mental health assistance after experiencing trauma, oftentimes due to social stigma and false beliefs around sexual assault, such as "men cannot be forced to have sex" and "men become gay or bisexual because they were sexually abused."[172]

Sexual health

 
HIV prevention poster advocating for safe MSM sex in Vietnam

Around the world, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) face significant challenges in terms of their overall sexual health. According to a 2018 UNAIDS report, MSM have a "staggering" 27 times higher risk of contracting HIV than other demographic groups.[174] New HIV infection rates for MSM vary by region, but according to the 2018 UN report, HIV cases among MSM represent: 57% of all new cases in North America, Central Europe, and Western Europe; 41% of all new cases in Latin America; 25% of all new cases in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean; 20% of all new cases in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East; and 12% of all new cases in Western and Central Africa.[175]

In countries with diverse racial populations, such as the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, new HIV infections among gay and bisexual men are found disproportionately in working-class and communities of color.[176][177][178] In the United States, there are currently full-blown HIV crises amongst gay Chicano and Latino men in the Mexico-U.S. borderlands region,[179] and amongst African American MSM in the South.[180] In the South, Black gay, bisexual, and other MSM account for six out of every 10 new HIV diagnoses amongst all African Americans.[180] In recent years, independent news sources have shown that working-class Black and Latino gay men in the United States still face significant health disparities in these crises;[181][182] however, in the United States, as in other places around the world, these problems have only worsened as HIV-positive MSM (especially those from already disadvantaged communities)[183] have been severely and disproportionately affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic.[184]

In addition to HIV, young gay, bisexual, and other MSM are also at significantly higher risk for other sexual health-related issues. Because compulsive and condomless sexually-related behaviors are also strongly associated with depression,[185] young MSM (who are disproportionately likely to experience clinical depression)[186][187] are at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections via unsafe sex.[188] Furthermore, because depression is strongly linked to a history of being sexual abused, the high rate of past childhood sexual trauma among gay men leaves many in the community vulnerable to unhealthy behaviors and practices.[169][189] As a combination of these complex factors, many gay, bisexual, and MSM have higher rates of STIs, including chlamydia and gonorrhea, and in the United States, account for 83% of all primary and secondary syphilis cases.[190]

Mental health

There are significant issues affecting the overall mental health of gay men. In the United States, 29.3 percent of gay and bisexual men report experiencing chronic daily psychological distress.[172] Gay and bisexual men are exposed to significant minority stress, which is the constant exposure to stressors because of their minority identity in society.[172] Familial and social rejection, homophobia, alienation, and isolation can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and a lack of self-acceptance.[172] These issues have been found to be exacerbated in gay men who have experienced sexual abuse.[172] Even in countries with social and legal protections for gay men, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, structural societal stigma against homosexual men persists, and discrimination has been shown to have negative effects on the mental health of gay men.[191] In fact, compared to straight men, gay and bisexual men have a higher chance of having both major depression and generalized anxiety disorder.[191] Gay and bisexual men are also at greater risk of dying by suicide;[192] they are one of the demographic groups most likely to have tried to commit suicide, as well as to actually die by suicide.[191] Finally, HIV-positive status continues to have a major impact on the mental health of many gay and bisexual men, who fear disclosing their status to employers, friends, and families, particularly if they have not yet come out.[191]

Incarceration

See also: LGBT people in prison

United States

 
Protest against mass incarceration in Chowchilla, California in January 2013

Since the 1980s, numerous countries around the world, including in Europe, Asia, and North and South America, have seen massive rises in their rates of incarceration.[193] No country in the world, however, has experienced as dramatic an increase in incarceration rates as the United States, which accounts for around 25% of the world's prisoners.[194] This massive rise in incarceration rates has had dramatic effects for gay men.

In 2017, a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law found that in local and county jails, 6.2 percent of all incarcerated men were sexual minorities, including 3.3 percent who identified as gay or bisexual, and 2.9 percent who did not identify as gay or bisexual but reported having had sex with men (MSM).[195] This number was higher amongst men within state and federal prisons, where 5.5 percent identified as gay or bisexual, and an additional 3.8 were MSM.[195] The Williams Institute's research team also found that gay and bisexual men received longer and harsher sentences for the same crimes committed compared to heterosexual men.[195] Gay and bisexual men were found to be 2.7 times more likely to receive prison terms exceeding 20 years than straight men, and were more likely to have spent time in solitary confinement while incarcerated: 26.8 of gay and bisexual men had been held in solitary compared to 18.2 of straight men.[195]

Additionally, gay men are at increased risk of rape and sexual abuse while in prison.[196] A report by the international human-rights organization Human Rights Watch found that in U.S. prisons, the rape of incarcerated gay men is often administratively dismissed because of the misconception that any sexual contact involving a gay man and another male is inherently consensual.[196] As a result, rape victims who are known or believed to be gay are sometimes even denied medical treatment or legal recourse, and perpetrators often go unpunished and thus are allowed to continue abusing their victims.[196] According to the activist Andrea Cavanaugh Kern, high rates of sexual assault against prisoners, combined with high rates of HIV infections in prisons, means that incarceration can often be a "life-or-death" issue for gay and bisexual men.[197]

Homelessness

 
London advert protesting the exclusion of unhoused LGBT people

For many young gay men and LGBT+ youth around the world, homelessness and housing insecurity are serious issues.[198][199] In the United States, which has the largest homeless population in the Western world outside of Germany, numerical estimates of housing insecure LGBT youth range from 1.6 million to 2.8 million.[198] In one U.S. national sample, nearly half of houseless LGBT youth reported they had been kicked out of their home because their family had rejected their sexual orientation or identity.[200] For young gay men, the precariousness of unstable housing comes with many dangers; for example, studies have found that young gay men and adolescents were more likely than their straight counterparts to be sexually victimized while homeless.[201][202] Further, among young gay, bisexual, and other MSM (17–28 years of age) who have experienced homelessness, 60% have been exposed to powder cocaine and MDMA, 41% to hallucinogens, and 20% to heroin.[200] Drug abuse is considered a risk factor for criminal history and later incarceration, and large numbers of young MSM, particularly young men of color, do experience early contact with the juvenile justice system and other forms of institutionalization.[200] Institutionalization can affect gay and bisexual youth's later outcomes in life and lead to long-term addiction, reliance on sex work for survival, and prolonged homelessness.[200] Amongst adults, no nationally representative datasets exist yet for measuring the sexual orientation or gender identity of homeless or housing insecure individuals;[203] however, some estimates place the LGBT community at between 20 and 40% of the United States' homeless populations.[204]

Community and identity

Subcultures

Main article: Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
See also: Ball culture, Bear (gay culture), Drag queens, Gaymer, Twink (gay slang), and Down-low (sexual slang)
 
Gay men's pride flag [205][206]
 
Two young gay men at Taiwan Pride

In North America and Europe, gay men have several subcultures, including Twinks, Bears, Otters, Queens, Jocks, Gaymers, and others.[207] According to scholars, these subcultures, which largely originated as part of a "gay American way of life", have in some ways become a "global template" for gay culture around the world.[208] In India, where a gay culture is slowly emerging, despite anti-gay "societal values, the caste system, arranged marriages, [and] the high probability of being disinherited for coming out", some gay men are working to develop a mature and distinct-Indian culture while also adopting aspects of global gay culture.[209] One Indian gay man who identifies as a Bear, stated in an interview, "Because [straight people] see me in chunky rings and bracelets, heavy metal tees riding a Harley Davidson, it doesn't fit in with the Indian stereotype of effeminate gay. While I have nothing against being effeminate, not all gay men are so ... Encouraging a bear culture [in India] will see more men feeling comfortable coming out and avoiding the trap of a face-saving heterosexual marriage."[210] In Canada, which already has mature urban communities of gay men, some gay artists are working to counter the fact that the social acceptability of a gay subculture is often dependent on how closely it aligns with Western standards of conventional attractiveness.[211] The video artist Mike Wyeld, whose exhibition "LOVED", showcased the Bear community, stated, "Some of the things that the media's obsessed with — obesity, weight loss, body shape, aging — some of these things we have to be happy with. We get bigger, we get older. You can fight it and be miserable or you can accept it and live with the body that you have and love it."[211] In the United Kingdom, journalists have noted the role mobile apps such as Grindr have played in creating self-segregating subcultures (also called "tribes") within gay men's communities.[212] In the United States, young straight men have appropriated the aesthetics of young gay men and are even called "art twinks" by some.[213]

Youth

See also: Youth pride, LGBT youth vulnerability, and Suicide among LGBT youth
 
A youth at DC Pride

Gay adolescents, boys, and young men are a uniquely vulnerable segment of the gay male population. In many countries, identity-issues, bullying, and lack of family acceptance are some of the major concerns facing gay-identified youth.[214][215][216] Additionally, gay boys and adolescents around the world are regularly subjected to more extreme forms of violence, including conversion therapy,[217] familial violence,[218][219] and other forms of physical abuse.[220] These issues have been shown to have detrimental effects on the well-being of gay and bisexual male youth. In the United States, a 2019 report by the CDC found that suicidal ideation amongst gay and bisexual boys and adolescents is as high as 40.4%.[221] According to the CDC, however, parental support can play an important role in bettering health outcomes for gay and bisexual youth, decreasing the likelihood a gay teen will: "Experience depression; attempt suicide; use drugs and alcohol; [or] become infected with sexually transmitted diseases."[222] For educators, the inclusion of diverse curriculum and the development of peer support venues (such as Queer–Straight Alliances in North America) have been suggested as ways to reduce the frequency and effects of bullying and cyberbullying.[223] Such measures are particularly important for gay and bisexual male students, who, in 2019, were the second most likely group (behind trans students) to have experienced bullying at school (73.9%) and online (30%) in the most recent 30 days, according to research by Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin.[224] Despite these calls for inclusive and diverse curriculums, Scotland is currently the only country in the world with a mandated LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum in its public school system.[225] While many nations offer a piecemeal approach to LGBT education, others (including several U.S. states)[226] have explicit bans on the inclusion of gay-friendly education. Despite the challenges gay teenagers face, studies have found that gay male youth also develop skillsets which enable them to more successfully cope with stress and other developmental challenges than their straight peers.[227] In comparing gay boys and adolescents to their heterosexual peers, gay-identified youth show higher levels of resilience, positive self-esteem, and internal self-control.[227]

Fatherhood

See also: LGBT parenting and LGBT adoption
 
Two fathers with their child

In the majority of countries today, adoption by same-sex couples is not legally allowed. In Western Europe, most of South America, and North America, however, gay men can became fathers in a variety of ways, including adoption, surrogates, and births from previous relationships. In recent years, prominent gay men such as Anderson Cooper and Elton John have made headlines for becoming fathers,[228][229] and gay men have been increasingly represented on television as fathers (though these representations have been subject to critiques for their one-dimensionality).[230] In spite of these advances in visibility and representation, however, gay fathers and their families still experience high levels of discrimination and social stigma from their relatives, neighbors, and other members of their communities.[231][232] In the United States, two-thirds of gay fathers report experiencing social stigma, and one-third report that their children faced stigmatization from other children for having gay parents.[231] Despite widespread social stigma against gay fathers and their children, the vast majority of social scientific research shows the children of gay fathers to be equally well adjusted as the children of heterosexual parents.[233] In fact, in the United Kingdom, researchers have found that the adopted children of gay fathers score lower on levels of anger and parental over-dependence than children adopted by lesbian or heterosexual couples, while also scoring higher on positive coping mechanisms.[234] Additionally, Swiss researchers have found that gay fathers report less irritation when their children display negative emotions than do straight fathers, and gay men show higher levels of warmth and cooperation toward their partners than do straight men.[235]

Age

 
Two older gay men in March 2010

Older gay men are one of the least studied groups within gay men's communities. In Mexico, Vida Alegre opened in 2019 as the first senior center for LGBT people in the country.[236] According to the center's founder, Samantha Flores, loneliness is a major problem for many older gay men in Mexico, stating, "I've had people come in, older gay men, sobbing and pouring their hearts out to me about how unhappy they are ... They usually don't have children, and many of their families have disowned them, so they need to turn to families they have chosen themselves or friends for social contact."[236] According to Flores, many of these older gay men in Mexico are also living with PTSD because of their many lost friends and partners who died during the AIDS epidemic.[236] In France, the documentary filmmaker Sébastien Lifshitz made Les Invisibles, a 2012 documentary about elderly gay French people, and he found significant ideological differences between younger and older gay people.[237] Lifshitz stated, "What's important to understand is that this older generation of gay people in France fought against the heterosexual, bourgeois model of French society with all their might. The fact that there are much younger gay couples today that are demanding the right to get married and adopt children is something the older gay generation understands, but does not want for themselves."[237] Finally, in the United States, scholars have found that most older gay American men are not "strange, lonely creatures" but are instead "well-adjusted to their homosexuality and the aging process".[238]

Gender identity

See also: Trans men and Transgender sexuality

For trans and gender nonconforming gay and bisexual men, there are unique aspects of their identity which shape their experience within gay men's communities. In Canada, gay and bisexual trans men often use specific apps and websites, such as Grindr and Tinder, in order to find romantic and sexual partners.[239] Canadian trans men report that personal developments (such as gender transition) and socio-historical changes (like increasing trans male visibility and the rise of virtual dating applications) are producing rapidly changing sexual and romantic opportunities;[239] in fact, in 2017, most gay Canadian trans men reported having satisfying sexual lives.[239] In the United States, scholars report that trans men are often more likely to identify as bisexual than cisgender people.[240] They also note that gay and bisexual trans men in the U.S. report comparable levels of self esteem, sexual satisfaction, or psychological adjustment to their cisgender peers.[240] In a 2009 interview with New York magazine, the writer Amos Mac, who identifies as queer, said, "I very much [identify] as a fag. I [am] drawn to the community of gay men, and that's how I embody myself. I'm attracted to guys who have a bit of flair to them. They don't have to be gay, but they can be queeny. I love an artistic queen."[241] Mac also stated that living as an LGBT man allows him to express his femme side, since he no longer feels the necessity to force a masc posture in public.[241] In his 2017 book, Trans Homo, San Francisco State University professor Avi Ben-Zeev addresses the historical presence of trans gay men within the community, writing, "Elders, like Lou Sullivan, paved the way and have brought some visibility to the fact that trans men are, and have been, an integral part of gay male communities. Yet, we trans homos (and our lovers) are still mysterious creatures to many, even within these communities."[242] In a 2004 collection of personal essays, one man wrote about his identity formation as a gay trans man, writing "I [never felt] that being gay or [transgender] was unnatural. I've always felt that the people who never questioned their gender, sexuality, or fertility were the odd ones. If anyone needs an outsider's label, it's the ones who moralize against human sexuality, not the ones who accept it."[243]

Disability

 
A gay man in a wheelchair at London Pride 2016

Disabled gay men represent a significant but under-represented portion of the community. According to the Feinberg School of Medicine, 26 percent of all gay men and 40 percent of bisexual men in the United States have some form of disability.[244] Nevertheless, gay men with disabilities report feelings of discomfort because of social expectations surrounding physical appearance and conventional standards of attractiveness.[244] One man, Aaron Anderson, who has Guillain-Barre Syndrome, said, "Gay men are so conditioned to everything has to be perfect. You have to have it all. [My body] is so not perfect. The gay men I know don't know how to deal with it [my disability]. They pretend it's not a thing or superficial acquaintances will just ignore me."[244] Gay men with disabilities also note that members of the disability community often feel desexualized by society.[244] This desexualization can have serious ramifications for the health of gay men with disabilities. Jae Jin Pak, of the University of Illinois at Chicago, noted that accurate sexual education and sexuality-related information is generally unavailable to members of the disabled community,[244] which can leave men in the community without information about safe-sex practices. Meanwhile, within the field of Disability studies, scholars emphasize the importance of establishing a public identity and a common culture for gay men with disabilities.[245] In recent years, queer men with disabilities have achieved some mainstream media visibility, including through Ryan O'Connell's 2019 Netflix series Special, and the online popularity of the sexually fluid American model Nyle DiMarco.

See also

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External links

March 08, 2023
male, homosexuals, some, bisexual, homoromantic, also, dually, identify, number, young, also, identify, queer, historically, have, been, referred, number, different, terms, including, inverts, uranians, kiss, during, parade, interlocked, mars, symbols, represe. Gay men are male homosexuals Some bisexual and homoromantic men may also dually identify as gay and a number of young gay men also identify as queer Historically gay men have been referred to by a number of different terms including inverts and uranians Two gay men kiss during a Gay Parade Two interlocked Mars symbols representing male homosexuality Gay men continue to face significant discrimination in large parts of the world particularly in most of Asia and Africa In the United States many gay men still experience discrimination in their daily lives 1 though some openly gay men have reached national success and prominence In Europe Xavier Bettel currently serves as the prime minister of Luxembourg Leo Varadkar serves as the current Taoiseach and head of the Government of Ireland since December 2022 for the second time he had previously served as Taoiseach Prime Minister from June 2017 to June 2020 and from 2011 to 2014 Elio Di Rupo served as Prime Minister of Belgium For a time the term gay was used as a synonym for anything related to homosexual men For example the term gay bar still often refers to a bar which caters primarily to a homosexual male clientele or is otherwise part of gay men s culture By the end of the 20th century however the word gay was recommended by LGBT groups and style guides to describe all people exclusively attracted to members of the same sex 2 while lesbian referred specifically to female homosexuals and gay men referred exclusively to male homosexuals 3 Contents 1 Male homosexuality in world history 1 1 Africa 1 2 Americas 1 3 East Asia 1 4 Europe 1 4 1 Classical period 1 4 2 Renaissance 1 5 Middle East 2 Gay men in modern Western history 2 1 Gay men in the Holocaust 2 2 AIDS crisis in the United States 3 Legal status of gay men in modern society 3 1 Africa 3 2 Caribbean 3 3 Eastern Europe 3 4 Southwest Asia and North Africa 4 Gay men s contemporary art and culture 4 1 High fashion 4 2 Art 4 3 Film and media art 4 4 Drag 4 5 Camp 5 Representations of gay men in Western media 5 1 Historical Western media representations 5 2 Contemporary Western media representations 6 Health 6 1 Surviving abuse 6 2 Sexual health 6 3 Mental health 6 4 Incarceration 6 4 1 United States 6 5 Homelessness 7 Community and identity 7 1 Subcultures 7 2 Youth 7 3 Fatherhood 7 4 Age 7 5 Gender identity 7 6 Disability 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksMale homosexuality in world historyMain articles LGBT history Timeline of LGBT history and History of homosexuality Some scholars argue that the terms homosexual and gay are problematic when applied to men in ancient cultures since for example neither Greeks or Romans possessed any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept of homosexuality 4 5 Furthermore there were diverse sexual practices that varied in acceptance depending on time and place 4 Other scholars argue that there are significant similarities between ancient and modern male homosexuals 6 7 In cultures influenced by Abrahamic religions the law and the church established sodomy as a transgression against divine law or a crime against nature The condemnation of anal sex between males however predates Christian belief 8 Throughout the majority of Christian history most Christian theologians and denominations have considered homosexual behavior as immoral or sinful 9 10 Many historical figures including Socrates Lord Byron Edward II and Hadrian 11 have had terms such as gay or bisexual applied to them Some scholars such as Michel Foucault have regarded this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary construction of sexuality foreign to their times 12 though other scholars challenge this 13 7 6 Africa See also Homosexuality in ancient Egypt and LGBT rights in Africa Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum nose kissing The first record of a possible homosexual male couple in history is commonly regarded as Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum an ancient Egyptian couple who lived around 2400 BCE The pair are portrayed in a nose kissing position the most intimate pose in Egyptian art surrounded by what appear to be their heirs 14 The 6th or 7th century Ashmolean Parchment AN 1981 940 provides the only example in Coptic language of a love spell between men 15 At around of 1240 the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer Abul Fada il Ibn al Assal compiled a legal code known as Fetha Nagast Written in Ge ez language Ibn al Assal referred his laws from apostolic writer and former laws of Byzantine Empire Fetha Nagast was written in two parts the first dealt with the Church hierarchy sacraments and connected to religious rites The second concerned laity civil administration such as family laws 16 In 1960 when the government enacted the civil code of Ethiopia it cited the Fetha Nagast as an inspiration to the codification commission 17 More recently the European colonization of Africa resulted in the introduction of anti sodomy laws and is generally regarded as the central reason why African nations have such stringent laws against gay men today 18 Three countries or jurisdictions have imposed the death penalty for gay men in Africa These include Mauritania and several regions in Nigeria and Jubaland 19 20 21 Americas See also Homosexuality in ancient Peru Pre Columbian ceramic of two men engaging in oral sex As is true of many other non Western cultures it is difficult to determine the extent to which Western notions of sexual orientation apply to Pre Columbian cultures Evidence of homoerotic sexual acts between men has been found in many pre conquest civilizations in Latin America such as the Aztecs Mayas Quechuas Moches Zapotecs the Incas and the Tupinamba of Brazil 22 23 24 The Spanish conquistadors expressed horror at discovering sodomy openly practiced among native men and used it as evidence of their supposed inferiority 25 The conquistadors talked extensively of sodomy among the natives to depict them as savages and hence justify their conquest and forced conversion to Christianity As a result of the growing influence and power of the conquistadors many Native leaders started condemning homosexual acts themselves During the period following European colonization homosexuality was prosecuted by the Inquisition sometimes leading to death sentences on the charges of sodomy and the practices became clandestine Many homosexual men went into heterosexual marriages to keep appearances and some turned to the clergy to escape public scrutiny 26 During the Mexican Inquisition after a series of denunciations authorities arrested 123 men in 1658 on suspicion of homosexuality Although many escaped the Royal Criminal Court sentenced fourteen men from different social and ethnic backgrounds to death by public burning in accordance to the law passed by Isabella the Catholic in 1497 The sentences were carried out together on one day 6 November 1658 The records of these trials and those that occurred in 1660 1673 and 1687 suggest that Mexico City like many other large cities at the time had an active underworld 26 27 East Asia Two young men about to have relations Qing China date unknown In East Asia same sex relations between men has been noted since the earliest recorded history Homosexuality in China known as the passions of the cut peach and various other euphemisms has been recorded since approximately 600 BCE Male homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature The instances of same sex affection and sexual interactions described in the classical novel Dream of the Red Chamber seem as familiar to observers in the present as do equivalent stories of romances between heterosexual people during the same period Confucianism being primarily a social and political philosophy focused little on sexuality whether homosexual or heterosexual Ming dynasty literature such as Bian Er Chai 弁而釵 弁而钗 portray homosexual relationships between men as more enjoyable and more harmonious than heterosexual relationships 28 Writings from the Liu Song Dynasty by Wang Shunu claimed that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality in the late 3rd century China 29 Opposition to male homosexuality in China originates in the medieval Tang Dynasty 618 907 attributed to the rising influence of Christian and Islamic values 30 but did not become fully established until the Westernization efforts of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China 31 Europe Classical period Further information Greek love Homosexuality in ancient Greece Homosexuality in ancient Rome Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom and Homosexuality in medieval Europe The Death of Hyacinthos by Jean Broc 1801 The earliest Western documents in the form of literary works art objects and mythographic materials concerning same sex male relationships are derived from ancient Greece These relationships were constrained between normal men and their young male lovers Relationships between adult men however were still largely considered taboo in Ancient Greek culture Given the importance in Greek society of cultivating the masculinity of the adult male and the perceived feminizing effect of being the passive partner relations between adult men of comparable social status were considered highly problematic and usually associated with social stigma 32 This stigma however was reserved for only the passive partner in the relationship According to contemporary opinion Greek men who took on a passive sexual role after reaching adulthood at which point they were expected to take the reverse role in pederastic relationships and become the active and dominant member thereby were feminized or made a woman of themselves There is ample evidence in the theater of Aristophanes that derides these passive men and gives a glimpse of the type of biting social opprobrium and shame atimia heaped upon them by their society 33 Some scholars argue that there are examples of male homosexual love in ancient literature such as Achilles and Patroclus in the Iliad 34 In Ancient Rome young men s bodies remained a focus of male sexual attention but relationships were between older free men and slaves or freed youths who took the receptive role in sex The Hellenophile emperor Hadrian is renowned for his relationship with Antinous but the Christian emperor Theodosius I decreed a law on 6 August 390 condemning passive males to be burned at the stake 35 36 Renaissance Apollon et Cyparisse by Claude Marie Dubufe 1821 During the Renaissance wealthy cities in northern Italy Florence and Venice in particular were renowned for their widespread practice of same sex love engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along the classical pattern of Greece and Rome 37 38 But even as many of the male population were engaging in same sex relationships the authorities under the aegis of the Officers of the Night court were prosecuting fining and imprisoning a good portion of that population From the second half of the 13th century death was the punishment for male homosexuality in most of Europe 39 The relationships of socially prominent figures such as King James I and the Duke of Buckingham served to highlight the issue 40 including in anonymously authored street pamphlets The world is chang d I know not how For men Kiss Men not Women now Of J the First and Buckingham He true it is his Wives Embraces fled To slabber his lov d Ganimede Mundus Foppensis or The Fop Display d 1691 Middle East Further information LGBT in Islam Homosexuality and Judaism and Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey An illustration from the 19th century book Sawaqub al Manaquib depicting homosexual sex between young men In ancient Sumer a set of priests known as gala worked in the temples of the goddess Inanna where they performed elegies and lamentations 41 285 Gala took female names spoke in the eme sal dialect which was traditionally reserved for women and appear to have engaged in homosexual intercourse 42 The Sumerian sign for gala was a ligature of the signs for penis and anus 42 One Sumerian proverb reads When the gala wiped off his ass he said I must not arouse that which belongs to my mistress i e Inanna 42 In later Mesopotamian cultures kurgarru and assinnu were male servants of the goddess Ishtar Inanna s East Semitic equivalent who dressed in female clothing and performed war dances in Ishtar s temples 42 Several Akkadian proverbs seem to suggest that they may have also engaged in homosexual intercourse 42 In ancient Assyria male homosexuality was present and common it was also not prohibited condemned nor looked upon as immoral or disordered Some religious texts contain prayers for divine blessings on homosexual relationships 43 44 The Almanac of Incantations contained prayers favoring on an equal basis the love of a man for a woman of a woman for a man and of a man for man 45 Gay men in modern Western historyThe use of gay to mean a homosexual man was first used as an extension of its application to prostitution a gay boy was a young man or adolescent serving male clients 46 Similarly a gay cat was a young man apprenticed to an older hobo and commonly exchanging sex and other services for protection and tutelage The application to homosexuality was also an extension of the word s sexualized connotation of uninhibited which implied a willingness to disregard conventional sexual mores In court in 1889 the prostitute John Saul stated I occasionally do odd jobs for different gay people 47 Bringing Up Baby 1938 was the first film to use the word gay in an apparent reference to homosexuality In a scene in which Cary Grant s character s clothes have been sent to the cleaners he is forced to wear a woman s feather trimmed robe When another character asks about his robe he responds Because I just went gay all of a sudden Since this was a mainstream film at a time when the use of the word to refer to cross dressing and by extension homosexuality would still be unfamiliar to most film goers the line can also be interpreted to mean I just decided to do something frivolous 48 In 1950 the earliest reference found to date for the word gay as a self described name for male homosexuals came from Alfred A Gross executive secretary for the George W Henry Foundation who said in the June 1950 issue of Sir magazine I have yet to meet a happy homosexual They have a way of describing themselves as gay but the term is a misnomer Those who are habitues of the bars frequented by others of the kind are about the saddest people I ve ever seen 49 Gay men in the Holocaust Main article Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany A pink triangle was worn by gay men during the Holocaust Gay men were one of the primary victims of the Nazi Holocaust Historically the earliest legal step towards the Nazi persecution of male homosexuality was 1871 s Paragraph 175 a law passed after the unification of the German Empire Paragraph 175 read An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex is punishable by imprisonment the loss of civil rights might also be imposed The law was interpreted differently in Germany until 23 April 1880 when the Reichsgericht ruled that criminal homosexual acts involved either anal oral or intercrural sex between two men Anything less such as kissing and cuddling were deemed harmless play 50 Franz Gurtner the Reich Justice Minister amended Paragraph 175 to address loopholes in the law after the Night of the Long Knives The 1935 version of Paragraph 175 declared expressions of homosexuality as prosecutable crimes The most important change to the law was the definitional shift of male homosexuality from An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex to instead A male who commits a sex offense with another male This expanded the reach of the law to persecute gay men as a people group rather than male homosexuality as a sexual act Kissing mutual masturbation and love letters between men were now seen as legitimate reasons for the police to make arrests The law never defined a sex offence leaving it to interpretation 51 Between 1933 and 1945 an estimated 100 000 men were arrested as homosexuals under the Nazi regime of whom some 50 000 were officially sentenced Most of these men served time in prison while an estimated 5 000 to 15 000 were incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps Rudiger Lautmann argued that the death rate of homosexuals in concentration camps may have been as high as 60 Gay men in the camps suffered an unusual degree of cruelty by their captors and were regularly used as the subjects for Nazi medical experiments as scientists tried to find a cure for homosexuality 52 AIDS crisis in the United States See also HIV AIDS in the United States ACT UP was founded by Larry Kramer to fight for medical funding and research on the HIV AIDS crisis The HIV AIDS epidemic is considered the deadliest period in modern history for gay men and the generation of young gay men who died in the crisis is known as the lost generation 53 At its start the epidemic was particularly severe in the United States In 1980 San Francisco resident Ken Horne was reported to the CDC with Kaposi s sarcoma KS He was retroactively identified as the first patient of the AIDS epidemic in the US 54 In 1981 Lawrence Mass became the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic in the New York Native 55 Later that year the CDC reported a cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five gay men in Los Angeles 56 The next month The New York Times ran the headline Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals 57 The illness was soon termed Gay Related Immunodeficiency G R I D because it was believed to only affect gay men 58 In June 1982 Larry Kramer founded the Gay Men s Health Crisis to provide food and support to gay men dying in New York City During the early years of the AIDS crisis gay men were treated pitilessly in hospital quarantine wards left alone without contact for weeks at a time 59 1990 ACT UP radical direct action protesting the Bush Administration s slow pace of federal research for AIDS During the early years of the epidemic there was significant misinformation surrounding the illness Rumors swirled that being in the same room or being touched by a gay man could lead one to contract HIV It was not until April 1984 that the U S Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announced in a press conference that the American scientist Robert Gallo had discovered the probable cause of AIDS the retrovirus which would be named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV In September 1985 during his second term in office US President Ronald Reagan publicly mentioned AIDS for the first time after being asked about his administration s lack of medical research funding for the crisis 60 61 Four months later Anthony Fauci the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases stated One million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years 62 Gay men trans women and bisexual men faced the brunt of deaths during the first decade of the crisis Activists claimed the government was responding to the epidemic with apathy because of the perceived social undesirability of these groups To address this perceived apathy activists such as Vito Russo Larry Kramer and others 63 took more militant approaches to AIDS activism organizing direct action through organizations like ACT UP in order to force pharmaceutical corporations and government agencies to respond to the epidemic with more urgency ACT UP eventually grew into a transnational organization with 140 chapters around the world 64 while the AIDS crisis ultimately became a global epidemic By 2019 complications related to AIDS had taken 32 7 million lives worldwide 65 Legal status of gay men in modern societyAfrica Binyavanga Wainaina right a Kenyan writer who came out in 2014 in response to a wave of anti gay laws in Africa There are 54 nations in Africa recognized by the United Nations and or African Union In 34 of these states male homosexuality is explicitly outlawed 66 In a 2015 report Human Rights Watch noted that in Benin and the Central African Republic male homosexuality is not explicitly outlawed but both have laws which are applied differently for gay men than for straight men 67 In Mauritania northern Nigeria Somaliland and Somalia male homosexuality is punishable by death 66 68 In Sierra Leone Tanzania and Uganda gay men receive life imprisonment for homosexual acts though the law is not regularly enforced in Sierra Leone In Nigeria legislation has also made it illegal for family members allies and friends of gay men to openly express support for homosexuality and the country is generally recognized for its cold blooded attitudes toward gay men 69 70 Nigerian law states that any heterosexual person who administers witnesses abets or aids male homosexual activity should receive a 10 year jail sentence 71 In Uganda Christian fundamentalist organizations from the United States funded the introduction of Kill the Gays legislation to impose the death penalty for gay men 72 The bill was ruled unconstitutional by the Ugandan Supreme Court in 2014 but retains support in the country and has been reconsidered for implementation 73 74 Of all countries in Sub Saharan Africa South Africa has the most liberal attitudes toward gay men In 2006 South Africa became the fifth country in the world to legalize same sex marriage and the Constitution of South Africa guarantees gay men and lesbians full equal rights and protections South Africa is the only country in Africa where LGBT discrimination is constitutionally forbidden however social discrimination against South African gay men persists in rural parts of the country where high levels of religious tradition continue to fuel prejudice and violence 75 Caribbean Jamaican rapper Buju Banton has included been criticzed for violently homophobic messages in his music see Stop Murder Music 76 In the Americas both North and South male homosexuality is legal in every country except Guyana In the Caribbean however nine nations have criminal punishment for buggery on their statute books 66 These countries include Barbados Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Grenada Saint Lucia Antigua and Barbuda Guyana and Jamaica In Jamaica sexual intercourse between men is legally punishable by imprisonment though the law s repeal is pending As in Singapore sexual intercourse between women is already legal 77 though lesbians in Jamaica still experience a high level of social stigma 78 In Jamaica reports of vigilante violence and torture against gay men have been reported by the Jamaican police In 2013 Amnesty International reported that Gay men and lesbian women have been beaten cut burned raped and shot on account of their sexuality We are concerned that these reports are just the tip of the iceberg Many gay men and women in Jamaica are too afraid to go to the authorities and seek help 79 As a result of this violence hundreds of gay men from Jamaica sought to emigrate to countries with better human rights records 80 A 2016 poll from J Flag showed that 88 percent of those polled disapprove of homosexuality 81 though since 2018 discriminatory attitudes have decreased slightly 82 In the Caribbean like in other developing countries around the world homosexual identity is often associated with Westernization 83 and as a result homophobia is believed to be an anti colonial tool Wayne Marshall wrote that gay men are believed to be decadent products of the West and are thus to be resisted alongside other forms of colonization cultural or political 84 Wayne cites the example of the Jamaican dancehall hit Dem Bow by Shabba Ranks which calls for the violent murder of gay men alongside a call for the freedom for Black people Marshall notes the irony of this ideological position considering the historical evidence that homophobia was introduced to colonies by European colonists 85 Nevertheless Caribbean scholars have noted the importance of opposition to gay men for Jamaican male gender construction Kingsley Ragashanti Stewart a professor of anthropology at the University of the West Indies writes A lot of Jamaican men if you call them a homosexual will immediately get violent It s the worst insult you could give to a Jamaican man 86 Stewart writes that homophobia influences Caribbean society even at the micro level of language He writes of urban youth vernacular It s like if you say Come back here they will say No no no don t say come back You have to say come forward because come back is implying that you re coming in the back which is how gay men have sex 86 Eastern Europe Activists enact a scene of Chechen mothers mourning their disappeared sons draped in LGBT and Chechen flags In Eastern Europe there has been a steady erosion of rights for gay men over the course of the last decade In the Russian republic of Chechnya gay men have been subjected to forced disappearances secret abductions imprisonment torture and extrajudicial killing by authorities An unknown number of men detained due to suspicion of them being gay or bisexual have died while held in concentration camps 87 88 Independent media and human rights groups have reported that gay men are being sent to clandestine camps in Chechnya described by one eyewitness as closed prison the existence of which no one officially knows 88 89 Some gay men have attempted to flee the region but have been detained by Russian police and sent back to Chechnya 90 Reports have emerged of prison officials releasing accused gay men from the camps after securing assurances from their families that their families will kill them at least one man was reported by a witness as having died after returning to his family 89 These imprisoned men are kept in extremely cramped conditions with 30 to 40 people detained in one room two to three metres big and few are afforded a trial Witnesses have also reported that the gay men are regularly beaten with polypropylene pipes below the waist tortured with electricity and spat in the face by prison guards 89 In some cases the process of torture has resulted in the death of the person being tortured 91 92 As of 2021 the situation in Chechnya continues to worsen for gay men 93 In other countries in Eastern Europe rights for gay men continue to deteriorate Polish President Andrzej Duda has pledged to ban teaching about gay men in schools forbid same sex marriage and adoption and establish LGBT free zones 94 A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that the majority of Orthodox Christians in the Eastern European and former USSR states surveyed believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society 45 of Orthodox Christians in Greece and 31 in the United States answered the same way 95 Southwest Asia and North Africa See also LGBT rights in the Middle East Abdellah Taia has written about the abuse he suffered as a gay child in Morocco 96 In Southwest Asia and North Africa gay men face some of the harshest and most hostile laws anywhere in the world Sex between men is explicitly outlawed in 10 of the 18 Middle Eastern countries and is punishable by death in six According to scholars recent popular turns toward Islamic fundamentalism has strongly influenced the extreme violence against gay men While all same sex activity is legal in Bahrain Cyprus the West Bank Turkey Lebanon Israel Jordan and Iraq male homosexuality is illegal and punishable by imprisonment in Syria Oman Qatar Kuwait and Egypt Israel is the most progressive concerning LGBT rights and recognizing unregistered cohabitation however it has faced criticism from academics such as Sarah Schulman and Jason Ritchie for pinkwashing 97 98 And although same sex marriage is not legal in the country there is public support for recognizing and registering same sex marriages performed in other countries 99 Male same sex activity is also punishable by death in the UAE Saudi Arabia Iran and Qatar In the Gaza Strip and Yemen punishment for male homosexuality varies between death and imprisonment depending on the act committed In 2018 a transnational survey conducted in the region by Pew Research Center found that 80 of people polled believed homosexuality was morally unacceptable 100 though others argue that the true number of people who support rights for gay men is unclear due to fear of backlash and punishment 101 Gay men s contemporary art and cultureSee also LGBT culture High fashion McQueen Fall 2008 Since the early 20th century gay men both out and closeted have worked as some of the world s most influential fashion designers and started some of the most important fashion houses Cristobal Balenciaga b 1895 who started the Balenciaga brand was gay 102 but remained private about his sexuality for his entire life 103 His long time partner Franco Polish millionaire Wladzio Jaworowski d Attainville set up the fund for him to start the house After d Attainville died Balenciaga s following collection was designed entirely in black to mourn his loss 104 The French fashion designer Christian Dior b 1905 was another hugely influential fashion designer of the 20th century 105 Dior never married nor openly identified as a gay man however he was known to frequent the gay cultural scene in Paris and was infamously described by Coco Chanel as never having intimately known a woman 106 107 Yves Saint Laurent b 1935 also regarded as being among the foremost fashion designers in the twentieth century 108 was openly gay his long time partner was Pierre Berge 109 Gianni Versace b 1946 an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace publicly came out in an interview with The Advocate in July 1995 110 Versace was murdered in 1997 111 A younger generation of gay men gained prominence in the fashion world during the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries Tom Ford b 1961 founded his eponymous brand Tom Ford in 2005 and has stated that he realized he was gay as a young man visiting Studio 54 in the 1980s 112 113 Alexander McQueen b 1969 who was also openly gay founded his own label Alexander McQueen in 1992 and was recognized as a fashion prodigy for his revolutionary designs 114 McQueen said he realized his sexual orientation when he was six years old 115 In 2000 McQueen had a marriage ceremony with his partner George Forsyth a documentary filmmaker on a yacht in Ibiza 116 McQueen died by suicide in 2010 shortly after the death of his mother In recent years gay men have continued to produce some of the most influential fashion in the world including by designers such as Jeremy Scott b 1975 Jason Wu b 1982 and Alexander Wang b 1983 117 118 119 Art Unfromme Wunsche by Matthias Laurenz Graff top left Keith Haring in East Harlem in 1986 top right American artist Andy Warhol in Moderna Museet Stockholm bottom left and Darya Zhukova by Alexander Kargaltsev bottom right In the 20th century gay men were amongst the Western world s most influential and prolific artists writers and dancers In the United States by mid century James Baldwin b 1924 was considered one of the best writers of his generation 120 His work including Giovanni s Room 1956 dealt openly with homosexuality and bisexuality at a time when sex between men was still illegal throughout much of the Western world 121 122 Other major artists of Baldwin s generation including Robert Rauschenberg b 1925 and Jasper Johns b 1930 were less open about their sexuality 123 and even made fun of other young gay artists of their generation such as Andy Warhol for being too feminine 124 In the world of New York dance Alvin Ailey b 1931 fused theater modern dance ballet and jazz with black vernacular and his choreographic magnum opus Revelations is recognized as one of the most popular and most performed ballets in the world 125 126 127 Ailey remained closeted for much of his life and he passed from an AIDS related illness at the age of 58 128 David Hockney b 1937 another major artist of the Silent Generation was an important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s and is considered one of the most influential British artists of the 20th century 129 130 He has been openly gay for much of his life 131 Many of the most influential gay and bisexual artists of the Boomer and X generations died at very early ages during the AIDS crises including Carlos Almaraz b 1941 Robert Mapplethorpe b 1946 Felix Gonzalez Torres b 1957 and Keith Haring b 1958 Much of the Art of the AIDS Crisis was highly political and critical of the U S government and has been described as afraid angry fearful and defiant 132 In the aftermath of the HIV AIDS epidemic gay men and other queer artists pioneered a new form of experimental filmmaking called New Queer Cinema 133 134 Today gay men such as Mark Bradford Julio Salgado and Kehinde Wiley are amongst the most influential artists of their generation 135 136 137 Much of contemporary Western gay art today deals with themes of body identity and experience 138 Outside of the West art containing themes of gay male sexuality is still considered subversive and taboo In Singapore which criminalized all sexual acts between men through Section 377A of the Penal Code until 2022 139 art by gay men is considered countercultural Gay men in Singapore historically have been depicted negatively in local mainstream media and efforts to counter this discrimination from wider Singaporean society has been made difficult because of the risk of jail bans and censorship by the state 139 140 141 142 Film and media art Main article New Queer Cinema In the United States Andy Warhol made underground films with queer themes and actors His work had an international influence in queer film art 143 The avant garde director Rosa von Praunheim has made more than 100 films on queer topics since the late 1960s some of them have been evaluated internationally Some films are considered milestones in queer cinema Von Praunheim is internationally recognized as an icon of queer cinema 144 The director Rainer Werner Fassbinder had an early influence on queer cinema with films like Querelle 1982 145 These filmmakers and others pioneered queer Hollywood productions like Brokeback Mountain 2005 which reached an audience of millions 146 Drag Main article Drag queen Post Modern Art Attack Drag queens are a significant part of the popular culture of gay men and are regularly featured in gay bars Drag queens use drag clothing and makeup to imitate and often exaggerate female gender signifiers and gender roles as part of a performance used for artistic or entertainment purposes Drag shows often include lip syncing dancing and live singing They occur at events like drag pageants and gay pride parades and in nightclubs and cabarets as well as in local gay bars Drag queens vary by dedication type and culture and range from professionals who star in films such as Divine or Rupaul to people who do drag only occasionally Drag balls themselves have a long history for gay men in the United States 147 In 1869 at the Hamilton Lodge in Harlem the first drag balls were held These balls were held in secret but news grew of their existence as a safe place for gay men to congregate 147 The balls were deemed immoral and illegal and a moral reform organization known as the Committee of Fourteen investigated alleged immoral activities 147 In 1916 the committee released a report describing phenomenal male perverts in expensive frocks and wigs looking like women 147 By the 1920s the balls grew in public visibility In New York the events once called Masquerade and Civic Balls were called Faggots Balls by the general public 147 The balls however also attracted some of the city s top artists and writers including Charles Henri Ford and Parker Tyler 147 The men who co authored The Young and Evil described the drag ball as a scene whose celestial flavor and cerulean coloring no angelic painter or nectarish poet has ever conceived lit up like high mass 148 This flourishing of gay life in the 1920s and 30s was part of a period known as the Pansy Craze 149 More recently the film Paris is Burning 1990 detailed the drag ball scene of New York City and showcased the lives and experiences of a group of young butch queens cisgender gay men transgender women drag queens and butch women Since its release the film has become a cult classic and has served as an organizing and academic tool for the gay and trans communities though it has been subject to significant criticism 150 Meanwhile the television reality program RuPaul s Drag Race has been on air in the United States since 2009 and has introduced the straight mainstream to gay men s popular culture through drag The original American series has since developed into the global Drag Race franchise Camp Main article Camp style Magenta carpet at Life Ball 2013 Camp is a visual aesthetic style often associated with gay men An English definition of the term first appeared in a 1909 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary ostentatious exaggerated affected theatrical effeminate or homosexual pertaining to characteristic of homosexuals 151 From its original meaning the term has evolved to signify an inversion of aesthetic attributes such as beauty value and taste through exaggeration and irony 152 Camp is often mistaken with kitsch and has been described as cheesy In 1964 Susan Sontag s essay Notes on Camp emphasized camp s key elements as artifice frivolity naive middle class pretentiousness and shocking excess 153 In recent years gay men have sought to disassociate themselves from the term In a 2018 interview director Ryan Murphy said he believed camp was a lazy catchall that gets thrown at gay artists in order to marginalize their ambitions to frame their work as niche and preferred to describe his visual aesthetic style as baroque 154 As some gay men have moved away from the term however mainstream straight society has appropriated it In 2019 the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art hosted its annual event the Met Gala with the theme titled Notes on Camp 155 That same year the museum presented its full exhibit Camp Notes on Fashion in which it presented numerous campy women s dresses 156 Nevertheless in drag performances and at gay pride events many gay men continue to embrace a camp aesthetic 157 Representations of gay men in Western mediaSee also Media portrayal of LGBT people In The Maltese Falcon Peter Lorre played an overtly stereotyped effeminate villain In many forms of popular entertainment gay men are portrayed stereotypically as promiscuous flamboyant flashy and sassy Gay men are also rarely the main characters in mainstream films they frequently play the role of stereotyped supporting characters or are portrayed as either a victim or the villain 158 Despite the stereotypical depictions of gay men television shows since the 1990s such as Queer as Folk Queer Eye and Modern Family have promoted broader social acceptance of gay men as normal people Nevertheless gay men are still frequently portrayed in the United States as symbols of social decadence by evangelists and organizations such as Focus on the Family 159 Historical Western media representations source source source source source source track track Boys Beware a 1961 U S propaganda film warning boys to beware the predatory dangers of homosexual men Historically many films have included negative sub texts regarding male homosexuality such as in Alfred Hitchcock s films whose villains used implied homosexuality to heighten senses of evil and alienation 160 161 In news programming male homosexuality was rarely directly mentioned but it was often portrayed as a sickness perversion or crime In 1967 CBC released a news segment on homosexuality however the segment was simply a compilation of negative stereotypes of gay men 162 The 1970s showed an increase in gay men s visibility in Western media with the 1972 ABC show That Certain Summer The show was about a gay man raising a family and although it did not show any explicit relations between the men it contained no negative stereotypes 162 With the emergence of the AIDS epidemic and its explicit associations with gay men media outlets in the U S varied in their coverage portrayal and acceptance of gay male communities The American Family Association the Coalition for Better Television and the Moral Majority organized boycotts against advertisers on television programs which showed gay men in a positive light 163 Media coverage of gay men during the AIDS crisis depended on the location and therefore the local attitudes toward gay men For example in the Bay Area The San Francisco Chronicle hired an openly gay man as a reporter and ran detailed stories on gay male topics This was a sharp contrast to The New York Times which refused to use the word gay in its writing exclusively referring to gay men and lesbians with the term homosexuals because it was believed to be a more clinical term The Times also limited its verbal and visual coverage of issues pertaining to gay men 162 164 Contemporary Western media representations On Pose Billy Porter plays Pray Tell a Black gay man with AIDS in New York In recent years positive representations of gay men entered mainstream television programming however critiques also emerged about the lack of diverse representations of gay men onscreen Alfred Martin writes Popular television shows including Will amp Grace Sex and the City Brothers and Sisters and Modern Family routinely depict gay men Yet the common characteristic among most televisual representations of gay men is that they are usually white 165 Scholars have noted that intersectional representations of gay men of color are generally not present on television 165 Additionally when television shows do depict gay men of color they are often used as a plot device or as some type of trope For example Blaine Anderson and Kurt Hummel were two important characters on the show Glee Darren Criss who portrays Blaine is half Asian while Chris Colfer who portrays Kurt is white Blaine often served as nothing more than a love interest for Kurt s character Gay male characters of color are also often depicted as race neutral 165 For example on the ABC Family show GRSSK Calvin Owens is a Black openly gay man however many of his storylines plots and struggles singularly revolve around his sexual identity In an attempt to be colorblind the show disregards his ethnic identity 165 HealthSurviving abuse Gay men are more likely to be abused but less likely to seek help From a very early age sexual and gender minority identified men are at an increased risk of being physically and sexually abused 166 Among boys of all sexual orientations about one in six is sexually abused before they turn sixteen however the range of available estimates is far broader 167 An estimated 96 98 of perpetrators of sexual abuse in general are heterosexual men 168 In the United States it has been estimated that the number of gay men who were sexually abused or molested when they were children is about 20 169 Around the world the sexual abuse of effeminate male children by heterosexual men continues to be a major concern 170 171 Writing about his own experience as a feminine boy the openly gay Moroccan writer Abdellah Taia wrote in a New York Times op ed I knew what happened to boys like me in our impoverished society they were designated victims to be used with everyone s blessing as easy sexual objects by frustrated men 96 Over the course of their adult lives gay and bisexual men are also at acute risk of experiencing physical and sexual trauma 172 Approximately 26 percent of gay men and 37 percent of bisexual men experience physical violence rape or stalking by an intimate partner and 40 percent of gay men and 47 percent of bisexual men have experienced sexual violence other than penetrative rape 173 This combination of suffering from both childhood and adult sexual victimization has significant health effects on gay men s communities 172 Gay and bisexual men who were abused as children have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections higher likelihood of sexual compulsivity and increased risk of exposure to HIV 172 Gay men who experience sexual abuse also display lower self esteem a distorted sense of self worth and difficulty forming healthy emotional relationships 172 However gay men are less likely than women to seek mental health assistance after experiencing trauma oftentimes due to social stigma and false beliefs around sexual assault such as men cannot be forced to have sex and men become gay or bisexual because they were sexually abused 172 Sexual health HIV prevention poster advocating for safe MSM sex in Vietnam Around the world gay bisexual and other men who have sex with men MSM face significant challenges in terms of their overall sexual health According to a 2018 UNAIDS report MSM have a staggering 27 times higher risk of contracting HIV than other demographic groups 174 New HIV infection rates for MSM vary by region but according to the 2018 UN report HIV cases among MSM represent 57 of all new cases in North America Central Europe and Western Europe 41 of all new cases in Latin America 25 of all new cases in Asia the Pacific Islands and the Caribbean 20 of all new cases in Eastern Europe Central Asia North Africa and the Middle East and 12 of all new cases in Western and Central Africa 175 In countries with diverse racial populations such as the United States France and the United Kingdom new HIV infections among gay and bisexual men are found disproportionately in working class and communities of color 176 177 178 In the United States there are currently full blown HIV crises amongst gay Chicano and Latino men in the Mexico U S borderlands region 179 and amongst African American MSM in the South 180 In the South Black gay bisexual and other MSM account for six out of every 10 new HIV diagnoses amongst all African Americans 180 In recent years independent news sources have shown that working class Black and Latino gay men in the United States still face significant health disparities in these crises 181 182 however in the United States as in other places around the world these problems have only worsened as HIV positive MSM especially those from already disadvantaged communities 183 have been severely and disproportionately affected by the global COVID 19 pandemic 184 In addition to HIV young gay bisexual and other MSM are also at significantly higher risk for other sexual health related issues Because compulsive and condomless sexually related behaviors are also strongly associated with depression 185 young MSM who are disproportionately likely to experience clinical depression 186 187 are at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections via unsafe sex 188 Furthermore because depression is strongly linked to a history of being sexual abused the high rate of past childhood sexual trauma among gay men leaves many in the community vulnerable to unhealthy behaviors and practices 169 189 As a combination of these complex factors many gay bisexual and MSM have higher rates of STIs including chlamydia and gonorrhea and in the United States account for 83 of all primary and secondary syphilis cases 190 Mental health There are significant issues affecting the overall mental health of gay men In the United States 29 3 percent of gay and bisexual men report experiencing chronic daily psychological distress 172 Gay and bisexual men are exposed to significant minority stress which is the constant exposure to stressors because of their minority identity in society 172 Familial and social rejection homophobia alienation and isolation can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety depression and a lack of self acceptance 172 These issues have been found to be exacerbated in gay men who have experienced sexual abuse 172 Even in countries with social and legal protections for gay men such as the United Kingdom France and the United States structural societal stigma against homosexual men persists and discrimination has been shown to have negative effects on the mental health of gay men 191 In fact compared to straight men gay and bisexual men have a higher chance of having both major depression and generalized anxiety disorder 191 Gay and bisexual men are also at greater risk of dying by suicide 192 they are one of the demographic groups most likely to have tried to commit suicide as well as to actually die by suicide 191 Finally HIV positive status continues to have a major impact on the mental health of many gay and bisexual men who fear disclosing their status to employers friends and families particularly if they have not yet come out 191 Incarceration See also LGBT people in prison United States Protest against mass incarceration in Chowchilla California in January 2013 Since the 1980s numerous countries around the world including in Europe Asia and North and South America have seen massive rises in their rates of incarceration 193 No country in the world however has experienced as dramatic an increase in incarceration rates as the United States which accounts for around 25 of the world s prisoners 194 This massive rise in incarceration rates has had dramatic effects for gay men In 2017 a survey conducted by the U S Department of Justice and the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law found that in local and county jails 6 2 percent of all incarcerated men were sexual minorities including 3 3 percent who identified as gay or bisexual and 2 9 percent who did not identify as gay or bisexual but reported having had sex with men MSM 195 This number was higher amongst men within state and federal prisons where 5 5 percent identified as gay or bisexual and an additional 3 8 were MSM 195 The Williams Institute s research team also found that gay and bisexual men received longer and harsher sentences for the same crimes committed compared to heterosexual men 195 Gay and bisexual men were found to be 2 7 times more likely to receive prison terms exceeding 20 years than straight men and were more likely to have spent time in solitary confinement while incarcerated 26 8 of gay and bisexual men had been held in solitary compared to 18 2 of straight men 195 Additionally gay men are at increased risk of rape and sexual abuse while in prison 196 A report by the international human rights organization Human Rights Watch found that in U S prisons the rape of incarcerated gay men is often administratively dismissed because of the misconception that any sexual contact involving a gay man and another male is inherently consensual 196 As a result rape victims who are known or believed to be gay are sometimes even denied medical treatment or legal recourse and perpetrators often go unpunished and thus are allowed to continue abusing their victims 196 According to the activist Andrea Cavanaugh Kern high rates of sexual assault against prisoners combined with high rates of HIV infections in prisons means that incarceration can often be a life or death issue for gay and bisexual men 197 Homelessness London advert protesting the exclusion of unhoused LGBT people For many young gay men and LGBT youth around the world homelessness and housing insecurity are serious issues 198 199 In the United States which has the largest homeless population in the Western world outside of Germany numerical estimates of housing insecure LGBT youth range from 1 6 million to 2 8 million 198 In one U S national sample nearly half of houseless LGBT youth reported they had been kicked out of their home because their family had rejected their sexual orientation or identity 200 For young gay men the precariousness of unstable housing comes with many dangers for example studies have found that young gay men and adolescents were more likely than their straight counterparts to be sexually victimized while homeless 201 202 Further among young gay bisexual and other MSM 17 28 years of age who have experienced homelessness 60 have been exposed to powder cocaine and MDMA 41 to hallucinogens and 20 to heroin 200 Drug abuse is considered a risk factor for criminal history and later incarceration and large numbers of young MSM particularly young men of color do experience early contact with the juvenile justice system and other forms of institutionalization 200 Institutionalization can affect gay and bisexual youth s later outcomes in life and lead to long term addiction reliance on sex work for survival and prolonged homelessness 200 Amongst adults no nationally representative datasets exist yet for measuring the sexual orientation or gender identity of homeless or housing insecure individuals 203 however some estimates place the LGBT community at between 20 and 40 of the United States homeless populations 204 Community and identitySubcultures Main article Sexuality and gender identity based cultures See also Ball culture Bear gay culture Drag queens Gaymer Twink gay slang and Down low sexual slang Gay men s pride flag 205 206 Two young gay men at Taiwan Pride In North America and Europe gay men have several subcultures including Twinks Bears Otters Queens Jocks Gaymers and others 207 According to scholars these subcultures which largely originated as part of a gay American way of life have in some ways become a global template for gay culture around the world 208 In India where a gay culture is slowly emerging despite anti gay societal values the caste system arranged marriages and the high probability of being disinherited for coming out some gay men are working to develop a mature and distinct Indian culture while also adopting aspects of global gay culture 209 One Indian gay man who identifies as a Bear stated in an interview Because straight people see me in chunky rings and bracelets heavy metal tees riding a Harley Davidson it doesn t fit in with the Indian stereotype of effeminate gay While I have nothing against being effeminate not all gay men are so Encouraging a bear culture in India will see more men feeling comfortable coming out and avoiding the trap of a face saving heterosexual marriage 210 In Canada which already has mature urban communities of gay men some gay artists are working to counter the fact that the social acceptability of a gay subculture is often dependent on how closely it aligns with Western standards of conventional attractiveness 211 The video artist Mike Wyeld whose exhibition LOVED showcased the Bear community stated Some of the things that the media s obsessed with obesity weight loss body shape aging some of these things we have to be happy with We get bigger we get older You can fight it and be miserable or you can accept it and live with the body that you have and love it 211 In the United Kingdom journalists have noted the role mobile apps such as Grindr have played in creating self segregating subcultures also called tribes within gay men s communities 212 In the United States young straight men have appropriated the aesthetics of young gay men and are even called art twinks by some 213 Youth See also Youth pride LGBT youth vulnerability and Suicide among LGBT youth A youth at DC Pride Gay adolescents boys and young men are a uniquely vulnerable segment of the gay male population In many countries identity issues bullying and lack of family acceptance are some of the major concerns facing gay identified youth 214 215 216 Additionally gay boys and adolescents around the world are regularly subjected to more extreme forms of violence including conversion therapy 217 familial violence 218 219 and other forms of physical abuse 220 These issues have been shown to have detrimental effects on the well being of gay and bisexual male youth In the United States a 2019 report by the CDC found that suicidal ideation amongst gay and bisexual boys and adolescents is as high as 40 4 221 According to the CDC however parental support can play an important role in bettering health outcomes for gay and bisexual youth decreasing the likelihood a gay teen will Experience depression attempt suicide use drugs and alcohol or become infected with sexually transmitted diseases 222 For educators the inclusion of diverse curriculum and the development of peer support venues such as Queer Straight Alliances in North America have been suggested as ways to reduce the frequency and effects of bullying and cyberbullying 223 Such measures are particularly important for gay and bisexual male students who in 2019 were the second most likely group behind trans students to have experienced bullying at school 73 9 and online 30 in the most recent 30 days according to research by Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin 224 Despite these calls for inclusive and diverse curriculums Scotland is currently the only country in the world with a mandated LGBTQ inclusive curriculum in its public school system 225 While many nations offer a piecemeal approach to LGBT education others including several U S states 226 have explicit bans on the inclusion of gay friendly education Despite the challenges gay teenagers face studies have found that gay male youth also develop skillsets which enable them to more successfully cope with stress and other developmental challenges than their straight peers 227 In comparing gay boys and adolescents to their heterosexual peers gay identified youth show higher levels of resilience positive self esteem and internal self control 227 Fatherhood See also LGBT parenting and LGBT adoption Two fathers with their child In the majority of countries today adoption by same sex couples is not legally allowed In Western Europe most of South America and North America however gay men can became fathers in a variety of ways including adoption surrogates and births from previous relationships In recent years prominent gay men such as Anderson Cooper and Elton John have made headlines for becoming fathers 228 229 and gay men have been increasingly represented on television as fathers though these representations have been subject to critiques for their one dimensionality 230 In spite of these advances in visibility and representation however gay fathers and their families still experience high levels of discrimination and social stigma from their relatives neighbors and other members of their communities 231 232 In the United States two thirds of gay fathers report experiencing social stigma and one third report that their children faced stigmatization from other children for having gay parents 231 Despite widespread social stigma against gay fathers and their children the vast majority of social scientific research shows the children of gay fathers to be equally well adjusted as the children of heterosexual parents 233 In fact in the United Kingdom researchers have found that the adopted children of gay fathers score lower on levels of anger and parental over dependence than children adopted by lesbian or heterosexual couples while also scoring higher on positive coping mechanisms 234 Additionally Swiss researchers have found that gay fathers report less irritation when their children display negative emotions than do straight fathers and gay men show higher levels of warmth and cooperation toward their partners than do straight men 235 Age Two older gay men in March 2010 Older gay men are one of the least studied groups within gay men s communities In Mexico Vida Alegre opened in 2019 as the first senior center for LGBT people in the country 236 According to the center s founder Samantha Flores loneliness is a major problem for many older gay men in Mexico stating I ve had people come in older gay men sobbing and pouring their hearts out to me about how unhappy they are They usually don t have children and many of their families have disowned them so they need to turn to families they have chosen themselves or friends for social contact 236 According to Flores many of these older gay men in Mexico are also living with PTSD because of their many lost friends and partners who died during the AIDS epidemic 236 In France the documentary filmmaker Sebastien Lifshitz made Les Invisibles a 2012 documentary about elderly gay French people and he found significant ideological differences between younger and older gay people 237 Lifshitz stated What s important to understand is that this older generation of gay people in France fought against the heterosexual bourgeois model of French society with all their might The fact that there are much younger gay couples today that are demanding the right to get married and adopt children is something the older gay generation understands but does not want for themselves 237 Finally in the United States scholars have found that most older gay American men are not strange lonely creatures but are instead well adjusted to their homosexuality and the aging process 238 Gender identity See also Trans men and Transgender sexuality For trans and gender nonconforming gay and bisexual men there are unique aspects of their identity which shape their experience within gay men s communities In Canada gay and bisexual trans men often use specific apps and websites such as Grindr and Tinder in order to find romantic and sexual partners 239 Canadian trans men report that personal developments such as gender transition and socio historical changes like increasing trans male visibility and the rise of virtual dating applications are producing rapidly changing sexual and romantic opportunities 239 in fact in 2017 most gay Canadian trans men reported having satisfying sexual lives 239 In the United States scholars report that trans men are often more likely to identify as bisexual than cisgender people 240 They also note that gay and bisexual trans men in the U S report comparable levels of self esteem sexual satisfaction or psychological adjustment to their cisgender peers 240 In a 2009 interview with New York magazine the writer Amos Mac who identifies as queer said I very much identify as a fag I am drawn to the community of gay men and that s how I embody myself I m attracted to guys who have a bit of flair to them They don t have to be gay but they can be queeny I love an artistic queen 241 Mac also stated that living as an LGBT man allows him to express his femme side since he no longer feels the necessity to force a masc posture in public 241 In his 2017 book Trans Homo San Francisco State University professor Avi Ben Zeev addresses the historical presence of trans gay men within the community writing Elders like Lou Sullivan paved the way and have brought some visibility to the fact that trans men are and have been an integral part of gay male communities Yet we trans homos and our lovers are still mysterious creatures to many even within these communities 242 In a 2004 collection of personal essays one man wrote about his identity formation as a gay trans man writing I never felt that being gay or transgender was unnatural I ve always felt that the people who never questioned their gender sexuality or fertility were the odd ones If anyone needs an outsider s label it s the ones who moralize against human sexuality not the ones who accept it 243 Disability A gay man in a wheelchair at London Pride 2016 Disabled gay men represent a significant but under represented portion of the community According to the Feinberg School of Medicine 26 percent of all gay men and 40 percent of bisexual men in the United States have some form of disability 244 Nevertheless gay men with disabilities report feelings of discomfort because of social expectations surrounding physical appearance and conventional standards of attractiveness 244 One man Aaron Anderson who has Guillain Barre Syndrome said Gay men are so conditioned to everything has to be perfect You have to have it all My body is so not perfect The gay men I know don t know how to deal with it my disability They pretend it s not a thing or superficial acquaintances will just ignore me 244 Gay men with disabilities also note that members of the disability community often feel desexualized by society 244 This desexualization can have serious ramifications for the health of gay men with disabilities Jae Jin Pak of the University of Illinois at Chicago noted that accurate sexual education and sexuality related information is generally unavailable to members of the disabled community 244 which can leave men in the community without information about safe sex practices Meanwhile within the field of Disability studies scholars emphasize the importance of establishing a public identity and a common culture for gay men with disabilities 245 In recent years queer men with disabilities have achieved some mainstream media visibility including through Ryan O Connell s 2019 Netflix series Special and the online popularity of the sexually fluid American model Nyle DiMarco See also LGBT portalBara genre Homoeroticism Homosexual behavior in animals History of gay men History of gay men in the United States Yaoi Gay pornography Gay characters in fiction Gay literature Gay male literature Gay male speech Gay Men of African Descent Gay sexual practices List of gay lesbian or bisexual peopleReferences The Effects of Negative Attitudes on Gay Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men CDC U S Department of Health amp Human Services 18 January 2019 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 1 February 2021 Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in Language American Psychological Association Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 Retrieved 14 March 2015 Reprinted from Avoiding heterosexual bias in language American Psychologist 46 9 973 974 1991 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 46 9 973 GLAAD Media Reference Guide Terms To Avoid GLAAD 25 October 2016 Archived from the original on 20 April 2012 Retrieved 21 April 2012 a b Hubbard Thomas K 2003 Introduction Homosexuality in Greece and Rome a Sourcebook of Basic Documents University of California Press p 1 ISBN 0520234308 The term homosexuality is itself problematic when applied to ancient cultures inasmuch as neither Greek nor Latin possesses any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept The term is adopted in this volume not out of any conviction that a fundamental identity exists between ancient and modern practices or self conceptions but as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same gender love and or sexual activity To be sure classical antiquity featured a variety of discrete practices in this regard each of which enjoyed differing levels of acceptance depending on the time and place Larson Jennifer 6 September 2012 Introduction Greek and Roman Sexualities A Sourcebook Bloomsbury Academic p 15 ISBN 978 1441196859 There is no Greek or Latin equivalent for the English word homosexual 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