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Generation X

May 19, 2023

"Gen X" redirects here. For other uses, see Gen X (disambiguation) and Generation X (disambiguation).

Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the millennials. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1960s as starting birth years and the late 1970s to early 1980s as ending birth years, with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980.[1] By this definition and U.S. Census data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers[2] in the United States as of 2019.[3] Most members of Generation X are the children of the Silent Generation and early boomers;[4][5] Xers are also often the parents of millennials[4] and Generation Z.[6]

As children in the 1970s and 1980s, a time of shifting societal values, Gen Xers were sometimes called the "latchkey generation," which stems from their returning as children to an empty home and needing to use the door key, due to reduced adult supervision compared to previous generations. This was a result of increasing divorce rates and increased maternal participation in the workforce prior to widespread availability of childcare options outside the home.

As adolescents and young adults in the 1980s and 1990s, Xers were dubbed the "MTV Generation" (a reference to the music video channel), sometimes being characterized as slackers, cynical, and disaffected. Some of the many cultural influences on Gen X youth included a proliferation of musical genres with strong social-tribal identity such as punk, post-punk, and heavy metal, in addition to later forms developed by Gen Xers themselves (e.g., grunge, grindcore and related genres). Film, both the birth of franchise mega-sequels and a proliferation of independent film (enabled in part by video) was also a notable cultural influence. Video games both in amusement parlours and in devices in western homes were also a major part of juvenile entertainment for the first time. Politically, in many Eastern Bloc countries, Generation X experienced the last days of communism and transition to capitalism as part of its youth. In much of the western world, a similar time period was defined by a dominance of conservatism and free market economics.

In midlife during the early 21st century, research describes them as active, happy, and achieving a work–life balance. The cohort has also been credited as entrepreneurial and productive in the workplace more broadly.

Terminology and etymology

 
Douglas Coupland popularized the term Generation X in his 1991 novel Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture.

The term Generation X has been used at various times to describe alienated youth. In the early 1950s, Hungarian photographer Robert Capa first used Generation X as the title for a photo-essay about young men and women growing up immediately following World War II. The term first appeared in print in a December 1952 issue of Holiday magazine announcing their upcoming publication of Capa's photo-essay.[7] From 1976 to 1981, English musician Billy Idol used the moniker as the name for his punk rock band.[8] Idol had attributed the name of his band to the book Generation X, a 1964 book on British popular youth culture written by journalists Jane Deverson and Charles Hamblett[9][10] — a copy of which had been owned by Idol's mother.[11] These uses of the term appear to have no connection to Robert Capa's photo-essay.[7]

The term acquired its contemporary application after the release of Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, a 1991 novel written by Canadian author Douglas Coupland.[12][9][13] In 1987, Coupland had written a piece in Vancouver Magazine titled "Generation X" which was "the seed of what went on to become the book".[14][15] Coupland referenced Billy Idol's band Generation X in the 1987 article and again in 1989 in Vista magazine.[16] In the book proposal for his novel, Coupland writes that Generation X is "taken from the name of Billy Idol’s long-defunct punk band of the late 1970s".[17] However, in 1995 Coupland denied the term's connection to the band, stating that:

The book's title came not from Billy Idol's band, as many supposed, but from the final chapter of a funny sociological book on American class structure titled Class, by Paul Fussell. In his final chapter, Fussell named an 'X' category of people who wanted to hop off the merry-go-round of status, money, and social climbing that so often frames modern existence.[18][14]

Author William Strauss noted that around the time Coupland's 1991 novel was published the symbol "X" was prominent in popular culture, as the film Malcolm X was released in 1992, and that the name "Generation X" ended up sticking. The "X" refers to an unknown variable or to a desire not to be defined.[19][20][13] Strauss's coauthor Neil Howe noted the delay in naming this demographic cohort saying, "Over 30 years after their birthday, they didn't have a name. I think that's germane." Previously, the cohort had been referred to as Post-Boomers, Baby Busters (which refers to the drop in birth rates following the baby boom in the western world, particularly in the U.S.[where?]),[21] New Lost Generation, latchkey kids, MTV Generation, and the 13th Generation (the 13th generation since American independence).[8][19][16][22][23]

Date and age range definitions

 
Western fertility rates, 1960–1980

Generation X is the demographic cohort following the post–World War II baby-boom, representing a generational change from the baby boomers. Many researchers and demographers use dates that correspond to the fertility-patterns in the population. For Generation X, in the U.S. (and broadly, in the Western world), the period begins at a time when fertility rates started to significantly decrease, following the baby boom peak of the late 1950s, until an upswing in the late 1970s and eventual recovery at the start of the 1980s.

In the U.S., the Pew Research Center, a non-partisan think-tank, delineates a Generation X period of 1965–1980 which has, albeit gradually, come to gain acceptance in academic circles.[24] Moreover, although fertility rates are preponderant in the definition of start and end dates, the center remarks: "Generations are analytical constructs, it takes time for popular and expert consensus to develop as to the precise boundaries that demarcate one generation from another."[25] Pew takes into account other factors, notably the labor market as well as attitudinal and behavioral trends of a group. Writing for Pew's Trend magazine in 2018, psychologist Jean Twenge observed that the "birth year boundaries of Gen X are debated but settle somewhere around 1965–1980".[1] According to this definition, the oldest Gen Xer is 58 years old and the youngest is, or is turning, 43 years old in 2023.

 
U.S. fertility rates, 1963–1981

The Brookings Institution, another U.S. think-tank, sets the Gen X period as between 1965 and 1981.[26] The U.S. Federal Reserve Board uses 1965–1980 to define Gen X.[27] The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) defines the years for Gen X as between 1964 and 1979. The US Department of Defense (DoD), conversely, use dates 1965 to 1977.[28] In their 2002 book When Generations Collide, Lynne Lancaster and David Stillman use 1965 to 1980, while in 2012 authors Jain and Pant also used parameters of 1965 to 1980.[29] U.S. news outlets such as The New York Times[30][31] and The Washington Post[32] describe Generation X as people born between 1965 and 1980. Gallup,[33] Bloomberg,[34] Business Insider,[35] and Forbes[36][37] use 1965–1980. Time magazine states that Generation X is "roughly defined as anyone born between 1965 and 1980".[38] George Masnick of the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies puts this generation in the time-frame of 1965 to 1984, in order to satisfy the premise that boomers, Xers, and millennials "cover equal 20-year age spans".[39]

In Australia, the McCrindle Research Center uses 1965–1979.[40] In the UK, the Resolution Foundation think-tank defines Gen X as those born between 1966 and 1980.[41] PricewaterhouseCoopers, a multinational professional services network headquartered in London, describes Generation X employees as those born from 1965 to 1980.[42]

Other age range markers

On the basis of the time it takes for a generation to mature, U.S. authors William Strauss and Neil Howe define Generation X as those born between 1961 and 1981 in their 1991 book titled Generations, and differentiate the cohort into an early and late wave.[43] Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book X Saves the World, include those born between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980.[5] George Masnick of the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies puts this generation in the time-frame of 1965 to 1984, in order to satisfy the premise that boomers, Xers, and millennials "cover equal 20-year age spans".[39] In 2004, journalist J. Markert also acknowledged the 20-year increments but goes one step further and subdivides the generation into two 10-year cohorts with early and later members of the generation. The first begins in 1966 and ends in 1975 and the second begins in 1976 and ends in 1985; this thinking is applied to each generation (Silent, boomers, Gen X, millennials, etc.).[44]

Based on external events of historical importance, Schewe and Noble in 2002 argue that a cohort is formed against significant milestones and can be any length of time. Against this logic, Generation X begins in 1966 and ends in 1976, with those born between 1955 and 1965 being labelled as "trailing-edge boomers".[45]

In Canada, professor David Foot describes Generation X as late boomers and includes those born between 1960 and 1966, whilst the "Bust Generation", those born between 1967 and 1979, is considered altogether a separate generation, in his 1996 book Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift.[46][47]

Generational cuspers

Generation Jones is identified as the group of people born in the latter half of the Baby Boomers from the early 1960s to the early years of Generation X.[48] Individuals born in the Generation X and millennial cusp years of the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s have been identified by the media as a "microgeneration" with characteristics of both generations.[49] Names given to these "cuspers" include Xennials,[50] Generation Catalano,[51] and the Oregon Trail Generation.[52]

Demographics

United States

 
U.S. living adult generations

There are differences in Gen X population numbers depending on the date-range selected. In the U.S., using Census population projections, the Pew Research Center found that the Gen X population born from 1965 to 1980 numbered 65.2 million in 2019. The cohort is likely to overtake boomers in 2028.[3] A 2010 Census report counted approximately 84 million people living in the US who are defined by birth years ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s.[53] In a 2012 article for the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, George Masnick wrote that the "Census counted 82.1 million" Gen Xers in the U.S. Masnick concluded that immigration filled in any birth year deficits during low fertility years of the late 1960s and early 1970s.[39] Jon Miller at the Longitudinal Study of American Youth at the University of Michigan wrote that "Generation X refers to adults born between 1961 and 1981" and it "includes 84 million people".[54] In their 1991 book Generations, authors Howe and Strauss indicated that the total number of Gen X individuals in the U.S. was 88.5 million.[55]

Impact of family planning programs

 
U.S. Live Births Registered and Legal Abortions Reported 1970–1980

The birth control pill, introduced in 1960, was one contributing factor of declining birth rates. Initially, the pill spread rapidly amongst married women as an approved treatment for menstrual disturbance. However, it was also found to prevent pregnancy and was prescribed as a contraceptive in 1964. The pill, as it became commonly known, reached younger, unmarried college women in the late 1960s when state laws were amended and reduced the age of majority from 21 to ages 18–20.[56] These policies are commonly referred to as the Early Legal Access (ELA) laws.

Another major factor was abortion, only available in a few states until its legalisation in a 1973 US Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade. This was replicated elsewhere, with reproductive rights legislation passed, notably in the UK (1967), France (1975), West Germany (1976), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), and the Netherlands (1980). From 1973 to 1980, the abortion rate per 1,000 US women aged 15–44 increased from 16% to 29% with more than 9.6 million terminations of pregnancy practiced. Between 1970 and 1980, on average, for every 10 American citizens born, 3 were aborted.[57] However, increased immigration during the same period of time helped to partially offset declining birth-rates and contributed to making Generation X an ethnically and culturally diverse demographic cohort.[8][29]

Parental lineage

Generally, Gen Xers are the children of the Silent Generation and generally older baby boomers.[5]

Characteristics

In the United States

As children and adolescents

Rising divorce rates and women workforce participation

Strauss and Howe, who wrote several books on generations, including one specifically on Generation X titled 13th Gen: Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail? (1993), reported that Gen Xers were children at a time when society was less focused on children and more focused on adults.[58] Xers were children during a time of increasing divorce rates, with divorce rates doubling in the mid-1960s, before peaking in 1980.[8][59][60] Strauss and Howe described a cultural shift where the long-held societal value of staying together for the sake of the children was replaced with a societal value of parental and individual self-actualization. Strauss wrote that society "moved from what Leslie Fiedler called a 1950s-era 'cult of the child' to what Landon Jones called a 1970s-era 'cult of the adult'".[58][61] The Generation Map, a report from Australia's McCrindle Research Center writes of Gen X children: "their Boomer parents were the most divorced generation in Australian history".[62] According to Christine Henseler in the 2012 book Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion, "We watched the decay and demise (of the family), and grew callous to the loss."[63]

 
U.S. Marriages Ending in Divorce 1950–1990

The Gen X childhood coincided with the sexual revolution of the 1960s to 1980s, which Susan Gregory Thomas described in her book In Spite of Everything as confusing and frightening for children in cases where a parent would bring new sexual partners into their home.[64] Thomas also discussed how divorce was different during the Gen X childhood, with the child having a limited or severed relationship with one parent following divorce, often the father, due to differing societal and legal expectations. In the 1970s, only nine U.S. states allowed for joint custody of children, which has since been adopted by all 50 states following a push for joint custody during the mid-1980s.[65] Kramer vs. Kramer, a 1979 American legal drama based on Avery Corman's best-selling novel, came to epitomize the struggle for child custody and the demise of the traditional nuclear family.[66]

 
U.S. Participation Rates for Women Professionals 1966—2013

The rapid influx of boomer women into the labor force that began in the 1970s was marked by the confidence of many in their ability to successfully pursue a career while meeting the needs of their children. This resulted in an increase in latchkey children, leading to the terminology of the "latchkey generation" for Generation X.[67][68][69] These children lacked adult supervision in the hours between the end of the school day and when a parent returned home from work in the evening, and for longer periods of time during the summer. Latchkey children became common among all socioeconomic demographics, but this was particularly so among middle- and upper-class children.[68] The higher the educational attainment of the parents, the higher the odds the children of this time would be latchkey children, due to increased maternal participation in the workforce at a time before childcare options outside the home were widely available.[70][71][72][73] McCrindle Research Centre described the cohort as "the first to grow up without a large adult presence, with both parents working", stating this led to Gen Xers being more peer-oriented than previous generations.[62][74]

Conservative and neoliberal turn

Some older Gen Xers started high school in the waning years of the Carter presidency, but much of the cohort became socially and politically conscious during the Reagan Era. President Ronald Reagan, voted in office principally by the boomer generation,[75] embraced laissez-faire economics with vigor. His policies included cuts in the growth of government spending, reduction in taxes for the higher echelon of society, legalization of stock buybacks, and deregulation of key industries.[76] Measures had drastic consequences on the social fabric of the country even if, gradually, reforms gained acceptability and exported overseas to willing participants. The early 1980s recession saw unemployment rise to 10.8% in 1982; requiring, more often than not, dual parental incomes.[77] One-in-five American children grew up in poverty during this time. The federal debt almost tripled during Reagan's time in office, from $998 billion in 1981 to $2.857 trillion in 1989, placing greater burden of repayment on the incoming generation.[78]

 
U.S. Department of Health booklet published in 1988

Government expenditure shifted from domestic programs to defense. Remaining funding initiatives, moreover, tended to be diverted away from programs for children and often directed toward the elderly population, with cuts to Medicaid and programs for children and young families, and protection and expansion of Medicare and Social Security for the elderly population. These programs for the elderly were not tied to economic need. Congressman David Durenberger criticized this political situation, stating that while programs for poor children and for young families were cut, the government provided "free health care to elderly millionaires".[61][79]

The crack epidemic and AIDS

Gen Xers came of age or were children during the 1980s crack epidemic, which disproportionately impacted urban areas as well as the African-American community. The U.S. Drug turf battles increased violent crime. crack addiction impacted communities and families. Between 1984 and 1989, the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 doubled in the U.S., and the homicide rate for black males aged 18 to 24 increased almost as much. The crack epidemic had a destabilizing impact on families, with an increase in the number of children in foster care. In 1986, President Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act to enforce strict mandatory minimum sentencing for drug users. He also increased the federal budget for supply-reduction efforts.[80][81]

Fear of the impending AIDS epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s loomed over the formative years of Generation X. The emergence of AIDS coincided with Gen X's adolescence, with the disease first clinically observed in the U.S. in 1981. By 1985, an estimated one-to-two million Americans were HIV-positive. This particularly hit the LGBT community.[82] As the virus spread, at a time before effective treatments were available, a public panic ensued. Sex education programs in schools were adapted to address the AIDS epidemic, which taught Gen X students that sex could kill them.[83][84]

The rise of home computing
 
An 8-bit 1977 Apple II

Gen Xers were the first children to have access to personal computers in their homes and at schools.[62] In the early 1980s, the growth in the use of personal computers exploded. Manufacturers such as Commodore, Atari, and Apple responded to the demand via 8-bit and 16-bit machines. This in turn stimulated the software industries with corresponding developments for backup storage, use of the floppy disk, zip drive, and CD-ROM.[85]

At school, several computer projects were supported by the Department of Education under United States Secretary of Education Terrel Bell's "Technology Initiative".[86] This was later mirrored in the UK's 1982 Computers for Schools programme[87] and, in France, under the 1985 scheme Plan Informatique pour Tous (IPT).[88]

The post–civil rights generation

In the U.S., Generation X was the first cohort to grow up post-integration after the racist Jim Crow laws. They were described in a marketing report by Specialty Retail as the kids who "lived the civil rights movement". They were among the first children to be bused to attain integration in the public school system. In the 1990s, Strauss reported Gen Xers were "by any measure the least racist of today's generations".[61][89] In the U.S., Title IX, which passed in 1972, provided increased athletic opportunities to Gen X girls in the public school setting.[90] Roots, based on the novel by Alex Haley and broadcast as a 12-hour series, was viewed as a turning point in the country's ability to relate to the afro-American history.[91]

As young adults

Continued growth in college enrollments
 
Total Fall Enrollment in U.S. degree granting Institutions 1965–1998

In the U.S., compared to the boomer generation, Generation X was more educated than their parents. The share of young adults enrolling in college steadily increased from 1983, before peaking in 1998. In 1965, as early boomers entered college, total enrollment of new undergraduates was just over 5.7 million individuals across the public and private sectors. By 1983, the first year of Gen X college enrollments (as per Pew Research's definition), this figure had reached 12.2 million. This was an increase of 53%, effectively a doubling in student intake. As the 1990s progressed, Gen X college enrollments continued to climb, with increased loan borrowing as the cost of an education became substantially more expensive compared to their peers in the mid-1980s.[92] By 1998, the generation's last year of college enrollment, those entering the higher education sector totaled 14.3 million.[93] In addition, unlike Boomers and previous generations, women outpaced men in college completion rates.[94]

Adjusting to a new societal environment

For early Gen Xer graduates entering the job market at the end of the 1980s, economic conditions were challenging and did not show signs of major improvements until the mid-1990s.[95] In the U.S., restrictive monetary policy to curb rising inflation and the collapse of a large number of savings and loan associations (private banks that specialized in home mortgages) impacted the welfare of many American households. This precipitated a large government bailout, which placed further strain on the budget.[96] Furthermore, three decades of growth came to an end. The social contract between employers and employees, which had endured during the 1960s and 1970s and was scheduled to last until retirement, was no longer applicable. By the late 1980s, there were large-scale layoffs of boomers, corporate downsizing, and accelerated offshoring of production.[97]

On the political front, in the U.S. the generation became ambivalent if not outright disaffected with politics. They had been reared in the shadow of the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. They came to maturity under the Reagan and George H. W. Bush presidencies, with first-hand experience of the impact of neoliberal policies. Few had experienced a Democratic administration and even then, only, at an atmospheric level. For those on the left of the political spectrum, the disappointments with the previous boomer student mobilizations of the 1960s and the collapse of those movements towards a consumerist "greed is good" and "yuppie" culture during the 1980s felt, to a greater extent, hypocrisy if not outright betrayal. Hence, the preoccupation on "authenticity" and not "selling-out". The Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the socialist utopia with the fall of the Berlin Wall, moreover, added to the disillusionment that any alternative to the capitalist model was possible.[98]

Birth of the slacker
 
 
 
Skateboarding, BMX bikes, and chopper bikes first became popular among Generation X.[99]

In 1990, Time magazine published an article titled "Living: Proceeding with Caution", which described those then in their 20s as aimless and unfocused. Media pundits and advertisers further struggled to define the cohort, typically portraying them as "unfocused twentysomethings". A MetLife report noted: "media would portray them as the Friends generation: rather self-involved and perhaps aimless...but fun".[100][101] Gen Xers were often portrayed as apathetic or as "slackers", lacking bearings, a stereotype which was initially tied to Richard Linklater's comedic and essentially plotless 1991 film Slacker. After the film was released, "journalists and critics thought they put a finger on what was different about these young adults in that 'they were reluctant to grow up' and 'disdainful of earnest action'".[101][102] Ben Stiller's 1994 film Reality Bites also sought to capture the zeitgeist of the generation with a portrayal of the attitudes and lifestyle choices of the time.[103]

Negative stereotypes of Gen X young adults continued, including that they were "bleak, cynical, and disaffected". In 1998, such stereotypes prompted sociological research at Stanford University to study the accuracy of the characterization of Gen X young adults as cynical and disaffected. Using the national General Social Survey, the researchers compared answers to identical survey questions asked of 18–29-year-olds in three different time periods. Additionally, they compared how older adults answered the same survey questions over time. The surveys showed 18–29-year-old Gen Xers did exhibit higher levels of cynicism and disaffection than previous cohorts of 18–29-year-olds surveyed. However, they also found that cynicism and disaffection had increased among all age groups surveyed over time, not just young adults, making this a period effect, not a cohort effect. In other words, adults of all ages were more cynical and disaffected in the 1990s, not just Generation X.[104][105]

Rise of the Internet and the dot-com bubble

By the mid-late 1990s, under Bill Clinton's presidency, economic optimism had returned to the U.S.,[106] with unemployment reduced from 7.5% in 1992 to 4% in 2000.[107] Younger members of Gen X, straddling across administrations, politically experienced a "liberal renewal". In 1997, Time magazine published an article titled "Generation X Reconsidered", which retracted the previously reported negative stereotypes and reported positive accomplishments. The article cited Gen Xers' tendency to found technology startup companies and small businesses, as well as their ambition, which research showed was higher among Gen X young adults than older generations.[101] Yet, the slacker moniker stuck.[108][109] As the decade progressed, Gen X gained a reputation for entrepreneurship. In 1999, The New York Times dubbed them "Generation 1099", describing them as the "once pitied but now envied group of self-employed workers whose income is reported to the Internal Revenue Service not on a W-2 form, but on Form 1099".[110]

 
America Online (AOL) version 2.0 program disk for Microsoft Windows (1994), widely used by younger Gen Xers to access the Internet

Consumer access to the Internet and its commercial development throughout the 1990s witnessed a frenzy of IT initiatives. Newly created companies, launched on stock exchanges globally, were formed with dubitable revenue generation or cash flow.[111] When the dot-com bubble eventually burst in 2000, early Gen Xers who had embarked as entrepreneurs in the IT industry while riding the Internet wave, as well as newly qualified programmers at the tail-end of the generation (who had grown up with AOL and the first Web browsers), were both caught in the crash.[112] This had major repercussions, with cross-generational consequences; five years after the bubble burst, new matriculation of IT millennial undergraduates fell by 40% and by as much as 70% in some information systems programs.[113]

However, following the crisis, sociologist Mike Males reported continued confidence and optimism among the cohort. He reported "surveys consistently find 80% to 90% of Gen Xers self-confident and optimistic".[114] Males wrote "these young Americans should finally get the recognition they deserve", praising the cohort and stating that "the permissively raised, universally deplored Generation X is the true 'great generation', for it has braved a hostile social climate to reverse abysmal trends". He described them as the hardest-working group since the World War II generation. He reported Gen Xers' entrepreneurial tendencies helped create the high-tech industry that fueled the 1990s economic recovery.[114][115] In 2002, Time magazine published an article titled Gen Xers Aren't Slackers After All, reporting that four out of five new businesses were the work of Gen Xers.[89][116]

Response to 9/11

In the U.S., Gen Xers were described as the major heroes of the September 11 terrorist attacks by author William Strauss. The firefighters and police responding to the attacks were predominantly from Generation X. Additionally, the leaders of the passenger revolt on United Airlines Flight 93 were also, by majority, Gen Xers.[108][117][118] Author Neil Howe reported survey data which showed that Gen Xers were cohabiting and getting married in increasing numbers following the terrorist attacks. Gen X survey respondents reported that they no longer wanted to live alone.[119] In October 2001, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote of Gen Xers: "Now they could be facing the most formative events of their lives and their generation."[120] The Greensboro News & Record reported members of the cohort "felt a surge of patriotism since terrorists struck" by giving blood, working for charities, donating to charities, and by joining the military to fight the War on Terror.[121] The Jury Expert, a publication of The American Society of Trial Consultants, reported: "Gen X members responded to the terrorist attacks with bursts of patriotism and national fervor that surprised even themselves."[108]

In midlife

Achieving a work-life balance

In 2011, survey analysis from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth found Gen Xers (defined as those who were then between the ages of 30 and 50) to be "balanced, active, and happy" in midlife and as achieving a work-life balance. The Longitudinal Study of Youth is an NIH-NIA funded study by the University of Michigan which has been studying Generation X since 1987. The study asked questions such as "Thinking about all aspects of your life, how happy are you? If zero means that you are very unhappy and 10 means that you are very happy, please rate your happiness." LSA reported that "mean level of happiness was 7.5 and the median (middle score) was 8. Only four percent of Generation X adults indicated a great deal of unhappiness (a score of three or lower). Twenty-nine percent of Generation X adults were very happy with a score of 9 or 10 on the scale."[122][123][124][125]

In 2014, Pew Research provided further insight, describing the cohort as "savvy, skeptical and self-reliant; they're not into preening or pampering, and they just might not give much of a hoot what others think of them. Or whether others think of them at all."[126] Furthermore, guides regarding managing multiple generations in the workforce describe Gen Xers as: independent, resilient, resourceful, self-managing, adaptable, cynical, pragmatic, skeptical of authority, and as seeking a work-life balance.[100][127][128][129]

Entrepreneurship as an individual trait
 
Google co-founder Sergey Brin, speaking at a Web 2.0 conference

Individualism is one of the defining traits of Generation X, and is reflected in their entrepreneurial spirit.[130] In the 2008 book X Saves the World: How Generation X Got the Shaft but Can Still Keep Everything from Sucking, author Jeff Gordinier describes Generation X as a "dark horse demographic" which "doesn't seek the limelight". Gordiner cites examples of Gen Xers' contributions to society such as: Google, Wikipedia, Amazon.com, and YouTube, arguing that if boomers had created them, "we'd never hear the end of it". In the book, Gordinier contrasts Gen Xers to baby boomers, saying boomers tend to trumpet their accomplishments more than Gen Xers do, creating what he describes as "elaborate mythologies" around their achievements. Gordiner cites Steve Jobs as an example, while Gen Xers, he argues, are more likely to "just quietly do their thing".[5][131]

In a 2007 article published in the Harvard Business Review, authors Strauss and Howe wrote of Generation X: "They are already the greatest entrepreneurial generation in U.S. history; their high-tech savvy and marketplace resilience have helped America prosper in the era of globalization."[132] According to authors Michael Hais and Morley Winograd:

Small businesses and the entrepreneurial spirit that Gen Xers embody have become one of the most popular institutions in America. There's been a recent shift in consumer behavior and Gen Xers will join the "idealist generation" in encouraging the celebration of individual effort and business risk-taking. As a result, Xers will spark a renaissance of entrepreneurship in economic life, even as overall confidence in economic institutions declines. Customers, and their needs and wants (including Millennials) will become the North Star for an entire new generation of entrepreneurs.[133]

A 2015 study by Sage Group reports Gen Xers "dominate the playing field" with respect to founding startups in the United States and Canada, with Xers launching the majority (55%) of all new businesses in 2015.[134][135]

Income benefits of a college education

Unlike millennials, Generation X was the last generation in the U.S. for whom higher education was broadly financially remunerative. In 2019, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis published research (using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances) demonstrating that after controlling for race and age, cohort families with heads of household with post-secondary education and born before 1980 have seen wealth and income premiums, while, for those after 1980, the wealth premium has weakened to a point of statistical insignificance (in part because of the rising cost of college). The income premium, while remaining positive, has declined to historic lows, with more pronounced downward trajectories among heads of household with postgraduate degrees.[136]

Parenting and volunteering

In terms of advocating for their children in the educational setting, author Neil Howe describes Gen X parents as distinct from baby boomer parents. Howe argues that Gen Xers are not helicopter parents, which Howe describes as a parenting style of boomer parents of millennials. Howe described Gen Xers instead as "stealth fighter parents", due to the tendency of Gen X parents to let minor issues go and to not hover over their children in the educational setting, but to intervene forcefully and swiftly in the event of more serious issues.[137] In 2012, the Corporation for National and Community Service ranked Gen X volunteer rates in the U.S. at "29.4% per year", the highest compared with other generations. The rankings were based on a three-year moving average between 2009 and 2011.[138][139]

Income differential with previous generations

A report titled Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well? focused on the income of males 30–39 in 2004 (those born April 1964 – March 1974). The study was released on 25 May 2007 and emphasized that this generation's men made less (by 12%) than their fathers had at the same age in 1974, thus reversing a historical trend. It concluded that, per year increases in household income generated by fathers/sons slowed from an average of 0.9% to 0.3%, barely keeping pace with inflation. "Family incomes have risen though (over the period 1947 to 2005) because more women have gone to work",[140][141][142][143] "supporting the incomes of men, by adding a second earner to the family. And as with male income, the trend is downward."[141][142][143]

Elsewhere

Although, globally, children and adolescents of Generation X will have been heavily influenced by U.S. cultural industries with shared global currents (e.g., rising divorce rates, the AIDS epidemic, advancements in ICT), there is not one U.S.-born raised concept but multiple perspectives and geographical outgrowths. Even within the period of analysis, inside national communities, commonalities will have differed on the basis of one's birth date. The generation, Christine Henseler also remarks, was shaped as much by real-world events, within national borders, determined by specific political, cultural, and historical incidents. She adds "In other words, it is in between both real, clearly bordered spaces and more fluid global currents that we can spot the spirit of Generation X."[144] In 2016, a global consumer insights project from Viacom International Media Networks and Viacom, based on over 12,000 respondents across 21 countries,[145] reported on Gen X's unconventional approach to sex, friendship, and family,[146] their desire for flexibility and fulfillment at work[147] and the absence of midlife crisis for Gen Xers.[148] The project also included a 20 min documentary titled Gen X Today.[149]

Russia

In Russia, Generation Xers are referred to as "the last Soviet children", as the last children to come of age prior to the downfall of communism in their nation and prior to the Dissolution of the Soviet Union.[40] Those that reached adulthood in the 1980s and grew up educated in the doctrines of Marxism and Leninism found themselves against a background of economic and social change, with the advent of Mikhail Gorbachev to power and Perestroika. However, even before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, surveys demonstrated that Russian young people repudiated the key features of the Communist worldview that their party leaders, schoolteachers, and even parents had tried to instill in them.[150] This generation, caught in the transition between Marxism–Leninism and an unknown future, and wooed by the new domestic political classes, remained largely apathetic.[151]

France

In France, "Generation X" is not as widely known or used to define its members. Demographically, this loosely denotes those born from the beginning of the 1960s to the early 1980s.[152] Although fertility rates started to fall in 1965, number of births in France only followed suit in 1975.[153] There is general agreement that, domestically, the event that is accepted in France as the separating point between the baby boomer generation and Generation X are the French strikes and violent riots of May 1968 with those of the generation too young to participate. Those at the start of the cohort are sometimes referred to as 'Génération Bof' because of their tendency to use the word 'bof', which, translated into English, means "whatever".[40]

The generation is closely associated with socialist François Mitterrand who served as President of France during two consecutive terms between 1981 and 1995 as most transitioned into adulthood during that period. Economically, Xers started when the new labour market was emerging and were the first to fully experience the advent of the post-industrial society. For those at the tail-end of the generation, educational and defence reforms, a new style baccalauréat général with three distinct streams in 1995 (the preceding programme, introduced in 1968) the 2002 licence-master-doctorat reform for first millennial graduates (DEUG, Maîtrise, DESS and DEA degrees no longer awarded), and the cessation of military conscription in 1997 (for those born after January 1979) are considered as new transition points to the next.[154]

Republic of Ireland

The term "Generation X" is used to describe Irish people born between 1965 and 1985; they grew up during The Troubles and the 1980s economic recession, coming of age during the Celtic Tiger period of prosperity in the 1990s onward.[155][156] The appropriateness of the term to Ireland has been questioned, with Darach Ó Séaghdha noting that "Generation X is usually contrasted with the one before by growing up in smaller and different family units on account of their parents having greater access to contraception and divorce – again, things that were not widely available in Ireland. [Contraception was only available under prescription in 1978 and without prescription in 1985; divorce was illegal until 1996.] However, this generation was in prime position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger, the Peace Process and liberalisations introduced on foot of EU membership and was less likely to emigrate than those that came before and after. You could say that in many ways, these are Ireland’s real boomers."[157]

Culturally, Britpop, Celtic rock, the trad revival, Father Ted, the 1990 FIFA World Cup and rave culture were significant.[158][159] The Divine Comedy song "Generation Sex" (1998) painted a picture of hedonism in the late 20th century, as well as its effect on the media.[160][161] David McWilliams' 2005 book The Pope's Children: Ireland's New Elite profiled Irish people born in the 1970s (just prior to the papal visit to Ireland), which was a baby boom that saw Ireland's population increase for the first time since the 1840s Great Famine. The Pope's Children were in position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger and the newly liberal culture, where the Catholic Church had significantly less social power.[162][163]

United Kingdom

As children, adolescents and young adults
Political environment

The United Kingdom's Economic and Social Research Council described Generation X as "Thatcher's children" because the cohort grew up while Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990, "a time of social flux and transformation". Those born in the late 1960s and early 1970s grew up in a period of social unrest. While unemployment was low in the early 1970s, industrial and social unrest escalated. Strike action culminated in the "Winter of Discontent" in 1978–79, and the Troubles began to unfold in Northern Ireland. The turn to neoliberal policies introduced and maintained by consecutive conservative governments from 1979 to 1997 marked the end of the post-war consensus.[164]

Education

The almost universal dismantling of the grammar school system in Great Britain during the 1960s and the 1970s meant that the vast majority of the cohort attended secondary modern schools, relabelled comprehensive schools. Compulsory education ended at the age of 16.[165][164] As older members of the cohort reached the end of their mandatory schooling, levels of educational enrollment among older adolescents remained below much of the Western world. By the early 1980s, some 80% to 90% of school leavers in France and West Germany received vocational training, compared with 40% in the United Kingdom. By the mid-1980s, over 80% of pupils in the United States and West Germany and over 90% in Japan stayed in education until the age of eighteen, compared with 33% of British pupils.[166] There was, however, broadly a rise in education levels among this age range as Generation X passed through it.[167]

In 1990, 25% of young people in England stayed in some kind of full-time education after the age of 18, this was an increase from 15% a decade earlier.[168] Later, the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 and the liberalisation of higher education in the UK saw greater numbers of those born towards the tail-end of the generation gaining university places.[164]

Employment

The 1980s, when much of Generation X reached working age, was an era defined by high unemployment rates.[169] This was particularly true of the youngest members of the working aged population. In 1984, 26% of 16 to 24 year olds were neither in full-time education or participating in the workforce.[170] However, this figure did decrease as the economic situation improved reaching 17% by 1993.[171]

In midlife

Generation X were far more likely to have children out of wedlock than their parents. The number of babies being born to unmarried parents in England and Wales rose from 11% in 1979, a quarter in 1998, 40% by 2002 and almost half in 2012. They were also significantly more likely to have children later in life than their predecessors. The average age of a mother giving birth rose from 27 in 1982 to 30 in 2012. That year saw 29,994 children born to mothers over the age 40, an increase of 360% from 2002.[172]

A 2016 study of over 2,500 British office workers conducted by Workfront found that survey respondents of all ages selected those from Generation X as the hardest-working employees and members of the workforce (chosen by 60%).[173] Gen X was also ranked highest among fellow workers for having the strongest work ethic (chosen by 59.5%), being the most helpful (55.4%), the most skilled (54.5%), and the best troubleshooters/problem-solvers (41.6%).[174][175]

Political evolution

Ipsos MORI reports that at the 1987 and 1992 general elections, the first United Kingdom general elections where significant numbers of Generation X members could vote, a plurality of 18 to 24 year olds opted for the Labour Party by a small margin. The polling organisation's figures suggest that in 1987, 39% of that age group voted Labour, 37% for the Conservatives and 22% for the SDP–Liberal Alliance. Five years later, these numbers were fairly similar at 38% Labour, 35% Conservative and 19% Liberal Democrats, a party by then formed from the previously mentioned alliance. Both these elections saw a fairly significant lead for the Conservatives in the popular vote among the general population.[176]

At the 1997 General election where Labour won a large majority of seats and a comfortable lead in the popular vote, research suggests that voters under the age of 35 were more likely to vote Labour if they turned out than the wider electorate but significantly less likely to vote than in 1992. Analysts suggested this may have been due to fewer differences in policies between the major parties and young people having less of a sense of affiliation with particular political parties than older generations.[176][177] A similar trend continued at the 2001 and 2005 general elections as turnout dropped further among both the relatively young and the wider public.[178][179]

Voter turnout across the electorate began to recover from a 2001 low until the 2017 general election.[178] Generation X also became more likely to vote as they entered the midlife age demographics. Polling suggests a plurality of their age group backed the Conservatives in 2010 and 2015 but less overwhelming than much of the older generation.[180][181] At the 2016 EU membership referendum and 2017 general election, Generation X was split with younger members appearing to back remain and Labour and older members tending towards Leave and Conservative in a British electorate more polarised by age than ever before.[182][183] At the 2019 general election, voting trends continued to be heavily divided by age but a plurality of younger as well as older generation X members (then 39 to 55 year olds) voted Conservative.[184]

 
The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was a landmark event in Generation X's formative years.

Germany

In Germany, "Generation X" is not widely used or applied. Instead, reference is made to "Generation Golf" in the previous West German republic, based on a novel by Florian Illies. In the east, children of the "Mauerfall" or coming down of the wall. For former East Germans, there was adaptation, but also a sense of loss of accustomed values and structures. These effects turned into romantic narratives of their childhood. For those in the West, there was a period of discovery and exploration of what had been a forbidden land.[185]

South Africa

In South Africa, Gen Xers spent their formative years of the 1980s during the "hyper-politicized environment of the final years of apartheid".[186]

Arts and culture

 
This illustration shows three cultural touchstones for Generation X: singer Michael Jackson, who dominated pop charts in the 1980s; alien characters from the popular arcade video game Space Invaders; and a videocassette, which revolutionized home entertainment by enabling TV viewers to record shows and watch prerecorded films at home.

Music

Gen Xers were the first cohort to come of age with MTV. They were the first generation to experience the emergence of music videos as teenagers and are sometimes called the MTV Generation.[100][187] Gen Xers were responsible for the alternative rock movement of the 1990s and 2000s, including the grunge subgenre.[109][188] Hip hop has also been described as defining music of the generation, particularly artists such as Tupac Shakur, N.W.A., and The Notorious B.I.G.[189]

Punk rock

Main article: Punk rock
 
The Offspring performing in 2008 in Fortaleza, Brazil

From 1974 to 1976, a new generation of rock bands arose, such as the Ramones, Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers, The Dictators in New York City, the Sex Pistols, the Clash, the Damned, and Buzzcocks in the United Kingdom, and the Saints in Brisbane. By late 1976, these acts were generally recognized as forming the vanguard of "punk rock", and as 1977 approached, punk rock became a major and highly controversial cultural phenomenon in the UK.[190] It spawned a punk subculture which expressed a youthful rebellion, characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment (ranging from deliberately offensive T-shirts, leather jackets, studded or spiked bands and jewelry, as well as bondage and S&M clothes) and a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies that have since been associated with the form.[191] By 1977 the influence of punk rock music and its subculture became more pervasive, spreading throughout various countries worldwide.[192] It generally took root in local scenes that tended to reject affiliation with the mainstream.[193] In the late 1970s, punk experienced its second wave. Acts that were not active during its formative years adopted the style.

While at first punk musicians were not Gen Xers themselves (many of them were late boomers, or Generation Jones),[194] the fanbase for punk became increasingly Gen X-oriented as the earliest Xers entered their adolescence, and it therefore made a significant imprint on the cohort.[195] By the 1980s, faster and more aggressive subgenres such as hardcore punk (e.g., Minor Threat), street punk (e.g., the Exploited, NOFX) and anarcho-punk (e.g., Subhumans) became the predominant modes of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk often later pursued other musical directions, resulting in a broad range of spinoffs. This development gave rise to genres such as post-punk, new wave and later indie pop, alternative rock, and noise rock. Gen Xers were no longer simply the consumers of punk, they became the creators as well.[194] By the 1990s, punk rock re-emerged into the mainstream. Punk rock and pop punk bands with Gen X members such as Green Day, Rancid, The Offspring, and Blink-182 brought widespread popularity to the genre .[196]

Hard rock

Main article: Hard rock

Arguably in a similar way to punk, a sense of disillusionment, angst and anger catalysed hard rock and heavy metal to grow from the earlier influence of rock.

Post-punk

Main article: Post-punk

The energy generated by the punk movement launched a subsequent proliferation of weird and eclectic post-punk sub cultures, spanning new wave, goth, etc., and influencing the New Romantics.

Grunge

Main article: Grunge
 
Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain (pictured here in 1992) was called the "voice of Generation X" in the 1990s, playing the same role for this demographic as Bob Dylan and John Lennon played for baby boomers in the 1960s.[197]

A notable example of alternative rock is grunge music and the associated subculture that developed in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. Grunge song lyrics have been called the "...product of Generation X malaise".[198] Vulture commented: "the best bands arose from the boredom of latchkey kids". "People made records entirely to please themselves because there was nobody else to please" commented producer Jack Endino.[199] Grunge lyrics are typically dark, nihilistic,[200] angst-filled, anguished, and often addressing themes such as social alienation, despair and apathy.[201] The Guardian wrote that grunge "didn't recycle banal cliches but tackled weighty subjects".[202] Topics of grunge lyrics included homelessness, suicide, rape,[203] broken homes, drug addiction, self-loathing,[204] misogyny, domestic abuse and finding "meaning in an indifferent universe".[202] Grunge lyrics tended to be introspective and aimed to enable the listener to see into hidden personal issues and examine depravity in the world.[197] Notable grunge bands include: Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Stone Temple Pilots and Soundgarden.[202][205]

Hip hop

Main article: Golden age hip hop
 
This cartoon depicts a 1980s-era dancer doing breakdancing, an African-American dance form that was a key part of hip hop culture.

The golden age of hip hop refers to hip hop music made from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s, typically by artists originating from the New York metropolitan area.[206] The music style was characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence after the genre's emergence and establishment in the previous decade.[207][208][209][210][211] There were various types of subject matter, while the music was experimental and the sampling eclectic.[212] The artists most often associated with the period are LL Cool J, Run–D.M.C., Public Enemy, the Beastie Boys, KRS-One, Eric B. & Rakim, De La Soul, Big Daddy Kane, EPMD, A Tribe Called Quest, Wu-Tang Clan, Slick Rick, Ultramagnetic MC's,[213] and the Jungle Brothers.[214] Releases by these acts co-existed in this period with, and were as commercially viable as, those of early gangsta rap artists such as Ice-T, Geto Boys and N.W.A, the sex raps of 2 Live Crew and Too Short, and party-oriented music by acts such as Kid 'n Play, The Fat Boys, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince and MC Hammer.[215]

In addition to lyrical self-glorification, hip hop was also used as a form of social protest. Lyrical content from the era often drew attention to a variety of social issues, including afrocentric living, drug use, crime and violence, religion, culture, the state of the American economy, and the modern man's struggle. Conscious and political hip hop tracks of the time were a response to the effects of American capitalism and former President Reagan's conservative political economy. According to Rose Tricia, "In rap, relationships between black cultural practice, social and economic conditions, technology, sexual and racial politics, and the institution policing of the popular terrain are complex and in constant motion". Even though hip hop was used as a mechanism for different social issues, it was still very complex with issues within the movement itself.[216] There was also often an emphasis on black nationalism. Hip hop artists often talked about urban poverty and the problems of alcohol, drugs, and gangs in their communities.[217] Public Enemy's most influential song, "Fight the Power", came out at this time; the song speaks up to the government, proclaiming that people in the ghetto have freedom of speech and rights like every other American.[218]

Film

The economic accessibility of video mediums in the consumer market supported the growth and popularity of independent film.[citation needed]

Indie films

 
Kevin Smith is an influential Gen X indie filmmaker, his flagship film being Clerks.

Gen Xers were largely responsible for the "indie film" movement of the 1990s, both as young directors and in large part as the film audiences which were fueling demand for such films.[109][188] In cinema, directors Kevin Smith, Quentin Tarantino, Sofia Coppola, John Singleton, Spike Jonze, David Fincher, Steven Soderbergh,[219][220] and Richard Linklater[221][222] have been called Generation X filmmakers. Smith is most known for his View Askewniverse films, the flagship film being Clerks, which is set in New Jersey circa 1994, and focuses on two convenience-store clerks in their twenties. Linklater's Slacker similarly explores young adult characters who were interested in philosophizing.[223]

While not a member of Gen X himself, director John Hughes has been recognized as having created classic 1980s teen films with early Gen X characters which "an entire generation took ownership of", including The Breakfast Club,[224][225] Sixteen Candles, Weird Science, and Ferris Bueller's Day Off.[226]

In France, a new movement emerged, the Cinéma du look, spearheaded by filmmakers Luc Besson, Jean-Jacques Beineix and Leos Carax. Although not Gen Xers themselves, Subway (1985), 37°2 le matin (English: Betty Blue; 1986), and Mauvais Sang (1986) sought to capture on screen the generation's malaise, sense of entrapment, and desire to escape.[227]

Franchise mega sequels

The birth of franchise mega-sequels in the science fiction, fantasy, and horror fiction genres, such as the epic space opera Star Wars and the Halloween franchise, had a profound and notable cultural influence.

Literature

The literature of early Gen Xers is often dark and introspective. In the U.S., authors such as Elizabeth Wurtzel, David Foster Wallace, Bret Easton Ellis, and Douglas Coupland captured the zeitgeist of this generation.[228] In France, Michel Houellebecq and Frédéric Beigbeder rank among major novelists whose work also reflect the dissatisfaction and melancholies of the cohort.[229] In the UK, Alex Garland, author of The Beach (1996), further added to the genre.

Health problems

While previous research has indicated that the likelihood of heart attacks was declining among Americans aged 35 to 74, a 2018 study published in the American Heart Association's journal Circulation revealed that this did not apply to the younger half of that cohort (controlling for age, Generation X have not seen a reduction in heart attack risk, versus previous generations). Data from 28,000 patients from across the United States who were hospitalized for heart attacks between 1995 and 2014 showed that a growing proportion were between the ages of 35 to 54. The proportion of heart-attack patients in this age group at the end of the study was 32%, up from 27% at the start of the study. This increase is most pronounced among women, for whom the number jumped from 21% to 31%. A common theme among those who suffered from heart attacks is that they also had high-blood pressure, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. These changes have been faster for women than for men. Experts suggest a number of reasons for this. Conditions such as coronary artery disease are traditionally viewed as a man's problem, and as such female patients are not considered high-risk. More often than in previous generations, Generation X women are both the primary caretakers of their families and full-time employees, reducing time for self-care.[230]

Offspring

Generation X are usually the parents of Generation Z,[231][232][233] and sometimes millennials.[4] Jason Dorsey, who works for the Center of Generational Kinetics, observed that like their parents from Generation X, members of Generation Z tend to be autonomous and pessimistic. They need validation less than the millennials and typically become financially literate at an earlier age, as many of their parents bore the full brunt of the Great Recession.[234]

See also

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  219. ^ Hanson, Peter (2002). The Cinema of Generation X: A Critical Study of Films and Directors. North Carolina and London: McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-1334-8.
  220. ^ Time, Magazine (9 June 1998). "My Generation Believes We Can Do Anything". View Askew. from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  221. ^ Richard Linklater, Slacker, St Martins Griffin, 1992.
  222. ^ Tasker, Yvonne (2010). Fifty Contemporary Film Directors. Routledge. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-415-55433-6.
  223. ^ Russell, Dominique (2010). Rape in Art Cinema. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8264-2967-4. In this vein, Solondz' films, while set in the present, contain an array of objects and architectural styles that evoke Generation X's childhood and adolescence. Dawn (Heather Matarazzo) wears her hair tied up in a 1970s ponytail holder with large balls, despite the fact her brother works at a 1990 Macintosh computer, in a film that came out in 1996.
  224. ^ "The Breakfast Club". from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2014 – via www.imdb.com.
  225. ^ Simple Minds. "Don't You (Forget About Me)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021.
  226. ^ Aronchick., David (15 February 2013). "Happy Birthday John Hughes: The Voice of My So-Called 'Lost Generation'". Huff Post Entertainment. from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  227. ^ Henseler, Christine (2012). Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion. London: Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-415-69944-0.
  228. ^ Christine, Christine (2007). Generation X Rocks: Contemporary Peninsular Fiction, Film, and Rock Culture. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8265-1564-3.
  229. ^ Henseler, Christine (2012). Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion. Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-415-69944-0.
  230. ^ American Heart Association News (12 November 2018). "Heart attacks are becoming more common in younger people, especially women". Heart.org. from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  231. ^ Williams, Alex (18 September 2015). "Move Over, Millennials, Here Comes Generation Z". The New York Times. from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  232. ^ Beltramini, Elizabeth (October 2014). "Gen Z: Unlike the Generation Before". Associations of College Unions International. from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  233. ^ Jenkins, Ryan (9 June 2015). "15 Aspects That Highlight How Generation Z Is Different From Millennials". Business2Community. from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  234. ^ Boyle, Matthew; Townsend, Matthew (31 July 2019). "Reality bites back: To understand Gen Z, look to the Gen X parents". Bloomberg (via MSN). from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.

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May 19, 2023
generation, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, disambiguation, often, shortened, demographic, cohort, following, baby, boomers, preceding, millennials, researchers, popular, media, late, 1960s, starting, birth, years, late, 1970s, early, 1980s, endi. Gen X redirects here For other uses see Gen X disambiguation and Generation X disambiguation Generation X often shortened to Gen X is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the millennials Researchers and popular media use the mid to late 1960s as starting birth years and the late 1970s to early 1980s as ending birth years with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980 1 By this definition and U S Census data there are 65 2 million Gen Xers 2 in the United States as of 2019 3 Most members of Generation X are the children of the Silent Generation and early boomers 4 5 Xers are also often the parents of millennials 4 and Generation Z 6 As children in the 1970s and 1980s a time of shifting societal values Gen Xers were sometimes called the latchkey generation which stems from their returning as children to an empty home and needing to use the door key due to reduced adult supervision compared to previous generations This was a result of increasing divorce rates and increased maternal participation in the workforce prior to widespread availability of childcare options outside the home As adolescents and young adults in the 1980s and 1990s Xers were dubbed the MTV Generation a reference to the music video channel sometimes being characterized as slackers cynical and disaffected Some of the many cultural influences on Gen X youth included a proliferation of musical genres with strong social tribal identity such as punk post punk and heavy metal in addition to later forms developed by Gen Xers themselves e g grunge grindcore and related genres Film both the birth of franchise mega sequels and a proliferation of independent film enabled in part by video was also a notable cultural influence Video games both in amusement parlours and in devices in western homes were also a major part of juvenile entertainment for the first time Politically in many Eastern Bloc countries Generation X experienced the last days of communism and transition to capitalism as part of its youth In much of the western world a similar time period was defined by a dominance of conservatism and free market economics In midlife during the early 21st century research describes them as active happy and achieving a work life balance The cohort has also been credited as entrepreneurial and productive in the workplace more broadly Contents 1 Terminology and etymology 2 Date and age range definitions 2 1 Other age range markers 2 2 Generational cuspers 3 Demographics 3 1 United States 3 1 1 Impact of family planning programs 3 1 2 Parental lineage 4 Characteristics 4 1 In the United States 4 1 1 As children and adolescents 4 1 1 1 Rising divorce rates and women workforce participation 4 1 1 2 Conservative and neoliberal turn 4 1 1 3 The crack epidemic and AIDS 4 1 1 4 The rise of home computing 4 1 1 5 The post civil rights generation 4 1 2 As young adults 4 1 2 1 Continued growth in college enrollments 4 1 2 2 Adjusting to a new societal environment 4 1 2 3 Birth of the slacker 4 1 2 4 Rise of the Internet and the dot com bubble 4 1 2 5 Response to 9 11 4 1 3 In midlife 4 1 3 1 Achieving a work life balance 4 1 3 2 Entrepreneurship as an individual trait 4 1 3 3 Income benefits of a college education 4 1 3 4 Parenting and volunteering 4 1 3 5 Income differential with previous generations 4 2 Elsewhere 4 2 1 Russia 4 2 2 France 4 2 3 Republic of Ireland 4 2 4 United Kingdom 4 2 4 1 As children adolescents and young adults 4 2 4 1 1 Political environment 4 2 4 1 2 Education 4 2 4 1 3 Employment 4 2 4 2 In midlife 4 2 4 3 Political evolution 4 2 5 Germany 4 2 6 South Africa 5 Arts and culture 5 1 Music 5 1 1 Punk rock 5 1 2 Hard rock 5 1 3 Post punk 5 1 4 Grunge 5 1 5 Hip hop 5 2 Film 5 2 1 Indie films 5 2 2 Franchise mega sequels 5 3 Literature 6 Health problems 7 Offspring 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksTerminology and etymology Douglas Coupland popularized the term Generation X in his 1991 novel Generation X Tales for an Accelerated Culture The term Generation X has been used at various times to describe alienated youth In the early 1950s Hungarian photographer Robert Capa first used Generation X as the title for a photo essay about young men and women growing up immediately following World War II The term first appeared in print in a December 1952 issue of Holiday magazine announcing their upcoming publication of Capa s photo essay 7 From 1976 to 1981 English musician Billy Idol used the moniker as the name for his punk rock band 8 Idol had attributed the name of his band to the book Generation X a 1964 book on British popular youth culture written by journalists Jane Deverson and Charles Hamblett 9 10 a copy of which had been owned by Idol s mother 11 These uses of the term appear to have no connection to Robert Capa s photo essay 7 The term acquired its contemporary application after the release of Generation X Tales for an Accelerated Culture a 1991 novel written by Canadian author Douglas Coupland 12 9 13 In 1987 Coupland had written a piece in Vancouver Magazine titled Generation X which was the seed of what went on to become the book 14 15 Coupland referenced Billy Idol s band Generation X in the 1987 article and again in 1989 in Vista magazine 16 In the book proposal for his novel Coupland writes that Generation X is taken from the name of Billy Idol s long defunct punk band of the late 1970s 17 However in 1995 Coupland denied the term s connection to the band stating that The book s title came not from Billy Idol s band as many supposed but from the final chapter of a funny sociological book on American class structure titled Class by Paul Fussell In his final chapter Fussell named an X category of people who wanted to hop off the merry go round of status money and social climbing that so often frames modern existence 18 14 Author William Strauss noted that around the time Coupland s 1991 novel was published the symbol X was prominent in popular culture as the film Malcolm X was released in 1992 and that the name Generation X ended up sticking The X refers to an unknown variable or to a desire not to be defined 19 20 13 Strauss s coauthor Neil Howe noted the delay in naming this demographic cohort saying Over 30 years after their birthday they didn t have a name I think that s germane Previously the cohort had been referred to as Post Boomers Baby Busters which refers to the drop in birth rates following the baby boom in the western world particularly in the U S where 21 New Lost Generation latchkey kids MTV Generation and the 13th Generation the 13th generation since American independence 8 19 16 22 23 Date and age range definitions Western fertility rates 1960 1980 Generation X is the demographic cohort following the post World War II baby boom representing a generational change from the baby boomers Many researchers and demographers use dates that correspond to the fertility patterns in the population For Generation X in the U S and broadly in the Western world the period begins at a time when fertility rates started to significantly decrease following the baby boom peak of the late 1950s until an upswing in the late 1970s and eventual recovery at the start of the 1980s In the U S the Pew Research Center a non partisan think tank delineates a Generation X period of 1965 1980 which has albeit gradually come to gain acceptance in academic circles 24 Moreover although fertility rates are preponderant in the definition of start and end dates the center remarks Generations are analytical constructs it takes time for popular and expert consensus to develop as to the precise boundaries that demarcate one generation from another 25 Pew takes into account other factors notably the labor market as well as attitudinal and behavioral trends of a group Writing for Pew s Trend magazine in 2018 psychologist Jean Twenge observed that the birth year boundaries of Gen X are debated but settle somewhere around 1965 1980 1 According to this definition the oldest Gen Xer is 58 years old and the youngest is or is turning 43 years old in 2023 U S fertility rates 1963 1981 The Brookings Institution another U S think tank sets the Gen X period as between 1965 and 1981 26 The U S Federal Reserve Board uses 1965 1980 to define Gen X 27 The U S Social Security Administration SSA defines the years for Gen X as between 1964 and 1979 The US Department of Defense DoD conversely use dates 1965 to 1977 28 In their 2002 book When Generations Collide Lynne Lancaster and David Stillman use 1965 to 1980 while in 2012 authors Jain and Pant also used parameters of 1965 to 1980 29 U S news outlets such as The New York Times 30 31 and The Washington Post 32 describe Generation X as people born between 1965 and 1980 Gallup 33 Bloomberg 34 Business Insider 35 and Forbes 36 37 use 1965 1980 Time magazine states that Generation X is roughly defined as anyone born between 1965 and 1980 38 George Masnick of the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies puts this generation in the time frame of 1965 to 1984 in order to satisfy the premise that boomers Xers and millennials cover equal 20 year age spans 39 In Australia the McCrindle Research Center uses 1965 1979 40 In the UK the Resolution Foundation think tank defines Gen X as those born between 1966 and 1980 41 PricewaterhouseCoopers a multinational professional services network headquartered in London describes Generation X employees as those born from 1965 to 1980 42 Other age range markers On the basis of the time it takes for a generation to mature U S authors William Strauss and Neil Howe define Generation X as those born between 1961 and 1981 in their 1991 book titled Generations and differentiate the cohort into an early and late wave 43 Jeff Gordinier in his 2008 book X Saves the World include those born between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980 5 George Masnick of the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies puts this generation in the time frame of 1965 to 1984 in order to satisfy the premise that boomers Xers and millennials cover equal 20 year age spans 39 In 2004 journalist J Markert also acknowledged the 20 year increments but goes one step further and subdivides the generation into two 10 year cohorts with early and later members of the generation The first begins in 1966 and ends in 1975 and the second begins in 1976 and ends in 1985 this thinking is applied to each generation Silent boomers Gen X millennials etc 44 Based on external events of historical importance Schewe and Noble in 2002 argue that a cohort is formed against significant milestones and can be any length of time Against this logic Generation X begins in 1966 and ends in 1976 with those born between 1955 and 1965 being labelled as trailing edge boomers 45 In Canada professor David Foot describes Generation X as late boomers and includes those born between 1960 and 1966 whilst the Bust Generation those born between 1967 and 1979 is considered altogether a separate generation in his 1996 book Boom Bust amp Echo How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift 46 47 Generational cuspers Generation Jones is identified as the group of people born in the latter half of the Baby Boomers from the early 1960s to the early years of Generation X 48 Individuals born in the Generation X and millennial cusp years of the late 1970s and early to mid 1980s have been identified by the media as a microgeneration with characteristics of both generations 49 Names given to these cuspers include Xennials 50 Generation Catalano 51 and the Oregon Trail Generation 52 DemographicsUnited States U S living adult generations There are differences in Gen X population numbers depending on the date range selected In the U S using Census population projections the Pew Research Center found that the Gen X population born from 1965 to 1980 numbered 65 2 million in 2019 The cohort is likely to overtake boomers in 2028 3 A 2010 Census report counted approximately 84 million people living in the US who are defined by birth years ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s 53 In a 2012 article for the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University George Masnick wrote that the Census counted 82 1 million Gen Xers in the U S Masnick concluded that immigration filled in any birth year deficits during low fertility years of the late 1960s and early 1970s 39 Jon Miller at the Longitudinal Study of American Youth at the University of Michigan wrote that Generation X refers to adults born between 1961 and 1981 and it includes 84 million people 54 In their 1991 book Generations authors Howe and Strauss indicated that the total number of Gen X individuals in the U S was 88 5 million 55 Impact of family planning programs U S Live Births Registered and Legal Abortions Reported 1970 1980 The birth control pill introduced in 1960 was one contributing factor of declining birth rates Initially the pill spread rapidly amongst married women as an approved treatment for menstrual disturbance However it was also found to prevent pregnancy and was prescribed as a contraceptive in 1964 The pill as it became commonly known reached younger unmarried college women in the late 1960s when state laws were amended and reduced the age of majority from 21 to ages 18 20 56 These policies are commonly referred to as the Early Legal Access ELA laws Another major factor was abortion only available in a few states until its legalisation in a 1973 US Supreme Court decision in Roe v Wade This was replicated elsewhere with reproductive rights legislation passed notably in the UK 1967 France 1975 West Germany 1976 New Zealand 1977 Italy 1978 and the Netherlands 1980 From 1973 to 1980 the abortion rate per 1 000 US women aged 15 44 increased from 16 to 29 with more than 9 6 million terminations of pregnancy practiced Between 1970 and 1980 on average for every 10 American citizens born 3 were aborted 57 However increased immigration during the same period of time helped to partially offset declining birth rates and contributed to making Generation X an ethnically and culturally diverse demographic cohort 8 29 Parental lineage Generally Gen Xers are the children of the Silent Generation and generally older baby boomers 5 CharacteristicsIn the United States As children and adolescents Rising divorce rates and women workforce participation Strauss and Howe who wrote several books on generations including one specifically on Generation X titled 13th Gen Abort Retry Ignore Fail 1993 reported that Gen Xers were children at a time when society was less focused on children and more focused on adults 58 Xers were children during a time of increasing divorce rates with divorce rates doubling in the mid 1960s before peaking in 1980 8 59 60 Strauss and Howe described a cultural shift where the long held societal value of staying together for the sake of the children was replaced with a societal value of parental and individual self actualization Strauss wrote that society moved from what Leslie Fiedler called a 1950s era cult of the child to what Landon Jones called a 1970s era cult of the adult 58 61 The Generation Map a report from Australia s McCrindle Research Center writes of Gen X children their Boomer parents were the most divorced generation in Australian history 62 According to Christine Henseler in the 2012 book Generation X Goes Global Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion We watched the decay and demise of the family and grew callous to the loss 63 U S Marriages Ending in Divorce 1950 1990 The Gen X childhood coincided with the sexual revolution of the 1960s to 1980s which Susan Gregory Thomas described in her book In Spite of Everything as confusing and frightening for children in cases where a parent would bring new sexual partners into their home 64 Thomas also discussed how divorce was different during the Gen X childhood with the child having a limited or severed relationship with one parent following divorce often the father due to differing societal and legal expectations In the 1970s only nine U S states allowed for joint custody of children which has since been adopted by all 50 states following a push for joint custody during the mid 1980s 65 Kramer vs Kramer a 1979 American legal drama based on Avery Corman s best selling novel came to epitomize the struggle for child custody and the demise of the traditional nuclear family 66 U S Participation Rates for Women Professionals 1966 2013 The rapid influx of boomer women into the labor force that began in the 1970s was marked by the confidence of many in their ability to successfully pursue a career while meeting the needs of their children This resulted in an increase in latchkey children leading to the terminology of the latchkey generation for Generation X 67 68 69 These children lacked adult supervision in the hours between the end of the school day and when a parent returned home from work in the evening and for longer periods of time during the summer Latchkey children became common among all socioeconomic demographics but this was particularly so among middle and upper class children 68 The higher the educational attainment of the parents the higher the odds the children of this time would be latchkey children due to increased maternal participation in the workforce at a time before childcare options outside the home were widely available 70 71 72 73 McCrindle Research Centre described the cohort as the first to grow up without a large adult presence with both parents working stating this led to Gen Xers being more peer oriented than previous generations 62 74 Conservative and neoliberal turn Some older Gen Xers started high school in the waning years of the Carter presidency but much of the cohort became socially and politically conscious during the Reagan Era President Ronald Reagan voted in office principally by the boomer generation 75 embraced laissez faire economics with vigor His policies included cuts in the growth of government spending reduction in taxes for the higher echelon of society legalization of stock buybacks and deregulation of key industries 76 Measures had drastic consequences on the social fabric of the country even if gradually reforms gained acceptability and exported overseas to willing participants The early 1980s recession saw unemployment rise to 10 8 in 1982 requiring more often than not dual parental incomes 77 One in five American children grew up in poverty during this time The federal debt almost tripled during Reagan s time in office from 998 billion in 1981 to 2 857 trillion in 1989 placing greater burden of repayment on the incoming generation 78 U S Department of Health booklet published in 1988 Government expenditure shifted from domestic programs to defense Remaining funding initiatives moreover tended to be diverted away from programs for children and often directed toward the elderly population with cuts to Medicaid and programs for children and young families and protection and expansion of Medicare and Social Security for the elderly population These programs for the elderly were not tied to economic need Congressman David Durenberger criticized this political situation stating that while programs for poor children and for young families were cut the government provided free health care to elderly millionaires 61 79 The crack epidemic and AIDS Gen Xers came of age or were children during the 1980s crack epidemic which disproportionately impacted urban areas as well as the African American community The U S Drug turf battles increased violent crime crack addiction impacted communities and families Between 1984 and 1989 the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 doubled in the U S and the homicide rate for black males aged 18 to 24 increased almost as much The crack epidemic had a destabilizing impact on families with an increase in the number of children in foster care In 1986 President Reagan signed the Anti Drug Abuse Act to enforce strict mandatory minimum sentencing for drug users He also increased the federal budget for supply reduction efforts 80 81 Fear of the impending AIDS epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s loomed over the formative years of Generation X The emergence of AIDS coincided with Gen X s adolescence with the disease first clinically observed in the U S in 1981 By 1985 an estimated one to two million Americans were HIV positive This particularly hit the LGBT community 82 As the virus spread at a time before effective treatments were available a public panic ensued Sex education programs in schools were adapted to address the AIDS epidemic which taught Gen X students that sex could kill them 83 84 The rise of home computing An 8 bit 1977 Apple II Gen Xers were the first children to have access to personal computers in their homes and at schools 62 In the early 1980s the growth in the use of personal computers exploded Manufacturers such as Commodore Atari and Apple responded to the demand via 8 bit and 16 bit machines This in turn stimulated the software industries with corresponding developments for backup storage use of the floppy disk zip drive and CD ROM 85 At school several computer projects were supported by the Department of Education under United States Secretary of Education Terrel Bell s Technology Initiative 86 This was later mirrored in the UK s 1982 Computers for Schools programme 87 and in France under the 1985 scheme Plan Informatique pour Tous IPT 88 The post civil rights generation In the U S Generation X was the first cohort to grow up post integration after the racist Jim Crow laws They were described in a marketing report by Specialty Retail as the kids who lived the civil rights movement They were among the first children to be bused to attain integration in the public school system In the 1990s Strauss reported Gen Xers were by any measure the least racist of today s generations 61 89 In the U S Title IX which passed in 1972 provided increased athletic opportunities to Gen X girls in the public school setting 90 Roots based on the novel by Alex Haley and broadcast as a 12 hour series was viewed as a turning point in the country s ability to relate to the afro American history 91 As young adults Continued growth in college enrollments Total Fall Enrollment in U S degree granting Institutions 1965 1998 In the U S compared to the boomer generation Generation X was more educated than their parents The share of young adults enrolling in college steadily increased from 1983 before peaking in 1998 In 1965 as early boomers entered college total enrollment of new undergraduates was just over 5 7 million individuals across the public and private sectors By 1983 the first year of Gen X college enrollments as per Pew Research s definition this figure had reached 12 2 million This was an increase of 53 effectively a doubling in student intake As the 1990s progressed Gen X college enrollments continued to climb with increased loan borrowing as the cost of an education became substantially more expensive compared to their peers in the mid 1980s 92 By 1998 the generation s last year of college enrollment those entering the higher education sector totaled 14 3 million 93 In addition unlike Boomers and previous generations women outpaced men in college completion rates 94 Adjusting to a new societal environment For early Gen Xer graduates entering the job market at the end of the 1980s economic conditions were challenging and did not show signs of major improvements until the mid 1990s 95 In the U S restrictive monetary policy to curb rising inflation and the collapse of a large number of savings and loan associations private banks that specialized in home mortgages impacted the welfare of many American households This precipitated a large government bailout which placed further strain on the budget 96 Furthermore three decades of growth came to an end The social contract between employers and employees which had endured during the 1960s and 1970s and was scheduled to last until retirement was no longer applicable By the late 1980s there were large scale layoffs of boomers corporate downsizing and accelerated offshoring of production 97 On the political front in the U S the generation became ambivalent if not outright disaffected with politics They had been reared in the shadow of the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal They came to maturity under the Reagan and George H W Bush presidencies with first hand experience of the impact of neoliberal policies Few had experienced a Democratic administration and even then only at an atmospheric level For those on the left of the political spectrum the disappointments with the previous boomer student mobilizations of the 1960s and the collapse of those movements towards a consumerist greed is good and yuppie culture during the 1980s felt to a greater extent hypocrisy if not outright betrayal Hence the preoccupation on authenticity and not selling out The Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the socialist utopia with the fall of the Berlin Wall moreover added to the disillusionment that any alternative to the capitalist model was possible 98 Birth of the slacker Skateboarding BMX bikes and chopper bikes first became popular among Generation X 99 In 1990 Time magazine published an article titled Living Proceeding with Caution which described those then in their 20s as aimless and unfocused Media pundits and advertisers further struggled to define the cohort typically portraying them as unfocused twentysomethings A MetLife report noted media would portray them as the Friends generation rather self involved and perhaps aimless but fun 100 101 Gen Xers were often portrayed as apathetic or as slackers lacking bearings a stereotype which was initially tied to Richard Linklater s comedic and essentially plotless 1991 film Slacker After the film was released journalists and critics thought they put a finger on what was different about these young adults in that they were reluctant to grow up and disdainful of earnest action 101 102 Ben Stiller s 1994 film Reality Bites also sought to capture the zeitgeist of the generation with a portrayal of the attitudes and lifestyle choices of the time 103 Negative stereotypes of Gen X young adults continued including that they were bleak cynical and disaffected In 1998 such stereotypes prompted sociological research at Stanford University to study the accuracy of the characterization of Gen X young adults as cynical and disaffected Using the national General Social Survey the researchers compared answers to identical survey questions asked of 18 29 year olds in three different time periods Additionally they compared how older adults answered the same survey questions over time The surveys showed 18 29 year old Gen Xers did exhibit higher levels of cynicism and disaffection than previous cohorts of 18 29 year olds surveyed However they also found that cynicism and disaffection had increased among all age groups surveyed over time not just young adults making this a period effect not a cohort effect In other words adults of all ages were more cynical and disaffected in the 1990s not just Generation X 104 105 Rise of the Internet and the dot com bubble By the mid late 1990s under Bill Clinton s presidency economic optimism had returned to the U S 106 with unemployment reduced from 7 5 in 1992 to 4 in 2000 107 Younger members of Gen X straddling across administrations politically experienced a liberal renewal In 1997 Time magazine published an article titled Generation X Reconsidered which retracted the previously reported negative stereotypes and reported positive accomplishments The article cited Gen Xers tendency to found technology startup companies and small businesses as well as their ambition which research showed was higher among Gen X young adults than older generations 101 Yet the slacker moniker stuck 108 109 As the decade progressed Gen X gained a reputation for entrepreneurship In 1999 The New York Times dubbed them Generation 1099 describing them as the once pitied but now envied group of self employed workers whose income is reported to the Internal Revenue Service not on a W 2 form but on Form 1099 110 America Online AOL version 2 0 program disk for Microsoft Windows 1994 widely used by younger Gen Xers to access the Internet Consumer access to the Internet and its commercial development throughout the 1990s witnessed a frenzy of IT initiatives Newly created companies launched on stock exchanges globally were formed with dubitable revenue generation or cash flow 111 When the dot com bubble eventually burst in 2000 early Gen Xers who had embarked as entrepreneurs in the IT industry while riding the Internet wave as well as newly qualified programmers at the tail end of the generation who had grown up with AOL and the first Web browsers were both caught in the crash 112 This had major repercussions with cross generational consequences five years after the bubble burst new matriculation of IT millennial undergraduates fell by 40 and by as much as 70 in some information systems programs 113 However following the crisis sociologist Mike Males reported continued confidence and optimism among the cohort He reported surveys consistently find 80 to 90 of Gen Xers self confident and optimistic 114 Males wrote these young Americans should finally get the recognition they deserve praising the cohort and stating that the permissively raised universally deplored Generation X is the true great generation for it has braved a hostile social climate to reverse abysmal trends He described them as the hardest working group since the World War II generation He reported Gen Xers entrepreneurial tendencies helped create the high tech industry that fueled the 1990s economic recovery 114 115 In 2002 Time magazine published an article titled Gen Xers Aren t Slackers After All reporting that four out of five new businesses were the work of Gen Xers 89 116 Response to 9 11 In the U S Gen Xers were described as the major heroes of the September 11 terrorist attacks by author William Strauss The firefighters and police responding to the attacks were predominantly from Generation X Additionally the leaders of the passenger revolt on United Airlines Flight 93 were also by majority Gen Xers 108 117 118 Author Neil Howe reported survey data which showed that Gen Xers were cohabiting and getting married in increasing numbers following the terrorist attacks Gen X survey respondents reported that they no longer wanted to live alone 119 In October 2001 the Seattle Post Intelligencer wrote of Gen Xers Now they could be facing the most formative events of their lives and their generation 120 The Greensboro News amp Record reported members of the cohort felt a surge of patriotism since terrorists struck by giving blood working for charities donating to charities and by joining the military to fight the War on Terror 121 The Jury Expert a publication of The American Society of Trial Consultants reported Gen X members responded to the terrorist attacks with bursts of patriotism and national fervor that surprised even themselves 108 In midlife Achieving a work life balance In 2011 survey analysis from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth found Gen Xers defined as those who were then between the ages of 30 and 50 to be balanced active and happy in midlife and as achieving a work life balance The Longitudinal Study of Youth is an NIH NIA funded study by the University of Michigan which has been studying Generation X since 1987 The study asked questions such as Thinking about all aspects of your life how happy are you If zero means that you are very unhappy and 10 means that you are very happy please rate your happiness LSA reported that mean level of happiness was 7 5 and the median middle score was 8 Only four percent of Generation X adults indicated a great deal of unhappiness a score of three or lower Twenty nine percent of Generation X adults were very happy with a score of 9 or 10 on the scale 122 123 124 125 In 2014 Pew Research provided further insight describing the cohort as savvy skeptical and self reliant they re not into preening or pampering and they just might not give much of a hoot what others think of them Or whether others think of them at all 126 Furthermore guides regarding managing multiple generations in the workforce describe Gen Xers as independent resilient resourceful self managing adaptable cynical pragmatic skeptical of authority and as seeking a work life balance 100 127 128 129 Entrepreneurship as an individual trait Google co founder Sergey Brin speaking at a Web 2 0 conference Individualism is one of the defining traits of Generation X and is reflected in their entrepreneurial spirit 130 In the 2008 book X Saves the World How Generation X Got the Shaft but Can Still Keep Everything from Sucking author Jeff Gordinier describes Generation X as a dark horse demographic which doesn t seek the limelight Gordiner cites examples of Gen Xers contributions to society such as Google Wikipedia Amazon com and YouTube arguing that if boomers had created them we d never hear the end of it In the book Gordinier contrasts Gen Xers to baby boomers saying boomers tend to trumpet their accomplishments more than Gen Xers do creating what he describes as elaborate mythologies around their achievements Gordiner cites Steve Jobs as an example while Gen Xers he argues are more likely to just quietly do their thing 5 131 In a 2007 article published in the Harvard Business Review authors Strauss and Howe wrote of Generation X They are already the greatest entrepreneurial generation in U S history their high tech savvy and marketplace resilience have helped America prosper in the era of globalization 132 According to authors Michael Hais and Morley Winograd Small businesses and the entrepreneurial spirit that Gen Xers embody have become one of the most popular institutions in America There s been a recent shift in consumer behavior and Gen Xers will join the idealist generation in encouraging the celebration of individual effort and business risk taking As a result Xers will spark a renaissance of entrepreneurship in economic life even as overall confidence in economic institutions declines Customers and their needs and wants including Millennials will become the North Star for an entire new generation of entrepreneurs 133 A 2015 study by Sage Group reports Gen Xers dominate the playing field with respect to founding startups in the United States and Canada with Xers launching the majority 55 of all new businesses in 2015 134 135 Income benefits of a college education Unlike millennials Generation X was the last generation in the U S for whom higher education was broadly financially remunerative In 2019 the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis published research using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances demonstrating that after controlling for race and age cohort families with heads of household with post secondary education and born before 1980 have seen wealth and income premiums while for those after 1980 the wealth premium has weakened to a point of statistical insignificance in part because of the rising cost of college The income premium while remaining positive has declined to historic lows with more pronounced downward trajectories among heads of household with postgraduate degrees 136 Parenting and volunteering In terms of advocating for their children in the educational setting author Neil Howe describes Gen X parents as distinct from baby boomer parents Howe argues that Gen Xers are not helicopter parents which Howe describes as a parenting style of boomer parents of millennials Howe described Gen Xers instead as stealth fighter parents due to the tendency of Gen X parents to let minor issues go and to not hover over their children in the educational setting but to intervene forcefully and swiftly in the event of more serious issues 137 In 2012 the Corporation for National and Community Service ranked Gen X volunteer rates in the U S at 29 4 per year the highest compared with other generations The rankings were based on a three year moving average between 2009 and 2011 138 139 Income differential with previous generations A report titled Economic Mobility Is the American Dream Alive and Well focused on the income of males 30 39 in 2004 those born April 1964 March 1974 The study was released on 25 May 2007 and emphasized that this generation s men made less by 12 than their fathers had at the same age in 1974 thus reversing a historical trend It concluded that per year increases in household income generated by fathers sons slowed from an average of 0 9 to 0 3 barely keeping pace with inflation Family incomes have risen though over the period 1947 to 2005 because more women have gone to work 140 141 142 143 supporting the incomes of men by adding a second earner to the family And as with male income the trend is downward 141 142 143 Elsewhere Although globally children and adolescents of Generation X will have been heavily influenced by U S cultural industries with shared global currents e g rising divorce rates the AIDS epidemic advancements in ICT there is not one U S born raised concept but multiple perspectives and geographical outgrowths Even within the period of analysis inside national communities commonalities will have differed on the basis of one s birth date The generation Christine Henseler also remarks was shaped as much by real world events within national borders determined by specific political cultural and historical incidents She adds In other words it is in between both real clearly bordered spaces and more fluid global currents that we can spot the spirit of Generation X 144 In 2016 a global consumer insights project from Viacom International Media Networks and Viacom based on over 12 000 respondents across 21 countries 145 reported on Gen X s unconventional approach to sex friendship and family 146 their desire for flexibility and fulfillment at work 147 and the absence of midlife crisis for Gen Xers 148 The project also included a 20 min documentary titled Gen X Today 149 Russia In Russia Generation Xers are referred to as the last Soviet children as the last children to come of age prior to the downfall of communism in their nation and prior to the Dissolution of the Soviet Union 40 Those that reached adulthood in the 1980s and grew up educated in the doctrines of Marxism and Leninism found themselves against a background of economic and social change with the advent of Mikhail Gorbachev to power and Perestroika However even before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union surveys demonstrated that Russian young people repudiated the key features of the Communist worldview that their party leaders schoolteachers and even parents had tried to instill in them 150 This generation caught in the transition between Marxism Leninism and an unknown future and wooed by the new domestic political classes remained largely apathetic 151 France In France Generation X is not as widely known or used to define its members Demographically this loosely denotes those born from the beginning of the 1960s to the early 1980s 152 Although fertility rates started to fall in 1965 number of births in France only followed suit in 1975 153 There is general agreement that domestically the event that is accepted in France as the separating point between the baby boomer generation and Generation X are the French strikes and violent riots of May 1968 with those of the generation too young to participate Those at the start of the cohort are sometimes referred to as Generation Bof because of their tendency to use the word bof which translated into English means whatever 40 The generation is closely associated with socialist Francois Mitterrand who served as President of France during two consecutive terms between 1981 and 1995 as most transitioned into adulthood during that period Economically Xers started when the new labour market was emerging and were the first to fully experience the advent of the post industrial society For those at the tail end of the generation educational and defence reforms a new style baccalaureat general with three distinct streams in 1995 the preceding programme introduced in 1968 the 2002 licence master doctorat reform for first millennial graduates DEUG Maitrise DESS and DEA degrees no longer awarded and the cessation of military conscription in 1997 for those born after January 1979 are considered as new transition points to the next 154 Republic of Ireland The term Generation X is used to describe Irish people born between 1965 and 1985 they grew up during The Troubles and the 1980s economic recession coming of age during the Celtic Tiger period of prosperity in the 1990s onward 155 156 The appropriateness of the term to Ireland has been questioned with Darach o Seaghdha noting that Generation X is usually contrasted with the one before by growing up in smaller and different family units on account of their parents having greater access to contraception and divorce again things that were not widely available in Ireland Contraception was only available under prescription in 1978 and without prescription in 1985 divorce was illegal until 1996 However this generation was in prime position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger the Peace Process and liberalisations introduced on foot of EU membership and was less likely to emigrate than those that came before and after You could say that in many ways these are Ireland s real boomers 157 Culturally Britpop Celtic rock the trad revival Father Ted the 1990 FIFA World Cup and rave culture were significant 158 159 The Divine Comedy song Generation Sex 1998 painted a picture of hedonism in the late 20th century as well as its effect on the media 160 161 David McWilliams 2005 book The Pope s Children Ireland s New Elite profiled Irish people born in the 1970s just prior to the papal visit to Ireland which was a baby boom that saw Ireland s population increase for the first time since the 1840s Great Famine The Pope s Children were in position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger and the newly liberal culture where the Catholic Church had significantly less social power 162 163 United Kingdom As children adolescents and young adults Political environment The United Kingdom s Economic and Social Research Council described Generation X as Thatcher s children because the cohort grew up while Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 a time of social flux and transformation Those born in the late 1960s and early 1970s grew up in a period of social unrest While unemployment was low in the early 1970s industrial and social unrest escalated Strike action culminated in the Winter of Discontent in 1978 79 and the Troubles began to unfold in Northern Ireland The turn to neoliberal policies introduced and maintained by consecutive conservative governments from 1979 to 1997 marked the end of the post war consensus 164 Education The almost universal dismantling of the grammar school system in Great Britain during the 1960s and the 1970s meant that the vast majority of the cohort attended secondary modern schools relabelled comprehensive schools Compulsory education ended at the age of 16 165 164 As older members of the cohort reached the end of their mandatory schooling levels of educational enrollment among older adolescents remained below much of the Western world By the early 1980s some 80 to 90 of school leavers in France and West Germany received vocational training compared with 40 in the United Kingdom By the mid 1980s over 80 of pupils in the United States and West Germany and over 90 in Japan stayed in education until the age of eighteen compared with 33 of British pupils 166 There was however broadly a rise in education levels among this age range as Generation X passed through it 167 In 1990 25 of young people in England stayed in some kind of full time education after the age of 18 this was an increase from 15 a decade earlier 168 Later the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 and the liberalisation of higher education in the UK saw greater numbers of those born towards the tail end of the generation gaining university places 164 Employment The 1980s when much of Generation X reached working age was an era defined by high unemployment rates 169 This was particularly true of the youngest members of the working aged population In 1984 26 of 16 to 24 year olds were neither in full time education or participating in the workforce 170 However this figure did decrease as the economic situation improved reaching 17 by 1993 171 In midlife Generation X were far more likely to have children out of wedlock than their parents The number of babies being born to unmarried parents in England and Wales rose from 11 in 1979 a quarter in 1998 40 by 2002 and almost half in 2012 They were also significantly more likely to have children later in life than their predecessors The average age of a mother giving birth rose from 27 in 1982 to 30 in 2012 That year saw 29 994 children born to mothers over the age 40 an increase of 360 from 2002 172 A 2016 study of over 2 500 British office workers conducted by Workfront found that survey respondents of all ages selected those from Generation X as the hardest working employees and members of the workforce chosen by 60 173 Gen X was also ranked highest among fellow workers for having the strongest work ethic chosen by 59 5 being the most helpful 55 4 the most skilled 54 5 and the best troubleshooters problem solvers 41 6 174 175 Political evolution Ipsos MORI reports that at the 1987 and 1992 general elections the first United Kingdom general elections where significant numbers of Generation X members could vote a plurality of 18 to 24 year olds opted for the Labour Party by a small margin The polling organisation s figures suggest that in 1987 39 of that age group voted Labour 37 for the Conservatives and 22 for the SDP Liberal Alliance Five years later these numbers were fairly similar at 38 Labour 35 Conservative and 19 Liberal Democrats a party by then formed from the previously mentioned alliance Both these elections saw a fairly significant lead for the Conservatives in the popular vote among the general population 176 At the 1997 General election where Labour won a large majority of seats and a comfortable lead in the popular vote research suggests that voters under the age of 35 were more likely to vote Labour if they turned out than the wider electorate but significantly less likely to vote than in 1992 Analysts suggested this may have been due to fewer differences in policies between the major parties and young people having less of a sense of affiliation with particular political parties than older generations 176 177 A similar trend continued at the 2001 and 2005 general elections as turnout dropped further among both the relatively young and the wider public 178 179 Voter turnout across the electorate began to recover from a 2001 low until the 2017 general election 178 Generation X also became more likely to vote as they entered the midlife age demographics Polling suggests a plurality of their age group backed the Conservatives in 2010 and 2015 but less overwhelming than much of the older generation 180 181 At the 2016 EU membership referendum and 2017 general election Generation X was split with younger members appearing to back remain and Labour and older members tending towards Leave and Conservative in a British electorate more polarised by age than ever before 182 183 At the 2019 general election voting trends continued to be heavily divided by age but a plurality of younger as well as older generation X members then 39 to 55 year olds voted Conservative 184 The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was a landmark event in Generation X s formative years Germany In Germany Generation X is not widely used or applied Instead reference is made to Generation Golf in the previous West German republic based on a novel by Florian Illies In the east children of the Mauerfall or coming down of the wall For former East Germans there was adaptation but also a sense of loss of accustomed values and structures These effects turned into romantic narratives of their childhood For those in the West there was a period of discovery and exploration of what had been a forbidden land 185 South Africa In South Africa Gen Xers spent their formative years of the 1980s during the hyper politicized environment of the final years of apartheid 186 Arts and culture This illustration shows three cultural touchstones for Generation X singer Michael Jackson who dominated pop charts in the 1980s alien characters from the popular arcade video game Space Invaders and a videocassette which revolutionized home entertainment by enabling TV viewers to record shows and watch prerecorded films at home Music Gen Xers were the first cohort to come of age with MTV They were the first generation to experience the emergence of music videos as teenagers and are sometimes called the MTV Generation 100 187 Gen Xers were responsible for the alternative rock movement of the 1990s and 2000s including the grunge subgenre 109 188 Hip hop has also been described as defining music of the generation particularly artists such as Tupac Shakur N W A and The Notorious B I G 189 Punk rock Main article Punk rock The Offspring performing in 2008 in Fortaleza Brazil From 1974 to 1976 a new generation of rock bands arose such as the Ramones Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers The Dictators in New York City the Sex Pistols the Clash the Damned and Buzzcocks in the United Kingdom and the Saints in Brisbane By late 1976 these acts were generally recognized as forming the vanguard of punk rock and as 1977 approached punk rock became a major and highly controversial cultural phenomenon in the UK 190 It spawned a punk subculture which expressed a youthful rebellion characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment ranging from deliberately offensive T shirts leather jackets studded or spiked bands and jewelry as well as bondage and S amp M clothes and a variety of anti authoritarian ideologies that have since been associated with the form 191 By 1977 the influence of punk rock music and its subculture became more pervasive spreading throughout various countries worldwide 192 It generally took root in local scenes that tended to reject affiliation with the mainstream 193 In the late 1970s punk experienced its second wave Acts that were not active during its formative years adopted the style While at first punk musicians were not Gen Xers themselves many of them were late boomers or Generation Jones 194 the fanbase for punk became increasingly Gen X oriented as the earliest Xers entered their adolescence and it therefore made a significant imprint on the cohort 195 By the 1980s faster and more aggressive subgenres such as hardcore punk e g Minor Threat street punk e g the Exploited NOFX and anarcho punk e g Subhumans became the predominant modes of punk rock Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk often later pursued other musical directions resulting in a broad range of spinoffs This development gave rise to genres such as post punk new wave and later indie pop alternative rock and noise rock Gen Xers were no longer simply the consumers of punk they became the creators as well 194 By the 1990s punk rock re emerged into the mainstream Punk rock and pop punk bands with Gen X members such as Green Day Rancid The Offspring and Blink 182 brought widespread popularity to the genre 196 Hard rock Main article Hard rock Arguably in a similar way to punk a sense of disillusionment angst and anger catalysed hard rock and heavy metal to grow from the earlier influence of rock Post punk Main article Post punk The energy generated by the punk movement launched a subsequent proliferation of weird and eclectic post punk sub cultures spanning new wave goth etc and influencing the New Romantics Grunge Main article Grunge Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain pictured here in 1992 was called the voice of Generation X in the 1990s playing the same role for this demographic as Bob Dylan and John Lennon played for baby boomers in the 1960s 197 A notable example of alternative rock is grunge music and the associated subculture that developed in the Pacific Northwest of the U S Grunge song lyrics have been called the product of Generation X malaise 198 Vulture commented the best bands arose from the boredom of latchkey kids People made records entirely to please themselves because there was nobody else to please commented producer Jack Endino 199 Grunge lyrics are typically dark nihilistic 200 angst filled anguished and often addressing themes such as social alienation despair and apathy 201 The Guardian wrote that grunge didn t recycle banal cliches but tackled weighty subjects 202 Topics of grunge lyrics included homelessness suicide rape 203 broken homes drug addiction self loathing 204 misogyny domestic abuse and finding meaning in an indifferent universe 202 Grunge lyrics tended to be introspective and aimed to enable the listener to see into hidden personal issues and examine depravity in the world 197 Notable grunge bands include Nirvana Pearl Jam Alice in Chains Stone Temple Pilots and Soundgarden 202 205 Hip hop Main article Golden age hip hop This cartoon depicts a 1980s era dancer doing breakdancing an African American dance form that was a key part of hip hop culture The golden age of hip hop refers to hip hop music made from the mid 1980s to mid 1990s typically by artists originating from the New York metropolitan area 206 The music style was characterized by its diversity quality innovation and influence after the genre s emergence and establishment in the previous decade 207 208 209 210 211 There were various types of subject matter while the music was experimental and the sampling eclectic 212 The artists most often associated with the period are LL Cool J Run D M C Public Enemy the Beastie Boys KRS One Eric B amp Rakim De La Soul Big Daddy Kane EPMD A Tribe Called Quest Wu Tang Clan Slick Rick Ultramagnetic MC s 213 and the Jungle Brothers 214 Releases by these acts co existed in this period with and were as commercially viable as those of early gangsta rap artists such as Ice T Geto Boys and N W A the sex raps of 2 Live Crew and Too Short and party oriented music by acts such as Kid n Play The Fat Boys DJ Jazzy Jeff amp The Fresh Prince and MC Hammer 215 In addition to lyrical self glorification hip hop was also used as a form of social protest Lyrical content from the era often drew attention to a variety of social issues including afrocentric living drug use crime and violence religion culture the state of the American economy and the modern man s struggle Conscious and political hip hop tracks of the time were a response to the effects of American capitalism and former President Reagan s conservative political economy According to Rose Tricia In rap relationships between black cultural practice social and economic conditions technology sexual and racial politics and the institution policing of the popular terrain are complex and in constant motion Even though hip hop was used as a mechanism for different social issues it was still very complex with issues within the movement itself 216 There was also often an emphasis on black nationalism Hip hop artists often talked about urban poverty and the problems of alcohol drugs and gangs in their communities 217 Public Enemy s most influential song Fight the Power came out at this time the song speaks up to the government proclaiming that people in the ghetto have freedom of speech and rights like every other American 218 Film The economic accessibility of video mediums in the consumer market supported the growth and popularity of independent film citation needed Indie films Kevin Smith is an influential Gen X indie filmmaker his flagship film being Clerks Gen Xers were largely responsible for the indie film movement of the 1990s both as young directors and in large part as the film audiences which were fueling demand for such films 109 188 In cinema directors Kevin Smith Quentin Tarantino Sofia Coppola John Singleton Spike Jonze David Fincher Steven Soderbergh 219 220 and Richard Linklater 221 222 have been called Generation X filmmakers Smith is most known for his View Askewniverse films the flagship film being Clerks which is set in New Jersey circa 1994 and focuses on two convenience store clerks in their twenties Linklater s Slacker similarly explores young adult characters who were interested in philosophizing 223 While not a member of Gen X himself director John Hughes has been recognized as having created classic 1980s teen films with early Gen X characters which an entire generation took ownership of including The Breakfast Club 224 225 Sixteen Candles Weird Science and Ferris Bueller s Day Off 226 In France a new movement emerged the Cinema du look spearheaded by filmmakers Luc Besson Jean Jacques Beineix and Leos Carax Although not Gen Xers themselves Subway 1985 37 2 le matin English Betty Blue 1986 and Mauvais Sang 1986 sought to capture on screen the generation s malaise sense of entrapment and desire to escape 227 Franchise mega sequels The birth of franchise mega sequels in the science fiction fantasy and horror fiction genres such as the epic space opera Star Wars and the Halloween franchise had a profound and notable cultural influence Literature The literature of early Gen Xers is often dark and introspective In the U S authors such as Elizabeth Wurtzel David Foster Wallace Bret Easton Ellis and Douglas Coupland captured the zeitgeist of this generation 228 In France Michel Houellebecq and Frederic Beigbeder rank among major novelists whose work also reflect the dissatisfaction and melancholies of the cohort 229 In the UK Alex Garland author of The Beach 1996 further added to the genre Health problemsWhile previous research has indicated that the likelihood of heart attacks was declining among Americans aged 35 to 74 a 2018 study published in the American Heart Association s journal Circulation revealed that this did not apply to the younger half of that cohort controlling for age Generation X have not seen a reduction in heart attack risk versus previous generations Data from 28 000 patients from across the United States who were hospitalized for heart attacks between 1995 and 2014 showed that a growing proportion were between the ages of 35 to 54 The proportion of heart attack patients in this age group at the end of the study was 32 up from 27 at the start of the study This increase is most pronounced among women for whom the number jumped from 21 to 31 A common theme among those who suffered from heart attacks is that they also had high blood pressure diabetes and chronic kidney disease These changes have been faster for women than for men Experts suggest a number of reasons for this Conditions such as coronary artery disease are traditionally viewed as a man s problem and as such female patients are not considered high risk More often than in previous generations Generation X women are both the primary caretakers of their families and full time employees reducing time for self care 230 OffspringGeneration X are usually the parents of Generation Z 231 232 233 and sometimes millennials 4 Jason Dorsey who works for the Center of Generational Kinetics observed that like their parents from Generation X members of Generation Z tend to be autonomous and pessimistic They need validation less than the millennials and typically become financially literate at an earlier age as many of their parents bore 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Culture Seattle Weekly Archived from the original on 28 July 2021 Retrieved 22 July 2021 For those of us who grew up in the shadow of the baby boom force fed the misremembered vainglory of Woodstock long after most hippies had become coked out craven yuppies on their way to becoming paranoid neo cons punk rock provided a corrective dose of hard truth Punk was ugly and ugly was true no matter how many new choruses the boomers added to their song of self praise It was this perceived honesty that we the nascent Generation X feared and worshipped But over time punk swelled into a Stalinistic doctrine of self denial that stunted us The yuppies kept sucking but by clinging to punk we started to suck too The History and Evolution of Punk Rock Music liveabout com 10 April 2018 Archived from the original on 13 May 2019 Retrieved 22 July 2021 By the late 70s punk had finished its beginning and had emerged as a solid musical force With its rise in popularity punk began to split into numerous sub 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age of hip hop Today com Archived from the original on 13 December 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 Green Tony in Wang Oliver ed Classic Material Toronto ECW Press 2003 p 132 Caramanica Jon 26 June 2005 Hip Hop s Raiders of the Lost Archives The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 USATODAY com Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best usatoday30 usatoday com Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Roni Sariq Crazy Wisdom Masters Archived 23 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine City Pages 16 April 1997 Will Hodgkinson Adventures on the wheels of steel Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 19 September 2003 Ultramagnetic MC s Critical Beatdown Pitchfork Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 Retrieved 10 January 2023 KRS One KRS One Review Rolling Stone Rolling Stone 14 January 2009 Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Bakari Kitwana 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2967 4 In this vein Solondz films while set in the present contain an array of objects and architectural styles that evoke Generation X s childhood and adolescence Dawn Heather Matarazzo wears her hair tied up in a 1970s ponytail holder with large balls despite the fact her brother works at a 1990 Macintosh computer in a film that came out in 1996 The Breakfast Club Archived from the original on 4 April 2009 Retrieved 6 July 2014 via www imdb com Simple Minds Don t You Forget About Me YouTube Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 Aronchick David 15 February 2013 Happy Birthday John Hughes The Voice of My So Called Lost Generation Huff Post Entertainment Archived from the original on 22 June 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Henseler Christine 2012 Generation X Goes Global Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion London Routledge p 189 ISBN 978 0 415 69944 0 Christine Christine 2007 Generation X Rocks Contemporary Peninsular Fiction Film and Rock Culture Vanderbilt University Press p 21 ISBN 978 0 8265 1564 3 Henseler Christine 2012 Generation X Goes Global Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion Routledge p 180 ISBN 978 0 415 69944 0 American Heart Association News 12 November 2018 Heart attacks are becoming more common in younger people especially women Heart org Archived from the original on 15 June 2020 Retrieved 15 June 2020 Williams Alex 18 September 2015 Move Over Millennials Here Comes Generation Z The New York Times Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 Retrieved 8 April 2016 Beltramini Elizabeth October 2014 Gen Z Unlike the Generation Before Associations of College Unions International Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 Retrieved 8 April 2016 Jenkins Ryan 9 June 2015 15 Aspects That Highlight How Generation Z Is Different From Millennials Business2Community Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 Retrieved 29 March 2016 Boyle Matthew Townsend Matthew 31 July 2019 Reality bites back To understand Gen Z look to the Gen X parents Bloomberg via MSN Archived from the original on 4 August 2019 Retrieved 4 August 2019 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Generation X Look up Generation X in Wiktionary the free dictionary Generation X Goes Global Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine Christine Henseler Ed 2012 Generation X s journey from jaded to sated Salon 1 October 2013 Gen X Today 2016 documentary by Viacom International Media Networks Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Generation X amp oldid 1153311419, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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