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Wikipedia

Mental health

February 06, 2023

Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior. It likewise determines how an individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships, and decision-making.[1] Mental health includes subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others.[2] From the perspectives of positive psychology or holism, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.[3] Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health".[4] Some early signs related to mental health problems are sleep irritation, lack of energy, lack of appetite and thinking of harming yourself or others.[5]

Mental disorders

See also: Mental disorder

Mental health, as defined by the Public Health Agency of Canada,[6] is an individual's capacity to feel, think, and act in ways to achieve a better quality of life while respecting the personal, social, and cultural boundaries.[7] Impairment of any of these are risk factors for mental disorders, or mental illnesses,[8] which are a component of mental health.[7] Mental disorders are defined as the health conditions that affect and alter cognitive functioning, emotional responses, and behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning.[9][10] The ICD-11 is the global standard used to diagnose, treat, research, and report various mental disorders.[11][12] In the United States, the DSM-5 is used as the classification system of mental disorders.[13]

Mental health is associated with a number of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress, drug abuse, social connections and interactions.[13][14] Therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurse practitioners, or family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy, counseling or medication.[15]

History

See also: Well-being, Eudaimonia, and History of mental disorders

Early history

In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term mental hygiene, which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health.[16][17] Isaac Ray, the fourth president[18] of the American Psychiatric Association and one of its founders, further defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movements".[17]

In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be religiously punished. This response persisted through the 1700s, along with the inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such individuals.[19] Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. Dix was a school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental disorders and to expose the sub-standard conditions into which they were put.[20] This became known as the "mental hygiene movement".[20] Before this movement, it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient clothing.[20] From 1840 to 1880, she won the support of the federal government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals; however, they were understaffed, under-resourced, and were accused of violating human rights.[19]

Emil Kraepelin in 1896 developed the taxonomy of mental disorders which has dominated the field for nearly 80 years. Later, the proposed disease model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered normality to be relative to the physical, geographical and cultural aspects of the defining group.[21]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers founded "Mental Health America – National Committee for Mental Hygiene", after publication of his accounts as a patient in several lunatic asylums, A Mind That Found Itself, in 1908[22][23][24] and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States.[23]

The mental hygiene movement, similar to the social hygiene movement, had at times been associated with advocating eugenics and sterilization of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work and contented family life.[25][26] In the post-WWII years, references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term 'mental health' due to its positive aspect that evolves from the treatment of illness to preventive and promotive areas of healthcare.[24]

Deinstitutionalization and transinstitutionalization

When US government-run hospitals were accused of violating human rights, advocates pushed for deinstitutionalization: the replacement of federal mental hospitals for community mental health services. The closure of state-provisioned psychiatric hospitals was enforced by the Community Mental Health Centers Act in 1963 that laid out terms in which only patients who posed an imminent danger to others or themselves could be admitted into state facilities.[27] This was seen as an improvement from previous conditions. However, there remains a debate on the conditions of these community resources.

It has been proven that this transition was beneficial for many patients: there was an increase in overall satisfaction, a better quality of life, and more friendships between patients, and not too costly. This proved to be true only in the circumstance that treatment facilities that had enough funding for staff and equipment as well as proper management.[28] However, this idea is a polarizing issue. Critics of deinstitutionalization argue that poor living conditions prevailed, patients were lonely, and they did not acquire proper medical care in these treatment homes.[29] Additionally, patients that were moved from state psychiatric care to nursing and residential homes had deficits in crucial aspects of their treatment. Some cases result in the shift of care from health workers to patients' families, where they do not have the proper funding or medical expertise to give proper care.[29] On the other hand, patients that are treated in community mental health centers lack sufficient cancer testing, vaccinations, or otherwise regular medical check-ups.[29]

Other critics of state deinstitutionalization argue that this was simply a transition to "transinstitutionalization", or the idea that prisons and state-provisioned hospitals are interdependent. In other words, patients become inmates. This draws on the Penrose Hypothesis of 1939, which theorized that there was an inverse relationship between prisons' population size and the number of psychiatric hospital beds.[30] This means that populations that require psychiatric mental care will transition between institutions, which in this case, includes state psychiatric hospitals and criminal justice systems. Thus, a decrease in available psychiatric hospital beds occurred at the same time as an increase in inmates.[30] Although some are skeptical that this is due to other external factors, others will reason this conclusion to a lack of empathy for the mentally ill. There is no argument in the social stigmatization of those with mental illnesses, they have been widely marginalized and discriminated against in society.[19] In this source, researchers analyze how most compensation prisoners (detainees who are unable or unwilling to pay a fine for petty crimes) are unemployed, homeless, and with an extraordinarily high degree of mental illnesses and substance use disorders.[30] Compensation prisoners then lose prospective job opportunities, face social marginalization, and lack access to resocialization programs, which ultimately facilitate reoffending.[30] The research sheds light on how the mentally ill—and in this case, the poor—are further punished for certain circumstances that are beyond their control, and that this is a vicious cycle that repeats itself. Thus, prisons embody another state-provisioned mental hospital.

Families of patients, advocates, and mental health professionals still call for the increase in more well-structured community facilities and treatment programs with a higher quality of long-term inpatient resources and care. With this more structured environment, the United States will continue with more access to mental health care and an increase in the overall treatment of the mentally ill.

However, there is still a lack of studies for mental health conditions (MHCs) to raise awareness, knowledge development, and attitude of seeking medical treatment for MHCs in Bangladesh. People in rural areas often seek treatment from the traditional healers and MHCs are sometimes considered a spiritual matter.[31]

Epidemiology

See also: Prevalence of mental disorders

Mental illnesses are more common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. Over 26 percent of all Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a mental illness.[32] Evidence suggests that 450 million people worldwide have some mental illness. Major depression ranks fourth among the top 10 leading causes of disease worldwide. By 2029, mental illness is predicted to become the leading cause of disease worldwide. One million people commit suicide every year and 10 to 20 million attempt it.[33] A World Health Organization (WHO) report estimates the global cost of mental illness at nearly $2.5 trillion (two-thirds in indirect costs) in 2010, with a projected increase to over $6 trillion by 2030.[34]

Evidence from the WHO suggests that nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness with an impact on their self-esteem, relationships and ability to function in everyday life.[35] An individual's emotional health can impact their physical health. Poor mental health can lead to problems such as the inability to make adequate decisions and substance use disorders.[36]

Good mental health can improve life quality whereas poor mental health can worsen it. According to Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke, "There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are associated with pro-social behaviors such as stress management and physical health."[36] Their research also concluded that people who lack emotional expression are inclined to anti-social behaviors (e.g., substance use disorder and alcohol use disorder, physical fights, vandalism), which reflects one's mental health and suppressed emotions.[36] Adults and children who face mental illness may experience social stigma, which can exacerbate the issues.[37]

Global prevalence

See also: Global mental health and Category:Mental health by country
 
The Two Continua Model of Mental Health and Mental Illness

Mental health can be seen as a continuum, where an individual's mental health may have many different possible values.[38] Mental wellness is viewed as a positive attribute; this definition of mental health highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or happiness.[39] Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental wellness. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health.

A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious, and sociological perspectives. There are also models as theoretical perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology.[40][41]

The tripartite model of mental well-being[38][42] views mental well-being as encompassing three components of emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. Emotional well-being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life. The model has received empirical support across cultures.[42][43][44] The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) is the most widely used scale to measure the tripartite model of mental well-being.[45][46][47]

Demographics

Children and young adults

Further information: Infant mental health and Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood
See also: Depression in childhood and adolescence

Mental health conditions are 16% of the global burden of disease and injury in people aged 10–19 years.[48] 42% of those young adults went untreated as of 2018.[1] Half of all mental health conditions start by 14 years of age but most cases go undetected and untreated.[49][48] The role of caregivers for youth with mental health needs is valuable, and caregivers benefit most when they have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support.[50] Depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents.[48] Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15-19-year-olds.[48] Exposure to childhood trauma can cause mental health disorders and poor academic achievement.[51] Ignoring mental health conditions in adolescents can impact adulthood.[52] 50% of preschool children show a natural reduction in behavioral problems. The remaining experience long-term consequences.[52] It impairs physical and mental health and limits opportunities to live fulfilling lives.[52] A result of depression during adolescence and adulthood may be substance abuse.[52][53] The average age of onset is between 11 and 14 years for depressive disorders.[53] Only approximately 25% of children with behavioral problems refer to medical services.[52] The majority of children go to die.[52]

Homeless population

Further information: Homelessness and mental health

Mental illness is thought to be highly prevalent among homeless populations, though access to proper diagnoses is limited. An article written by Lisa Goodman and her colleagues summarized Smith's research into PTSD in homeless single women and mothers in St. Louis, Missouri, which found that 53% of the respondents met diagnostic criteria, and which describes homelessness as a risk factor for mental illness.[54] At least two commonly reported symptoms of psychological trauma, social disaffiliation and learned helplessness are highly prevalent among homeless individuals and families.[55]

While mental illness is prevalent, people infrequently receive appropriate care.[54] Case management linked to other services is an effective care approach for improving symptoms in people experiencing homelessness.[55] Case management reduced admission to hospitals, and it reduced substance use by those with substance abuse problems more than typical care.[55]

Immigrants and refugees

See also: Mental health of refugees

States that produce refugees are sites of social upheaval, civil war, even genocide.[56] Most refugees experience trauma. It can be in the form of torture, sexual assault, family fragmentation, and death of loved ones.[56][57]

Refugees and immigrants experience psychosocial stressors after resettlement.[58] These include discrimination, lack of economic stability, and social isolation causing emotional distress.[56][57] For refugees family reunification can be one of the primary needs to improve quality of life.[56] Post-migration trauma is a cause of depressive disorders and psychological distress for immigrants.[56][57][58]

Cultural and religious considerations

Mental health is a socially constructed concept; different societies, groups, cultures, institutions, and professions have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding what interventions, if any, are appropriate.[59] Thus, different professionals will have different cultural, class, political and religious backgrounds, which will impact the methodology applied during treatment. In the context of deaf mental health care, it is necessary for professionals to have cultural competency of deaf and hard of hearing people and to understand how to properly rely on trained, qualified, and certified interpreters when working with culturally Deaf clients.

Research has shown that there is stigma attached to mental illness.[60] Due to such stigma, individuals may resist labeling and may be driven to respond to mental health diagnoses with denialism.[61] Family caregivers of individuals with mental disorders may also suffer discrimination or face stigma.[62]

Addressing and eliminating the social stigma and perceived stigma attached to mental illness has been recognized as crucial to education and awareness surrounding mental health issues. In the United Kingdom, the Royal College of Psychiatrists organized the campaign Changing Minds (1998–2003) to help reduce stigma,[63] while in the United States, efforts by entities such as the Born This Way Foundation and The Manic Monologues specifically focus on removing the stigma surrounding mental illness.[64][65] The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) is a U.S. institution founded in 1979 to represent and advocate for those struggling with mental health issues. NAMI helps to educate about mental illnesses and health issues, while also working to eliminate stigma[66] attached to these disorders.

Many mental health professionals are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in religious diversity and spirituality. They are also partaking in cultural training to better understand which interventions work best for these different groups of people. The American Psychological Association explicitly states that religion must be respected. Education in spiritual and religious matters is also required by the American Psychiatric Association,[67] however, far less attention is paid to the damage that more rigid, fundamentalist faiths commonly practiced in the United States can cause.[68][unreliable source?] This theme has been widely politicized in 2018 such as with the creation of the Religious Liberty Task Force in July of that year.[69] Also, many providers and practitioners in the United States are only beginning to realize that the institution of mental healthcare lacks knowledge and competence of many non-Western cultures, leaving providers in the United States ill-equipped to treat patients from different cultures.[70]

Occupations

See also: Mental health in aviation

Occupational therapy

Occupational therapy practitioners aim to improve and enable a client or group's participation in meaningful, everyday occupations.[71] In this sense, occupation is defined as any activity that “occupies one's time". Examples of those activities include daily tasks (dressing, bathing, eating, house chores, driving, etc.), sleep and rest, education, work, play, leisure (hobbies), and social interactions. The OT profession offers a vast range of services for all stages of life in a myriad of practice settings, though the foundations of OT come from mental health.

OT services focused on mental health can be provided to persons, groups, and populations [71] across the lifespan and experiencing varying levels of mental health performance. For example, occupational therapy practitioners provide mental health services in school systems, military environments, hospitals, outpatient clinics, and inpatient mental health rehabilitation settings. Interventions or support can be provided directly through specific treatment interventions or indirectly by providing consultation to businesses, schools, or other larger groups to incorporate mental health strategies on a programmatic level. Even people who are mentally healthy can benefit from the health promotion and additional prevention strategies to reduce the impact of difficult situations.

The interventions focus on positive functioning, sensory strategies, managing emotions, interpersonal relationships, sleep, community engagement, and other cognitive skills (i.e. visual-perceptual skills, attention, memory, arousal/energy management, etc.).

Mental health in social work

Further information: Social work
See also: Clinical social work

Social work in mental health, also called psychiatric social work, is a process where an individual in a setting is helped to attain freedom from overlapping internal and external problems (social and economic situations, family and other relationships, the physical and organizational environment, psychiatric symptoms, etc.). It aims for harmony, quality of life, self-actualization and personal adaptation across all systems. Psychiatric social workers are mental health professionals that can assist patients and their family members in coping with both mental health issues and various economic or social problems caused by mental illness or psychiatric dysfunctions and to attain improved mental health and well-being. They are vital members of the treatment teams in Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in hospitals. They are employed in both outpatient and inpatient settings of a hospital, nursing homes, state and local governments, substance use clinics, correctional facilities, health care services, private practice, etc.[72]

In the United States, social workers provide most of the mental health services. According to government sources, 60 percent of mental health professionals are clinically trained social workers, 10 percent are psychiatrists, 23 percent are psychologists, and 5 percent are psychiatric nurses.[73]

Mental health social workers in Japan have professional knowledge of health and welfare and skills essential for person's well-being. Their social work training enables them as a professional to carry out Consultation assistance for mental disabilities and their social reintegration; Consultation regarding the rehabilitation of the victims; Advice and guidance for post-discharge residence and re-employment after hospitalized care, for major life events in regular life, money and self-management and other relevant matters to equip them to adapt in daily life. Social workers provide individual home visits for mentally ill and do welfare services available, with specialized training a range of procedural services are coordinated for home, workplace and school. In an administrative relationship, Psychiatric social workers provides consultation, leadership, conflict management and work direction. Psychiatric social workers who provides assessment and psychosocial interventions function as a clinician, counselor and municipal staff of the health centers.[74]

Risk factors and causes of mental health problems

There are many things that can contribute to mental health problems, including biological factors, genetic factors, life experiences (such as psychological trauma or abuse), and a family history of mental health problems.[75]

Biological factors

According to the National Institute of Health Curriculum Supplement Series book, most scientists believe that changes in neurotransmitters can cause mental illnesses. In the section "The Biology of Mental Illnesses" the issue is explained in detail, "…there may be disruptions in the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, and norepinephrine in individuals who have schizophrenia". [76]

Economic factors

See also: Socioeconomic status and mental health

Unemployment has been shown to hurt an individual's emotional well-being, self-esteem, and more broadly their mental health. Increasing unemployment has been shown to have a significant impact on mental health, predominantly depressive disorders.[77] This is an important consideration when reviewing the triggers for mental health disorders in any population survey.[78]

 
The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more economically unequal countries.

Emotional mental disorders are a leading cause of disabilities worldwide. Investigating the degree and severity of untreated emotional mental disorders throughout the world is a top priority of the World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative,[79] which was created in 1998 by the World Health Organization (WHO).[80] "Neuropsychiatric disorders are the leading causes of disability worldwide, accounting for 37% of all healthy life years lost through disease. These disorders are most destructive to low and middle-income countries due to their inability to provide their citizens with proper aid. Despite modern treatment and rehabilitation for emotional mental health disorders, "even economically advantaged societies have competing priorities and budgetary constraints".

The World Mental Health survey initiative has suggested a plan for countries to redesign their mental health care systems to best allocate resources. "A first step is documentation of services being used and the extent and nature of unmet treatment needs. A second step could be to do a cross-national comparison of service use and unmet needs in countries with different mental health care systems. Such comparisons can help to uncover optimum financing, national policies, and delivery systems for mental health care."[This quote needs a citation]

Knowledge of how to provide effective emotional mental health care has become imperative worldwide. Unfortunately, most countries have insufficient data to guide decisions, absent or competing visions for resources, and near-constant pressures to cut insurance and entitlements. WMH surveys were done in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), the Americas (Colombia, Mexico, United States), Asia and the Pacific (Japan, New Zealand, Beijing and Shanghai in the People's Republic of China), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine), and the Middle East (Israel, Lebanon). Countries were classified with World Bank criteria as low-income (Nigeria), lower-middle-income (China, Colombia, South Africa, Ukraine), higher middle-income (Lebanon, Mexico), and high-income.

The coordinated surveys on emotional mental health disorders, their severity, and treatments were implemented in the aforementioned countries. These surveys assessed the frequency, types, and adequacy of mental health service use in 17 countries in which WMH surveys are complete. The WMH also examined unmet needs for treatment in strata defined by the seriousness of mental disorders. Their research showed that "the number of respondents using any 12-month mental health service was generally lower in developing than in developed countries, and the proportion receiving services tended to correspond to countries' percentages of gross domestic product spent on health care". "High levels of unmet need worldwide are not surprising, since WHO Project ATLAS' findings of much lower mental health expenditures than was suggested by the magnitude of burdens from mental illnesses. Generally, unmet needs in low-income and middle-income countries might be attributable to these nations spending reduced amounts (usually <1%) of already diminished health budgets on mental health care, and they rely heavily on out-of-pocket spending by citizens who are ill-equipped for it".

Stress

 
Dementia Friends training

The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health discuss how a certain amount of stress is a normal part of daily life. Small doses of stress help people meet deadlines, be prepared for presentations, be productive and arrive on time for important events. However, long-term stress can become harmful. When stress becomes overwhelming and prolonged, the risks for mental health problems and medical problems increase."[81] Also on that note, some studies have found language to deteriorate mental health and even harm humans.[82]

Cultural factors

There are significant variations in the cultural views of mental illness across cultures.[83] Culture influences the epidemiology, phenomenology, outcome, and treatment of mental illness.[84] Culture has multiple roles to play in the expression of psychopathological disorder.[85]

Environmental factors

This section is an excerpt from Effects of climate change on mental health.[edit]
 
Smoke in Sydney (Australia) from large bushfires (in 2019), affected some people's mental health in a direct way. The likelihood of wildfires is increased by climate change.

The effects of climate change on mental health and well-being can be rather negative, especially for vulnerable populations and those with pre-existing serious mental illness.[86] There are three broad pathways by which these effects can take place: directly, indirectly or via awareness.[87] The direct pathway includes stress related conditions being caused by exposure to extreme weather events, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health outcomes to several climate-related exposures—heat, humidity, rainfall, drought, wildfires and floods.[88] The indirect pathway can be via disruption to economic and social activities, such as when an area of farmland is less able to produce food. The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat, even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by it.

Mental health outcomes have been measured in several studies through indicators such as psychiatric hospital admissions, mortality, self-harm and suicide rates. Vulnerable populations and life stages include people with pre-existing mental illness, Indigenous peoples, children and adolescents. The emotional responses to the threat of climate change can include eco-anxiety, ecological grief and eco-anger.[89][90] While unpleasant, such emotions are often not harmful, and can be rational responses to the degradation of the natural world, motivating adaptive action.[91]

Assessing the exact mental health effects of climate change is difficult; increases in heat extremes pose risks to mental health which can manifest themselves in increased mental health-related hospital admissions and suicidality.[92]: 9 

Protection and promotion

See also: Prevention of mental disorders

"The terms mental health promotion and prevention have often been confused. Promotion is defined as intervening to optimize positive mental health by addressing determinants of positive mental health (i.e. protective factors) before a specific mental health problem has been identified, with the ultimate goal of improving the positive mental health of the population. Mental health prevention is defined as intervening to minimize mental health problems (i.e. risk factors) by addressing determinants of mental health problems before a specific mental health problem has been identified in the individual, group, or population of focus with the ultimate goal of reducing the number of future mental health problems in the population."[93][94]

In order to improve mental health, the root of the issue has to be resolved. "Prevention emphasizes the avoidance of risk factors; promotion aims to enhance an individual's ability to achieve a positive sense of self-esteem, mastery, well-being, and social inclusion."[95] Mental health promotion attempts to increase protective factors and healthy behaviors that can help prevent the onset of a diagnosable mental disorder and reduce risk factors that can lead to the development of a mental disorder.[93] Yoga is an example of an activity that calms one's entire body and nerves.[96] According to a study on well-being by Richards, Campania, and Muse-Burke, "mindfulness is considered to be a purposeful state, it may be that those who practice it belief in its importance and value being mindful, so that valuing of self-care activities may influence the intentional component of mindfulness."[36]

Mental health is conventionally defined as a hybrid of the absence of a mental disorder and the presence of well-being. Focus is increasing on preventing mental disorders. Prevention is beginning to appear in mental health strategies, including the 2004 WHO report "Prevention of Mental Disorders", the 2008 EU "Pact for Mental Health" and the 2011 US National Prevention Strategy.[97][98][page needed] Some commentators have argued that a pragmatic and practical approach to mental disorder prevention at work would be to treat it the same way as physical injury prevention.[99]

Prevention of a disorder at a young age may significantly decrease the chances that a child will have a disorder later in life, and shall be the most efficient and effective measure from a public health perspective.[100] Prevention may require the regular consultation of a physician for at least twice a year to detect any signs that reveal any mental health concerns.

Additionally, social media is becoming a resource for prevention. In 2004, the Mental Health Services Act[101] began to fund marketing initiatives to educate the public on mental health. This California-based project is working to combat the negative perception with mental health and reduce the stigma associated with it. While social media can benefit mental health, it can also lead to deterioration if not managed properly.[102] Limiting social media intake is beneficial.[103]

Studies report that patients in mental health care who can access and read their Electronic Health Records (EHR) or Open Notes online experience increased understanding of their mental health, feeling in control of their care, and enhanced trust in their clinicians. Patients' also reported feelings of greater validation, engagement, remembering their care plan, and acquiring a better awareness of potential side effects of their medications, when reading their mental health notes. Other common experiences were that shared mental health notes enhance patient empowerment and augment patient autonomy.[104][105][106][107][108][109]

Care navigation

Main article: Mental health care navigator

Mental health care navigation helps to guide patients and families through the fragmented, often confusing mental health industries. Care navigators work closely with patients and families through discussion and collaboration to provide information on best therapies as well as referrals to practitioners and facilities specializing in particular forms of emotional improvement. The difference between therapy and care navigation is that the care navigation process provides information and directs patients to therapy rather than providing therapy. Still, care navigators may offer diagnosis and treatment planning. Though many care navigators are also trained therapists and doctors. Care navigation is the link between the patient and the below therapies. A clear recognition that mental health requires medical intervention was demonstrated in a study by Kessler et al. of the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders from 1990 to 2003 in the United States. Despite the prevalence of mental health disorders remaining unchanged during this period, the number of patients seeking treatment for mental disorders increased threefold.[110]

Methods

Pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy is a therapy that uses pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmacotherapy is used in the treatment of mental illness through the use of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and the use of elements such as lithium. It can only be prescribed by a medical professional trained in the field of Psychiatry.

Physical activity

Physical exercise can improve mental and physical health. Playing sports, walking, cycling, or doing any form of physical activity trigger the production of various hormones, sometimes including endorphins, which can elevate a person's mood.[111]

Studies have shown that in some cases, physical activity can have the same impact as antidepressants when treating depression and anxiety.[112]

Moreover, cessation of physical exercise may have adverse effects on some mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. This could lead to different negative outcomes such as obesity, skewed body image and many health risks associated with mental illnesses.[113] Exercise can improve mental health but it should not be used as an alternative to therapy.[114]

Activity therapies

Activity therapies also called recreation therapy and occupational therapy, promote healing through active engagement. An example of occupational therapy would be promoting an activity that improves daily life, such as self-care or improving hobbies.[115] Similarly, recreational therapy focuses on movement, such as walking, yoga, or riding a bike.[116]

Each of these therapies have proven to improve mental health and have resulted in healthier, happier individuals. In recent years, for example, coloring has been recognized as an activity that has been proven to significantly lower the levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety in many studies.[117]

Expressive therapies

Expressive therapies or creative arts therapies are a form of psychotherapy that involves the arts or art-making. These therapies include art therapy, music therapy, drama therapy, dance therapy, and poetry therapy. It has been proven that music therapy is an effective way of helping people with a mental health disorder.[118] Drama therapy is approved by NICE for the treatment of psychosis.[119]

Psychotherapy

Main article: Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is the general term for the scientific based treatment of mental health issues based on modern medicine. It includes a number of schools, such as gestalt therapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychedelic therapy, transpersonal psychology/psychotherapy, and dialectical behavioral therapy. Group therapy involves any type of therapy that takes place in a setting involving multiple people. It can include psychodynamic groups, expressive therapy groups, support groups (including the Twelve-step program), problem-solving and psychoeducation groups.

Self-compassion

Main article: Self-compassion

According to Neff, self-compassion consists of three main positive components and their negative counterparts: Self-Kindness versus Self-Judgement, Common Humanity versus Isolation and Mindfulness versus Over-Identification.[120] Furthermore, there is evidence from a study by Shin & Lin suggesting specific components of self-compassion can predict specific dimensions of positive mental health (emotional, social, and psychological well-being).[121]

Social-emotional learning

Further information: Social emotional development § Social emotional learning & development in schools

The Collaborative for academic, social, emotional learning (CASEL) addresses five broad and interrelated areas of competence and highlights examples for each: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.[122] A meta-analysis was done by Alexendru Boncu, Iuliana Costeau, & Mihaela Minulescu (2017) looking at social-emotional learning (SEL) studies and the effects on emotional and behavior outcomes. They found a small but significant effect size (across the studies looked into) for externalized problems and social-emotional skills.[123]

Meditation

Main articles: Meditation and Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

The practice of mindfulness meditation has several potential mental health benefits, such as bringing about reductions in depression, anxiety and stress.[124][125][126][127] Mindfulness meditation may also be effective in treating substance use disorders.[128]

Lucid Dreaming

Lucid dreaming has been found to be associated with greater mental well-being. It also was not associated with poorer sleep quality nor with cognitive dissociation.[129] There is also some evidence lucid dreaming therapy can help with nightmare reduction.[130]

Mental fitness

Mental fitness is a mental health movement that encourages people to intentionally regulate and maintain their emotional wellbeing through friendship, regular human contact, and activities that include meditation, calming exercises, aerobic exercise, mindfulness, having a routine and maintaining adequate sleep. Mental fitness is intended to build resilience against every-day mental health challenges to prevent an escalation of anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, and help them cope with the escalation of those feelings if they occur.[131]

Spiritual counseling

Spiritual counsellors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better understanding of their issues and develop a problem-solving relation with spirituality. These types of counselors deliver care based on spiritual, psychological and theological principles.[132]

Laws and public health policies

See also: Mental health law and Public health

There are many factors that influence mental health including:

  • Mental illness, disability, and suicide are ultimately the result of a combination of biology, environment, and access to and utilization of mental health treatment.
  • Public health policies can influence access and utilization, which subsequently may improve mental health and help to progress the negative consequences of depression and its associated disability.

United States

Emotional mental illnesses should be a particular concern in the United States since the U.S. has the highest annual prevalence rates (26 percent) for mental illnesses among a comparison of 14 developing and developed countries.[133] While approximately 80 percent of all people in the United States with a mental disorder eventually receive some form of treatment, on average persons do not access care until nearly a decade following the development of their illness, and less than one-third of people who seek help receive minimally adequate care.[134] The government offers everyone programs and services, but veterans receive the most help, there is certain eligibility criteria that has to be met.[135]

Policies

Mental health policies in the United States have experienced four major reforms: the American asylum movement led by Dorothea Dix in 1843; the mental hygiene movement inspired by Clifford Beers in 1908; the deinstitutionalization started by Action for Mental Health in 1961; and the community support movement called for by The CMCH Act Amendments of 1975.[136]

In 1843, Dorothea Dix submitted a Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, describing the abusive treatment and horrible conditions received by the mentally ill patients in jails, cages, and almshouses. She revealed in her Memorial: "I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience...."[137] Many asylums were built in that period, with high fences or walls separating the patients from other community members and strict rules regarding the entrance and exit. In 1866, a recommendation came to the New York State Legislature to establish a separate asylum for chronic mentally ill patients. Some hospitals placed the chronic patients into separate wings or wards, or different buildings.[138]

In A Mind That Found Itself (1908) Clifford Whittingham Beers described the humiliating treatment he received and the deplorable conditions in the mental hospital.[139] One year later, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (NCMH) was founded by a small group of reform-minded scholars and scientists—including Beers himself—which marked the beginning of the "mental hygiene" movement. The movement emphasized the importance of childhood prevention. World War I catalyzed this idea with an additional emphasis on the impact of maladjustment, which convinced the hygienists that prevention was the only practical approach to handle mental health issues.[140] However, prevention was not successful, especially for chronic illness; the condemnable conditions in the hospitals were even more prevalent, especially under the pressure of the increasing number of chronically ill and the influence of the depression.[136]

In 1961, the Joint Commission on Mental Health published a report called Action for Mental Health, whose goal was for community clinic care to take on the burden of prevention and early intervention of the mental illness, therefore to leave space in the hospitals for severe and chronic patients. The court started to rule in favor of the patients' will on whether they should be forced to treatment. By 1977, 650 community mental health centers were built to cover 43 percent of the population and serve 1.9 million individuals a year, and the lengths of treatment decreased from 6 months to only 23 days.[141] However, issues still existed. Due to inflation, especially in the 1970s, the community nursing homes received less money to support the care and treatment provided. Fewer than half of the planned centers were created, and new methods did not fully replace the old approaches to carry out its full capacity of treating power.[141] Besides, the community helping system was not fully established to support the patients' housing, vocational opportunities, income supports, and other benefits.[136] Many patients returned to welfare and criminal justice institutions, and more became homeless. The movement of deinstitutionalization was facing great challenges.[142]

After realizing that simply changing the location of mental health care from the state hospitals to nursing houses was insufficient to implement the idea of deinstitutionalization, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1975 created the Community Support Program (CSP) to provide funds for communities to set up a comprehensive mental health service and supports to help the mentally ill patients integrate successfully in the society. The program stressed the importance of other supports in addition to medical care, including housing, living expenses, employment, transportation, and education; and set up new national priority for people with serious mental disorders. In addition, the Congress enacted the Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 to prioritize the service to the mentally ill and emphasize the expansion of services beyond just clinical care alone.[143] Later in the 1980s, under the influence from the Congress and the Supreme Court, many programs started to help the patients regain their benefits. A new Medicaid service was also established to serve people who were diagnosed with a "chronic mental illness". People who were temporally hospitalized were also provided aid and care and a pre-release program was created to enable people to apply for reinstatement prior to discharge.[141] Not until 1990, around 35 years after the start of the deinstitutionalization, did the first state hospital begin to close. The number of hospitals dropped from around 300 by over 40 in the 1990s, and finally a Report on Mental Health showed the efficacy of mental health treatment, giving a range of treatments available for patients to choose.[143]

However, several critics maintain that deinstitutionalization has, from a mental health point of view, been a thoroughgoing failure. The seriously mentally ill are either homeless, or in prison; in either case (especially the latter), they are getting little or no mental health care. This failure is attributed to a number of reasons over which there is some degree of contention, although there is general agreement that community support programs have been ineffective at best, due to a lack of funding.[142]

The 2011 National Prevention Strategy included mental and emotional well-being, with recommendations including better parenting and early intervention programs, which increase the likelihood of prevention programs being included in future US mental health policies.[97][page needed] The NIMH is researching only suicide and HIV/AIDS prevention, but the National Prevention Strategy could lead to it focusing more broadly on longitudinal prevention studies.[144][failed verification]

In 2013, United States Representative Tim Murphy introduced the Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act, HR2646. The bipartisan bill went through substantial revision and was reintroduced in 2015 by Murphy and Congresswoman Eddie Bernice Johnson. In November 2015, it passed the Health Subcommittee by an 18–12 vote.[145]

See also

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Further reading

  • Online Books by William Sweetser

External links

  •   Quotations related to Mental health at Wikiquote
  •   Media related to Mental health at Wikimedia Commons
  • Mental Health by WHO
  • The Public Health Agency of Canada
  • "Mental health and substance abuse". WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.
  • National Institute of Mental Health (United States)
  • Health-EU Portal Mental Health in the EU
  • Mental Health Department of Health (United Kingdom)

February 06, 2023
mental, health, examples, perspective, this, article, deal, primarily, with, united, states, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, july, 2021, learn, when, remove, this, template,. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Mental health encompasses emotional psychological and social well being influencing cognition perception and behavior It likewise determines how an individual handles stress interpersonal relationships and decision making 1 Mental health includes subjective well being perceived self efficacy autonomy competence intergenerational dependence and self actualization of one s intellectual and emotional potential among others 2 From the perspectives of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual s ability to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience 3 Cultural differences subjective assessments and competing professional theories all affect how one defines mental health 4 Some early signs related to mental health problems are sleep irritation lack of energy lack of appetite and thinking of harming yourself or others 5 Contents 1 Mental disorders 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 1 1 Deinstitutionalization and transinstitutionalization 3 Epidemiology 3 1 Global prevalence 3 2 Demographics 3 2 1 Children and young adults 3 2 2 Homeless population 3 2 3 Immigrants and refugees 3 2 4 Cultural and religious considerations 3 3 Occupations 3 4 Occupational therapy 3 4 1 Mental health in social work 4 Risk factors and causes of mental health problems 4 1 Biological factors 4 2 Economic factors 4 3 Stress 4 4 Cultural factors 4 5 Environmental factors 5 Protection and promotion 5 1 Care navigation 5 2 Methods 5 2 1 Pharmacotherapy 5 2 2 Physical activity 5 2 3 Activity therapies 5 2 4 Expressive therapies 5 2 5 Psychotherapy 5 2 6 Self compassion 5 2 7 Social emotional learning 5 2 8 Meditation 5 2 9 Lucid Dreaming 5 2 10 Mental fitness 5 2 11 Spiritual counseling 6 Laws and public health policies 6 1 United States 6 1 1 Policies 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksMental disorders EditSee also Mental disorder Mental health as defined by the Public Health Agency of Canada 6 is an individual s capacity to feel think and act in ways to achieve a better quality of life while respecting the personal social and cultural boundaries 7 Impairment of any of these are risk factors for mental disorders or mental illnesses 8 which are a component of mental health 7 Mental disorders are defined as the health conditions that affect and alter cognitive functioning emotional responses and behavior associated with distress and or impaired functioning 9 10 The ICD 11 is the global standard used to diagnose treat research and report various mental disorders 11 12 In the United States the DSM 5 is used as the classification system of mental disorders 13 Mental health is associated with a number of lifestyle factors such as diet exercise stress drug abuse social connections and interactions 13 14 Therapists psychiatrists psychologists social workers nurse practitioners or family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy counseling or medication 15 History EditSee also Well being Eudaimonia and History of mental disorders Early history Edit In the mid 19th century William Sweetser was the first to coin the term mental hygiene which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health 16 17 Isaac Ray the fourth president 18 of the American Psychiatric Association and one of its founders further defined mental hygiene as the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities impair its energies or derange its movements 17 In American history mentally ill patients were thought to be religiously punished This response persisted through the 1700s along with the inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such individuals 19 Dorothea Dix 1802 1887 was an important figure in the development of the mental hygiene movement Dix was a school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental disorders and to expose the sub standard conditions into which they were put 20 This became known as the mental hygiene movement 20 Before this movement it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient clothing 20 From 1840 to 1880 she won the support of the federal government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals however they were understaffed under resourced and were accused of violating human rights 19 Emil Kraepelin in 1896 developed the taxonomy of mental disorders which has dominated the field for nearly 80 years Later the proposed disease model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered normality to be relative to the physical geographical and cultural aspects of the defining group 21 At the beginning of the 20th century Clifford Beers founded Mental Health America National Committee for Mental Hygiene after publication of his accounts as a patient in several lunatic asylums A Mind That Found Itself in 1908 22 23 24 and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States 23 The mental hygiene movement similar to the social hygiene movement had at times been associated with advocating eugenics and sterilization of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work and contented family life 25 26 In the post WWII years references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term mental health due to its positive aspect that evolves from the treatment of illness to preventive and promotive areas of healthcare 24 Deinstitutionalization and transinstitutionalization Edit When US government run hospitals were accused of violating human rights advocates pushed for deinstitutionalization the replacement of federal mental hospitals for community mental health services The closure of state provisioned psychiatric hospitals was enforced by the Community Mental Health Centers Act in 1963 that laid out terms in which only patients who posed an imminent danger to others or themselves could be admitted into state facilities 27 This was seen as an improvement from previous conditions However there remains a debate on the conditions of these community resources It has been proven that this transition was beneficial for many patients there was an increase in overall satisfaction a better quality of life and more friendships between patients and not too costly This proved to be true only in the circumstance that treatment facilities that had enough funding for staff and equipment as well as proper management 28 However this idea is a polarizing issue Critics of deinstitutionalization argue that poor living conditions prevailed patients were lonely and they did not acquire proper medical care in these treatment homes 29 Additionally patients that were moved from state psychiatric care to nursing and residential homes had deficits in crucial aspects of their treatment Some cases result in the shift of care from health workers to patients families where they do not have the proper funding or medical expertise to give proper care 29 On the other hand patients that are treated in community mental health centers lack sufficient cancer testing vaccinations or otherwise regular medical check ups 29 Other critics of state deinstitutionalization argue that this was simply a transition to transinstitutionalization or the idea that prisons and state provisioned hospitals are interdependent In other words patients become inmates This draws on the Penrose Hypothesis of 1939 which theorized that there was an inverse relationship between prisons population size and the number of psychiatric hospital beds 30 This means that populations that require psychiatric mental care will transition between institutions which in this case includes state psychiatric hospitals and criminal justice systems Thus a decrease in available psychiatric hospital beds occurred at the same time as an increase in inmates 30 Although some are skeptical that this is due to other external factors others will reason this conclusion to a lack of empathy for the mentally ill There is no argument in the social stigmatization of those with mental illnesses they have been widely marginalized and discriminated against in society 19 In this source researchers analyze how most compensation prisoners detainees who are unable or unwilling to pay a fine for petty crimes are unemployed homeless and with an extraordinarily high degree of mental illnesses and substance use disorders 30 Compensation prisoners then lose prospective job opportunities face social marginalization and lack access to resocialization programs which ultimately facilitate reoffending 30 The research sheds light on how the mentally ill and in this case the poor are further punished for certain circumstances that are beyond their control and that this is a vicious cycle that repeats itself Thus prisons embody another state provisioned mental hospital Families of patients advocates and mental health professionals still call for the increase in more well structured community facilities and treatment programs with a higher quality of long term inpatient resources and care With this more structured environment the United States will continue with more access to mental health care and an increase in the overall treatment of the mentally ill However there is still a lack of studies for mental health conditions MHCs to raise awareness knowledge development and attitude of seeking medical treatment for MHCs in Bangladesh People in rural areas often seek treatment from the traditional healers and MHCs are sometimes considered a spiritual matter 31 Epidemiology EditSee also Prevalence of mental disorders Mental illnesses are more common than cancer diabetes or heart disease Over 26 percent of all Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a mental illness 32 Evidence suggests that 450 million people worldwide have some mental illness Major depression ranks fourth among the top 10 leading causes of disease worldwide By 2029 mental illness is predicted to become the leading cause of disease worldwide One million people commit suicide every year and 10 to 20 million attempt it 33 A World Health Organization WHO report estimates the global cost of mental illness at nearly 2 5 trillion two thirds in indirect costs in 2010 with a projected increase to over 6 trillion by 2030 34 Evidence from the WHO suggests that nearly half of the world s population is affected by mental illness with an impact on their self esteem relationships and ability to function in everyday life 35 An individual s emotional health can impact their physical health Poor mental health can lead to problems such as the inability to make adequate decisions and substance use disorders 36 Good mental health can improve life quality whereas poor mental health can worsen it According to Richards Campania amp Muse Burke There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are associated with pro social behaviors such as stress management and physical health 36 Their research also concluded that people who lack emotional expression are inclined to anti social behaviors e g substance use disorder and alcohol use disorder physical fights vandalism which reflects one s mental health and suppressed emotions 36 Adults and children who face mental illness may experience social stigma which can exacerbate the issues 37 Global prevalence Edit See also Global mental health and Category Mental health by country The Two Continua Model of Mental Health and Mental Illness Mental health can be seen as a continuum where an individual s mental health may have many different possible values 38 Mental wellness is viewed as a positive attribute this definition of mental health highlights emotional well being the capacity to live a full and creative life and the flexibility to deal with life s inevitable challenges Some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or happiness 39 Many therapeutic systems and self help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental wellness Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon anthropological educational psychological religious and sociological perspectives There are also models as theoretical perspectives from personality social clinical health and developmental psychology 40 41 The tripartite model of mental well being 38 42 views mental well being as encompassing three components of emotional well being social well being and psychological well being Emotional well being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions whereas social and psychological well being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life The model has received empirical support across cultures 42 43 44 The Mental Health Continuum Short Form MHC SF is the most widely used scale to measure the tripartite model of mental well being 45 46 47 Demographics Edit Children and young adults Edit Further information Infant mental health and Mental disorders diagnosed in childhoodSee also Depression in childhood and adolescence Mental health conditions are 16 of the global burden of disease and injury in people aged 10 19 years 48 42 of those young adults went untreated as of 2018 1 Half of all mental health conditions start by 14 years of age but most cases go undetected and untreated 49 48 The role of caregivers for youth with mental health needs is valuable and caregivers benefit most when they have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support 50 Depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents 48 Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15 19 year olds 48 Exposure to childhood trauma can cause mental health disorders and poor academic achievement 51 Ignoring mental health conditions in adolescents can impact adulthood 52 50 of preschool children show a natural reduction in behavioral problems The remaining experience long term consequences 52 It impairs physical and mental health and limits opportunities to live fulfilling lives 52 A result of depression during adolescence and adulthood may be substance abuse 52 53 The average age of onset is between 11 and 14 years for depressive disorders 53 Only approximately 25 of children with behavioral problems refer to medical services 52 The majority of children go to die 52 Homeless population Edit Further information Homelessness and mental health Mental illness is thought to be highly prevalent among homeless populations though access to proper diagnoses is limited An article written by Lisa Goodman and her colleagues summarized Smith s research into PTSD in homeless single women and mothers in St Louis Missouri which found that 53 of the respondents met diagnostic criteria and which describes homelessness as a risk factor for mental illness 54 At least two commonly reported symptoms of psychological trauma social disaffiliation and learned helplessness are highly prevalent among homeless individuals and families 55 While mental illness is prevalent people infrequently receive appropriate care 54 Case management linked to other services is an effective care approach for improving symptoms in people experiencing homelessness 55 Case management reduced admission to hospitals and it reduced substance use by those with substance abuse problems more than typical care 55 Immigrants and refugees Edit See also Mental health of refugees States that produce refugees are sites of social upheaval civil war even genocide 56 Most refugees experience trauma It can be in the form of torture sexual assault family fragmentation and death of loved ones 56 57 Refugees and immigrants experience psychosocial stressors after resettlement 58 These include discrimination lack of economic stability and social isolation causing emotional distress 56 57 For refugees family reunification can be one of the primary needs to improve quality of life 56 Post migration trauma is a cause of depressive disorders and psychological distress for immigrants 56 57 58 Cultural and religious considerations Edit Mental health is a socially constructed concept different societies groups cultures institutions and professions have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes determining what is mentally healthy and deciding what interventions if any are appropriate 59 Thus different professionals will have different cultural class political and religious backgrounds which will impact the methodology applied during treatment In the context of deaf mental health care it is necessary for professionals to have cultural competency of deaf and hard of hearing people and to understand how to properly rely on trained qualified and certified interpreters when working with culturally Deaf clients Research has shown that there is stigma attached to mental illness 60 Due to such stigma individuals may resist labeling and may be driven to respond to mental health diagnoses with denialism 61 Family caregivers of individuals with mental disorders may also suffer discrimination or face stigma 62 Addressing and eliminating the social stigma and perceived stigma attached to mental illness has been recognized as crucial to education and awareness surrounding mental health issues In the United Kingdom the Royal College of Psychiatrists organized the campaign Changing Minds 1998 2003 to help reduce stigma 63 while in the United States efforts by entities such as the Born This Way Foundation and The Manic Monologues specifically focus on removing the stigma surrounding mental illness 64 65 The National Alliance on Mental Illness NAMI is a U S institution founded in 1979 to represent and advocate for those struggling with mental health issues NAMI helps to educate about mental illnesses and health issues while also working to eliminate stigma 66 attached to these disorders Many mental health professionals are beginning to or already understand the importance of competency in religious diversity and spirituality They are also partaking in cultural training to better understand which interventions work best for these different groups of people The American Psychological Association explicitly states that religion must be respected Education in spiritual and religious matters is also required by the American Psychiatric Association 67 however far less attention is paid to the damage that more rigid fundamentalist faiths commonly practiced in the United States can cause 68 unreliable source This theme has been widely politicized in 2018 such as with the creation of the Religious Liberty Task Force in July of that year 69 Also many providers and practitioners in the United States are only beginning to realize that the institution of mental healthcare lacks knowledge and competence of many non Western cultures leaving providers in the United States ill equipped to treat patients from different cultures 70 Occupations Edit See also Mental health in aviation Occupational therapy Edit Occupational therapy practitioners aim to improve and enable a client or group s participation in meaningful everyday occupations 71 In this sense occupation is defined as any activity that occupies one s time Examples of those activities include daily tasks dressing bathing eating house chores driving etc sleep and rest education work play leisure hobbies and social interactions The OT profession offers a vast range of services for all stages of life in a myriad of practice settings though the foundations of OT come from mental health OT services focused on mental health can be provided to persons groups and populations 71 across the lifespan and experiencing varying levels of mental health performance For example occupational therapy practitioners provide mental health services in school systems military environments hospitals outpatient clinics and inpatient mental health rehabilitation settings Interventions or support can be provided directly through specific treatment interventions or indirectly by providing consultation to businesses schools or other larger groups to incorporate mental health strategies on a programmatic level Even people who are mentally healthy can benefit from the health promotion and additional prevention strategies to reduce the impact of difficult situations The interventions focus on positive functioning sensory strategies managing emotions interpersonal relationships sleep community engagement and other cognitive skills i e visual perceptual skills attention memory arousal energy management etc Mental health in social work Edit Further information Social workSee also Clinical social work Social work in mental health also called psychiatric social work is a process where an individual in a setting is helped to attain freedom from overlapping internal and external problems social and economic situations family and other relationships the physical and organizational environment psychiatric symptoms etc It aims for harmony quality of life self actualization and personal adaptation across all systems Psychiatric social workers are mental health professionals that can assist patients and their family members in coping with both mental health issues and various economic or social problems caused by mental illness or psychiatric dysfunctions and to attain improved mental health and well being They are vital members of the treatment teams in Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in hospitals They are employed in both outpatient and inpatient settings of a hospital nursing homes state and local governments substance use clinics correctional facilities health care services private practice etc 72 In the United States social workers provide most of the mental health services According to government sources 60 percent of mental health professionals are clinically trained social workers 10 percent are psychiatrists 23 percent are psychologists and 5 percent are psychiatric nurses 73 Mental health social workers in Japan have professional knowledge of health and welfare and skills essential for person s well being Their social work training enables them as a professional to carry out Consultation assistance for mental disabilities and their social reintegration Consultation regarding the rehabilitation of the victims Advice and guidance for post discharge residence and re employment after hospitalized care for major life events in regular life money and self management and other relevant matters to equip them to adapt in daily life Social workers provide individual home visits for mentally ill and do welfare services available with specialized training a range of procedural services are coordinated for home workplace and school In an administrative relationship Psychiatric social workers provides consultation leadership conflict management and work direction Psychiatric social workers who provides assessment and psychosocial interventions function as a clinician counselor and municipal staff of the health centers 74 Risk factors and causes of mental health problems EditThere are many things that can contribute to mental health problems including biological factors genetic factors life experiences such as psychological trauma or abuse and a family history of mental health problems 75 Biological factors Edit According to the National Institute of Health Curriculum Supplement Series book most scientists believe that changes in neurotransmitters can cause mental illnesses In the section The Biology of Mental Illnesses the issue is explained in detail there may be disruptions in the neurotransmitters dopamine glutamate and norepinephrine in individuals who have schizophrenia 76 Economic factors Edit See also Socioeconomic status and mental health Unemployment has been shown to hurt an individual s emotional well being self esteem and more broadly their mental health Increasing unemployment has been shown to have a significant impact on mental health predominantly depressive disorders 77 This is an important consideration when reviewing the triggers for mental health disorders in any population survey 78 The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more economically unequal countries Emotional mental disorders are a leading cause of disabilities worldwide Investigating the degree and severity of untreated emotional mental disorders throughout the world is a top priority of the World Mental Health WMH survey initiative 79 which was created in 1998 by the World Health Organization WHO 80 Neuropsychiatric disorders are the leading causes of disability worldwide accounting for 37 of all healthy life years lost through disease These disorders are most destructive to low and middle income countries due to their inability to provide their citizens with proper aid Despite modern treatment and rehabilitation for emotional mental health disorders even economically advantaged societies have competing priorities and budgetary constraints The World Mental Health survey initiative has suggested a plan for countries to redesign their mental health care systems to best allocate resources A first step is documentation of services being used and the extent and nature of unmet treatment needs A second step could be to do a cross national comparison of service use and unmet needs in countries with different mental health care systems Such comparisons can help to uncover optimum financing national policies and delivery systems for mental health care This quote needs a citation Knowledge of how to provide effective emotional mental health care has become imperative worldwide Unfortunately most countries have insufficient data to guide decisions absent or competing visions for resources and near constant pressures to cut insurance and entitlements WMH surveys were done in Africa Nigeria South Africa the Americas Colombia Mexico United States Asia and the Pacific Japan New Zealand Beijing and Shanghai in the People s Republic of China Europe Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Ukraine and the Middle East Israel Lebanon Countries were classified with World Bank criteria as low income Nigeria lower middle income China Colombia South Africa Ukraine higher middle income Lebanon Mexico and high income The coordinated surveys on emotional mental health disorders their severity and treatments were implemented in the aforementioned countries These surveys assessed the frequency types and adequacy of mental health service use in 17 countries in which WMH surveys are complete The WMH also examined unmet needs for treatment in strata defined by the seriousness of mental disorders Their research showed that the number of respondents using any 12 month mental health service was generally lower in developing than in developed countries and the proportion receiving services tended to correspond to countries percentages of gross domestic product spent on health care High levels of unmet need worldwide are not surprising since WHO Project ATLAS findings of much lower mental health expenditures than was suggested by the magnitude of burdens from mental illnesses Generally unmet needs in low income and middle income countries might be attributable to these nations spending reduced amounts usually lt 1 of already diminished health budgets on mental health care and they rely heavily on out of pocket spending by citizens who are ill equipped for it Stress Edit Dementia Friends training The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health discuss how a certain amount of stress is a normal part of daily life Small doses of stress help people meet deadlines be prepared for presentations be productive and arrive on time for important events However long term stress can become harmful When stress becomes overwhelming and prolonged the risks for mental health problems and medical problems increase 81 Also on that note some studies have found language to deteriorate mental health and even harm humans 82 Cultural factors Edit There are significant variations in the cultural views of mental illness across cultures 83 Culture influences the epidemiology phenomenology outcome and treatment of mental illness 84 Culture has multiple roles to play in the expression of psychopathological disorder 85 Environmental factors Edit This section is an excerpt from Effects of climate change on mental health edit Smoke in Sydney Australia from large bushfires in 2019 affected some people s mental health in a direct way The likelihood of wildfires is increased by climate change The effects of climate change on mental health and well being can be rather negative especially for vulnerable populations and those with pre existing serious mental illness 86 There are three broad pathways by which these effects can take place directly indirectly or via awareness 87 The direct pathway includes stress related conditions being caused by exposure to extreme weather events such as post traumatic stress disorder PTSD Scientific studies have linked mental health outcomes to several climate related exposures heat humidity rainfall drought wildfires and floods 88 The indirect pathway can be via disruption to economic and social activities such as when an area of farmland is less able to produce food The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by it Mental health outcomes have been measured in several studies through indicators such as psychiatric hospital admissions mortality self harm and suicide rates Vulnerable populations and life stages include people with pre existing mental illness Indigenous peoples children and adolescents The emotional responses to the threat of climate change can include eco anxiety ecological grief and eco anger 89 90 While unpleasant such emotions are often not harmful and can be rational responses to the degradation of the natural world motivating adaptive action 91 Assessing the exact mental health effects of climate change is difficult increases in heat extremes pose risks to mental health which can manifest themselves in increased mental health related hospital admissions and suicidality 92 9 Protection and promotion EditSee also Prevention of mental disorders The terms mental health promotion and prevention have often been confused Promotion is defined as intervening to optimize positive mental health by addressing determinants of positive mental health i e protective factors before a specific mental health problem has been identified with the ultimate goal of improving the positive mental health of the population Mental health prevention is defined as intervening to minimize mental health problems i e risk factors by addressing determinants of mental health problems before a specific mental health problem has been identified in the individual group or population of focus with the ultimate goal of reducing the number of future mental health problems in the population 93 94 In order to improve mental health the root of the issue has to be resolved Prevention emphasizes the avoidance of risk factors promotion aims to enhance an individual s ability to achieve a positive sense of self esteem mastery well being and social inclusion 95 Mental health promotion attempts to increase protective factors and healthy behaviors that can help prevent the onset of a diagnosable mental disorder and reduce risk factors that can lead to the development of a mental disorder 93 Yoga is an example of an activity that calms one s entire body and nerves 96 According to a study on well being by Richards Campania and Muse Burke mindfulness is considered to be a purposeful state it may be that those who practice it belief in its importance and value being mindful so that valuing of self care activities may influence the intentional component of mindfulness 36 Mental health is conventionally defined as a hybrid of the absence of a mental disorder and the presence of well being Focus is increasing on preventing mental disorders Prevention is beginning to appear in mental health strategies including the 2004 WHO report Prevention of Mental Disorders the 2008 EU Pact for Mental Health and the 2011 US National Prevention Strategy 97 98 page needed Some commentators have argued that a pragmatic and practical approach to mental disorder prevention at work would be to treat it the same way as physical injury prevention 99 Prevention of a disorder at a young age may significantly decrease the chances that a child will have a disorder later in life and shall be the most efficient and effective measure from a public health perspective 100 Prevention may require the regular consultation of a physician for at least twice a year to detect any signs that reveal any mental health concerns Additionally social media is becoming a resource for prevention In 2004 the Mental Health Services Act 101 began to fund marketing initiatives to educate the public on mental health This California based project is working to combat the negative perception with mental health and reduce the stigma associated with it While social media can benefit mental health it can also lead to deterioration if not managed properly 102 Limiting social media intake is beneficial 103 Studies report that patients in mental health care who can access and read their Electronic Health Records EHR or Open Notes online experience increased understanding of their mental health feeling in control of their care and enhanced trust in their clinicians Patients also reported feelings of greater validation engagement remembering their care plan and acquiring a better awareness of potential side effects of their medications when reading their mental health notes Other common experiences were that shared mental health notes enhance patient empowerment and augment patient autonomy 104 105 106 107 108 109 Care navigation Edit Main article Mental health care navigator Mental health care navigation helps to guide patients and families through the fragmented often confusing mental health industries Care navigators work closely with patients and families through discussion and collaboration to provide information on best therapies as well as referrals to practitioners and facilities specializing in particular forms of emotional improvement The difference between therapy and care navigation is that the care navigation process provides information and directs patients to therapy rather than providing therapy Still care navigators may offer diagnosis and treatment planning Though many care navigators are also trained therapists and doctors Care navigation is the link between the patient and the below therapies A clear recognition that mental health requires medical intervention was demonstrated in a study by Kessler et al of the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders from 1990 to 2003 in the United States Despite the prevalence of mental health disorders remaining unchanged during this period the number of patients seeking treatment for mental disorders increased threefold 110 Methods Edit Pharmacotherapy Edit Pharmacotherapy is a therapy that uses pharmaceutical drugs Pharmacotherapy is used in the treatment of mental illness through the use of antidepressants benzodiazepines and the use of elements such as lithium It can only be prescribed by a medical professional trained in the field of Psychiatry Physical activity Edit Physical exercise can improve mental and physical health Playing sports walking cycling or doing any form of physical activity trigger the production of various hormones sometimes including endorphins which can elevate a person s mood 111 Studies have shown that in some cases physical activity can have the same impact as antidepressants when treating depression and anxiety 112 Moreover cessation of physical exercise may have adverse effects on some mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety This could lead to different negative outcomes such as obesity skewed body image and many health risks associated with mental illnesses 113 Exercise can improve mental health but it should not be used as an alternative to therapy 114 Activity therapies Edit Activity therapies also called recreation therapy and occupational therapy promote healing through active engagement An example of occupational therapy would be promoting an activity that improves daily life such as self care or improving hobbies 115 Similarly recreational therapy focuses on movement such as walking yoga or riding a bike 116 Each of these therapies have proven to improve mental health and have resulted in healthier happier individuals In recent years for example coloring has been recognized as an activity that has been proven to significantly lower the levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety in many studies 117 Expressive therapies Edit Expressive therapies or creative arts therapies are a form of psychotherapy that involves the arts or art making These therapies include art therapy music therapy drama therapy dance therapy and poetry therapy It has been proven that music therapy is an effective way of helping people with a mental health disorder 118 Drama therapy is approved by NICE for the treatment of psychosis 119 Psychotherapy Edit Main article Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is the general term for the scientific based treatment of mental health issues based on modern medicine It includes a number of schools such as gestalt therapy psychoanalysis cognitive behavioral therapy psychedelic therapy transpersonal psychology psychotherapy and dialectical behavioral therapy Group therapy involves any type of therapy that takes place in a setting involving multiple people It can include psychodynamic groups expressive therapy groups support groups including the Twelve step program problem solving and psychoeducation groups Self compassion Edit Main article Self compassion According to Neff self compassion consists of three main positive components and their negative counterparts Self Kindness versus Self Judgement Common Humanity versus Isolation and Mindfulness versus Over Identification 120 Furthermore there is evidence from a study by Shin amp Lin suggesting specific components of self compassion can predict specific dimensions of positive mental health emotional social and psychological well being 121 Social emotional learning Edit Further information Social emotional development Social emotional learning amp development in schools The Collaborative for academic social emotional learning CASEL addresses five broad and interrelated areas of competence and highlights examples for each self awareness self management social awareness relationship skills andresponsible decision making 122 A meta analysis was done by Alexendru Boncu Iuliana Costeau amp Mihaela Minulescu 2017 looking at social emotional learning SEL studies and the effects on emotional and behavior outcomes They found a small but significant effect size across the studies looked into for externalized problems and social emotional skills 123 Meditation Edit Main articles Meditation and Mindfulness based cognitive therapy The practice of mindfulness meditation has several potential mental health benefits such as bringing about reductions in depression anxiety and stress 124 125 126 127 Mindfulness meditation may also be effective in treating substance use disorders 128 Lucid Dreaming Edit Lucid dreaming has been found to be associated with greater mental well being It also was not associated with poorer sleep quality nor with cognitive dissociation 129 There is also some evidence lucid dreaming therapy can help with nightmare reduction 130 Mental fitness Edit Mental fitness is a mental health movement that encourages people to intentionally regulate and maintain their emotional wellbeing through friendship regular human contact and activities that include meditation calming exercises aerobic exercise mindfulness having a routine and maintaining adequate sleep Mental fitness is intended to build resilience against every day mental health challenges to prevent an escalation of anxiety depression and suicidal ideation and help them cope with the escalation of those feelings if they occur 131 Spiritual counseling Edit Spiritual counsellors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better understanding of their issues and develop a problem solving relation with spirituality These types of counselors deliver care based on spiritual psychological and theological principles 132 Laws and public health policies EditSee also Mental health law and Public health There are many factors that influence mental health including Mental illness disability and suicide are ultimately the result of a combination of biology environment and access to and utilization of mental health treatment Public health policies can influence access and utilization which subsequently may improve mental health and help to progress the negative consequences of depression and its associated disability United States Edit Emotional mental illnesses should be a particular concern in the United States since the U S has the highest annual prevalence rates 26 percent for mental illnesses among a comparison of 14 developing and developed countries 133 While approximately 80 percent of all people in the United States with a mental disorder eventually receive some form of treatment on average persons do not access care until nearly a decade following the development of their illness and less than one third of people who seek help receive minimally adequate care 134 The government offers everyone programs and services but veterans receive the most help there is certain eligibility criteria that has to be met 135 Policies Edit Mental health policies in the United States have experienced four major reforms the American asylum movement led by Dorothea Dix in 1843 the mental hygiene movement inspired by Clifford Beers in 1908 the deinstitutionalization started by Action for Mental Health in 1961 and the community support movement called for by The CMCH Act Amendments of 1975 136 In 1843 Dorothea Dix submitted a Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts describing the abusive treatment and horrible conditions received by the mentally ill patients in jails cages and almshouses She revealed in her Memorial I proceed gentlemen briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons confined within this Commonwealth in cages closets cellars stalls pens Chained naked beaten with rods and lashed into obedience 137 Many asylums were built in that period with high fences or walls separating the patients from other community members and strict rules regarding the entrance and exit In 1866 a recommendation came to the New York State Legislature to establish a separate asylum for chronic mentally ill patients Some hospitals placed the chronic patients into separate wings or wards or different buildings 138 In A Mind That Found Itself 1908 Clifford Whittingham Beers described the humiliating treatment he received and the deplorable conditions in the mental hospital 139 One year later the National Committee for Mental Hygiene NCMH was founded by a small group of reform minded scholars and scientists including Beers himself which marked the beginning of the mental hygiene movement The movement emphasized the importance of childhood prevention World War I catalyzed this idea with an additional emphasis on the impact of maladjustment which convinced the hygienists that prevention was the only practical approach to handle mental health issues 140 However prevention was not successful especially for chronic illness the condemnable conditions in the hospitals were even more prevalent especially under the pressure of the increasing number of chronically ill and the influence of the depression 136 In 1961 the Joint Commission on Mental Health published a report called Action for Mental Health whose goal was for community clinic care to take on the burden of prevention and early intervention of the mental illness therefore to leave space in the hospitals for severe and chronic patients The court started to rule in favor of the patients will on whether they should be forced to treatment By 1977 650 community mental health centers were built to cover 43 percent of the population and serve 1 9 million individuals a year and the lengths of treatment decreased from 6 months to only 23 days 141 However issues still existed Due to inflation especially in the 1970s the community nursing homes received less money to support the care and treatment provided Fewer than half of the planned centers were created and new methods did not fully replace the old approaches to carry out its full capacity of treating power 141 Besides the community helping system was not fully established to support the patients housing vocational opportunities income supports and other benefits 136 Many patients returned to welfare and criminal justice institutions and more became homeless The movement of deinstitutionalization was facing great challenges 142 After realizing that simply changing the location of mental health care from the state hospitals to nursing houses was insufficient to implement the idea of deinstitutionalization the National Institute of Mental Health NIMH in 1975 created the Community Support Program CSP to provide funds for communities to set up a comprehensive mental health service and supports to help the mentally ill patients integrate successfully in the society The program stressed the importance of other supports in addition to medical care including housing living expenses employment transportation and education and set up new national priority for people with serious mental disorders In addition the Congress enacted the Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 to prioritize the service to the mentally ill and emphasize the expansion of services beyond just clinical care alone 143 Later in the 1980s under the influence from the Congress and the Supreme Court many programs started to help the patients regain their benefits A new Medicaid service was also established to serve people who were diagnosed with a chronic mental illness People who were temporally hospitalized were also provided aid and care and a pre release program was created to enable people to apply for reinstatement prior to discharge 141 Not until 1990 around 35 years after the start of the deinstitutionalization did the first state hospital begin to close The number of hospitals dropped from around 300 by over 40 in the 1990s and finally a Report on Mental Health showed the efficacy of mental health treatment giving a range of treatments available for patients to choose 143 However several critics maintain that deinstitutionalization has from a mental health point of view been a thoroughgoing failure The seriously mentally ill are either homeless or in prison in either case especially the latter they are getting little or no mental health care This failure is attributed to a number of reasons over which there is some degree of contention although there is general agreement that community support programs have been ineffective at best due to a lack of funding 142 The 2011 National Prevention Strategy included mental and emotional well being with recommendations including better parenting and early intervention programs which increase the likelihood of prevention programs being included in future US mental health policies 97 page needed The NIMH is researching only suicide and HIV AIDS prevention but the National Prevention Strategy could lead to it focusing more broadly on longitudinal prevention studies 144 failed verification In 2013 United States Representative Tim Murphy introduced the Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act HR2646 The bipartisan bill went through substantial revision and was reintroduced in 2015 by Murphy and Congresswoman Eddie Bernice Johnson In November 2015 it passed the Health Subcommittee by an 18 12 vote 145 See also Edit Psychology portalAbnormal psychology Emotional resilience Ethnopsychopharmacology Information ecology Mental environment Mental health day Mental health during the COVID 19 pandemic Mental health first aid Self help groups for mental health Social determinants of mental health Suicide awareness Technology 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2691669 Beers CW 8 April 2004 1908 A Mind That Found Itself An Autobiography Project Gutenberg Cohen S 1983 The mental hygiene movement the development of personality and the school the medicalization of American education History of Education Quarterly 23 2 123 49 doi 10 2307 368156 JSTOR 368156 PMID 11614585 S2CID 44384151 a b c Koyanagi C Goldman HH September 1991 The quiet success of the national plan for the chronically mentally ill Hospital amp Community Psychiatry 42 9 899 905 doi 10 1176 ps 42 9 899 PMID 1743659 a b Torrey EF 10 May 2005 Deinstitutionalization A Psychiatric Titanic Frontline WGBH Educational Foundation Archived from the original on 25 May 2005 Excerpts from Torrey EF 1997 Out of the Shadows Confronting America s Mental Illness Crisis New York John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0471161615 a b Koyanagi C August 2007 Learning From History Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness As Precursor to Long Term Care Reform PDF Menlo Park CA Kaiser Family Foundation pp 1 22 archived from the original PDF on 2018 11 29 retrieved 2016 01 24 Prevention of Mental Disorders National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental Health Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 Retrieved 7 August 2015 Murphy T 2016 07 14 Actions H R 2646 114th Congress 2015 2016 Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act of 2016 www congress gov Retrieved 2021 05 06 Further reading EditOnline Books by William SweetserExternal links Edit Quotations related to Mental health at Wikiquote Media related to Mental health at Wikimedia Commons Mental Health by WHO The Public Health Agency of Canada Mental health and substance abuse WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean National Institute of Mental Health United States Health EU Portal Mental Health in the EU Mental Health Department of Health United Kingdom Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mental health amp oldid 1137715398, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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