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Wikipedia

Harlem

May 06, 2023

This article is about the neighborhood in Manhattan. For other uses, see Harlem (disambiguation).

Harlem is a neighborhood in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It is bounded roughly by the Hudson River on the west; the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north; Fifth Avenue on the east; and Central Park North on the south. The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west and north to 155th Street, east to the East River, and south to Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Central Park, and East 96th Street.

Harlem
Neighborhood of Manhattan
Apartment buildings next to Morningside Park
Nickname(s): 
"Heaven", "Black mecca"
Location in New York City
Country United States
State New York
CityNew York City
BoroughManhattan
Community DistrictManhattan 10[1]
Founded1660[2]
Founded byPeter Stuyvesant
Named forHaarlem, Netherlands
Area
[1]
 • Total1.400 sq mi (3.63 km2)
Population
[3]: 2 
 • Total197,052
Economics
[4]
 • Median income$52,708
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
10026, 10027, 10030, 10037, 10039
Area code212, 332, 646, and 917

Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658,[5] it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem's history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, with significant population shifts accompanying each cycle.[6] Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century, but African-American residents began to arrive in large numbers during the Great Migration in the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the center of the Harlem Renaissance, a major African-American cultural movement. With job losses during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly.[7] In the 21st century, crime rates decreased significantly, and Harlem started to gentrify.

The area is served by the New York City Subway and local bus routes. It contains several public elementary, middle, and high schools, and is close to several colleges, including Columbia University, Manhattan School of Music, and the City College of New York. Central Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 10.[1] It is patrolled by the 28th and 32nd Precincts of the New York City Police Department. The greater Harlem area also includes Manhattan Community Districts 9 and 11 and several police precincts, while fire services are provided by four New York City Fire Department companies.

Geography

 
A map of Upper Manhattan, with Greater Harlem highlighted. Harlem proper is the neighborhood in the center.

Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as "Uptown" by locals. The three neighborhoods comprising the greater Harlem area—West, Central, and East Harlem—stretch from the Harlem River and East River to the east, to the Hudson River to the west; and between 155th Street in the north, where it meets Washington Heights, and an uneven boundary along the south that runs along 96th Street east of Fifth Avenue, 110th Street between Fifth Avenue to Morningside Park, and 125th Street west of Morningside Park to the Hudson River.[8][9][10] Encyclopædia Britannica references these boundaries,[11] though the Encyclopedia of New York City takes a much more conservative view of Harlem's boundaries, regarding only central Harlem as part of Harlem proper.[12]: 573 

Central Harlem is the name of Harlem proper; it falls under Manhattan Community District 10.[8] This section is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east; Central Park on the south; Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west; and the Harlem River on the north.[8] A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—situated on steeply rising banks, form most of the district's western boundary. Fifth Avenue, as well as Marcus Garvey Park (also known as Mount Morris Park), separate this area from East Harlem to the east.[8] Central Harlem includes the Mount Morris Park Historic District.

West Harlem (Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights) comprises Manhattan Community District 9 and does not form part of Harlem proper. The two neighborhoods' area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway/110th Street on the south; 155th Street on the north; Manhattan/Morningside Ave/St. Nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecombe Avenues on the east; and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northernmost section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights.[9]

East Harlem, also called Spanish Harlem or El Barrio, is located within Manhattan Community District 11, which is bounded by East 96th Street on the south, East 138th Street on the north, Fifth Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the east. It is not part of Harlem proper.[10]

SoHa controversy

Further information: Morningside Heights, Manhattan § SoHa controversy

In the 2010s some real estate professionals started rebranding south Harlem and Morningside Heights as "SoHa" (a name standing for "South Harlem" in the style of SoHo or NoHo) in an attempt to accelerate gentrification of the neighborhoods. "SoHa", applied to the area between West 110th and 125th Streets, has become a controversial name.[13][14][15] Residents and other critics seeking to prevent this renaming of the area have labelled the SoHa brand as "insulting and another sign of gentrification run amok"[16] and have said that "the rebranding not only places their neighborhood's rich history under erasure but also appears to be intent on attracting new tenants, including students from nearby Columbia University".[17]

Multiple New York City politicians have initiated legislative efforts to curtail this practice of neighborhood rebranding, which when successfully introduced in other New York City neighborhoods, have led to increases in rents and real estate values, as well as "shifting demographics".[17] In 2011, U.S. Representative Hakeem Jeffries attempted but failed to implement legislation "that would punish real estate agents for inventing false neighborhoods and redrawing neighborhood boundaries without city approval."[17] By 2017, New York State Senator Brian Benjamin also worked to render illegal the practice of rebranding historically recognized neighborhoods.[17]

Political representation

Politically, central Harlem is in New York's 13th congressional district.[18][19] It is in the New York State Senate's 30th district,[20][21] the New York State Assembly's 68th and 70th districts,[22][23] and the New York City Council's 7th, 8th, and 9th districts.[24]

History

 
Harlem, from the old fort in the Central Park, New York Public Library
 
Three Harlem Women, ca. 1930
Main article: History of Harlem

Before the arrival of European settlers, the area that would become Harlem (originally Haarlem) was inhabited by a Native American band, the Wecquaesgeek, dubbed Manhattans or Manhattoe by Dutch settlers, who along with other Native Americans, most likely Lenape,[25] occupied the area on a semi-nomadic basis. As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands.[26] Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established.[27][28] The settlement of Harlem was formally incorporated in 1660[2] under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant.[29]

During the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground.[30] It took a long time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century.[31] After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868. The neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian.[32] The New York and Harlem Railroad,[33] as well as the Interborough Rapid Transit and elevated railway lines,[34] helped Harlem's economic growth, as they connected Harlem to lower and midtown Manhattan.

 
Apartment building in Central Harlem
 
A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s

The Jewish and Italian demographic decreased, while the black and Puerto Rican population increased in this time.[35] The early-20th century Great Migration of black people to northern industrial cities was fueled by their desire to leave behind the Jim Crow South, seek better jobs and education for their children, and escape a culture of lynching violence; during World War I, expanding industries recruited black laborers to fill new jobs, thinly staffed after the draft began to take young men.[36] In 1910, Central Harlem population was about 10% black people. By 1930, it had reached 70%.[37]

Starting around the time of the end of World War I, Harlem became associated with the New Negro movement, and then the artistic outpouring known as the Harlem Renaissance, which extended to poetry, novels, theater, and the visual arts. So many black people came that it "threaten[ed] the very existence of some of the leading industries of Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and Alabama."[38] Many settled in Harlem. By 1920, central Harlem was 32.43% black. The 1930 census revealed that 70.18% of central Harlem's residents were black and lived as far south as Central Park, at 110th Street.[39]

However, by the 1930s, the neighborhood was hit hard by job losses in the Great Depression. In the early 1930s, 25% of Harlemites were out of work, and employment prospects for Harlemites stayed bad for decades. Employment among black New Yorkers fell as some traditionally black businesses, including domestic service and some types of manual labor, were taken over by other ethnic groups. Major industries left New York City altogether, especially after 1950. Several riots happened in this period, including in 1935 and 1943.

There were major changes following World War II. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Harlem was the scene of a series of rent strikes by neighborhood tenants, led by local activist Jesse Gray, together with the Congress of Racial Equality, Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU), and other groups. These groups wanted the city to force landlords to improve the quality of housing by bringing them up to code, to take action against rats and roaches, to provide heat during the winter, and to keep prices in line with existing rent control regulations.[40]

The largest public works projects in Harlem in these years were public housing, with the largest concentration built in East Harlem.[41] Typically, existing structures were torn down and replaced with city-designed and managed properties that would, in theory, present a safer and more pleasant environment than those available from private landlords. Ultimately, community objections halted the construction of new projects.[42]

From the mid-20th century, the low quality of education in Harlem has been a source of distress. In the 1960s, about 75% of Harlem students tested under grade levels in reading skills, and 80% tested under grade level in math.[43] In 1964, residents of Harlem staged two school boycotts to call attention to the problem. In central Harlem, 92% of students stayed home.[44] In the post-World War II era, Harlem ceased to be home to a majority of the city's black people,[45] but it remained the cultural and political capital of black New York, and possibly black America.[46][47]

By the 1970s, many of those Harlemites who were able to escape from poverty left the neighborhood in search of better schools and homes, and safer streets. Those who remained were the poorest and least skilled, with the fewest opportunities for success. Though the federal government's Model Cities Program spent $100 million on job training, health care, education, public safety, sanitation, housing, and other projects over a ten-year period, Harlem showed no improvement.[48] The city began auctioning its enormous portfolio of Harlem properties to the public in 1985. This was intended to improve the community by placing property in the hands of people who would live in them and maintain them. In many cases, the city would even pay to completely renovate a property before selling it (by lottery) below market value.[49]

After the 1990s, Harlem began to grow again. Between 1990 and 2006 the neighborhood's population grew by 16.9%, with the percentage of black people decreasing from 87.6% to 69.3%,[39] then dropping to 54.4% by 2010,[50] and the percentage of whites increasing from 1.5% to 6.6% by 2006,[39] and to "almost 10%" by 2010.[50] A renovation of 125th Street and new properties along the thoroughfare[51][52] also helped to revitalize Harlem.[53]

Culture

See also: Harlem Renaissance
 
Welcome to Harlem sign above the now defunct Victoria 5 cinema theater on 125th st

In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem was the focus of the "Harlem Renaissance", an outpouring of artistic work without precedent in the American Black community. Though Harlem musicians and writers are particularly well remembered, the community has also hosted numerous actors and theater companies, including the New Heritage Repertory Theater,[29] National Black Theater, Lafayette Players, Harlem Suitcase Theater, The Negro Playwrights, American Negro Theater, and the Rose McClendon Players.[54]

 
The Apollo Theater on 125th Street in November 2006

The Apollo Theater opened on 125th Street on January 26, 1934, in a former burlesque house. The Savoy Ballroom, on Lenox Avenue, was a renowned venue for swing dancing, and was immortalized in a popular song of the era, "Stompin' at the Savoy". In the 1920s and 1930s, between Lenox and Seventh Avenues in central Harlem, over 125 entertainment venues were in operation, including speakeasies, cellars, lounges, cafes, taverns, supper clubs, rib joints, theaters, dance halls, and bars and grills.[55]

133rd Street, known as "Swing Street", became known for its cabarets, speakeasies and jazz scene during the Prohibition era, and was dubbed "Jungle Alley" because of "inter-racial mingling" on the street.[56][57] Some jazz venues, including the Cotton Club, where Duke Ellington played, and Connie's Inn, were restricted to whites only. Others were integrated, including the Renaissance Ballroom and the Savoy Ballroom.

In 1936, Orson Welles produced his black Macbeth at the Lafayette Theater in Harlem.[58] Grand theaters from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were torn down or converted to churches. Harlem lacked any permanent performance space until the creation of the Gatehouse Theater in an old Croton aqueduct building on 135th Street in 2006.[59]

 
Spiritual African Drummer on 135th Street between Adam Clayton Powell Boulevard and Frederick Douglass Boulevard

From 1965 until 2007, the community was home to the Harlem Boys Choir, a touring choir and education program for young boys, most of whom are black.[60] The Girls Choir of Harlem was founded in 1989, and closed with the Boys Choir.[61]

From 1967 to 1969, the Harlem Cultural Festival took place in Mount Morris Park. Another name for this festival is "Black Woodstock". Artists like Stevie Wonder, The 5th Dimension, and Gladys Knight performed here.[62][63]

Harlem is also home to the largest African American Day Parade, which celebrates the culture of African diaspora in America. The parade was started up in the spring of 1969 with Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. as the Grand Marshal of the first celebration.[64]

Arthur Mitchell, a former dancer with the New York City Ballet, established Dance Theatre of Harlem as a school and company of classical ballet and theater training in the late 1960s. The company has toured nationally and internationally. Generations of theater artists have gotten a start at the school.

By the 2010s, new dining hotspots were opening in Harlem around Frederick Douglass Boulevard.[65] At the same time, some residents fought back against the powerful waves of gentrification the neighborhood is experiencing. In 2013, residents staged a sidewalk sit-in to protest a five-days-a-week farmers market that would shut down Macombs Place at 150th Street.[66]

Uptown Night Market was founded in 2021 to celebrate cuisine, community, and culture.[67] It is one of the largest night markets in Manhattan. The main attractions include musical performances, arts and crafts shows, and food.[68]

Music

 
Black Ivory in Harlem 2017

Many R&B/Soul groups and artists formed in Harlem. The Main Ingredient, Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers, Black Ivory, Cameo, Keith Sweat, Freddie Jackson, Alyson Williams, Johnny Kemp, Teddy Riley and others got their start in Harlem.

Manhattan's contributions to hip-hop stems largely from artists with Harlem roots such as Doug E. Fresh, Big L, Kurtis Blow, The Diplomats, Mase or Immortal Technique. Harlem is also the birthplace of popular hip-hop dances such as the Harlem shake, toe wop, and Chicken Noodle Soup.

Harlem's classical music birthed organizations and chamber ensembles such as Roberta Guaspari's Opus 118,[69] Harlem Chamber Players,[70] Omnipresent Music Festival BIPOC Musicians Festival,[71] Harlem Quartet, and musicians such as violinist Edward W. Hardy.[72]

In the 1920s, African American pianists who lived in Harlem invented their own style of jazz piano, called stride, which was heavily influenced by ragtime. This style played a very important role in early jazz piano[73][74]

Language

In 1938, jazz bandleader and singer Cab Calloway published the first dictionary by an African-American, Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A "Hepster's" Dictionary, which became the official jive language reference book of the New York Public Library.[75][76] In 1939, Calloway published an accompanying book titled Professor Cab Calloway’s Swingformation Bureau, which instructed readers how to apply the words and phrases from the dictionary. He released several editions until 1944, the last being The New Cab Calloway’s Hepsters Dictionary: Language of Jive.[77] Poet Lemn Sissay observed that "Cab Calloway was taking ownership of language for a people who, just a few generations before, had their own languages taken away."[78]

Religious life

Religious life has historically had a strong presence in Black Harlem. The area is home to over 400 churches,[79] some of which are official city or national landmarks.[80][81] Major Christian denominations include Baptists, Pentecostals, Methodists (generally African Methodist Episcopal Zionist, or "AMEZ" and African Methodist Episcopalian, or "AME"), Episcopalians, and Roman Catholic. The Abyssinian Baptist Church has long been influential because of its large congregation. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built a chapel on 128th Street in 2005.

Many of the area's churches are "storefront churches", which operate in an empty store, or a basement, or a converted brownstone townhouse. These congregations may have fewer than 30–50 members each, but there are hundreds of them.[82] Others are old, large, and designated landmarks. Especially in the years before World War II, Harlem produced popular Christian charismatic "cult" leaders, including George Wilson Becton and Father Divine.[83]

Mosques in Harlem include the Masjid Malcolm Shabazz (formerly Mosque No. 7 Nation of Islam, and the location of the 1972 Harlem mosque incident), the Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood and Masjid Aqsa. Judaism, too, maintains a presence in Harlem through the Old Broadway Synagogue. A non-mainstream synagogue of Black Hebrews, known as Commandment Keepers, was based in a synagogue at 1 West 123rd Street until 2008.

Landmarks

 
St Martin's Episcopal Church, at Lenox Avenue and 122nd Street
 
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building, at the same intersection as the Hotel Theresa

Officially designated landmarks

Many places in Harlem are official city landmarks labeled by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

Other points of interest

Other prominent points of interest include:

Demographics

The demographics of Harlem's communities have changed throughout its history. In 1910, black residents formed 10% of Harlem's population, but by 1930, they had become a 70% majority.[7] The period between 1910 and 1930 was marked by the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to northern cities, including New York. Within the city, this era also witnessed an influx of black residents from downtown Manhattan neighborhoods, where blacks were feeling less welcome, to the Harlem area.[7] The black population in Harlem peaked in 1950, with a 98% share of the population of 233,000. As of 2000, central Harlem's black residents comprised 77% of the total population of that area; however, the black population has recently declined as many African Americans move out and more immigrants move in.[118] As of 2021, central Harlem's black residents comprises 44% of the total population area, estimating 56,668 black residents. [119] In that regard, there are an estimated 18% (23,182) White, 0% Native, 4% (5,151) Asian, 0% Islander, 6% (7,727) of two or more races, 27% (34,773) Hispanics and 2% (2,575) Other.

Harlem suffers from unemployment rates generally more than twice the citywide average, as well as high poverty rates.[120] and the numbers for men have been consistently worse than the numbers for women. Private and governmental initiatives to ameliorate unemployment and poverty have not been successful. During the Great Depression, unemployment in Harlem went past 20% and people were being evicted from their homes.[121] At the same time, the federal government developed and instituted the redlining policy. This policy rated neighborhoods, such as Central Harlem, as unappealing based on the race, ethnicity, and national origins of the residents.[3] Central Harlem was deemed 'hazardous' and residents living in Central Harlem were refused home loans or other investments.[3] Comparably, wealthy and white residents in New York City neighborhoods were approved more often for housing loans and investment applications.[3] Overall, they were given preferential treatment by city and state institutions.

In the 1960s, uneducated blacks could find jobs more easily than educated ones could, confounding efforts to improve the lives of people who lived in the neighborhood through education.[3] Land owners took advantage of the neighborhood and offered apartments to the lower-class families for cheaper rent but in lower-class conditions.[122] By 1999 there were 179,000 housing units available in Harlem.[123] Housing activists in Harlem state that, even after residents were given vouchers for the Section 8 housing that was being placed, many were not able to live there and had to find homes elsewhere or become homeless.[123] These policies are examples of societal racism, also known as structural racism. As public health leaders have named structural racism as a key social determinant of health disparities between racial and ethnic minorities,[124] these 20th century policies have contributed to the current population health disparities between Central Harlem and other New York City neighborhoods.[3]

Central Harlem

For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Central Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: Central Harlem North and Central Harlem South, divided by 126th street.[125] Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Central Harlem was 118,665, a change of 9,574 (8.1%) from the 109,091 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 926.05 acres (374.76 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 128.1 inhabitants per acre (82,000/sq mi; 31,700/km2).[126] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9.5% (11,322) White, 63% (74,735) African American, 0.3% (367) Native American, 2.4% (2,839) Asian, 0% (46) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (372) from other races, and 2.2% (2,651) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.2% (26,333) of the population. Harlem's Black population was more concentrated in Central Harlem North, and its White population more concentrated in Central Harlem South, while the Hispanic / Latino population was evenly split.[127]

The most significant shifts in the racial composition of Central Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the White population's increase by 402% (9,067), the Hispanic / Latino population's increase by 43% (7,982), and the Black population's decrease by 11% (9,544). While the growth of the Hispanic / Latino was predominantly in Central Harlem North, the decrease in the Black population was slightly greater in Central Harlem South, and the drastic increase in the White population was split evenly across the two census tabulation areas. Meanwhile, the Asian population grew by 211% (1,927) but remained a small minority, and the small population of all other races increased by 4% (142).[128]

The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises Central Harlem, had 116,345 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.2 years.[3]: 2, 20  This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[129]: 53 (PDF p. 84)  Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 35% are between 25 and 44, and 24% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 11% respectively.[3]: 2 

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 10 was $49,059.[4] In 2018, an estimated 21% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. Around 12% of residents were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Community District 10 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.[3]: 7 

Other sections

In 2010, the population of West Harlem was 110,193.[130] West Harlem, consisting of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights, is predominately Hispanic / Latino, while African Americans make up about a quarter of the West Harlem population.[9]

In 2010, the population of East Harlem was 120,000.[131] East Harlem originally formed as a predominantly Italian American neighborhood.[132] The area began its transition from Italian Harlem to Spanish Harlem when Puerto Rican migration began after World War II,[133] though in recent decades, many Dominican, Mexican and Salvadoran immigrants have also settled in East Harlem.[134] East Harlem is now predominantly Hispanic / Latino, with a significant African-American presence.[133]

2020 Census

In the 2020 census, Harlem's demographics were broken up into North Harlem, South Harlem, Hamilton Heights, West Harlem, and Morningside Heights. North Harlem had 40,000+ Black residents being the largest concentration of the black population of the Harlem area, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and less than 5000 Asian residents. South Harlem had 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 5,000 to 9,999 Hispanic residents, 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. Hamilton Heights had 10,000 to 19,999 Black residents, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents being the largest population group in this section, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. West Harlem had an equal number of Black and Hispanic residents with each of their population at 5,000 to 9,999 residents and each the White and Asian population were fewer than 5,000 residents. Morningside Heights had and equal amount of Black and Hispanic residents with each of their population at 5,000 to 9,999 residents, 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, and 5,000 to 9,999 Asian residents; the only section of Harlem to have a significant concentration of Asian residents.[135]

Police and crime

 
NYPD Police Service Area 6, which serves NYCHA developments in greater Harlem

Central Harlem is patrolled by two precincts of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).[136] Central Harlem North is covered by the 32nd Precinct, located at 250 West 135th Street,[137] while Central Harlem South is patrolled by the 28th Precinct, located at 2271–2289 Eighth Avenue.[138]

The 28th Precinct has a lower crime rate than it did in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 72.2% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 2 murders, 9 rapes, 172 robberies, 245 felony assaults, 153 burglaries, 384 grand larcenies, and 52 grand larcenies auto in 2021.[139] Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 28th Precinct had a rate of 1,125 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[140][141][142]

The crime rate in the 32nd Precinct has also decreased since the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 71.4% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 16 murders, 18 rapes, 183 robberies, 519 felony assaults, 168 burglaries, 320 grand larcenies, and 54 grand larcenies auto in 2021.[143] Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 32nd Precinct had a rate of 1,042 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[140][141][142]

As of 2018, Community District 10 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 116 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 1,347 per 100,000 people, the second-highest in the city, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.[3]: 8 

Crime trends

Main article: Crime in Harlem
 
Police hit a man on the ground with batons during the Harlem riot of 1964

In the early 20th century, Harlem was a stronghold of the Sicilian Mafia, other Italian organized crime groups, and later the Italian-American Mafia. As the ethnic composition of the neighborhood changed, black criminals began to organize themselves similarly. However, rather than compete with the established mobs, gangs concentrated on the "policy racket", also called the numbers game, or bolita in East Harlem. This was a gambling scheme similar to a lottery that could be played, illegally, from countless locations around Harlem. According to Francis Ianni, "By 1925 there were thirty black policy banks in Harlem, several of them large enough to collect bets in an area of twenty city blocks and across three or four avenues."[144]

By the early 1950s, the total money at play amounted to billions of dollars, and the police force had been thoroughly corrupted by bribes from numbers bosses.[145] These bosses became financial powerhouses, providing capital for loans for those who could not qualify for them from traditional financial institutions, and investing in legitimate businesses and real estate. One of the powerful early numbers bosses was a woman, Madame Stephanie St. Clair, who fought gun battles with mobster Dutch Schultz over control of the lucrative trade.[146]

The popularity of playing the numbers waned with the introduction of the state lottery, which is legal but has lower payouts and has taxes collected on winnings.[147] The practice continues on a smaller scale among those who prefer the numbers tradition or who prefer to trust their local numbers bank to the state.

Statistics from 1940 show about 100 murders per year in Harlem, "but rape is very rare".[148] By 1950, many whites had left Harlem and by 1960, much of the black middle class had departed. At the same time, control of organized crime shifted from Italian syndicates to local black, Puerto Rican, and Cuban groups that were somewhat less formally organized.[144] At the time of the 1964 riots, the drug addiction rate in Harlem was ten times higher than the New York City average, and twelve times higher than the United States as a whole. Of the 30,000 drug addicts then estimated to live in New York City, 15,000 to 20,000 lived in Harlem. Property crime was pervasive, and the murder rate was six times higher than New York's average. Half of the children in Harlem grew up with one parent, or none, and lack of supervision contributed to juvenile delinquency; between 1953 and 1962, the crime rate among young people increased throughout New York City, but was consistently 50% higher in Harlem than in New York City as a whole.[149]

Injecting heroin grew in popularity in Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s, though the use of this drug then leveled off. In the 1980s, use of crack cocaine became widespread, which produced collateral crime as addicts stole to finance their purchasing of additional drugs, and as dealers fought for the right to sell in particular regions, or over deals gone bad.[150]

With the end of the "crack wars" in the mid-1990s, and with the initiation of aggressive policing under mayors David Dinkins and his successor Rudy Giuliani, crime in Harlem plummeted. Compared to in 1981, when 6,500 robberies were reported in Harlem, reports of robberies dropped to 4,800 in 1990; to 1,700 in 2000; and to 1,100 in 2010.[151] Within the 28th and 32nd precincts, there have been similar changes in all categories of crimes tracked by the NYPD.[137][138]

Despite reductions versus historic highs, Harlem continues to have a high rate of violent crime and one of the highest rates of violent crime in New York City.[140] This crime is largely correlated with high concentrations of poverty. Illicit activities such as theft, robbery, drug trafficking, prostitution are prevalent. Criminal organizations like street gangs are responsible for many of the murders and shootings in the neighborhood.

Gangs

There are many gangs in Harlem, often based in housing projects; when one gang member is killed by another gang, revenge violence erupts which can last for years.[152] In addition, the East Harlem Purple Gang of the 1970s, which operated in East Harlem and surroundings, was an Italian American group of hitmen and heroin dealers.[153]

Harlem and its gangsters have a strong link to hip hop, rap and R&B culture in the United States, and many successful rappers in the music industry came from gangs in Harlem.[154] Gangster rap, which has its origins in the late 1980s, often has lyrics that are "misogynistic or that glamorize violence", glamorizing guns, drugs and easy women in Harlem and New York City.[155][154]

Fire safety

 
The Quarters of FDNY Engine Company 59/Ladder Company 30

Central Harlem is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:[156]

  • Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40 – 415 West 125th Street[157]
  • Engine Company 58/Ladder Company 26 – 1367 5th Avenue[158]
  • Engine Company 59/Ladder Company 30 – 111 West 133rd Street[159]
  • Engine Company 69/Ladder Company 28/Battalion 16 – 248 West 143rd Street[160]

Five additional firehouses are located in West and East Harlem. West Harlem contains Engine Company 47 and Engine Company 80/Ladder Company 23, while East Harlem contains Engine Company 35/Ladder Company 14/Battalion 12, Engine Company 53/Ladder Company 43, and Engine Company 91.[156]

Health

As of 2018, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Central Harlem than in other places citywide. In Central Harlem, there were 103 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 23 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate is based on a small sample size.[3]: 11  Central Harlem has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 8%, less than the citywide rate of 12%.[3]: 14 

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Central Harlem is 0.0079 milligrams per cubic metre (7.9×10−9 oz/cu ft), slightly more than the city average.[3]: 9  Ten percent of Central Harlem residents are smokers, which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[3]: 13  In Central Harlem, 34% of residents are obese, 12% are diabetic, and 35% have high blood pressure, the highest rates in the city—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[3]: 16  In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[3]: 12 

Eighty-four percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 79% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," more than the city's average of 78%.[3]: 13  For every supermarket in Central Harlem, there are 11 bodegas.[3]: 10 

The nearest major hospital is NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem in north-central Harlem.[161][162]

Social factors

The population health of Central Harlem is closely linked to influential social factors on health, also known as social determinants of health, and the impact of structural racism on the neighborhood. The impact of discriminatory policies such as redlining have contributed to residents' bearing worse health outcomes in comparison to the average New York city resident. This applies to life expectancy, poverty rates, environmental neighborhood health, housing quality, and childhood and adult asthma rates. Additionally, the health of Central Harlem residents are linked to their experience of racism.[163][164] Public health and scientific research studies have found evidence that experiencing racism creates and exacerbates chronic stress that can contribute to major causes of death, particularly for African-American and Hispanic populations in the United States, like cardiovascular diseases.[164][165][166][167]

Certain health disparities between Central Harlem and the rest of New York City can be attributed to 'avoidable causes' such as substandard housing quality, poverty, and law enforcement violence – all of which are issues identified by the American Public Health Association as key social determinants of health. These deaths that can be attributed to avoidable causes are known as "avertable deaths" of "excess mortality'"in public health.[168]

Health problems

Health and housing conditions

Access to affordable housing and employment opportunities with fair wages and benefits are closely associated with good health.[169] Public health leaders have shown that inadequate housing qualities is linked to poor health.[170] As Central Harlem also bears the effects of racial segregation, public health researchers claim that racial segregation is also linked to substandard housing and exposure to pollutants and toxins. These associations have been documented to increase individual risk of chronic diseases and adverse birth outcomes.[124] Historical income segregation via redlining also positions residents to be more exposed to risks that contribute to adverse mental health status, inadequate access to healthy foods, asthma triggers, and lead exposure.[170][169]

 
Drew Hamilton Houses, a large low-income NYCHA housing project in Central Harlem

Asthma

Asthma is more common in children and adults in Central Harlem, compared to other New York City neighborhoods.[171] The factors that can increase risk of childhood and adult asthma are associated with substandard housing conditions.[172] Substandard housing conditions are water leaks, cracks and holes, inadequate heating, presence of mice or rats, peeling paint and can include the presence of mold, moisture, dust mites.[173] In 2014, Central Harlem tracked worse in regards to home maintenance conditions, compared to the average rates Manhattan and New York City. Twenty percent of homes had cracks or holes; 21% had leaks and 19% had three or more maintenance deficiencies.[171]

Adequate housing is defined as housing that is free from heating breakdowns, cracks, holes, peeling paint and other defects. Housing conditions in Central Harlem reveal that only 37% of its renter-occupied homes were adequately maintained by landlords in 2014. Meanwhile, 25% of Central Harlem households and 27% of adults reported seeing cockroaches (a potential trigger for asthma), a rate higher than the city average. Neighborhood conditions are also indicators of population: in 2014, Central Harlem had 32 per 100,000 people hospitalized due to pedestrian injuries, higher than Manhattan's and the city's average.[171]

The environment also factors into the health of the people of Central Harlem with the neighborhood being found to have levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 7.9 micrograms per cubic meter compared to all of NYC at 7.5 micrograms per cubic meter. Poorer neighborhoods have some of the highest levels of air pollution in the city. Adults with asthma emergencies experiencing high rates of poverty visit the emergency department at rates nearly 5 times higher than those neighborhoods with lower levels of poverty. Nearly 3 in 4 deaths related to PM2.5 occurs in adults 65 years or older. The attribution of premature adult mortality rate to exposure of PM2.5 experiencing 77.4-117.7 deaths per 100,000 people.[174]

Additionally, poverty levels can indicate one's risk of vulnerability to asthma. In 2016, Central Harlem saw 565 children aged 5–17 years old per 10,000 residents visiting emergency departments for Asthma emergencies, over twice both Manhattan's and the citywide rates. The rate of childhood asthma hospitalization in 2016 was more than twice that of Manhattan and New York City, with 62 hospitalizations per 10,000 residents.[171] Rates of adult hospitalization due to asthma in Central Harlem trends higher in comparison to other neighborhoods. In 2016, 270 adults per 10,000 residents visited the emergency department due to asthma, close to three times the average rates of both Manhattan and New York City.[171]

Other health problems

Health outcomes for men have generally been worse than those of women. Infant mortality was 124 per thousand in 1928, meaning that 12.4% of infants would die.[175] By 1940, infant mortality in Harlem was 5%, and the death rate from disease generally was twice that of the rest of New York. Tuberculosis was the main killer, and four times as prevalent among Harlem citizens than among the rest of New York's population.[175]

A 1990 study of life expectancy of teenagers in Harlem reported that 15-year-old girls in Harlem had a 65% chance of surviving to the age of 65, about the same as women in Pakistan. Fifteen-year-old men in Harlem, on the other hand, had a 37% chance of surviving to 65, about the same as men in Angola; for men, the survival rate beyond the age of 40 was lower in Harlem than Bangladesh.[176] Infectious diseases and diseases of the circulatory system were to blame, with a variety of contributing factors, including consumption of the deep-fried foods traditional to the South, which may contribute to heart disease.

Post offices and ZIP Codes

Harlem is located within five primary ZIP Codes. From south to north they are 10026 (from 110th to 120th Streets), 10027 (from 120th to 133rd Streets), 10037 (east of Lenox Avenue and north of 130th Street), 10030 (west of Lenox Avenue from 133rd to 145th Streets) and 10039 (from 145th to 155th Streets). Harlem also includes parts of ZIP Codes 10031, 10032, and 10035.[177] The United States Postal Service operates five post offices in Harlem:

  • Morningside Station – 232 West 116th Street[178]
  • Manhattanville Station and Morningside Annex – 365 West 125th Street[179]
  • College Station – 217 West 140th Street[180]
  • Colonial Park Station – 99 Macombs Place[181]
  • Lincoln Station – 2266 5th Avenue[182]

Education

Main article: Education in Harlem

Central Harlem generally has a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018. While 42% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 19% have less than a high school education and 39% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[3]: 6  The percentage of Central Harlem students excelling in math rose from 21% in 2000 to 48% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 29% to 37% during the same time period.[183]

Central Harlem's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In Central Harlem, 25% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%.[129]: 24 (PDF p. 55) [3]: 6  Additionally, 64% of high school students in Central Harlem graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.[3]: 6 

Schools

The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in Central Harlem:[184]

  • PS 76 A Phillip Randolph (grades PK-8)[185]
  • PS 92 Mary Mcleod Bethune (grades PK-5)[186]
  • PS 123 Mahalia Jackson (grades PK-8)[187]
  • PS 149 Sojourner Truth (grades PK-8)[188]
  • PS 154 Harriet Tubman (grades PK-5)[189]
  • PS 175 Henry H Garnet (grades PK-5)[190]
  • PS 185 the Early Childhood Discovery and Design Magnet School (grades PK-2)[191]
  • PS 194 Countee Cullen (grades PK-5)[192]
  • PS 197 John B Russwurm (grades PK-5)[193]
  • PS 200 The James Mccune Smith School (grades PK-5)[194]
  • PS 242 The Young Diplomats Magnet School (grades PK-5)[195]
  • Stem Institute of Manhattan (grades K-5)[196]
  • Thurgood Marshall Academy Lower School (grades K-5)[197]

The following middle and high schools are located in Central Harlem:[184]

  • Frederick Douglass Academy (grades 6–12)[198]
  • Frederick Douglass Academy II Secondary School (grades 6–12)[199]
  • Mott Hall High School (grades 9–12)[200]
  • Thurgood Marshall Academy For Learning And Social Change (grades 6–12)[201]
  • Wadleigh Secondary School for the Performing and Visual Arts (grades 6–12)[202]

Harlem has a high rate of charter school enrollment: a fifth of students were enrolled in charter schools in 2010.[203] By 2017, that proportion had increased to 36%, about the same that attended their zoned public schools. Another 20% of Harlem students were enrolled in public schools elsewhere.[204]

Higher education

The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, City College of New York, and Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, in addition to a branch of College of New Rochelle, are all located in Harlem. The Morningside Heights and Manhattanville campuses of Columbia University are located just west of Harlem.

Libraries

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates four circulating branches and one research branch in Harlem, as well as several others in adjacent neighborhoods.

  • The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, a research branch, is located at 515 Malcolm X Boulevard. It is housed in a Carnegie library structure that opened in 1905, though the branch itself was established in 1925 based on a collection from its namesake, Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. The Schomburg Center is a National Historic Landmark, as well as a city designated landmark and a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)-listed site.[205]
  • The Countee Cullen branch is located at 104 West 136th Street. It was originally housed in the building now occupied by the Schomburg Center. The current structure, in 1941, is an annex of the Schomburg building.[206]
  • The Harry Belafonte 115th Street branch is located at 203 West 115th Street. The three-story Carnegie library, built in 1908, is both a city designated landmark and an NRHP-listed site. It was renamed for the entertainer and Harlem resident Harry Belafonte in 2017.[207]
  • The Harlem branch is located at 9 West 124th Street. It is one of the oldest libraries in the NYPL system, having operated in Harlem since 1826. The current three-story Carnegie library building was built in 1909 and renovated in 2004.[208]
  • The Macomb's Bridge branch is located at 2633 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard. The branch opened in 1955 at 2650 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, inside the Harlem River Houses, and was the smallest NYPL branch at 685 square feet (63.6 m2). In January 2020, the branch moved across the street to a larger space.[209]

Other nearby branches include the 125th Street and Aguilar branches in East Harlem; the Morningside Heights branch in Morningside Heights; and the George Bruce and Hamilton Grange branches in western Harlem.[210]

Transportation

Bridges

 
Bridges spanning the Harlem River between Harlem to the left and the Bronx to the right
 
Harlem–125th Street station on the Metro-North Railroad

The Harlem River separates the Bronx and Manhattan, necessitating several spans between the two New York City boroughs. Five free bridges connect Harlem and the Bronx: the Willis Avenue Bridge (for northbound traffic only), Third Avenue Bridge (for southbound traffic only), Madison Avenue Bridge, 145th Street Bridge, and Macombs Dam Bridge. In East Harlem, the Wards Island Bridge, also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge, connects Manhattan with Wards Island. The Triborough Bridge is a complex of three separate bridges that offers connections between Queens, East Harlem, and the Bronx.[211]

Public transportation

Public transportation service is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. This includes the New York City Subway and MTA Regional Bus Operations. Some Bronx local routes also serve Manhattan, providing customers with access between both boroughs.[212][213] Metro-North Railroad has a commuter rail station at Harlem–125th Street, serving trains to the Lower Hudson Valley and Connecticut.[214]

Subway

Harlem is served by the following subway lines:

In addition, several other lines stop nearby:

Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway is also planned to serve East Harlem, with stops at 106th Street, 116th Street, and Harlem–125th Street.[216][217]

Bus

Harlem is served by numerous local bus routes operated by MTA Regional Bus Operations:[213]

  • Bx6 and Bx6 SBS along 155th Street
  • Bx19 along 145th Street
  • Bx33 along 135th Street
  • M1 along Fifth/Madison Avenues
  • M2 along Seventh Avenue, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues
  • M3 along Manhattan Avenue, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues
  • M4 along Broadway, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues
  • M60 SBS, M100, M101 and Bx15 along 125th Street
  • M7 and M102 along Lenox Avenue and 116th Street
  • M10 along Frederick Douglass Boulevard
  • M116 along 116th Street

Routes that run near Harlem, but do not stop in the neighborhood, include:[213]

  • M5 along Riverside Drive
  • M11 along Amsterdam Avenue
  • M35 via Triborough Bridge
  • M98 and M103 along Third/Lexington Avenues
  • M104 along Broadway

See also

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Sources

  • Gill, Jonathan (2011). Harlem: The Four Hundred Year History from Dutch Village to Capital of Black America. Grove Press. ISBN 9780802195944.
  • Killens, John; Halstead, Fred (1966). Harlem Stirs.

Further reading

  • Bourgois, Philippe. In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Ianni, Francis A. J. Black Mafia: Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime, 1974.
  • King, Shannon. Whose Harlem Is This? Community Politics and Grassroots Activism During the New Negro Era. New York: New York University Press, 2015.
  • Osofsky, Gilbert. Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890–1930, 1971.
  • WPA Guide to New York City, 1939
  • TIME, vol. 84, No. 5, July 31, 1964. "Harlem: No Place Like Home".
  • Newsweek, August 3, 1964. "Harlem: Hatred in the Streets".
  • "Crack's Decline: Some Surprises from U.S. Cities", National Institute of Justice Research in Brief, July 1997.
  • Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity." Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020

External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Harlem and Upper Manhattan.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harlem, Manhattan.
  • Portraits of Harlem
  • Harlem—NYCwiki

May 06, 2023
harlem, this, article, about, neighborhood, manhattan, other, uses, disambiguation, neighborhood, upper, manhattan, york, city, bounded, roughly, hudson, river, west, river, 155th, street, north, fifth, avenue, east, central, park, north, south, greater, area,. This article is about the neighborhood in Manhattan For other uses see Harlem disambiguation Harlem is a neighborhood in Upper Manhattan New York City It is bounded roughly by the Hudson River on the west the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north Fifth Avenue on the east and Central Park North on the south The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west and north to 155th Street east to the East River and south to Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard Central Park and East 96th Street HarlemNeighborhood of ManhattanApartment buildings next to Morningside ParkNickname s Heaven Black mecca Location in New York CityCountry United StatesState New YorkCityNew York CityBoroughManhattanCommunity DistrictManhattan 10 1 Founded1660 2 Founded byPeter StuyvesantNamed forHaarlem NetherlandsArea 1 Total1 400 sq mi 3 63 km2 Population 3 2 Total197 052Economics 4 Median income 52 708Time zoneUTC 5 Eastern Summer DST UTC 4 EDT ZIP Codes10026 10027 10030 10037 10039Area code212 332 646 and 917Originally a Dutch village formally organized in 1658 5 it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands Harlem s history has been defined by a series of economic boom and bust cycles with significant population shifts accompanying each cycle 6 Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century but African American residents began to arrive in large numbers during the Great Migration in the 20th century In the 1920s and 1930s Central and West Harlem were the center of the Harlem Renaissance a major African American cultural movement With job losses during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II rates of crime and poverty increased significantly 7 In the 21st century crime rates decreased significantly and Harlem started to gentrify The area is served by the New York City Subway and local bus routes It contains several public elementary middle and high schools and is close to several colleges including Columbia University Manhattan School of Music and the City College of New York Central Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 10 1 It is patrolled by the 28th and 32nd Precincts of the New York City Police Department The greater Harlem area also includes Manhattan Community Districts 9 and 11 and several police precincts while fire services are provided by four New York City Fire Department companies Contents 1 Geography 1 1 SoHa controversy 1 2 Political representation 2 History 3 Culture 3 1 Music 3 2 Language 3 3 Religious life 3 4 Landmarks 3 4 1 Officially designated landmarks 3 4 2 Other points of interest 4 Demographics 4 1 Central Harlem 4 2 Other sections 4 3 2020 Census 5 Police and crime 5 1 Crime trends 5 2 Gangs 6 Fire safety 7 Health 7 1 Social factors 7 2 Health problems 7 2 1 Health and housing conditions 7 2 2 Asthma 7 2 3 Other health problems 8 Post offices and ZIP Codes 9 Education 9 1 Schools 9 2 Higher education 9 3 Libraries 10 Transportation 10 1 Bridges 10 2 Public transportation 10 2 1 Subway 10 2 2 Bus 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External linksGeography Edit A map of Upper Manhattan with Greater Harlem highlighted Harlem proper is the neighborhood in the center Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan often referred to as Uptown by locals The three neighborhoods comprising the greater Harlem area West Central and East Harlem stretch from the Harlem River and East River to the east to the Hudson River to the west and between 155th Street in the north where it meets Washington Heights and an uneven boundary along the south that runs along 96th Street east of Fifth Avenue 110th Street between Fifth Avenue to Morningside Park and 125th Street west of Morningside Park to the Hudson River 8 9 10 Encyclopaedia Britannica references these boundaries 11 though the Encyclopedia of New York City takes a much more conservative view of Harlem s boundaries regarding only central Harlem as part of Harlem proper 12 573 Central Harlem is the name of Harlem proper it falls under Manhattan Community District 10 8 This section is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east Central Park on the south Morningside Park St Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west and the Harlem River on the north 8 A chain of three large linear parks Morningside Park St Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park situated on steeply rising banks form most of the district s western boundary Fifth Avenue as well as Marcus Garvey Park also known as Mount Morris Park separate this area from East Harlem to the east 8 Central Harlem includes the Mount Morris Park Historic District West Harlem Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprises Manhattan Community District 9 and does not form part of Harlem proper The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway 110th Street on the south 155th Street on the north Manhattan Morningside Ave St Nicholas Bradhurst Edgecombe Avenues on the east and Riverside Park the Hudson River on the west Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street The northernmost section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights 9 East Harlem also called Spanish Harlem or El Barrio is located within Manhattan Community District 11 which is bounded by East 96th Street on the south East 138th Street on the north Fifth Avenue on the west and the Harlem River on the east It is not part of Harlem proper 10 SoHa controversy Edit Further information Morningside Heights Manhattan SoHa controversy In the 2010s some real estate professionals started rebranding south Harlem and Morningside Heights as SoHa a name standing for South Harlem in the style of SoHo or NoHo in an attempt to accelerate gentrification of the neighborhoods SoHa applied to the area between West 110th and 125th Streets has become a controversial name 13 14 15 Residents and other critics seeking to prevent this renaming of the area have labelled the SoHa brand as insulting and another sign of gentrification run amok 16 and have said that the rebranding not only places their neighborhood s rich history under erasure but also appears to be intent on attracting new tenants including students from nearby Columbia University 17 Multiple New York City politicians have initiated legislative efforts to curtail this practice of neighborhood rebranding which when successfully introduced in other New York City neighborhoods have led to increases in rents and real estate values as well as shifting demographics 17 In 2011 U S Representative Hakeem Jeffries attempted but failed to implement legislation that would punish real estate agents for inventing false neighborhoods and redrawing neighborhood boundaries without city approval 17 By 2017 New York State Senator Brian Benjamin also worked to render illegal the practice of rebranding historically recognized neighborhoods 17 Political representation Edit Politically central Harlem is in New York s 13th congressional district 18 19 It is in the New York State Senate s 30th district 20 21 the New York State Assembly s 68th and 70th districts 22 23 and the New York City Council s 7th 8th and 9th districts 24 History Edit Harlem from the old fort in the Central Park New York Public Library Three Harlem Women ca 1930 Main article History of Harlem Before the arrival of European settlers the area that would become Harlem originally Haarlem was inhabited by a Native American band the Wecquaesgeek dubbed Manhattans or Manhattoe by Dutch settlers who along with other Native Americans most likely Lenape 25 occupied the area on a semi nomadic basis As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands 26 Between 1637 and 1639 a few settlements were established 27 28 The settlement of Harlem was formally incorporated in 1660 2 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant 29 During the American Revolution the British burned Harlem to the ground 30 It took a long time to rebuild as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century 31 After the American Civil War Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868 The neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian 32 The New York and Harlem Railroad 33 as well as the Interborough Rapid Transit and elevated railway lines 34 helped Harlem s economic growth as they connected Harlem to lower and midtown Manhattan Apartment building in Central Harlem A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s The Jewish and Italian demographic decreased while the black and Puerto Rican population increased in this time 35 The early 20th century Great Migration of black people to northern industrial cities was fueled by their desire to leave behind the Jim Crow South seek better jobs and education for their children and escape a culture of lynching violence during World War I expanding industries recruited black laborers to fill new jobs thinly staffed after the draft began to take young men 36 In 1910 Central Harlem population was about 10 black people By 1930 it had reached 70 37 Starting around the time of the end of World War I Harlem became associated with the New Negro movement and then the artistic outpouring known as the Harlem Renaissance which extended to poetry novels theater and the visual arts So many black people came that it threaten ed the very existence of some of the leading industries of Georgia Florida Tennessee and Alabama 38 Many settled in Harlem By 1920 central Harlem was 32 43 black The 1930 census revealed that 70 18 of central Harlem s residents were black and lived as far south as Central Park at 110th Street 39 However by the 1930s the neighborhood was hit hard by job losses in the Great Depression In the early 1930s 25 of Harlemites were out of work and employment prospects for Harlemites stayed bad for decades Employment among black New Yorkers fell as some traditionally black businesses including domestic service and some types of manual labor were taken over by other ethnic groups Major industries left New York City altogether especially after 1950 Several riots happened in this period including in 1935 and 1943 There were major changes following World War II In the late 1950s and early 1960s Harlem was the scene of a series of rent strikes by neighborhood tenants led by local activist Jesse Gray together with the Congress of Racial Equality Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited HARYOU and other groups These groups wanted the city to force landlords to improve the quality of housing by bringing them up to code to take action against rats and roaches to provide heat during the winter and to keep prices in line with existing rent control regulations 40 The largest public works projects in Harlem in these years were public housing with the largest concentration built in East Harlem 41 Typically existing structures were torn down and replaced with city designed and managed properties that would in theory present a safer and more pleasant environment than those available from private landlords Ultimately community objections halted the construction of new projects 42 From the mid 20th century the low quality of education in Harlem has been a source of distress In the 1960s about 75 of Harlem students tested under grade levels in reading skills and 80 tested under grade level in math 43 In 1964 residents of Harlem staged two school boycotts to call attention to the problem In central Harlem 92 of students stayed home 44 In the post World War II era Harlem ceased to be home to a majority of the city s black people 45 but it remained the cultural and political capital of black New York and possibly black America 46 47 By the 1970s many of those Harlemites who were able to escape from poverty left the neighborhood in search of better schools and homes and safer streets Those who remained were the poorest and least skilled with the fewest opportunities for success Though the federal government s Model Cities Program spent 100 million on job training health care education public safety sanitation housing and other projects over a ten year period Harlem showed no improvement 48 The city began auctioning its enormous portfolio of Harlem properties to the public in 1985 This was intended to improve the community by placing property in the hands of people who would live in them and maintain them In many cases the city would even pay to completely renovate a property before selling it by lottery below market value 49 After the 1990s Harlem began to grow again Between 1990 and 2006 the neighborhood s population grew by 16 9 with the percentage of black people decreasing from 87 6 to 69 3 39 then dropping to 54 4 by 2010 50 and the percentage of whites increasing from 1 5 to 6 6 by 2006 39 and to almost 10 by 2010 50 A renovation of 125th Street and new properties along the thoroughfare 51 52 also helped to revitalize Harlem 53 Culture EditSee also Harlem Renaissance Welcome to Harlem sign above the now defunct Victoria 5 cinema theater on 125th st In the 1920s and 1930s Central and West Harlem was the focus of the Harlem Renaissance an outpouring of artistic work without precedent in the American Black community Though Harlem musicians and writers are particularly well remembered the community has also hosted numerous actors and theater companies including the New Heritage Repertory Theater 29 National Black Theater Lafayette Players Harlem Suitcase Theater The Negro Playwrights American Negro Theater and the Rose McClendon Players 54 The Apollo Theater on 125th Street in November 2006 The Apollo Theater opened on 125th Street on January 26 1934 in a former burlesque house The Savoy Ballroom on Lenox Avenue was a renowned venue for swing dancing and was immortalized in a popular song of the era Stompin at the Savoy In the 1920s and 1930s between Lenox and Seventh Avenues in central Harlem over 125 entertainment venues were in operation including speakeasies cellars lounges cafes taverns supper clubs rib joints theaters dance halls and bars and grills 55 133rd Street known as Swing Street became known for its cabarets speakeasies and jazz scene during the Prohibition era and was dubbed Jungle Alley because of inter racial mingling on the street 56 57 Some jazz venues including the Cotton Club where Duke Ellington played and Connie s Inn were restricted to whites only Others were integrated including the Renaissance Ballroom and the Savoy Ballroom In 1936 Orson Welles produced his black Macbeth at the Lafayette Theater in Harlem 58 Grand theaters from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were torn down or converted to churches Harlem lacked any permanent performance space until the creation of the Gatehouse Theater in an old Croton aqueduct building on 135th Street in 2006 59 Spiritual African Drummer on 135th Street between Adam Clayton Powell Boulevard and Frederick Douglass Boulevard From 1965 until 2007 the community was home to the Harlem Boys Choir a touring choir and education program for young boys most of whom are black 60 The Girls Choir of Harlem was founded in 1989 and closed with the Boys Choir 61 From 1967 to 1969 the Harlem Cultural Festival took place in Mount Morris Park Another name for this festival is Black Woodstock Artists like Stevie Wonder The 5th Dimension and Gladys Knight performed here 62 63 Harlem is also home to the largest African American Day Parade which celebrates the culture of African diaspora in America The parade was started up in the spring of 1969 with Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr as the Grand Marshal of the first celebration 64 Arthur Mitchell a former dancer with the New York City Ballet established Dance Theatre of Harlem as a school and company of classical ballet and theater training in the late 1960s The company has toured nationally and internationally Generations of theater artists have gotten a start at the school By the 2010s new dining hotspots were opening in Harlem around Frederick Douglass Boulevard 65 At the same time some residents fought back against the powerful waves of gentrification the neighborhood is experiencing In 2013 residents staged a sidewalk sit in to protest a five days a week farmers market that would shut down Macombs Place at 150th Street 66 Uptown Night Market was founded in 2021 to celebrate cuisine community and culture 67 It is one of the largest night markets in Manhattan The main attractions include musical performances arts and crafts shows and food 68 Music Edit Black Ivory in Harlem 2017 Many R amp B Soul groups and artists formed in Harlem The Main Ingredient Frankie Lymon amp The Teenagers Black Ivory Cameo Keith Sweat Freddie Jackson Alyson Williams Johnny Kemp Teddy Riley and others got their start in Harlem Manhattan s contributions to hip hop stems largely from artists with Harlem roots such as Doug E Fresh Big L Kurtis Blow The Diplomats Mase or Immortal Technique Harlem is also the birthplace of popular hip hop dances such as the Harlem shake toe wop and Chicken Noodle Soup Harlem s classical music birthed organizations and chamber ensembles such as Roberta Guaspari s Opus 118 69 Harlem Chamber Players 70 Omnipresent Music Festival BIPOC Musicians Festival 71 Harlem Quartet and musicians such as violinist Edward W Hardy 72 In the 1920s African American pianists who lived in Harlem invented their own style of jazz piano called stride which was heavily influenced by ragtime This style played a very important role in early jazz piano 73 74 Language Edit In 1938 jazz bandleader and singer Cab Calloway published the first dictionary by an African American Cab Calloway s Cat ologue A Hepster s Dictionary which became the official jive language reference book of the New York Public Library 75 76 In 1939 Calloway published an accompanying book titled Professor Cab Calloway s Swingformation Bureau which instructed readers how to apply the words and phrases from the dictionary He released several editions until 1944 the last being The New Cab Calloway s Hepsters Dictionary Language of Jive 77 Poet Lemn Sissay observed that Cab Calloway was taking ownership of language for a people who just a few generations before had their own languages taken away 78 Religious life Edit St Andrew s Episcopal Church Religious life has historically had a strong presence in Black Harlem The area is home to over 400 churches 79 some of which are official city or national landmarks 80 81 Major Christian denominations include Baptists Pentecostals Methodists generally African Methodist Episcopal Zionist or AMEZ and African Methodist Episcopalian or AME Episcopalians and Roman Catholic The Abyssinian Baptist Church has long been influential because of its large congregation The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints built a chapel on 128th Street in 2005 Many of the area s churches are storefront churches which operate in an empty store or a basement or a converted brownstone townhouse These congregations may have fewer than 30 50 members each but there are hundreds of them 82 Others are old large and designated landmarks Especially in the years before World War II Harlem produced popular Christian charismatic cult leaders including George Wilson Becton and Father Divine 83 Mosques in Harlem include the Masjid Malcolm Shabazz formerly Mosque No 7 Nation of Islam and the location of the 1972 Harlem mosque incident the Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood and Masjid Aqsa Judaism too maintains a presence in Harlem through the Old Broadway Synagogue A non mainstream synagogue of Black Hebrews known as Commandment Keepers was based in a synagogue at 1 West 123rd Street until 2008 Landmarks Edit St Martin s Episcopal Church at Lenox Avenue and 122nd Street Hotel Theresa building at the corner of Adam Clayton Powell Jr Boulevard and 125th Street Adam Clayton Powell Jr State Office Building at the same intersection as the Hotel Theresa Officially designated landmarks Edit Many places in Harlem are official city landmarks labeled by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places 12 West 129th Street a New York City landmark 84 17 East 128th Street a New York City landmark 85 369th Regiment Armory a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 86 81 Abyssinian Baptist Church a New York City landmark 87 Apollo Theater a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 88 81 Astor Row a set of New York City landmark houses 80 207 Blockhouse No 1 Fort Clinton and Nutter s Battery part of Central Park a New York City scenic landmark and NRHP listed site 89 81 Central Harlem West 130 132nd Streets Historic District a New York City landmark 90 Dunbar Apartments a New York City landmark 91 Graham Court Apartments a New York City landmark 92 Hamilton Grange a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 93 Harlem River Houses a New York City landmark 94 Harlem YMCA a New York City landmark 95 Hotel Theresa a New York City landmark 96 Jackie Robinson YMCA Youth Center a New York City landmark 97 Langston Hughes House a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 98 81 Macombs Dam Bridge and 155th Street Viaduct a New York City landmark 99 Manhattan Avenue West 120th 123rd Streets Historic District a NRHP historic district 81 Metropolitan Baptist Church a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 100 81 Minton s Playhouse a NRHP listed site 81 Morningside Park a New York City scenic landmark 101 Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church a New York City landmark 102 Mount Morris Park Historic District a New York City landmark district 103 Mount Olive Fire Baptized Holiness Church a New York City landmark 104 New York Public Library 115th Street Branch a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 105 81 Regent Theatre a New York City landmark 106 Schomburg Collection for Research in Black Culture a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 107 81 St Aloysius Roman Catholic Church a New York City landmark 108 St Andrew s Church a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 109 81 St Philip s Protestant Episcopal Church a New York City landmark 110 St Martin s Episcopal Church formerly Trinity Church a New York City landmark 111 St Nicholas Historic District a New York City landmark district 112 St Paul s German Evangelical Lutheran Church a New York City landmark 113 Wadleigh High School for Girls a New York City landmark 114 Washington Apartments a New York City landmark 115 Other points of interest Edit Other prominent points of interest include Adam Clayton Powell Jr State Office Building All Saints Church ATLAH World Missionary Church Bushman Steps stairway that led baseball fans from the subway to The Polo Grounds ticket booth 116 Cotton Club Duke Ellington Circle Frederick Douglass Circle Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts Harlem Children s Zone Harlem Hospital Center The Harlem School of the Arts Lenox Lounge Marcus Garvey Park Harlem Fire Watchtower a New York City landmark and NRHP listed site 117 81 Morningside Park National Black Theatre New York College of Podiatric Medicine Red Rooster Rucker Park Savoy Ballroom St Nicholas Houses Studio Museum in Harlem Sylvia s Soul Food Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine New York Amsterdam NewsDemographics EditThe demographics of Harlem s communities have changed throughout its history In 1910 black residents formed 10 of Harlem s population but by 1930 they had become a 70 majority 7 The period between 1910 and 1930 was marked by the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to northern cities including New York Within the city this era also witnessed an influx of black residents from downtown Manhattan neighborhoods where blacks were feeling less welcome to the Harlem area 7 The black population in Harlem peaked in 1950 with a 98 share of the population of 233 000 As of 2000 central Harlem s black residents comprised 77 of the total population of that area however the black population has recently declined as many African Americans move out and more immigrants move in 118 As of 2021 central Harlem s black residents comprises 44 of the total population area estimating 56 668 black residents 119 In that regard there are an estimated 18 23 182 White 0 Native 4 5 151 Asian 0 Islander 6 7 727 of two or more races 27 34 773 Hispanics and 2 2 575 Other Harlem suffers from unemployment rates generally more than twice the citywide average as well as high poverty rates 120 and the numbers for men have been consistently worse than the numbers for women Private and governmental initiatives to ameliorate unemployment and poverty have not been successful During the Great Depression unemployment in Harlem went past 20 and people were being evicted from their homes 121 At the same time the federal government developed and instituted the redlining policy This policy rated neighborhoods such as Central Harlem as unappealing based on the race ethnicity and national origins of the residents 3 Central Harlem was deemed hazardous and residents living in Central Harlem were refused home loans or other investments 3 Comparably wealthy and white residents in New York City neighborhoods were approved more often for housing loans and investment applications 3 Overall they were given preferential treatment by city and state institutions In the 1960s uneducated blacks could find jobs more easily than educated ones could confounding efforts to improve the lives of people who lived in the neighborhood through education 3 Land owners took advantage of the neighborhood and offered apartments to the lower class families for cheaper rent but in lower class conditions 122 By 1999 there were 179 000 housing units available in Harlem 123 Housing activists in Harlem state that even after residents were given vouchers for the Section 8 housing that was being placed many were not able to live there and had to find homes elsewhere or become homeless 123 These policies are examples of societal racism also known as structural racism As public health leaders have named structural racism as a key social determinant of health disparities between racial and ethnic minorities 124 these 20th century policies have contributed to the current population health disparities between Central Harlem and other New York City neighborhoods 3 Central Harlem Edit For census purposes the New York City government classifies Central Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas Central Harlem North and Central Harlem South divided by 126th street 125 Based on data from the 2010 United States Census the population of Central Harlem was 118 665 a change of 9 574 8 1 from the 109 091 counted in 2000 Covering an area of 926 05 acres 374 76 ha the neighborhood had a population density of 128 1 inhabitants per acre 82 000 sq mi 31 700 km2 126 The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9 5 11 322 White 63 74 735 African American 0 3 367 Native American 2 4 2 839 Asian 0 46 Pacific Islander 0 3 372 from other races and 2 2 2 651 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 2 26 333 of the population Harlem s Black population was more concentrated in Central Harlem North and its White population more concentrated in Central Harlem South while the Hispanic Latino population was evenly split 127 The most significant shifts in the racial composition of Central Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the White population s increase by 402 9 067 the Hispanic Latino population s increase by 43 7 982 and the Black population s decrease by 11 9 544 While the growth of the Hispanic Latino was predominantly in Central Harlem North the decrease in the Black population was slightly greater in Central Harlem South and the drastic increase in the White population was split evenly across the two census tabulation areas Meanwhile the Asian population grew by 211 1 927 but remained a small minority and the small population of all other races increased by 4 142 128 The entirety of Community District 10 which comprises Central Harlem had 116 345 inhabitants as of NYC Health s 2018 Community Health Profile with an average life expectancy of 76 2 years 3 2 20 This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81 2 for all New York City neighborhoods 129 53 PDF p 84 Most inhabitants are children and middle aged adults 21 are between the ages of 0 17 while 35 are between 25 and 44 and 24 between 45 and 64 The ratio of college aged and elderly residents was lower at 10 and 11 respectively 3 2 As of 2017 the median household income in Community District 10 was 49 059 4 In 2018 an estimated 21 of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty compared to 14 in all of Manhattan and 20 in all of New York City Around 12 of residents were unemployed compared to 7 in Manhattan and 9 in New York City Rent burden or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent is 48 in Community District 10 compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45 and 51 respectively Based on this calculation as of 2018 update Community District 10 is considered to be gentrifying according to the Community Health Profile the district was low income in 1990 and has seen above median rent growth up to 2010 3 7 Other sections Edit In 2010 the population of West Harlem was 110 193 130 West Harlem consisting of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights is predominately Hispanic Latino while African Americans make up about a quarter of the West Harlem population 9 In 2010 the population of East Harlem was 120 000 131 East Harlem originally formed as a predominantly Italian American neighborhood 132 The area began its transition from Italian Harlem to Spanish Harlem when Puerto Rican migration began after World War II 133 though in recent decades many Dominican Mexican and Salvadoran immigrants have also settled in East Harlem 134 East Harlem is now predominantly Hispanic Latino with a significant African American presence 133 2020 Census Edit In the 2020 census Harlem s demographics were broken up into North Harlem South Harlem Hamilton Heights West Harlem and Morningside Heights North Harlem had 40 000 Black residents being the largest concentration of the black population of the Harlem area 20 000 to 29 999 Hispanic residents 5 000 to 9 999 White residents and less than 5000 Asian residents South Harlem had 20 000 to 29 999 Black residents 5 000 to 9 999 Hispanic residents 10 000 to 19 999 White residents and fewer than 5 000 Asian residents Hamilton Heights had 10 000 to 19 999 Black residents 20 000 to 29 999 Hispanic residents being the largest population group in this section 5 000 to 9 999 White residents and fewer than 5 000 Asian residents West Harlem had an equal number of Black and Hispanic residents with each of their population at 5 000 to 9 999 residents and each the White and Asian population were fewer than 5 000 residents Morningside Heights had and equal amount of Black and Hispanic residents with each of their population at 5 000 to 9 999 residents 10 000 to 19 999 White residents and 5 000 to 9 999 Asian residents the only section of Harlem to have a significant concentration of Asian residents 135 Police and crime Edit NYPD Police Service Area 6 which serves NYCHA developments in greater Harlem Central Harlem is patrolled by two precincts of the New York City Police Department NYPD 136 Central Harlem North is covered by the 32nd Precinct located at 250 West 135th Street 137 while Central Harlem South is patrolled by the 28th Precinct located at 2271 2289 Eighth Avenue 138 The 28th Precinct has a lower crime rate than it did in the 1990s with crimes across all categories having decreased by 72 2 between 1990 and 2021 The precinct reported 2 murders 9 rapes 172 robberies 245 felony assaults 153 burglaries 384 grand larcenies and 52 grand larcenies auto in 2021 139 Of the five major violent felonies murder rape felony assault robbery and burglary the 28th Precinct had a rate of 1 125 crimes per 100 000 residents in 2019 compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100 000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100 000 140 141 142 The crime rate in the 32nd Precinct has also decreased since the 1990s with crimes across all categories having decreased by 71 4 between 1990 and 2021 The precinct reported 16 murders 18 rapes 183 robberies 519 felony assaults 168 burglaries 320 grand larcenies and 54 grand larcenies auto in 2021 143 Of the five major violent felonies murder rape felony assault robbery and burglary the 32nd Precinct had a rate of 1 042 crimes per 100 000 residents in 2019 compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100 000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100 000 140 141 142 As of 2018 update Community District 10 has a non fatal assault hospitalization rate of 116 per 100 000 people compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100 000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100 000 Its incarceration rate is 1 347 per 100 000 people the second highest in the city compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100 000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100 000 3 8 Crime trends Edit Main article Crime in Harlem Police hit a man on the ground with batons during the Harlem riot of 1964 In the early 20th century Harlem was a stronghold of the Sicilian Mafia other Italian organized crime groups and later the Italian American Mafia As the ethnic composition of the neighborhood changed black criminals began to organize themselves similarly However rather than compete with the established mobs gangs concentrated on the policy racket also called the numbers game or bolita in East Harlem This was a gambling scheme similar to a lottery that could be played illegally from countless locations around Harlem According to Francis Ianni By 1925 there were thirty black policy banks in Harlem several of them large enough to collect bets in an area of twenty city blocks and across three or four avenues 144 By the early 1950s the total money at play amounted to billions of dollars and the police force had been thoroughly corrupted by bribes from numbers bosses 145 These bosses became financial powerhouses providing capital for loans for those who could not qualify for them from traditional financial institutions and investing in legitimate businesses and real estate One of the powerful early numbers bosses was a woman Madame Stephanie St Clair who fought gun battles with mobster Dutch Schultz over control of the lucrative trade 146 The popularity of playing the numbers waned with the introduction of the state lottery which is legal but has lower payouts and has taxes collected on winnings 147 The practice continues on a smaller scale among those who prefer the numbers tradition or who prefer to trust their local numbers bank to the state Statistics from 1940 show about 100 murders per year in Harlem but rape is very rare 148 By 1950 many whites had left Harlem and by 1960 much of the black middle class had departed At the same time control of organized crime shifted from Italian syndicates to local black Puerto Rican and Cuban groups that were somewhat less formally organized 144 At the time of the 1964 riots the drug addiction rate in Harlem was ten times higher than the New York City average and twelve times higher than the United States as a whole Of the 30 000 drug addicts then estimated to live in New York City 15 000 to 20 000 lived in Harlem Property crime was pervasive and the murder rate was six times higher than New York s average Half of the children in Harlem grew up with one parent or none and lack of supervision contributed to juvenile delinquency between 1953 and 1962 the crime rate among young people increased throughout New York City but was consistently 50 higher in Harlem than in New York City as a whole 149 Injecting heroin grew in popularity in Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s though the use of this drug then leveled off In the 1980s use of crack cocaine became widespread which produced collateral crime as addicts stole to finance their purchasing of additional drugs and as dealers fought for the right to sell in particular regions or over deals gone bad 150 With the end of the crack wars in the mid 1990s and with the initiation of aggressive policing under mayors David Dinkins and his successor Rudy Giuliani crime in Harlem plummeted Compared to in 1981 when 6 500 robberies were reported in Harlem reports of robberies dropped to 4 800 in 1990 to 1 700 in 2000 and to 1 100 in 2010 151 Within the 28th and 32nd precincts there have been similar changes in all categories of crimes tracked by the NYPD 137 138 Despite reductions versus historic highs Harlem continues to have a high rate of violent crime and one of the highest rates of violent crime in New York City 140 This crime is largely correlated with high concentrations of poverty Illicit activities such as theft robbery drug trafficking prostitution are prevalent Criminal organizations like street gangs are responsible for many of the murders and shootings in the neighborhood Gangs Edit There are many gangs in Harlem often based in housing projects when one gang member is killed by another gang revenge violence erupts which can last for years 152 In addition the East Harlem Purple Gang of the 1970s which operated in East Harlem and surroundings was an Italian American group of hitmen and heroin dealers 153 Harlem and its gangsters have a strong link to hip hop rap and R amp B culture in the United States and many successful rappers in the music industry came from gangs in Harlem 154 Gangster rap which has its origins in the late 1980s often has lyrics that are misogynistic or that glamorize violence glamorizing guns drugs and easy women in Harlem and New York City 155 154 Fire safety Edit The Quarters of FDNY Engine Company 59 Ladder Company 30 Central Harlem is served by four New York City Fire Department FDNY fire stations 156 Engine Company 37 Ladder Company 40 415 West 125th Street 157 Engine Company 58 Ladder Company 26 1367 5th Avenue 158 Engine Company 59 Ladder Company 30 111 West 133rd Street 159 Engine Company 69 Ladder Company 28 Battalion 16 248 West 143rd Street 160 Five additional firehouses are located in West and East Harlem West Harlem contains Engine Company 47 and Engine Company 80 Ladder Company 23 while East Harlem contains Engine Company 35 Ladder Company 14 Battalion 12 Engine Company 53 Ladder Company 43 and Engine Company 91 156 Health EditAs of 2018 update preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Central Harlem than in other places citywide In Central Harlem there were 103 preterm births per 1 000 live births compared to 87 per 1 000 citywide and 23 births to teenage mothers per 1 000 live births compared to 19 3 per 1 000 citywide though the teenage birth rate is based on a small sample size 3 11 Central Harlem has a low population of residents who are uninsured In 2018 this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 8 less than the citywide rate of 12 3 14 The concentration of fine particulate matter the deadliest type of air pollutant in Central Harlem is 0 0079 milligrams per cubic metre 7 9 10 9 oz cu ft slightly more than the city average 3 9 Ten percent of Central Harlem residents are smokers which is less than the city average of 14 of residents being smokers 3 13 In Central Harlem 34 of residents are obese 12 are diabetic and 35 have high blood pressure the highest rates in the city compared to the citywide averages of 24 11 and 28 respectively 3 16 In addition 21 of children are obese compared to the citywide average of 20 3 12 Eighty four percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day which is less than the city s average of 87 In 2018 79 of residents described their health as good very good or excellent more than the city s average of 78 3 13 For every supermarket in Central Harlem there are 11 bodegas 3 10 The nearest major hospital is NYC Health Hospitals Harlem in north central Harlem 161 162 Social factors Edit The population health of Central Harlem is closely linked to influential social factors on health also known as social determinants of health and the impact of structural racism on the neighborhood The impact of discriminatory policies such as redlining have contributed to residents bearing worse health outcomes in comparison to the average New York city resident This applies to life expectancy poverty rates environmental neighborhood health housing quality and childhood and adult asthma rates Additionally the health of Central Harlem residents are linked to their experience of racism 163 164 Public health and scientific research studies have found evidence that experiencing racism creates and exacerbates chronic stress that can contribute to major causes of death particularly for African American and Hispanic populations in the United States like cardiovascular diseases 164 165 166 167 Certain health disparities between Central Harlem and the rest of New York City can be attributed to avoidable causes such as substandard housing quality poverty and law enforcement violence all of which are issues identified by the American Public Health Association as key social determinants of health These deaths that can be attributed to avoidable causes are known as avertable deaths of excess mortality in public health 168 Health problems Edit Health and housing conditions EditAccess to affordable housing and employment opportunities with fair wages and benefits are closely associated with good health 169 Public health leaders have shown that inadequate housing qualities is linked to poor health 170 As Central Harlem also bears the effects of racial segregation public health researchers claim that racial segregation is also linked to substandard housing and exposure to pollutants and toxins These associations have been documented to increase individual risk of chronic diseases and adverse birth outcomes 124 Historical income segregation via redlining also positions residents to be more exposed to risks that contribute to adverse mental health status inadequate access to healthy foods asthma triggers and lead exposure 170 169 Drew Hamilton Houses a large low income NYCHA housing project in Central Harlem Asthma Edit Asthma is more common in children and adults in Central Harlem compared to other New York City neighborhoods 171 The factors that can increase risk of childhood and adult asthma are associated with substandard housing conditions 172 Substandard housing conditions are water leaks cracks and holes inadequate heating presence of mice or rats peeling paint and can include the presence of mold moisture dust mites 173 In 2014 Central Harlem tracked worse in regards to home maintenance conditions compared to the average rates Manhattan and New York City Twenty percent of homes had cracks or holes 21 had leaks and 19 had three or more maintenance deficiencies 171 Adequate housing is defined as housing that is free from heating breakdowns cracks holes peeling paint and other defects Housing conditions in Central Harlem reveal that only 37 of its renter occupied homes were adequately maintained by landlords in 2014 Meanwhile 25 of Central Harlem households and 27 of adults reported seeing cockroaches a potential trigger for asthma a rate higher than the city average Neighborhood conditions are also indicators of population in 2014 Central Harlem had 32 per 100 000 people hospitalized due to pedestrian injuries higher than Manhattan s and the city s average 171 The environment also factors into the health of the people of Central Harlem with the neighborhood being found to have levels of fine particulate matter PM2 5 at 7 9 micrograms per cubic meter compared to all of NYC at 7 5 micrograms per cubic meter Poorer neighborhoods have some of the highest levels of air pollution in the city Adults with asthma emergencies experiencing high rates of poverty visit the emergency department at rates nearly 5 times higher than those neighborhoods with lower levels of poverty Nearly 3 in 4 deaths related to PM2 5 occurs in adults 65 years or older The attribution of premature adult mortality rate to exposure of PM2 5 experiencing 77 4 117 7 deaths per 100 000 people 174 Additionally poverty levels can indicate one s risk of vulnerability to asthma In 2016 Central Harlem saw 565 children aged 5 17 years old per 10 000 residents visiting emergency departments for Asthma emergencies over twice both Manhattan s and the citywide rates The rate of childhood asthma hospitalization in 2016 was more than twice that of Manhattan and New York City with 62 hospitalizations per 10 000 residents 171 Rates of adult hospitalization due to asthma in Central Harlem trends higher in comparison to other neighborhoods In 2016 270 adults per 10 000 residents visited the emergency department due to asthma close to three times the average rates of both Manhattan and New York City 171 Other health problems Edit Health outcomes for men have generally been worse than those of women Infant mortality was 124 per thousand in 1928 meaning that 12 4 of infants would die 175 By 1940 infant mortality in Harlem was 5 and the death rate from disease generally was twice that of the rest of New York Tuberculosis was the main killer and four times as prevalent among Harlem citizens than among the rest of New York s population 175 A 1990 study of life expectancy of teenagers in Harlem reported that 15 year old girls in Harlem had a 65 chance of surviving to the age of 65 about the same as women in Pakistan Fifteen year old men in Harlem on the other hand had a 37 chance of surviving to 65 about the same as men in Angola for men the survival rate beyond the age of 40 was lower in Harlem than Bangladesh 176 Infectious diseases and diseases of the circulatory system were to blame with a variety of contributing factors including consumption of the deep fried foods traditional to the South which may contribute to heart disease Post offices and ZIP Codes EditHarlem is located within five primary ZIP Codes From south to north they are 10026 from 110th to 120th Streets 10027 from 120th to 133rd Streets 10037 east of Lenox Avenue and north of 130th Street 10030 west of Lenox Avenue from 133rd to 145th Streets and 10039 from 145th to 155th Streets Harlem also includes parts of ZIP Codes 10031 10032 and 10035 177 The United States Postal Service operates five post offices in Harlem Morningside Station 232 West 116th Street 178 Manhattanville Station and Morningside Annex 365 West 125th Street 179 College Station 217 West 140th Street 180 Colonial Park Station 99 Macombs Place 181 Lincoln Station 2266 5th Avenue 182 Education EditMain article Education in Harlem Central Harlem generally has a similar rate of college educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018 update While 42 of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher 19 have less than a high school education and 39 are high school graduates or have some college education By contrast 64 of Manhattan residents and 43 of city residents have a college education or higher 3 6 The percentage of Central Harlem students excelling in math rose from 21 in 2000 to 48 in 2011 and reading achievement increased from 29 to 37 during the same time period 183 Central Harlem s rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City In Central Harlem 25 of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year more than the citywide average of 20 129 24 PDF p 55 3 6 Additionally 64 of high school students in Central Harlem graduate on time less than the citywide average of 75 3 6 Schools Edit The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in Central Harlem 184 PS 76 A Phillip Randolph grades PK 8 185 PS 92 Mary Mcleod Bethune grades PK 5 186 PS 123 Mahalia Jackson grades PK 8 187 PS 149 Sojourner Truth grades PK 8 188 PS 154 Harriet Tubman grades PK 5 189 PS 175 Henry H Garnet grades PK 5 190 PS 185 the Early Childhood Discovery and Design Magnet School grades PK 2 191 PS 194 Countee Cullen grades PK 5 192 PS 197 John B Russwurm grades PK 5 193 PS 200 The James Mccune Smith School grades PK 5 194 PS 242 The Young Diplomats Magnet School grades PK 5 195 Stem Institute of Manhattan grades K 5 196 Thurgood Marshall Academy Lower School grades K 5 197 The following middle and high schools are located in Central Harlem 184 Frederick Douglass Academy grades 6 12 198 Frederick Douglass Academy II Secondary School grades 6 12 199 Mott Hall High School grades 9 12 200 Thurgood Marshall Academy For Learning And Social Change grades 6 12 201 Wadleigh Secondary School for the Performing and Visual Arts grades 6 12 202 Harlem has a high rate of charter school enrollment a fifth of students were enrolled in charter schools in 2010 203 By 2017 that proportion had increased to 36 about the same that attended their zoned public schools Another 20 of Harlem students were enrolled in public schools elsewhere 204 Higher education Edit The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy New York College of Podiatric Medicine City College of New York and Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine in addition to a branch of College of New Rochelle are all located in Harlem The Morningside Heights and Manhattanville campuses of Columbia University are located just west of Harlem Libraries Edit New York Public Library Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture The New York Public Library NYPL operates four circulating branches and one research branch in Harlem as well as several others in adjacent neighborhoods The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture a research branch is located at 515 Malcolm X Boulevard It is housed in a Carnegie library structure that opened in 1905 though the branch itself was established in 1925 based on a collection from its namesake Arturo Alfonso Schomburg The Schomburg Center is a National Historic Landmark as well as a city designated landmark and a National Register of Historic Places NRHP listed site 205 The Countee Cullen branch is located at 104 West 136th Street It was originally housed in the building now occupied by the Schomburg Center The current structure in 1941 is an annex of the Schomburg building 206 The Harry Belafonte 115th Street branch is located at 203 West 115th Street The three story Carnegie library built in 1908 is both a city designated landmark and an NRHP listed site It was renamed for the entertainer and Harlem resident Harry Belafonte in 2017 207 The Harlem branch is located at 9 West 124th Street It is one of the oldest libraries in the NYPL system having operated in Harlem since 1826 The current three story Carnegie library building was built in 1909 and renovated in 2004 208 The Macomb s Bridge branch is located at 2633 Adam Clayton Powell Jr Boulevard The branch opened in 1955 at 2650 Adam Clayton Powell Jr Boulevard inside the Harlem River Houses and was the smallest NYPL branch at 685 square feet 63 6 m2 In January 2020 the branch moved across the street to a larger space 209 Other nearby branches include the 125th Street and Aguilar branches in East Harlem the Morningside Heights branch in Morningside Heights and the George Bruce and Hamilton Grange branches in western Harlem 210 Transportation EditBridges Edit Bridges spanning the Harlem River between Harlem to the left and the Bronx to the right Harlem 125th Street station on the Metro North Railroad The Harlem River separates the Bronx and Manhattan necessitating several spans between the two New York City boroughs Five free bridges connect Harlem and the Bronx the Willis Avenue Bridge for northbound traffic only Third Avenue Bridge for southbound traffic only Madison Avenue Bridge 145th Street Bridge and Macombs Dam Bridge In East Harlem the Wards Island Bridge also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge connects Manhattan with Wards Island The Triborough Bridge is a complex of three separate bridges that offers connections between Queens East Harlem and the Bronx 211 Public transportation Edit Public transportation service is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority This includes the New York City Subway and MTA Regional Bus Operations Some Bronx local routes also serve Manhattan providing customers with access between both boroughs 212 213 Metro North Railroad has a commuter rail station at Harlem 125th Street serving trains to the Lower Hudson Valley and Connecticut 214 Subway Edit Harlem is served by the following subway lines IRT Lenox Avenue Line 2 and 3 trains between Central Park North 110th Street and Harlem 148th Street 215 IND Eighth Avenue Line A B C and D trains between Cathedral Parkway 110th Street and 155th Street 215 IND Concourse Line B and D trains at 155th Street 215 In addition several other lines stop nearby IRT Broadway Seventh Avenue Line 1 train between Cathedral Parkway 110th Street and 145th Street serving western Harlem 215 IRT Lexington Avenue Line 4 5 6 and lt 6 gt trains between 96th Street and 125th Street serving East Harlem 215 Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway is also planned to serve East Harlem with stops at 106th Street 116th Street and Harlem 125th Street 216 217 Bus Edit Harlem is served by numerous local bus routes operated by MTA Regional Bus Operations 213 Bx6 and Bx6 SBS along 155th Street Bx19 along 145th Street Bx33 along 135th Street M1 along Fifth Madison Avenues M2 along Seventh Avenue Central Park North and Fifth Madison Avenues M3 along Manhattan Avenue Central Park North and Fifth Madison Avenues M4 along Broadway Central Park North and Fifth Madison Avenues M60 SBS M100 M101 and Bx15 along 125th Street M7 and M102 along Lenox Avenue and 116th Street M10 along Frederick Douglass Boulevard M116 along 116th StreetRoutes that run near Harlem but do not stop in the neighborhood include 213 M5 along Riverside Drive M11 along Amsterdam Avenue M35 via Triborough Bridge M98 and M103 along Third Lexington Avenues M104 along BroadwaySee also EditList of films shot in Harlem List of people from HarlemPortals United States New York CityReferences Edit a b c NYC Planning Community Profiles communityprofiles planning nyc gov New York City Department of City Planning Retrieved March 18 2019 a b Gill 2011 p 33 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Central Harlem PDF nyc gov NYC Health 2018 Retrieved March 2 2019 a b NYC Manhattan Community District 10 Central Harlem PUMA NY Retrieved July 17 2018 Pierce Carl Horton et al New Harlem Past and Present the Story of an Amazing Civic Wrong Now at Last to be Righted New York New Harlem Pub Co 1903 Harlem History Harlemworldmag com January 26 1934 Archived from the original on December 13 2012 Retrieved February 2 2013 a b c Roberts Sam January 5 2010 No Longer Majority Black Harlem Is in Transition The New York Times Retrieved October 2 2016 a b c d Manhattan CD 10 Profile PDF Archived from the original PDF on August 25 2014 Retrieved May 28 2014 a b c Manhattan CD 9 Profile PDF Archived from the original PDF on September 28 2013 Retrieved May 28 2014 a b Manhattan CD 11 Profile PDF Archived from the original PDF on September 28 2013 Retrieved May 28 2014 Harlem Location History amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica April 25 2019 Retrieved June 7 2019 Jackson Kenneth T ed 2010 The Encyclopedia of New York City 2nd ed New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 11465 2 SoHa in Harlem The Misguided Madness of Neighborhood Rebranding The New York Times July 6 2017 SoHa Is a Renaissance Few in Harlem Want The Wall Street Journal July 1 2017 SoHa Rebranding Effort In South Harlem Stirs Outrage CBS New York June 26 2017 Attempt to Rebrand Harlem as SoHa Leaves Residents Fuming U S News amp World Report New York AP May 25 2017 a b c d Etherington Cait July 10 2017 From NoLiTa to SoHa The practice and controversy of rebranding NYC neighborhoods 6sqft com Congressional District 13 Archived March 3 2020 at the Wayback Machine New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment Accessed May 5 2017 New York City Congressional Districts Archived February 24 2021 at the Wayback Machine New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment Accessed May 5 2017 Senate District 30 Archived August 7 2020 at the Wayback Machine New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment Accessed May 5 2017 2012 Senate District Maps New York City Archived February 24 2021 at the Wayback Machine New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment Accessed November 17 2018 Assembly District 68 Archived August 3 2019 at the Wayback Machine New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment Accessed May 5 2017 Assembly District 70 Archived August 2 2019 at the Wayback Machine New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment Accessed May 5 2017 2012 Assembly District Maps New York City Archived February 25 2021 at the Wayback Machine New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment Accessed November 17 2018 Current City Council Districts for New York County Archived December 3 2020 at the Wayback Machine New York City Accessed May 5 2017 Ellis Edward Robb 1966 The Epic of New York City Old Town Books p 52 Gill 2011 p 6 Riker James 1904 Harlem Its Origins and Early Annals Elizabeth New Jersey New Harlem Publishing Company Harlem in the Old Times PDF The New York Times January 11 1880 Retrieved December 30 2012 a b To Live In Harlem Frank Hercules National Geographic February 1977 p 178 Gill 2011 p 61 Harlem the Village That Became a Ghetto Martin Duberman in New York N Y An American Heritage History of the Nation s Greatest City 1968 Gill 2011 pp 100 amp 109 Gill 2011 p 86 The Growth and Decline of Harlem s Housing Thorin Tritter Afro Americans in New York Life and History January 31 1998 Gill 2011 pp 175 amp 210 The Making of Harlem Archived June 15 2006 at the Wayback Machine James Weldon Johnson The Survey Graphic March 1925 Gotham Gazette 2008 Archived January 17 2012 at the Wayback Machine 118 000 Negroes Move From The South The New York World November 5 1917 a b c Harlem s Shifting Population Gotham Gazette The Citizens Union Foundation August 27 2008 Archived from the original on February 12 2010 Retrieved June 9 2011 Killens amp Halstead 1966 p 27 A Landmark Struggle Lisa Davis Preservation Online November 21 2003 Archived February 4 2008 at the Wayback Machine East Harlem s History Archived September 4 2019 at the Wayback Machine New Directions A 197 A Plan for Manhattan Community district 11 Revised 1999 Pinkney amp Woock Poverty and Politics in Harlem 1970 p 33 Killens amp Halstead 1966 p 104 Harlem Losing Ground as Negro Area New York Herald Tribune April 6 1952 Powell Michael Harlem s New Rush Booming Real Estate Archived April 10 2005 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post March 13 2005 Accessed May 18 2007 The transformation of this historic capital of Black America has taken an amphetamined step or three beyond a Starbucks a Body Shop and former president Bill Clinton taking an office on 125th Street Brooks Charles Harlemworld Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America nonfiction reviews book review Black Issues Book Review March April 2002 Accessed May 18 2007 There s a mystique that surrounds Harlem with its rich historical tradition literature music dance politics and social activism Consequently Harlem is referred to as the Black Mecca the capital of black America and arguably the most recognized black community in the country Harlem s Dreams Have Died in Last Decade Leaders Say The New York Times March 1 1978 p A1 Stern Fishman amp Tilove New York 2000 2006 p 1016 a b Census trends Young white Harlem newcomers aren t always welcomed Archived June 22 2012 at the Wayback Machine New York Daily News December 26 2010 Stern Fishman amp Tilove New York 2000 2006 p 1013 New boy in the hood The Observer August 5 2001 Archived February 27 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Economic Redevelopment of Harlem PhD Thesis of Eldad Gothelf submitted to Columbia University in May 2004 Jim Williams Need for Harlem Theater in Harlem A Community in Transition 1964 p 158 Pfeffer Murray L My Harlem Reverie The Big Bands Database Archived from the original on March 31 2010 Retrieved October 2 2016 Freeland David 2009 Automats Taxi Dances and Vaudeville Excavating Manhattan s Lost Places of Leisure NYU Press p 155 ISBN 978 0 8147 2763 8 Saxman Finds Place For Jazz History Video New York City News Service December 18 2008 Archived from the original on December 11 2021 Retrieved December 6 2013 Jam Streets as Macbeth Opens The New York Times April 15 1936 Gatehouse Ushers in a Second 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Cupcakes Catering Cuzin s And More All Under The Arch In Harlem Harlem World Magazine September 30 2021 Retrieved January 29 2022 Uptown Night Market Opens Its Doors For A Strong Harlem Week 2021 Harlem World Magazine August 4 2021 Retrieved January 29 2022 Staff September 24 2015 Meryl Streep plays violin in Music of the Heart The Strad Rabinowitz Chloe April 20 2022 The Apollo Theater ACO amp NBT to Present THE GATHERING A COLLECTIVE SONIC RING SHOUT BroadwayWorld com Escobar Christine July 23 2021 EVENTS Violinist Creates New Music Fest to Showcase BBIPOC artists Represent Classical Jacobs Jessie February 2 2022 He followed his passion for classical music from Harlem to Colorado Colorado Public Radio CPR Classical Scott William B Rutkoff Peter M August 14 2001 New York Modern The Arts and the City JHU Press ISBN 9780801867934 via Google Books Valerio John August 1 2016 How to Play Solo Jazz Piano Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 9781495073663 via Google Books Sorene Paul April 26 2017 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Preservation Commission July 26 1994 Retrieved December 9 2019 Washington Apartments PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission March 8 1994 Retrieved December 9 2019 Bushman Steps NYC Parks website highlights Watch Tower PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission July 12 1967 Retrieved September 16 2020 Nyc gov Archived March 17 2013 at the Wayback Machine Census profile NYC Manhattan Community District 10 Central Harlem PUMA NY Census Reporter Retrieved March 22 2023 Pinkney Alphonso Woock Roger R 1970 Poverty and Politics in Harlem Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers Incorporated p 31 ISBN 978 0 8084 0249 7 Retrieved March 21 2019 Taylor Nick Great Depression 1930 s News The New York Times Retrieved March 21 2019 Shumsky N L 1999 Harlem Encyclopedia of urban America the cities and suburbs A L ABC ClIO ISBN 978 0 87436 846 8 Retrieved March 21 2019 a b Hyra Derek S 2008 The New Urban Renewal The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville University of Chicago Press p 103 ISBN 978 0 226 36604 3 Retrieved March 21 2019 a b Bailey Zinzi D Krieger Nancy Agenor Madina Graves Jasmine Linos Natalia Bassett Mary T April 8 2017 Structural racism and health inequities in the USA evidence and interventions The Lancet 389 10077 1453 1463 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 17 30569 X ISSN 0140 6736 PMID 28402827 S2CID 4669313 New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas 2010 Archived November 29 2018 at the Wayback Machine Population Division New York City Department of City Planning February 2012 Accessed June 16 2016 Table PL P5 NTA Total Population and Persons Per Acre New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas 2010 Archived June 10 2016 at the Wayback Machine Population Division New York City Department of City Planning February 2012 Accessed June 16 2016 Table PL P3A NTA Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas 2010 Archived June 10 2016 at the Wayback Machine Population Division New York City 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Precinct and Sector NYPD www nyc gov Retrieved March 3 2019 a b NYPD 28th Precinct www nyc gov New York City Police Department Retrieved October 3 2016 a b NYPD 32nd Precinct www nyc gov New York City Police Department Retrieved October 3 2016 28th Precinct CompStat Report PDF www nyc gov New York City Police Department Retrieved March 14 2020 a b c NYC Crime Map www nyc gov New York City Police Department Retrieved March 23 2020 a b Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000 2019 PDF www nyc gov New York Police Department Retrieved March 23 2020 a b Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses by Precinct 2000 2019 PDF www nyc gov New York Police Department Retrieved March 23 2020 32nd Precinct CompStat Report PDF www nyc gov New York City Police Department Retrieved March 14 2020 a b Francis A J Ianni Black Mafia 1974 Inside Story of Numbers Racket Amsterdam News August 21 1954 Cook Fred J The Black Mafia Moves Into the Numbers Racket Archived December 9 2017 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times April 4 1971 Accessed December 28 2016 In those days Madame Stephanie St Clair became known as the Policy Queen of Harlem Once Dutch Schultz discovered this potential gold mine he moved in gang guns blazing Madame St Claire who survived to become a big property owner and business woman in Harlem fought Schultz from 1931 to 1935 Wilson Michael Relics of the Bygone and the Illegal Archived December 29 2016 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times March 22 2013 Accessed December 28 2016 Several years later with the state lottery offering a similar game runners and numbers bankers openly protested in Manhattan They feared the legal game would wipe out the rackets and their jobs They were for the most part right The few numbers joints that survive do so in part because the payouts are often better than the lottery the police said 244 000 Native Sons Look Magazine May 21 1940 p 8 Poverty and Politics in Harlem Alphonso Pinkney amp Roger Woock College amp University Press Services Inc 1970 p 33 Harlem Speaks A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance Wintz Cary How New York Cut Crime Reform Magazine Autumn 2002 p 11 Archived March 8 2008 at the Wayback Machine Buettner Russ April 4 2013 63 Gang Members Indicted in East Harlem Shootings The New York Times Retrieved June 15 2013 New York Magazine Newyorkmetro com New York Media LLC 12 19 44 May 7 1979 ISSN 0028 7369 a b Adjaye Joseph K Andrews Adrianne R 1997 Language Rhythm and Sound Black Popular Cultures Into the Twenty First Century University of Pittsburgh Pre p 135 ISBN 978 0 8229 7177 1 Retrieved June 14 2013 Ray Michael 2013 Alternative Country Hip Hop Rap and More Music from the 1980s to Today The Rosen Publishing Group p 78 ISBN 978 1 61530 910 8 Retrieved June 14 2013 a b FDNY Firehouse Listing Location of Firehouses and companies NYC Open Data Socrata New York City Fire Department September 10 2018 Retrieved March 14 2019 Engine Company 37 Ladder Company 40 FDNYtrucks com Retrieved March 14 2019 Engine Company 58 Ladder Company 26 FDNYtrucks com Retrieved March 14 2019 Engine Company 59 Ladder Company 30 FDNYtrucks com Retrieved March 14 2019 Engine Company 69 Ladder Company 28 Battalion 16 FDNYtrucks com Retrieved March 14 2019 Manhattan Hospital Listings New York Hospitals Retrieved March 20 2019 Best Hospitals in New York N Y U S News amp World Report July 26 2011 Retrieved March 20 2019 Hinterland K Naidoo M King L Lewin V Myerson G Noumbissi B Woodward M Gould LH Gwynn RC Barbot O Bassett MT Community Health Profiles 2018 Manhattan Community District 10 Central Harlem 2018 10 59 1 20 a b Paradies Yin Ben Jehonathan Denson Nida Elias Amanuel Priest Naomi Pieterse Alex Gupta Arpana Kelaher Margaret Gee Gilbert September 23 2015 Racism as a Determinant of Health A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis PLOS ONE 10 9 e0138511 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1038511P doi 10 1371 journal pone 0138511 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4580597 PMID 26398658 CDC September 27 2019 From the CDC Leading Causes of Death Non Hispanic Black Males 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved October 27 2019 CDC September 27 2019 From the CDC Leading Causes of Death Hispanic Males 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved October 27 2019 CDC September 27 2019 From the CDC Leading Causes of Death by Age Group All Females US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved October 27 2019 Housing and Homelessness as a Public Health Issue www apha org Retrieved October 27 2019 Reducing Income Inequality to Advance Health www apha org Retrieved October 27 2019 Addressing Law Enforcement Violence as a Public Health Issue www apha org Retrieved October 27 2019 a b Bashir Samiya A May 2002 Home is where the harm is inadequate housing as a public health crisis American Journal of Public Health 92 5 733 738 doi 10 2105 ajph 92 5 733 PMC 3222229 PMID 11988437 a b Ernie Hood May 2005 Dwelling Disparities How Poor Housing Leads to Poor Health Environmental Health Perspectives 113 5 A310 A317 doi 10 1289 ehp 113 a310 PMC 1257572 PMID 15866753 a b c d e Housing and Health in Central Harlem Morningside Heights Archived October 28 2019 at the Wayback Machine 2018 NYC Health Environmental and Health Data Archived December 15 2019 at the Wayback Machine Health Effects Asthma and the Environment CDC Tracking Network ephtracking cdc gov Retrieved October 27 2019 Krieger James May 2002 Housing and Health Time Again for Public Health Action American Journal of Public Health 92 5 758 768 doi 10 2105 ajph 92 5 758 PMC 1447157 PMID 11988443 Kheirbek I Wheeler K Walters S Pezeshki G amp Kass D n d Air Pollution and the Health of New Yorkers The Impact of Fine Particles and Ozone https www1 nyc gov assets doh downloads pdf eode eode air quality impact pdf a b SEEK WAYS TO CUT HARLEM DEATH RATE Six City Health Groups Meet to Discuss Program for New Centre There BAD HOUSING IS STRESSED Congestion Causes Mortality Toll 40 Per Cent Higher Than City as a Whole Experts Assert The New York Times October 24 1929 Retrieved March 21 2019 McCord C Freeman H P 1990 Excess Mortality in Harlem New England Journal of Medicine 322 3 173 177 doi 10 1056 NEJM199001183220306 PMID 2294438 Harlem New York City Manhattan New York Zip Code Boundary Map NY zipmap net Retrieved March 21 2019 Location Details Morningside USPS com Retrieved March 7 2019 Location Details Manhattanville USPS com Retrieved March 7 2019 Location Details College USPS com Retrieved March 7 2019 Location Details Colonial Park USPS com Retrieved March 7 2019 Location Details Lincoln USPS com Retrieved March 7 2019 Central Harlem MN 11 PDF Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy 2011 Retrieved October 5 2016 a b Harlem New York School Ratings and Reviews Zillow Retrieved March 17 2019 P S 076 A Philip Randolph New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 092 Mary McLeod Bethune New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 123 Mahalia Jackson New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 149 Sojourner Truth New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 154 Harriet Tubman New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 175 Henry H Garnet New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 The Locke School of Arts and Engineering New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 194 Countee Cullen New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 197 John B Russwurm New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 200 The James McCune Smith School New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Archived from the original on March 21 2019 Retrieved March 21 2019 P S 242 The Young Diplomats Magnet Academy New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 STEM Institute of Manhattan New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 Thurgood Marshall Academy Lower School New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 Frederick Douglass Academy New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Archived from the original on March 21 2019 Retrieved March 21 2019 Frederick Douglass Academy II Secondary School New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 Mott Hall High School New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Archived from the original on March 21 2019 Retrieved March 21 2019 Thurgood Marshall Academy for Learning and Social Change New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Archived from the original on March 21 2019 Retrieved March 21 2019 Wadleigh Secondary School for the Performing amp Visual Arts New York City Department of Education December 19 2018 Retrieved March 21 2019 Brill Steven May 17 2010 The Teachers Unions Last Stand The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 21 2019 Harlem diaspora sends local children to 176 different public schools report finds Chalkbeat April 6 2017 Retrieved December 21 2019 About the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture The New York Public Library Retrieved March 14 2019 About the Countee Cullen Library The New York Public Library Retrieved March 14 2019 About the Harry Belafonte 115th Street Library The New York Public Library Retrieved March 14 2019 About the Harlem Library The New York Public Library Retrieved March 14 2019 About the Macomb s Bridge Library The New York Public Library Retrieved March 14 2019 NYPL Locations The New York Public Library Retrieved March 21 2019 Robert F Kennedy Bridge Mta info December 30 2010 Retrieved February 2 2013 Bronx Bus Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority October 2018 Retrieved December 1 2020 a b c Manhattan Bus Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority July 2019 Retrieved December 1 2020 Metro North Railroad Map Metropolitan Transportation Authority 2017 Retrieved May 14 2017 a b c d e Subway Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority September 2021 Retrieved September 17 2021 Donohue Pete August 7 2014 MTA chairman outlines future plans for Phase 2 of Second Ave subway construction expansion projects New York Daily News Retrieved December 14 2016 Fitzsimmons Emma G October 29 2015 Anger in East Harlem Over New Delays in 2nd Ave Subway Plans The New York Times Retrieved November 3 2015 Sources EditGill Jonathan 2011 Harlem The Four Hundred Year History from Dutch Village to Capital of Black America Grove Press ISBN 9780802195944 Killens John Halstead Fred 1966 Harlem Stirs Further reading EditBourgois Philippe In search of respect Selling crack in El Barrio Vol 10 Cambridge University Press 2003 Ianni Francis A J Black Mafia Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime 1974 King Shannon Whose Harlem Is This Community Politics and Grassroots Activism During the New Negro Era New York New York University Press 2015 Osofsky Gilbert Harlem The Making of a Ghetto Negro New York 1890 1930 1971 WPA Guide to New York City 1939 TIME vol 84 No 5 July 31 1964 Harlem No Place Like Home Newsweek August 3 1964 Harlem Hatred in the Streets Crack s Decline Some Surprises from U S Cities National Institute of Justice Research in Brief July 1997 Paterson David Black Blind amp In Charge A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity Skyhorse Publishing New York New York 2020External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Harlem and Upper Manhattan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harlem Manhattan Portraits of Harlem Digital Harlem Everyday Life 1915 1930 Harlem NYCwiki Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Harlem amp oldid 1152737248, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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