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Wikipedia

Extrajudicial killing

February 16, 2024

An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing)[1] is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding. It typically refers to government authorities, whether lawfully or unlawfully, targeting specific people for death, which in authoritarian regimes often involves political, trade union, dissident, religious and social figures. The term is typically used in situations that imply the human rights of the victims have been violated; deaths caused by legal police actions (such as self defense)[1] or legal warfighting on a battlefield[2] are generally not included, even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate. The label "extrajudicial killing" has also been applied to organized, lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non-government actors, including lynchings and honor killings.

This painting, The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya, depicts the summary execution of Spaniards by French forces after the Dos de Mayo Uprising in Madrid.

United Nations edit

Morris Tidball-Binz was appointed the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions on 1 April 2021 by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).[3][4]

Human rights groups edit

Many human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment.[5][6][7][8][9]

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[10] measures the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution for countries around the world, using a survey of in-country human rights experts.[11]

International law edit

Law of war edit

Main article: Law of war

Article 3(d) of the First Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial.[12]

By country edit

Africa edit

Burundi edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Burundi.[13][14]

Democratic Republic of the Congo edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Democratic Republic of the Congo.[15]

Egypt edit

Main article: Extrajudicial executions in Egypt

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Egypt.[16][17][18][19][20] Egypt recorded and reported more than a dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent ‘terrorists’ in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021. A 101-page report detailed the ‘armed militants’ being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed, which in many cases were already in custody. Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that the victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities.[21]

Eritrea edit

The 2019 Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council found that in 2016, Eritrean authorities committed extrajudicial killings, in the context of a "persistent, widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population" since 1991, including "the crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, other inhumane acts, persecution, rape and murder".[22]

Ethiopia edit

See also: War crimes in the Tigray War

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ethiopia.[23][24][25][26]

Ivory Coast edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ivory Coast.[27]

Kenya edit

Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in Kenya.[28] Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under the guise of counter-terrorism operations.[29]

Libya edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Libya.[30]

Americas edit

Argentina edit

Main article: Argentine Dirty War
 
Operation Condor participants.
  active members
  collaborators

Argentina's National Reorganization Process military dictatorship during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called "Dirty War"[31] or what is known in Spanish as La Guerra Sucia. During this violent period, it is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime.[32] These included intellectuals, labor leaders, human rights workers, priests, nuns, reporters, politicians, and artists as well as their relatives.[33][34] Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by the murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called Escuela Mecanica de la Armada.[32] The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from insurgents.[33]

Brazil edit

 
Brazilian politician Marielle Franco had been an outspoken critic of extrajudicial killings. She was assassinated in March 2018.

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Brazil.[35][36][37][38][39] Senator Flávio Bolsonaro, son of President Jair Bolsonaro, was accused of having ties to death squads.[40]

Chile edit

See also: Operation Condor and Death squads in Chile

When General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, he immediately ordered the purges, torture, and deaths of more than 3,000 supporters of the previous democratic socialist government without trial.[41] During his regime, which lasted from 1973 to 1989, elements of the Chilean Armed Forces and police continued committing extrajudicial killings. These included Manuel Contreras, the former head of Chile's National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), which served as Pinochet's secret police. He was behind numerous assassinations and human rights abuses such as the 1974 abduction and forced disappearance of Socialist Party of Chile leader Victor Olea Alegria. Some of the killings were also coordinated with other right-wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so-called Operation Condor. There were reports of United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement, particularly within its activities in Central and South America that promoted anti-Communist coups.[42] While CIA's complicity was not proven, American dollars supported the regimes that carried out extrajudicial killings such as the Pinochet administration.[42] CIA, for instance, helped create DINA and the agency admitted that Contreras was one of its assets.[43]

Colombia edit

Main articles: Death squads in Colombia and Colombian conflict

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Colombia.[44]

An investigation of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace found that from 2002 to 2008, 6402 civilians were killed by the Government of Colombia, falsely claimed to be FARC rebels by the Military Forces of Colombia.[45]

El Salvador edit

Main article: Death squads in El Salvador

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in El Salvador.[46][47][48] During the Salvadoran Civil War, death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop Óscar Romero for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, four Americans—three nuns and a lay worker—were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists, including such notable priests as Rutilio Grande. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran Armed Forces, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the Carter administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the Reagan administration,[citation needed] although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years (1981–1989) as well.

Honduras edit

Main article: Death squads in Honduras

Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was Battalion 316. Hundreds of people, including teachers, politicians and union bosses, were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States Central Intelligence Agency.[49]

Jamaica edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Jamaica.[50][51][52]

Mexico edit

Main articles: Mexican Dirty War and Mexican drug war

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Mexico.[53]

Suriname edit

Main article: December murders

On 7, 8, and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Dési Bouterse's ruling military regime were murdered. This tragedy is known as the December murders. The acting commander of the army Dési Bouterse was sentenced 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on the 29 November 2019.

United States edit

Further information: Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States

Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, the U.S. scores a 4.1 on a scale of 0-10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution.[54]

Lynching edit
Main article: Lynching in the United States

Lynching was the extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' pre–Civil War South in the 1830s and ended during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated, they became the primary targets of white Southerners. Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimised ethnic minorities. Most of the lynchings occurred in the American South because the majority of African Americans lived there, but racially motivated lynchings also occurred in the Midwest and border states.[55]

Targeted killing edit
Main articles: Targeted killing and Disposition Matrix

One issue regarding extrajudicial killing is the legal and moral status of targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States.

Section 3(a) of the United States Torture Victim Protection Act contains a definition of extrajudicial killing:

a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation.[56][a]

The legality of killings such as in the death of Osama bin Laden in 2011 and the death of Qasem Soleimani in 2020 have been brought into question. In that case, the US defended itself claiming the killing was not an assassination but an act of "National Self Defense".[57] There had been just under 2,500 assassinations by targeted drone strike by 2015, and these too have questioned as being extrajudicial killings.[58]

Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas counter-terrorism activities have been raised by lawyers, news firms[57] and private citizens.

On September 30, 2011 a drone strike in Yemen killed American citizens Anwar al-Awlaki and Samir Khan.[59] Both resided in Yemen at the time of their deaths. The executive order approving Al-Awlaki's death was issued by Barack Obama in 2010, and was challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Center for Constitutional Rights in that year. The U.S. president issued an order, approved by the National Security Council, that Al-Awlaki's normal legal rights as a civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed, as he was a threat to the United States. The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al-Awlaki's links to the 2009 Fort Hood Massacre and the 2009 Christmas Day bomb plot, the attempted destruction of a Detroit-bound passenger-plane.[60] The following month, al-Awlaki's son Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, an American citizen, was killed by another US drone strike[61] and in January 2017 Nawar al-Awlaki, al-Awlaki's eight-year-old daughter, also an American citizen and half-sister of Abdulrahman, was shot to death during the raid on Yakla by American forces[62] along with between 9[63] and 29[64] other civilians, up to 14 al-Qaeda fighters, and American Navy SEAL William Owens.[65]

President Donald Trump edit

President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor. Those killed under this policy include:

The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.[66]

Comments on Michael Reinoehl's death

Main article: Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl

On September 3, 2020, a law enforcement officer in Lacey, Washington fatally shot Michael Forest Reinoehl during a shootout. Reinoehl initiated the shootout according to statements by officials. However, there were conflicting witness reports, most notably Nathaniel Dingess, who told The New York Times, that agents opened fire on Reinoehl while on the phone and eating candy without verbal warning.[67][68][69][70] Dingess said that Reinoehl attempted to take cover by the side of a car before he was fatally shot and was only carrying a phone.[71] Reinoehl was a self-described Antifa activist who was charged of second-degree murder by the Portland Police Bureau following the fatal shooting on August 29, 2020, of a Patriot Prayer supporter, Aaron J. Danielson, in Portland, Oregon.[72] In a Fox News cable television interview September 12, 2020, hosted by Jeanine Pirro, President Trump commenting on Reinoehl's death said, "This guy [Reinoehl] was a violent criminal, and the U.S. Marshals killed him ... And I will tell you something – that's the way it has to be".[73] At an October 15, 2020 rally in Greenville, North Carolina he further elaborated on his praise for the shooting. Trump said "they didn't want to arrest him", which Rolling Stone characterized as Trump describing the Reinoehl's death as an extrajudicial killing.[74] although in a statement immediately after the death the United States Marshals Service had said that their task force was attempting to arrest Reinoehl.[74][75]

President Joe Biden edit

President Joe Biden continued his predecessors' practice of extrajudicial killings. Those killed during his administration include:

Venezuela edit

Main articles: Extrajudicial killings in Venezuela and Colectivo (Venezuela)

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Venezuela.[76][77] According to Human Rights Watch almost 18,000 people have been killed by security forces in Venezuela since 2016 for "resistance to authority" and many of these killings may constitute extrajudicial execution.[78] Amnesty International estimated that there were more than 8,200 extrajudicial killings in Venezuela from 2015 to 2017.[79]

Ahead of a three-week session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, the OHCHR chief, Michelle Bachelet, visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019.[80] Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the Special Action Forces (FAES).[81] The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.[81]

Asia edit

Afghanistan edit

Main article: Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan officials presided over murders, abduction, and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies,[82] Human Rights Watch alleged in its report from March 2015.[83]

Bangladesh edit

Main article: Enforced disappearances in Bangladesh

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Bangladesh.[84][85][86]

The Bangladesh Police special security force Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) has long been known for extrajudicial killing.[87] In a leaked WikiLeaks cable it was found that RAB was trained by the UK government.[88] 16 RAB officials (sacked afterwards) including Lt Col (sacked) Tareque Sayeed, Major (sacked) Arif Hossain, and Lt Commander (sacked) Masud Rana were given death penalty for abduction, murder, concealing the bodies, conspiracy and destroying evidences in the Narayanganj Seven Murder case.[89][90][91][92]

Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of Crossfire.[93] In 2018, many alleged drug dealers were killed in the name of "War on Drugs" in Bangladesh.[94][95][96]

India edit

Hardeep Singh Nijjar was a political refugee from India living in Canada. He was murdered 18 June 2023. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity.[97]

Main article: Encounter killings by police

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in India.[98][99][100] A form of extrajudicial killing is called police encounters. Such encounters are also being staged by military and other security forces.[98][99][100] Extrajudicial killings are also common in Indian states especially in Uttar Pradesh where 73 people were killed from March 2017 to March 2019.[101] Police Encounter on 6 December 2019, by the Telangana Police in the 2019 Hyderabad gang rape case killing the 4 accused is another form of extrajudicial killing.

Indonesia edit

See also: Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Indonesia.[102]

Iran edit

Main article: Extrajudicial killings in Iran
See also: Chain murders of Iran

In the 1953 Iranian coup d'état a regime was installed through the efforts of the American CIA and the British MI6 in which the Shah (hereditary monarch) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi used SAVAK death squads (also trained by the CIA) to imprison, torture and/or kill hundreds of dissidents. After the 1979 revolution death squads were used to an even greater extent by the new Islamic government. In 1983, the CIA gave the Supreme Leader of Iran—Ayatollah Khomeini—information on KGB agents in Iran. This information was probably used. The Iranian government later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; however by the 2000s it seems to have almost entirely, if not completely, ceased using them.[103]

The Dutch secretary of Foreign Affairs Stef Blok wrote Januari 2019 to the States General of the Netherlands that the intelligence service AIVD had strong indications that Iran is responsible for the murder of Mohammad Reza Kolahi Samadi in 2015 in Almere and of Ahmad Mola Nissi in 2017 in The Hague.[104]

February 4, 2021 Iranian diplomat Asadollah Asadi and three other Iranian nationals were convicted in Antwerp for plotting to bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran in France.

Iraq edit

Main articles: Extrajudicial killings in Iraq, Sectarian violence in Iraq, and Iraqi conflict (2003–present)

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Iraq.[105][106][107][108]

Iraq was formed as a League of Nations mandate by the partition and domination of various tribal lands by the British Empire in the early 20th century, after the break-up of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The United Kingdom granted independence to the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, on the urging of King Faisal, though the British Armed Forces retained military bases and transit rights. King Ghazi of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups, until his death in 1939. The United Kingdom invaded Iraq in 1941 for fear that the government of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani might cut oil supplies to Western nations, and because of his links to the Axis powers. A military occupation followed the restoration of the Hashemite monarchy, and the occupation ended on October 26, 1947. Iraq was left with a national government led from Baghdad made up of Sunni ethnicity in key positions of power, ruling over an ad hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culminating in the Ba'athist dictatorship of Saddam Hussein.[109]

The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the Iraq War into three zones: a Kurdish ethnic zone to the north, a Sunni center and the Shia ethnic zone to the south. The secular Arab socialist Baathist leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia (Prime Minister) and Kurdish (President of the Republic) peoples of the nation. This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia, Sunni, and the Kurdish (Peshmerga).

There were death squads formed by members of every ethnicity.[110] In the national capital of Baghdad some members of the now-Shia Iraqi security forces (and militia members posing as members of Iraqi Police or Iraqi Armed Forces) formed unofficial, unsanctioned, but long-tolerated death squads.[111] They possibly had links to the Interior Ministry and were popularly known as the 'black crows'. These groups operated night or day. They usually arrested people, then either tortured[112] or killed[113] them.

The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni insurgency. Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al-Na'as, Dr. Abdullateef al-Mayah, and Dr. Wissam Al-Hashimi have also been killed. These killings are not limited to men; women and children have also been arrested and/or killed.[114] Some of these killings have also been part of simple robberies or other criminal activities.

A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of The New York Times claimed that the Multi-National Force – Iraq had modelled the "Wolf Brigade", the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos, on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left-wing insurgency in El Salvador.[115]

Western news organizations such as Time and People disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable militia membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the United States-backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.[116]

Israel edit

Main article: Targeted killings by Israel Defense Forces

In a report from October 2015, Amnesty International documented incidents that "appear to have been extrajudicial executions" against Palestinian civilians.[117] Several of those incidents occurred after Palestinians attempted to attack Israelis or Israel Defense Forces soldiers. Even though the attackers did not pose a serious threat, they were shot without attempting to arrest the suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force. Medical attention for severely wounded Palestinians was in many cases delayed by Israeli forces.[117][118][119]

The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.[66]

Iranian nuclear physicist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh was killed 27 November 2020 on a rural road in Absard, a city near Tehran. One American official — along with two other intelligence officials — said that Israel was behind the attack on the scientist.[120]

On 16 March 2023, the Israeli Army killed four Palestinian militants in Jenin. One motionless victim was shot in the head. According to The Guardian, the Israeli group of military veterans against the occupation, Breaking the Silence, called this an "extrajudicial execution".[121]

Pakistan edit

Main article: Forced disappearances in Pakistan

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Pakistan.[122] A form of extrajudicial killing called encounter killings by police is common in Pakistan.[123] Case in point is Naqeebullah Mehsud and Sahiwal Killings. The Province of Balochistan has also seen a significant number of disappearances, many of which have been attributed to security forces by residents: anti-government Baloch nationalists claim thousands of cases and have stated a belief that most of these disappeared persons have been killed.[124] Official numbers of disappeared persons have varied considerably, ranging between 55 and 1,100 victims.[125] Human rights organizations have dubbed this practice as the "kill and dump policy".[126]

Papua New Guinea edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Papua New Guinea.[127][128]

Philippines edit

Main article: Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Philippines.[129][130][131][132][133][134][135]

Maguindanao massacre edit
Main article: Maguindanao massacre

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has called the massacre the single deadliest event for journalists in history.[136] Even prior to this, the CPJ had labeled the Philippines the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to Iraq.[136]

War on drugs edit
Main article: Philippine Drug War
 
Protest against the Philippine war on drugs in front of the Philippine Consulate General in New York City, October 2016

Following the victory of Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 Philippine presidential election, a campaign against illegal drugs has led to widespread extrajudicial killings. This follows the actions by then-Mayor Duterte to roam Davao in order to "encounter to kill".[137]

The Philippine president has urged its citizens to kill suspected criminals and drug addicts,[138] ordered the police to adopt a shoot-to-kill[139] policy, has offered rewards for killing suspects,[140] and has even admitted to personally killing suspected criminals.[141]

The move has sparked widespread condemnation from international publications[141][142][143][144][145] and magazines,[146][147][148] prompting the Philippine government to issue statements denying the existence of state-sanctioned killings.[149][150][151]

Though Duterte's controversial war on drugs was opposed by the United States under President Barack Obama,[152] the European Union,[153] and the United Nations, Duterte claims that he has received approving remarks from US President Donald Trump.[154]

On September 26, 2016, Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the United Nations Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll.[155] On December 14, 2016, Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur who declined to accept government conditions that were not consistent with the code of conduct for special rapporteurs.[156][157]

Saudi Arabia edit

See also: Tiger Squad

The Saudi dissident Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on October 2, 2018.

Syria edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Syria.[158][159][160]

Tajikistan edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Tajikistan.[161][162]

Thailand edit

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Thailand.[163] Reportedly thousands of extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti-drug effort of Thailand's prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra.

Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government, rogue military officers, the radical right wing, and anti-drug death squads.[164][165][166][167][168][169][170]

Both Muslim[171] and Buddhist[172] sectarian death squads still operate in the south of the country.

Turkey edit

Main article: Extrajudicial executions in Turkey

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Turkey.[173][174][175][176][177] In 1990 Amnesty International published its first report on extrajudicial executions in Turkey.[175] In the following years the problem became more serious. The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey determined the following figures on extrajudicial executions in Turkey for the years 1991 to 2001:[178]

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
98 283 189 129 96 129 98 80 63 56 37

In 2001 the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms. Asma Jahangir, presented a report on a visit to Turkey.[179] The report presented details of killings of prisoners (26 September 1999, 10 prisoners killed in a prison in Ankara; 19 December 2000, an operation in 20 prisons launched throughout Turkey resulted in the death of 30 inmates and two gendarmes).

For the years 2000–2008 the Human Rights Association (HRA) gives the following figures on doubtful deaths/deaths in custody/extra judicial execution/torture by paid village guards[180]

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
173 55 40 44 47 89 130 66 65

In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey.[181]

Vietnam edit

Nguyễn Văn Lém (referred to as Captain Bay Lop) (died 1 February 1968 in Saigon) was a member of the Viet Cong who was summarily shot in Saigon during the Tet Offensive. The photograph of his death would become one of many anti-Vietnam War icons in the Western World.[182]

Europe edit

Belarus edit

Main article: Enforced disappearances in Belarus
 
Demonstration in Warsaw, reminding about the disappearances of oppositionals in Belarus.

In 1999 Belarusian opposition leaders Yury Zacharanka and Viktar Hanchar together with his business associate Anatol Krasouski disappeared. Hanchar and Krasouski disappeared the same day of a broadcast on state television in which President Alexander Lukashenko ordered the chiefs of his security services to crack down on "opposition scum". Although the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus (KGB) had them under constant surveillance, the official investigation announced that the case could not be solved. The disappearance of journalist Dzmitry Zavadski in 2000 has also yielded no results. Copies of a report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which linked senior Belarusian officials to the cases of disappearances, were confiscated.[183] Human Rights Watch claims that Zacharanka, Hanchar, Krasouski and Zavadski likely became victims of extrajudicial executions.[184]

Russia edit

Extrajudicial killings have taken place in Russia.[185][186] In the Russian Federation, a number of journalist murders were attributed to public administration figures, usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals. It has been regarded that the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko was linked to Russian special forces. American and British intelligence agents have claimed that Russian assassins, some possibly at orders of the government, are behind at least fourteen targeted killings in the United Kingdom that police authorities have termed non-suspicious.[187] The United Kingdom attributes the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in March 2018 to the Russian military-intelligence agency GRU. The German foreign minister Heiko Maas said there were "several indications" that Russia was behind the poisoning of Alexei Navalny.[citation needed]

Soviet Union edit

Main articles: Red Terror, Great Purge, Political repression in the Soviet Union, Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mass killings under communist regimes, and Mass operations of the NKVD

In Soviet Russia, since 1918 the secret police organization Cheka was authorized to execute counter-revolutionaries without trial. Hostages were also executed by Cheka during the Red Terror in 1918–1920. The successors of Cheka also had the authority for extrajudicial executions. In 1937–38 hundreds of thousands were executed extrajudicially during the Great Purge under the lists approved by NKVD troikas. In some cases, the Soviet special services did not arrest and then execute their victims but just secretly killed them without any arrest. For example, Solomon Mikhoels was murdered in 1948 and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident. The Soviet special services also conducted extrajudicial killings abroad, most notably of Leon Trotsky in 1940 in Mexico, Stepan Bandera in 1959 in Germany, Georgi Markov in 1978 in London.

Spain edit

Main article: GAL (paramilitary group)

From 1983 until 1987, the Spanish government supported paramilitary squads, denominated GAL, to fight ETA, a Basque terrorist organization. A relevant example was the Lasa and Zabala case, in which José Antonio Lasa and José Ignacio Zabala were kidnapped, tortured and executed by police forces in 1983.

Ukraine edit

The Washington Post published 23 October 2023 about extrajudicial killings by Ukraine’s domestic security service, the SBU.[188]

United Kingdom edit

Main articles: Operation Kratos and Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland

During the Troubles, an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland, British security forces and intelligence agents were accused of committing extrajudicial killings against suspected IRA members.[189][190] Brian Nelson, an Ulster Defence Association member and secret British agent, was convicted in a court of sectarian murders.[191][192][193]

Operation Kratos referred to tactics developed by London's Metropolitan Police for dealing with suspected suicide bombers, most notably firing shots to the head without warning. Little was revealed about these tactics until after the mistaken shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes on 22 July 2005.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The legal exclusion in the sentence that starts "Such term, however ... " covers the killing of enemy combatants and others who are not protected under international law from extrajudicial killing.

References edit

  1. ^ a b VERA Files (14 November 2017). "VERA FILES FACT SHEET: 'Extra-legal' and 'extrajudicial' killings, explained". VERA Files. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities". Journal of Conflict and Security Law. 18 (2): 259–288. 31 May 2013. doi:10.1093/jcsl/krt007.
  3. ^ Morris Tidball-Binz OHCHR
  4. ^ Special Rapporteur on executions OHCHR
  5. ^ "El Salvador: The spectre of death squads". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  6. ^ . www.extrajudicialexecutions.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  7. ^ Section, United Nations News Service (28 March 2007). "UN News - UN independent expert on extrajudicial killings urges action on reported incidents".
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  10. ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  11. ^ "Right to freedom from disappearance - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  12. ^ "Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (I) on Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,1949 - 3 - Article 3 : Conflicts not of an international character - Commentary of 2016". ihl-databases.icrc.org. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  13. ^ AfricaNews (30 December 2016). "Burundi: 348 'extrajudicial' killings in 12 months - UN".
  14. ^ "Burundi: Extrajudicial executions and systematic killings must be investigated". 22 December 2015.
  15. ^ Section, United Nations News Service (8 December 2015). "UN News - DR Congo: UN report accuses security forces of summary executions and death threats ahead of elections".
  16. ^ "Egyptian soldiers accused of killing unarmed Sinai men in leaked video". BBC News. 21 April 2017.
  17. ^ . 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
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Further reading edit

February 16, 2024
extrajudicial, killing, extrajudicial, killing, also, known, extrajudicial, execution, extralegal, killing, deliberate, killing, person, without, lawful, authority, granted, judicial, proceeding, typically, refers, government, authorities, whether, lawfully, u. An extrajudicial killing also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing 1 is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding It typically refers to government authorities whether lawfully or unlawfully targeting specific people for death which in authoritarian regimes often involves political trade union dissident religious and social figures The term is typically used in situations that imply the human rights of the victims have been violated deaths caused by legal police actions such as self defense 1 or legal warfighting on a battlefield 2 are generally not included even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate The label extrajudicial killing has also been applied to organized lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non government actors including lynchings and honor killings This painting The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya depicts the summary execution of Spaniards by French forces after the Dos de Mayo Uprising in Madrid Contents 1 United Nations 2 Human rights groups 3 International law 3 1 Law of war 4 By country 4 1 Africa 4 1 1 Burundi 4 1 2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 4 1 3 Egypt 4 1 4 Eritrea 4 1 5 Ethiopia 4 1 6 Ivory Coast 4 1 7 Kenya 4 1 8 Libya 4 2 Americas 4 2 1 Argentina 4 2 2 Brazil 4 2 3 Chile 4 2 4 Colombia 4 2 5 El Salvador 4 2 6 Honduras 4 2 7 Jamaica 4 2 8 Mexico 4 2 9 Suriname 4 2 10 United States 4 2 10 1 Lynching 4 2 10 2 Targeted killing 4 2 10 2 1 President Donald Trump 4 2 10 2 2 President Joe Biden 4 2 11 Venezuela 4 3 Asia 4 3 1 Afghanistan 4 3 2 Bangladesh 4 3 3 India 4 3 4 Indonesia 4 3 5 Iran 4 3 6 Iraq 4 3 7 Israel 4 3 8 Pakistan 4 3 9 Papua New Guinea 4 3 10 Philippines 4 3 10 1 Maguindanao massacre 4 3 10 2 War on drugs 4 3 11 Saudi Arabia 4 3 12 Syria 4 3 13 Tajikistan 4 3 14 Thailand 4 3 15 Turkey 4 3 16 Vietnam 4 4 Europe 4 4 1 Belarus 4 4 2 Russia 4 4 3 Soviet Union 4 4 4 Spain 4 4 5 Ukraine 4 4 6 United Kingdom 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 References 7 Further readingUnited Nations editMorris Tidball Binz was appointed the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial summary or arbitrary executions on 1 April 2021 by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR 3 4 Human rights groups editMany human rights organizations including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment 5 6 7 8 9 The Human Rights Measurement Initiative 10 measures the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution for countries around the world using a survey of in country human rights experts 11 International law editLaw of war edit Main article Law of war Article 3 d of the First Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial 12 By country editAfrica edit Burundi edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Burundi 13 14 Democratic Republic of the Congo edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Democratic Republic of the Congo 15 Egypt edit Main article Extrajudicial executions in Egypt Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Egypt 16 17 18 19 20 Egypt recorded and reported more than a dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent terrorists in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021 A 101 page report detailed the armed militants being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed which in many cases were already in custody Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that the victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities 21 Eritrea edit The 2019 Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council found that in 2016 Eritrean authorities committed extrajudicial killings in the context of a persistent widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population since 1991 including the crimes of enslavement imprisonment enforced disappearance torture other inhumane acts persecution rape and murder 22 Ethiopia edit See also War crimes in the Tigray War Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ethiopia 23 24 25 26 Ivory Coast edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ivory Coast 27 Kenya edit Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in Kenya 28 Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under the guise of counter terrorism operations 29 Libya edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Libya 30 Americas edit Argentina edit Main article Argentine Dirty War nbsp Operation Condor participants active members collaboratorsArgentina s National Reorganization Process military dictatorship during the 1976 1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so called Dirty War 31 or what is known in Spanish as La Guerra Sucia During this violent period it is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime 32 These included intellectuals labor leaders human rights workers priests nuns reporters politicians and artists as well as their relatives 33 34 Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by the murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called Escuela Mecanica de la Armada 32 The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from insurgents 33 Brazil edit nbsp Brazilian politician Marielle Franco had been an outspoken critic of extrajudicial killings She was assassinated in March 2018 Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Brazil 35 36 37 38 39 Senator Flavio Bolsonaro son of President Jair Bolsonaro was accused of having ties to death squads 40 Chile edit See also Operation Condor and Death squads in Chile When General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in the 1973 Chilean coup d etat he immediately ordered the purges torture and deaths of more than 3 000 supporters of the previous democratic socialist government without trial 41 During his regime which lasted from 1973 to 1989 elements of the Chilean Armed Forces and police continued committing extrajudicial killings These included Manuel Contreras the former head of Chile s National Intelligence Directorate DINA which served as Pinochet s secret police He was behind numerous assassinations and human rights abuses such as the 1974 abduction and forced disappearance of Socialist Party of Chile leader Victor Olea Alegria Some of the killings were also coordinated with other right wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so called Operation Condor There were reports of United States Central Intelligence Agency CIA involvement particularly within its activities in Central and South America that promoted anti Communist coups 42 While CIA s complicity was not proven American dollars supported the regimes that carried out extrajudicial killings such as the Pinochet administration 42 CIA for instance helped create DINA and the agency admitted that Contreras was one of its assets 43 Colombia edit Main articles Death squads in Colombia and Colombian conflict Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Colombia 44 An investigation of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace found that from 2002 to 2008 6402 civilians were killed by the Government of Colombia falsely claimed to be FARC rebels by the Military Forces of Colombia 45 El Salvador edit Main article Death squads in El Salvador Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in El Salvador 46 47 48 During the Salvadoran Civil War death squads achieved notoriety when far right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop oscar Romero for his social activism in March 1980 In December 1980 four Americans three nuns and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists including such notable priests as Rutilio Grande Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran Armed Forces which was receiving U S funding and training from American advisors during the Carter administration these events prompted outrage in the U S and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the Reagan administration citation needed although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years 1981 1989 as well Honduras edit Main article Death squads in Honduras Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s the most notorious of which was Battalion 316 Hundreds of people including teachers politicians and union bosses were assassinated by government backed forces Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States Central Intelligence Agency 49 Jamaica edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Jamaica 50 51 52 Mexico edit Main articles Mexican Dirty War and Mexican drug war Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Mexico 53 Suriname edit Main article December murders On 7 8 and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Desi Bouterse s ruling military regime were murdered This tragedy is known as the December murders The acting commander of the army Desi Bouterse was sentenced 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on the 29 November 2019 United States edit Further information Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative the U S scores a 4 1 on a scale of 0 10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution 54 Lynching edit Main article Lynching in the United States Lynching was the extrajudicial killings which began in the United States pre Civil War South in the 1830s and ended during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated they became the primary targets of white Southerners Lynchings in the U S reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s and they primarily victimised ethnic minorities Most of the lynchings occurred in the American South because the majority of African Americans lived there but racially motivated lynchings also occurred in the Midwest and border states 55 Targeted killing edit Main articles Targeted killing and Disposition Matrix One issue regarding extrajudicial killing is the legal and moral status of targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States Section 3 a of the United States Torture Victim Protection Act contains a definition of extrajudicial killing a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples Such term however does not include any such killing that under international law is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation 56 a The legality of killings such as in the death of Osama bin Laden in 2011 and the death of Qasem Soleimani in 2020 have been brought into question In that case the US defended itself claiming the killing was not an assassination but an act of National Self Defense 57 There had been just under 2 500 assassinations by targeted drone strike by 2015 and these too have questioned as being extrajudicial killings 58 Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non Americans and American citizens in overseas counter terrorism activities have been raised by lawyers news firms 57 and private citizens On September 30 2011 a drone strike in Yemen killed American citizens Anwar al Awlaki and Samir Khan 59 Both resided in Yemen at the time of their deaths The executive order approving Al Awlaki s death was issued by Barack Obama in 2010 and was challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Center for Constitutional Rights in that year The U S president issued an order approved by the National Security Council that Al Awlaki s normal legal rights as a civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed as he was a threat to the United States The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al Awlaki s links to the 2009 Fort Hood Massacre and the 2009 Christmas Day bomb plot the attempted destruction of a Detroit bound passenger plane 60 The following month al Awlaki s son Abdulrahman al Awlaki an American citizen was killed by another US drone strike 61 and in January 2017 Nawar al Awlaki al Awlaki s eight year old daughter also an American citizen and half sister of Abdulrahman was shot to death during the raid on Yakla by American forces 62 along with between 9 63 and 29 64 other civilians up to 14 al Qaeda fighters and American Navy SEAL William Owens 65 President Donald Trump edit President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor Those killed under this policy include Qasem Soleimani killed in Baghdad by a drone strike on 3 January 2020The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States according to four intelligence officials of the United States 66 Comments on Michael Reinoehl s death Main article Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl On September 3 2020 a law enforcement officer in Lacey Washington fatally shot Michael Forest Reinoehl during a shootout Reinoehl initiated the shootout according to statements by officials However there were conflicting witness reports most notably Nathaniel Dingess who told The New York Times that agents opened fire on Reinoehl while on the phone and eating candy without verbal warning 67 68 69 70 Dingess said that Reinoehl attempted to take cover by the side of a car before he was fatally shot and was only carrying a phone 71 Reinoehl was a self described Antifa activist who was charged of second degree murder by the Portland Police Bureau following the fatal shooting on August 29 2020 of a Patriot Prayer supporter Aaron J Danielson in Portland Oregon 72 In a Fox News cable television interview September 12 2020 hosted by Jeanine Pirro President Trump commenting on Reinoehl s death said This guy Reinoehl was a violent criminal and the U S Marshals killed him And I will tell you something that s the way it has to be 73 At an October 15 2020 rally in Greenville North Carolina he further elaborated on his praise for the shooting Trump said they didn t want to arrest him which Rolling Stone characterized as Trump describing the Reinoehl s death as an extrajudicial killing 74 although in a statement immediately after the death the United States Marshals Service had said that their task force was attempting to arrest Reinoehl 74 75 President Joe Biden edit President Joe Biden continued his predecessors practice of extrajudicial killings Those killed during his administration include Ayman al Zawhiri killed in Kabul by a drone strike on 31 July 2022 Main article Killing of Ayman al ZawahiriVenezuela edit Main articles Extrajudicial killings in Venezuela and Colectivo Venezuela Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Venezuela 76 77 According to Human Rights Watch almost 18 000 people have been killed by security forces in Venezuela since 2016 for resistance to authority and many of these killings may constitute extrajudicial execution 78 Amnesty International estimated that there were more than 8 200 extrajudicial killings in Venezuela from 2015 to 2017 79 Ahead of a three week session of the United Nations Human Rights Council the OHCHR chief Michelle Bachelet visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019 80 Bachelet expressed her concerns for the shockingly high number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the Special Action Forces FAES 81 The report also details how the Venezuelan government has aimed at neutralising repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government since 2016 81 Asia edit Afghanistan edit Main article Afghanistan conflict 1978 present Islamic Republic of Afghanistan officials presided over murders abduction and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies 82 Human Rights Watch alleged in its report from March 2015 83 Bangladesh edit Main article Enforced disappearances in Bangladesh Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Bangladesh 84 85 86 The Bangladesh Police special security force Rapid Action Battalion RAB has long been known for extrajudicial killing 87 In a leaked WikiLeaks cable it was found that RAB was trained by the UK government 88 16 RAB officials sacked afterwards including Lt Col sacked Tareque Sayeed Major sacked Arif Hossain and Lt Commander sacked Masud Rana were given death penalty for abduction murder concealing the bodies conspiracy and destroying evidences in the Narayanganj Seven Murder case 89 90 91 92 Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of Crossfire 93 In 2018 many alleged drug dealers were killed in the name of War on Drugs in Bangladesh 94 95 96 India edit Hardeep Singh Nijjar was a political refugee from India living in Canada He was murdered 18 June 2023 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity 97 Main article Encounter killings by police Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in India 98 99 100 A form of extrajudicial killing is called police encounters Such encounters are also being staged by military and other security forces 98 99 100 Extrajudicial killings are also common in Indian states especially in Uttar Pradesh where 73 people were killed from March 2017 to March 2019 101 Police Encounter on 6 December 2019 by the Telangana Police in the 2019 Hyderabad gang rape case killing the 4 accused is another form of extrajudicial killing Indonesia edit See also Indonesian mass killings of 1965 66 Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Indonesia 102 Iran edit Main article Extrajudicial killings in Iran See also Chain murders of Iran In the 1953 Iranian coup d etat a regime was installed through the efforts of the American CIA and the British MI6 in which the Shah hereditary monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi used SAVAK death squads also trained by the CIA to imprison torture and or kill hundreds of dissidents After the 1979 revolution death squads were used to an even greater extent by the new Islamic government In 1983 the CIA gave the Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khomeini information on KGB agents in Iran This information was probably used The Iranian government later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s 1980s and 1990s however by the 2000s it seems to have almost entirely if not completely ceased using them 103 The Dutch secretary of Foreign Affairs Stef Blok wrote Januari 2019 to the States General of the Netherlands that the intelligence service AIVD had strong indications that Iran is responsible for the murder of Mohammad Reza Kolahi Samadi in 2015 in Almere and of Ahmad Mola Nissi in 2017 in The Hague 104 February 4 2021 Iranian diplomat Asadollah Asadi and three other Iranian nationals were convicted in Antwerp for plotting to bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran in France Iraq edit Main articles Extrajudicial killings in Iraq Sectarian violence in Iraq and Iraqi conflict 2003 present Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Iraq 105 106 107 108 Iraq was formed as a League of Nations mandate by the partition and domination of various tribal lands by the British Empire in the early 20th century after the break up of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I The United Kingdom granted independence to the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932 on the urging of King Faisal though the British Armed Forces retained military bases and transit rights King Ghazi of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal s death in 1933 while undermined by attempted military coups until his death in 1939 The United Kingdom invaded Iraq in 1941 for fear that the government of Rashid Ali al Gaylani might cut oil supplies to Western nations and because of his links to the Axis powers A military occupation followed the restoration of the Hashemite monarchy and the occupation ended on October 26 1947 Iraq was left with a national government led from Baghdad made up of Sunni ethnicity in key positions of power ruling over an ad hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century culminating in the Ba athist dictatorship of Saddam Hussein 109 The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the Iraq War into three zones a Kurdish ethnic zone to the north a Sunni center and the Shia ethnic zone to the south The secular Arab socialist Baathist leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia Prime Minister and Kurdish President of the Republic peoples of the nation This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia Sunni and the Kurdish Peshmerga There were death squads formed by members of every ethnicity 110 In the national capital of Baghdad some members of the now Shia Iraqi security forces and militia members posing as members of Iraqi Police or Iraqi Armed Forces formed unofficial unsanctioned but long tolerated death squads 111 They possibly had links to the Interior Ministry and were popularly known as the black crows These groups operated night or day They usually arrested people then either tortured 112 or killed 113 them The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni insurgency Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al Na as Dr Abdullateef al Mayah and Dr Wissam Al Hashimi have also been killed These killings are not limited to men women and children have also been arrested and or killed 114 Some of these killings have also been part of simple robberies or other criminal activities A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of The New York Times claimed that the Multi National Force Iraq had modelled the Wolf Brigade the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left wing insurgency in El Salvador 115 Western news organizations such as Time and People disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable militia membership religious ethnicity as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the United States backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad 116 Israel edit Main article Targeted killings by Israel Defense Forces In a report from October 2015 Amnesty International documented incidents that appear to have been extrajudicial executions against Palestinian civilians 117 Several of those incidents occurred after Palestinians attempted to attack Israelis or Israel Defense Forces soldiers Even though the attackers did not pose a serious threat they were shot without attempting to arrest the suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force Medical attention for severely wounded Palestinians was in many cases delayed by Israeli forces 117 118 119 The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States according to four intelligence officials of the United States 66 Iranian nuclear physicist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh was killed 27 November 2020 on a rural road in Absard a city near Tehran One American official along with two other intelligence officials said that Israel was behind the attack on the scientist 120 On 16 March 2023 the Israeli Army killed four Palestinian militants in Jenin One motionless victim was shot in the head According to The Guardian the Israeli group of military veterans against the occupation Breaking the Silence called this an extrajudicial execution 121 Pakistan edit Main article Forced disappearances in Pakistan Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Pakistan 122 A form of extrajudicial killing called encounter killings by police is common in Pakistan 123 Case in point is Naqeebullah Mehsud and Sahiwal Killings The Province of Balochistan has also seen a significant number of disappearances many of which have been attributed to security forces by residents anti government Baloch nationalists claim thousands of cases and have stated a belief that most of these disappeared persons have been killed 124 Official numbers of disappeared persons have varied considerably ranging between 55 and 1 100 victims 125 Human rights organizations have dubbed this practice as the kill and dump policy 126 Papua New Guinea edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Papua New Guinea 127 128 Philippines edit Main article Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Philippines 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Maguindanao massacre edit Main article Maguindanao massacre The Committee to Protect Journalists CPJ has called the massacre the single deadliest event for journalists in history 136 Even prior to this the CPJ had labeled the Philippines the second most dangerous country for journalists second only to Iraq 136 War on drugs edit Main article Philippine Drug War nbsp Protest against the Philippine war on drugs in front of the Philippine Consulate General in New York City October 2016Following the victory of Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 Philippine presidential election a campaign against illegal drugs has led to widespread extrajudicial killings This follows the actions by then Mayor Duterte to roam Davao in order to encounter to kill 137 The Philippine president has urged its citizens to kill suspected criminals and drug addicts 138 ordered the police to adopt a shoot to kill 139 policy has offered rewards for killing suspects 140 and has even admitted to personally killing suspected criminals 141 The move has sparked widespread condemnation from international publications 141 142 143 144 145 and magazines 146 147 148 prompting the Philippine government to issue statements denying the existence of state sanctioned killings 149 150 151 Though Duterte s controversial war on drugs was opposed by the United States under President Barack Obama 152 the European Union 153 and the United Nations Duterte claims that he has received approving remarks from US President Donald Trump 154 On September 26 2016 Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the United Nations Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll 155 On December 14 2016 Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur who declined to accept government conditions that were not consistent with the code of conduct for special rapporteurs 156 157 Saudi Arabia edit See also Tiger Squad The Saudi dissident Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on October 2 2018 Syria edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Syria 158 159 160 Tajikistan edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Tajikistan 161 162 Thailand edit Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Thailand 163 Reportedly thousands of extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti drug effort of Thailand s prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government rogue military officers the radical right wing and anti drug death squads 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 Both Muslim 171 and Buddhist 172 sectarian death squads still operate in the south of the country Turkey edit Main article Extrajudicial executions in Turkey Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Turkey 173 174 175 176 177 In 1990 Amnesty International published its first report on extrajudicial executions in Turkey 175 In the following years the problem became more serious The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey determined the following figures on extrajudicial executions in Turkey for the years 1991 to 2001 178 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 200198 283 189 129 96 129 98 80 63 56 37In 2001 the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial summary or arbitrary executions Ms Asma Jahangir presented a report on a visit to Turkey 179 The report presented details of killings of prisoners 26 September 1999 10 prisoners killed in a prison in Ankara 19 December 2000 an operation in 20 prisons launched throughout Turkey resulted in the death of 30 inmates and two gendarmes For the years 2000 2008 the Human Rights Association HRA gives the following figures on doubtful deaths deaths in custody extra judicial execution torture by paid village guards 180 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008173 55 40 44 47 89 130 66 65In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey 181 Vietnam edit Nguyễn Văn Lem referred to as Captain Bay Lop died 1 February 1968 in Saigon was a member of the Viet Cong who was summarily shot in Saigon during the Tet Offensive The photograph of his death would become one of many anti Vietnam War icons in the Western World 182 Europe edit Belarus edit Main article Enforced disappearances in Belarus nbsp Demonstration in Warsaw reminding about the disappearances of oppositionals in Belarus In 1999 Belarusian opposition leaders Yury Zacharanka and Viktar Hanchar together with his business associate Anatol Krasouski disappeared Hanchar and Krasouski disappeared the same day of a broadcast on state television in which President Alexander Lukashenko ordered the chiefs of his security services to crack down on opposition scum Although the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus KGB had them under constant surveillance the official investigation announced that the case could not be solved The disappearance of journalist Dzmitry Zavadski in 2000 has also yielded no results Copies of a report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe which linked senior Belarusian officials to the cases of disappearances were confiscated 183 Human Rights Watch claims that Zacharanka Hanchar Krasouski and Zavadski likely became victims of extrajudicial executions 184 Russia edit Extrajudicial killings have taken place in Russia 185 186 In the Russian Federation a number of journalist murders were attributed to public administration figures usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals It has been regarded that the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko was linked to Russian special forces American and British intelligence agents have claimed that Russian assassins some possibly at orders of the government are behind at least fourteen targeted killings in the United Kingdom that police authorities have termed non suspicious 187 The United Kingdom attributes the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in March 2018 to the Russian military intelligence agency GRU The German foreign minister Heiko Maas said there were several indications that Russia was behind the poisoning of Alexei Navalny citation needed Soviet Union edit Main articles Red Terror Great Purge Political repression in the Soviet Union Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mass killings under communist regimes and Mass operations of the NKVD In Soviet Russia since 1918 the secret police organization Cheka was authorized to execute counter revolutionaries without trial Hostages were also executed by Cheka during the Red Terror in 1918 1920 The successors of Cheka also had the authority for extrajudicial executions In 1937 38 hundreds of thousands were executed extrajudicially during the Great Purge under the lists approved by NKVD troikas In some cases the Soviet special services did not arrest and then execute their victims but just secretly killed them without any arrest For example Solomon Mikhoels was murdered in 1948 and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident The Soviet special services also conducted extrajudicial killings abroad most notably of Leon Trotsky in 1940 in Mexico Stepan Bandera in 1959 in Germany Georgi Markov in 1978 in London Spain edit Main article GAL paramilitary group From 1983 until 1987 the Spanish government supported paramilitary squads denominated GAL to fight ETA a Basque terrorist organization A relevant example was the Lasa and Zabala case in which Jose Antonio Lasa and Jose Ignacio Zabala were kidnapped tortured and executed by police forces in 1983 Ukraine edit The Washington Post published 23 October 2023 about extrajudicial killings by Ukraine s domestic security service the SBU 188 United Kingdom edit Main articles Operation Kratos and Shoot to kill policy in Northern Ireland During the Troubles an ethno nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland British security forces and intelligence agents were accused of committing extrajudicial killings against suspected IRA members 189 190 Brian Nelson an Ulster Defence Association member and secret British agent was convicted in a court of sectarian murders 191 192 193 Operation Kratos referred to tactics developed by London s Metropolitan Police for dealing with suspected suicide bombers most notably firing shots to the head without warning Little was revealed about these tactics until after the mistaken shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes on 22 July 2005 citation needed See also editAssassination Blood atonement Crime of passion Deadly force Death flights Death squad Encounter killing Extraordinary rendition Extrajudicial punishment Feud Forced disappearance Frontier justice Hate crime Honor killing Israeli targeted killings Jungle justice List of killings by law enforcement officers Lynching Manhunt military Pogrom Posse comitatus common law Purge Summary execution Targeted killing Terrorism The Troubles Vigilante Witch huntReferences editNotes edit The legal exclusion in the sentence that starts Such term however covers the killing of enemy combatants and others who are not protected under international law from extrajudicial killing References edit a b VERA Files 14 November 2017 VERA FILES FACT SHEET Extra legal and 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Broadcasting Retrieved 2 April 2021 According to the Thurston County investigators reviewing the case Reinoehl initiated an exchange of gunfire with officers before he was killed Elfrink Tim 10 September 2020 The Washington Post TheWashingtonPost Retrieved 4 December 2021 Maxine Bernstein 5 September 2020 Michael Reinoehl appeared to target right wing demonstrator before fatal shooting in Portland police say The Oregonian Retrieved 2 April 2021 Portland police obtained a warrant Thursday afternoon charging Reinoehl with second degree murder with a weapon and unlawful use of a weapon Pirro Jeanine 12 September 2020 Justice With Judge Jeanine Donald Trump interviewed transcript President Trump on COVID Response Bob Woodward s Book Push for Coronavirus Vaccine Mail in Voting ConcernsJustice With Judge Jeanine President Trump on COVID Response Bob Woodward s Book Push for Coronavirus Vaccine Mail in Voting Concerns Fox News online Retrieved 14 September 2020 transcript of a TV broadcast video via YouTube a b Dickinson Tim 15 October 2020 Trump Claims and Celebrates Extrajudicial Killing of Antifa Activist Crowd cheers Trump at a North Carolina rally as he describes Michael Reinoehl s killing at the hands of U S Marshals Rolling Stone ISSN 0035 791X Archived from the original on 20 October 2020 U S Marshals Statement on the Officer Involved Shooting in Olympia Washington Sept 3 Press release United States Marshals Service 4 September 2020 Archived from the original on 5 September 2020 The fugitive task force located Reinoehl in Olympia and attempted to peacefully arrest him Initial reports indicate the suspect produced a firearm threatening the lives of law enforcement officers Task force members responded to the threat and struck the suspect who was pronounced dead at the scene World Report 2002 Venezuela Human Rights Watch World Report 2003 Venezuela Human Rights Watch Venezuela Extrajudicial Killings in Poor Areas Pattern of Serious Police Abuse Goes Unpunished 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Washington DC 7 September 2007 Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 Turkey State Blocks Probes of Southeast Killings 11 July 2016 ZAMAN Archived from the original on 22 September 2014 a b The report Turkey Extrajudicial Executions AI Index EUR 44 45 90 was accessed on 10 September 2009 MIT bill raises concerns about possible boost in extrajudicial killings Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 Retrieved 22 September 2014 Turkish military officer confirms Kurd killings The National Thenational ae 25 August 2010 Retrieved 1 March 2016 Source Report for 2001 published on 10 March 2003 Ankara ISBN 975 7217 38 7 page 49 Turkish The full report as pdf file Archived 2007 10 02 at the Wayback Machine accessed on 10 September 2009 The comparative balance sheet of the HRA is available in English Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine accessed on 10 September 2009 The full report in Turkish as word file Archived 2012 02 27 at the Wayback Machine accessed on 10 September 2009 Nguyen Ngoc Loan 67 Dies Executed Viet Cong Prisoner The New York Times 16 July 1998 Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 Retrieved 5 July 2009 16 Years of Silence Enforced Disappearances in Belarus Must Be Investigated Amnesty International 18 September 2015 World Report Belarus Events of 2005 Human Rights Watch Court rules against Russia in Chechen killing Europe World The Independent Independent co uk 6 August 2011 Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 Obituary Alexander Litvinenko BBC News 24 November 2006 Retrieved 2 May 2010 UK authorities overlooked evidence linking Russia to deaths on British soil The Independent 16 June 2017 Ukrainian spies with deep ties to CIA wage shadow war against Russia Hsw Opinion A grim lesson from Ulster O Duffy Brendan O Leary Brendan Violence in Northern Ireland 1969 June 1989 CAIN Web Service Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland N Ireland police arrest 2 suspected of sectarian killing BBC News 25 April 1998 Retrieved 2 May 2010 Tit for tat murders in N Ireland BBC News 20 January 1998 Retrieved 2 May 2010 Further reading edit India Torture rape and deaths in custody Amnesty International 26 March 1992 Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative 2007 Feudal Forces Democratic Nations Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia CHRI ISBN 978 81 88205 48 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Extrajudicial killing amp oldid 1207548283, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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