fbpx
Wikipedia

Proverb

April 17, 2023

"Proverbs" redirects here. For the biblical text, see Book of Proverbs. For other uses, see Proverb (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with pro-verb.

A proverb (from Latin: proverbium) is a simple and insightful, traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience. Proverbs are often metaphorical and use formulaic language. A proverbial phrase or a proverbial expression is a type of a conventional saying similar to proverbs and transmitted by oral tradition. The difference is that a proverb is a fixed expression, while a proverbial phrase permits alterations to fit the grammar of the context.[1][2] Collectively, they form a genre of folklore.

Some proverbs exist in more than one language because people borrow them from languages and cultures with which they are in contact. In the West, the Bible (including, but not limited to the Book of Proverbs) and medieval Latin (aided by the work of Erasmus) have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs. Not all Biblical proverbs, however, were distributed to the same extent: one scholar has gathered evidence to show that cultures in which the Bible is the major spiritual book contain "between three hundred and five hundred proverbs that stem from the Bible,"[3] whereas another shows that, of the 106 most common and widespread proverbs across Europe, 11 are from the Bible.[4] However, almost every culture has its own unique proverbs.

Definitions

Lord John Russell (c. 1850) observed poetically that a "proverb is the wit of one, and the wisdom of many."[5] But giving the word "proverb" the sort of definition theorists need has proven to be a difficult task, and although scholars often quote Archer Taylor's argument that formulating a scientific "definition of a proverb is too difficult to repay the undertaking... An incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that one is not. Hence no definition will enable us to identify positively a sentence as proverbial,"[6] many students of proverbs have attempted to itemize their essential characteristics.

More constructively, Mieder has proposed the following definition, "A proverb is a short, generally known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed, and memorizable form and which is handed down from generation to generation".[7] To distinguish proverbs from idioms, cliches, etc., Norrick created a table of distinctive features, an abstract tool originally developed for linguistics.[8] Prahlad distinguishes proverbs from some other, closely related types of sayings, "True proverbs must further be distinguished from other types of proverbial speech, e.g. proverbial phrases, Wellerisms, maxims, quotations, and proverbial comparisons."[9] Based on Persian proverbs, Zolfaghari and Ameri propose the following definition: "A proverb is a short sentence, which is well-known and at times rhythmic, including advice, sage themes and ethnic experiences, comprising simile, metaphor or irony which is well-known among people for its fluent wording, clarity of expression, simplicity, expansiveness and generality and is used either with or without change."[10]

There are many sayings in English that are commonly referred to as "proverbs", such as weather sayings. Alan Dundes, however, rejects including such sayings among truly proverbs: "Are weather proverbs proverbs? I would say emphatically 'No!'"[11] The definition of "proverb" has also changed over the years. For example, the following was labeled "A Yorkshire proverb" in 1883, but would not be categorized as a proverb by most today, "as throng as Throp's wife when she hanged herself with a dish-cloth".[12] The changing of the definition of "proverb" is also noted in Turkish.[13]

In other languages and cultures, the definition of "proverb" also differs from English. In the Chumburung language of Ghana, "aŋase are literal proverbs and akpare are metaphoric ones".[14] Among the Bini of Nigeria, there are three words that are used to translate "proverb": ere, ivbe, and itan. The first relates to historical events, the second relates to current events, and the third was "linguistic ornamentation in formal discourse".[15] Among the Balochi of Pakistan and Afghanistan, there is a word batal for ordinary proverbs and bassīttuks for "proverbs with background stories".[16]

There are also language communities that combine proverbs and riddles in some sayings, leading some scholars to create the label "proverb riddles".[17][18][19]

Another similar construction is an idiomatic phrase. Sometimes it is difficult to draw a distinction between idiomatic phrase and proverbial expression. In both of them the meaning does not immediately follow from the phrase. The difference is that an idiomatic phrase involves figurative language in its components, while in a proverbial phrase the figurative meaning is the extension of its literal meaning. Some experts classify proverbs and proverbial phrases as types of idioms.[20]

Examples

See also: List of proverbial phrases
 
From the French proverbial phrase "Je me mêle des oies ferrées" – "I concern myself/meddle with shoeing geese." From a misericord at the Abbey of Saint Martin aux Bois (Oise), France
 
"Pearls before Swine", Latin proverb on platter at the Louvre

Sources

 
"Who will bell the cat?", comes from the end of a story.

Proverbs come from a variety of sources.[21] Some are, indeed, the result of people pondering and crafting language, such as some by Confucius, Plato, Baltasar Gracián, etc. Others are taken from such diverse sources as poetry,[22] stories,[23] songs, commercials, advertisements, movies, literature, etc.[24] A number of the well known sayings of Jesus, Shakespeare, and others have become proverbs, though they were original at the time of their creation, and many of these sayings were not seen as proverbs when they were first coined. Many proverbs are also based on stories, often the end of a story. For example, the proverb "Who will bell the cat?" is from the end of a story about the mice planning how to be safe from the cat.[25]

Some authors have created proverbs in their writings, such as J.R.R. Tolkien,[26][27] and some of these proverbs have made their way into broader society. Similarly, C.S. Lewis' created proverb about a lobster in a pot, from the Chronicles of Narnia, has also gained currency.[28] In cases like this, deliberately created proverbs for fictional societies have become proverbs in real societies. In a fictional story set in a real society, the movie Forrest Gump introduced "Life is like a box of chocolates" into broad society.[29] In at least one case, it appears that a proverb deliberately created by one writer has been naively picked up and used by another who assumed it to be an established Chinese proverb, Ford Madox Ford having picked up a proverb from Ernest Bramah, "It would be hypocrisy to seek for the person of the Sacred Emperor in a Low Tea House."[30]

The proverb with "a longer history than any other recorded proverb in the world", going back to "around 1800 BC"[31] is in a Sumerian clay tablet, "The bitch by her acting too hastily brought forth the blind".[32][33] Though many proverbs are ancient, they were all newly created at some point by somebody. Sometimes it is easy to detect that a proverb is newly coined by a reference to something recent, such as the Haitian proverb "The fish that is being microwaved doesn't fear the lightning".[34] Similarly, there is a recent Maltese proverb, wil-muturi, ferh u duluri "Women and motorcycles are joys and griefs"; the proverb is clearly new, but still formed as a traditional style couplet with rhyme.[35] Also, there is a proverb in the Kafa language of Ethiopia that refers to the forced military conscription of the 1980s, "...the one who hid himself lived to have children."[36] A Mongolian proverb also shows evidence of recent origin, "A beggar who sits on gold; Foam rubber piled on edge."[37] Another example of a proverb that is clearly recent is this from Sesotho: "A mistake goes with the printer."[38] A political candidate in Kenya popularised a new proverb in his 1995 campaign, Chuth ber "Immediacy is best". "The proverb has since been used in other contexts to prompt quick action."[39] Over 1,400 new English proverbs are said to have been coined and gained currency in the 20th century.[40]

This process of creating proverbs is always ongoing, so that possible new proverbs are being created constantly. Those sayings that are adopted and used by an adequate number of people become proverbs in that society.[41][42]

 
A rolling stone gathers no moss.

Interpretations

Interpreting proverbs is often complex, but is best done in a context.[43] Interpreting proverbs from other cultures is much more difficult than interpreting proverbs in one's own culture. Even within English-speaking cultures, there is difference of opinion on how to interpret the proverb "A rolling stone gathers no moss." Some see it as condemning a person that keeps moving, seeing moss as a positive thing, such as profit; others see the proverb as praising people that keep moving and developing, seeing moss as a negative thing, such as negative habits.[44]

Similarly, among Tajik speakers, the proverb "One hand cannot clap" has two significantly different interpretations. Most see the proverb as promoting teamwork. Others understand it to mean that an argument requires two people.[45] In an extreme example, one researcher working in Ghana found that for a single Akan proverb, twelve different interpretations were given.[46] Proverb interpretation is not automatic, even for people within a culture: Owomoyela tells of a Yoruba radio program that asked people to interpret an unfamiliar Yoruba proverb, "very few people could do so".[47] Siran found that people who had moved out of the traditional Vute-speaking area of Cameroon were not able to interpret Vute proverbs correctly, even though they still spoke Vute. Their interpretations tended to be literal.[48]

Children will sometimes interpret proverbs in a literal sense, not yet knowing how to understand the conventionalized metaphor. Interpretation of proverbs is also affected by injuries and diseases of the brain, "A hallmark of schizophrenia is impaired proverb interpretation."[49]

Features

Grammatical structures

Proverbs in various languages are found with a wide variety of grammatical structures.[50] In English, for example, we find the following structures (in addition to others):

  • Imperative, negative – Don't beat a dead horse.
  • Imperative, positive – If the shoe fits, wear it!
  • Parallel phrases – Garbage in, garbage out.
  • Rhetorical question – Is the Pope Catholic?
  • Declarative sentence – Birds of a feather flock together.

However, people will often quote only a fraction of a proverb to invoke an entire proverb, e.g. "All is fair" instead of "All is fair in love and war", and "A rolling stone" for "A rolling stone gathers no moss."

The grammar of proverbs is not always the typical grammar of the spoken language, often elements are moved around, to achieve rhyme or focus.[51]

Another type of grammatical construction is the wellerism, a speaker and a quotation, often with an unusual circumstance, such as the following, a representative of a wellerism proverb found in many languages: "The bride couldn't dance; she said, 'The room floor isn't flat.'"[52]

Another type of grammatical structure in proverbs is a short dialogue:

  • Shor/Khkas (SW Siberia): "They asked the camel, 'Why is your neck crooked?' The camel laughed roaringly, 'What of me is straight?'"[53]
  • Armenian: "They asked the wine, 'Have you built or destroyed more?' It said, 'I do not know of building; of destroying I know a lot.'"[54]
  • Bakgatla (a.k.a. Tswana): "The thukhui jackal said, 'I can run fast.' But the sands said, 'We are wide.'" (Botswana)[55]
  • Bamana: "'Speech, what made you good?' 'The way I am,' said Speech. 'What made you bad?' 'The way I am,' said Speech." (Mali)[56]
 
"The cobbler should stick to his last" in German. It is also an old proverb in English, but now "last" is no longer known to many.

Conservative language

 
Latin proverb overdoorway in Netherlands: "No one attacks me with impunity"

Because many proverbs are both poetic and traditional, they are often passed down in fixed forms. Though spoken language may change, many proverbs are often preserved in conservative, even archaic, form. "Proverbs often contain archaic... words and structures."[57]In English, for example, "betwixt" is not commonly used, but a form of it is still heard (or read) in the proverb "There is many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip." The conservative form preserves the meter and the rhyme. This conservative nature of proverbs can result in archaic words and grammatical structures being preserved in individual proverbs, as has been widely documented, e.g. in Amharic,[58] Greek,[59] Nsenga,[60] Polish,[61] Venda,[62] Hebrew,[63] Giriama,[64] Georgian,[65] Karachay-Balkar,[66] Hausa,[67] and Uzbek.[68]

In addition, proverbs may still be used in languages which were once more widely known in a society, but are now no longer so widely known. For example, English speakers use some non-English proverbs that are drawn from languages that used to be widely understood by the educated class, e.g. "C'est la vie" from French and "Carpe diem" from Latin.

Proverbs are often handed down through generations. Therefore, "many proverbs refer to old measurements, obscure professions, outdated weapons, unknown plants, animals, names, and various other traditional matters."[69] Therefore, it is common that they preserve words that become less common and archaic in broader society.[70][71] Archaic proverbs in solid form – such as murals, carvings, and glass – can be viewed even after the language of their form is no longer widely understood, such as an Anglo-French proverb in a stained glass window in York.[72]

Borrowing and spread

Proverbs are often and easily translated and transferred from one language into another. "There is nothing so uncertain as the derivation of proverbs, the same proverb being often found in all nations, and it is impossible to assign its paternity."[73]

Proverbs are often borrowed across lines of language, religion, and even time. For example, a proverb of the approximate form "No flies enter a mouth that is shut" is currently found in Spain, France, Ethiopia, and many countries in between. It is embraced as a true local proverb in many places and should not be excluded in any collection of proverbs because it is shared by the neighbors. However, though it has gone through multiple languages and millennia, the proverb can be traced back to an ancient Babylonian proverb[74] Another example of a widely spread proverb is "A drowning person clutches at [frogs] foam", found in Peshai of Afghanistan[75] and Orma of Kenya,[76] and presumably places in between.

Proverbs about one hand clapping are common across Asia,[77] from Dari in Afghanistan[78] to Japan.[79] Some studies have been done devoted to the spread of proverbs in certain regions, such as India and her neighbors[80] and Europe.[81] An extreme example of the borrowing and spread of proverbs was the work done to create a corpus of proverbs for Esperanto, where all the proverbs were translated from other languages.[82]

It is often not possible to trace the direction of borrowing a proverb between languages. This is complicated by the fact that the borrowing may have been through plural languages. In some cases, it is possible to make a strong case for discerning the direction of the borrowing based on an artistic form of the proverb in one language, but a prosaic form in another language. For example, in Ethiopia there is a proverb "Of mothers and water, there is none evil." It is found in Amharic, Alaaba language, and Oromo, three languages of Ethiopia:

  • Oromo: Hadhaa fi bishaan, hamaa hin qaban.
  • Amharic: Käənnatənna wəha, kəfu yälläm.
  • Alaaba: Wiihaa ʔamaataa hiilu yoosebaʔa[83]

The Oromo version uses poetic features, such as the initial ha in both clauses with the final -aa in the same word, and both clauses ending with -an. Also, both clauses are built with the vowel a in the first and last words, but the vowel i in the one syllable central word. In contrast, the Amharic and Alaaba versions of the proverb show little evidence of sound-based art.

However, not all languages have proverbs. Proverbs are (nearly) universal across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some languages in the Pacific have them, such as Maori.[84] Other Pacific languages do not, e.g. "there are no proverbs in Kilivila" of the Trobriand Islands.[85] However, in the New World, there are almost no proverbs: "While proverbs abound in the thousands in most cultures of the world, it remains a riddle why the Native Americans have hardly any proverb tradition at all."[86] Hakamies has examined the matter of whether proverbs are found universally, a universal genre, concluding that they are not.[87]

Use

In conversation

Proverbs are used in conversation by adults more than children, partially because adults have learned more proverbs than children. Also, using proverbs well is a skill that is developed over years. Additionally, children have not mastered the patterns of metaphorical expression that are invoked in proverb use. Proverbs, because they are indirect, allow a speaker to disagree or give advice in a way that may be less offensive. Studying actual proverb use in conversation, however, is difficult since the researcher must wait for proverbs to happen.[88] An Ethiopian researcher, Tadesse Jaleta Jirata, made headway in such research by attending and taking notes at events where he knew proverbs were expected to be part of the conversations.[89]

In literature

 
Created proverb from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings on a bumper sticker.

Many authors have used proverbs in their writings, for a very wide variety of literary genres: epics,[90][91][92][93] novels,[94][95] poems,[96] short stories.[97]

Probably the most famous user of proverbs in novels is J. R. R. Tolkien in his The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings series.[26][27][98][99] Herman Melville is noted for creating proverbs in Moby Dick[100] and in his poetry.[101][102] Also, C. S. Lewis created a dozen proverbs in The Horse and His Boy,[103] and Mercedes Lackey created dozens for her invented Shin'a'in and Tale'edras cultures;[104] Lackey's proverbs are notable in that they are reminiscent to those of Ancient Asia – e.g. "Just because you feel certain an enemy is lurking behind every bush, it doesn't follow that you are wrong" is like to "Before telling secrets on the road, look in the bushes." These authors are notable for not only using proverbs as integral to the development of the characters and the story line, but also for creating proverbs.[103]

Among medieval literary texts, Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde plays a special role because Chaucer's usage seems to challenge the truth value of proverbs by exposing their epistemological unreliability.[105] Rabelais used proverbs to write an entire chapter of Gargantua.[106]

The patterns of using proverbs in literature can change over time. A study of "classical Chinese novels" found proverb use as frequently as one proverb every 3,500 words in the Water Margin (Shuihu zhuan) and one proverb every 4,000 words in Wen Jou-hsiang. But modern Chinese novels have fewer proverbs by far.[107]

 
"Hercules and the Wagoner", illustration for children's book

Proverbs (or portions of them) have been the inspiration for titles of books: The Bigger they Come by Erle Stanley Gardner, and Birds of a Feather (several books with this title), Devil in the Details (multiple books with this title). Sometimes a title alludes to a proverb, but does not actually quote much of it, such as The Gift Horse's Mouth by Robert Campbell. Some books or stories have titles that are twisted proverbs, anti-proverbs, such as No use dying over spilled milk,[108] When life gives you lululemons,[109] and two books titled Blessed are the Cheesemakers.[110] The twisted proverb of last title was also used in the Monty Python movie Life of Brian, where a person mishears one of Jesus Christ's beatitudes, "I think it was 'Blessed are the cheesemakers.'"

Some books and stories are built around a proverb. Some of Tolkien's books have been analyzed as having "governing proverbs" where "the acton of a book turns on or fulfills a proverbial saying."[111] Some stories have been written with a proverb overtly as an opening, such as "A stitch in time saves nine" at the beginning of "Kitty's Class Day", one of Louisa May Alcott's Proverb Stories. Other times, a proverb appears at the end of a story, summing up a moral to the story, frequently found in Aesop's Fables, such as "Heaven helps those who help themselves" from Hercules and the Wagoner.[112] In a novel by the Ivorian novelist Ahmadou Kourouma, "proverbs are used to conclude each chapter".[113]

Proverbs have also been used strategically by poets.[114] Sometimes proverbs (or portions of them or anti-proverbs) are used for titles, such as "A bird in the bush" by Lord Kennet and his stepson Peter Scott and "The blind leading the blind" by Lisa Mueller. Sometimes, multiple proverbs are important parts of poems, such as Paul Muldoon's "Symposium", which begins "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it hold its nose to the grindstone and hunt with the hounds. Every dog has a stitch in time..." In Finnish there are proverb poems written hundreds of years ago.[115] The Turkish poet Refiki wrote an entire poem by stringing proverbs together, which has been translated into English poetically yielding such verses as "Be watchful and be wary, / But seldom grant a boon; / The man who calls the piper / Will also call the tune."[116] Eliza Griswold also created a poem by stringing proverbs together, Libyan proverbs translated into English.[117]

Because proverbs are familiar and often pointed, they have been used by a number of hip-hop poets. This has been true not only in the USA, birthplace of hip-hop, but also in Nigeria. Since Nigeria is so multilingual, hip-hop poets there use proverbs from various languages, mixing them in as it fits their need, sometimes translating the original. For example,
"They forget say ogbon ju agbaralo
They forget that wisdom is greater than power"[118]

Some authors have bent and twisted proverbs, creating anti-proverbs, for a variety of literary effects. For example, in the Harry Potter novels, J. K. Rowling reshapes a standard English proverb into "It's no good crying over spilt potion" and Dumbledore advises Harry not to "count your owls before they are delivered".[119] In a slightly different use of reshaping proverbs, in the Aubrey–Maturin series of historical naval novels by Patrick O'Brian, Capt. Jack Aubrey humorously mangles and mis-splices proverbs, such as "Never count the bear's skin before it is hatched" and "There's a good deal to be said for making hay while the iron is hot."[120] Earlier than O'Brian's Aubrey, Beatrice Grimshaw also used repeated splicings of proverbs in the mouth of an eccentric marquis to create a memorable character in The Sorcerer's Stone,[121] such as "The proof of the pudding sweeps clean" (p. 109) and "A stitch in time is as good as a mile" (p. 97).[122]

Because proverbs are so much a part of the language and culture, authors have sometimes used proverbs in historical fiction effectively, but anachronistically, before the proverb was actually known. For example, the novel Ramage and the Rebels, by Dudley Pope is set in approximately 1800. Captain Ramage reminds his adversary "You are supposed to know that it is dangerous to change horses in midstream" (p. 259), with another allusion to the same proverb three pages later. However, the proverb about changing horses in midstream is reliably dated to 1864, so the proverb could not have been known or used by a character from that period.[123]

Some authors have used so many proverbs that there have been entire books written cataloging their proverb usage, such as Charles Dickens,[124] Agatha Christie,[125] George Bernard Shaw,[126] Miguel de Cervantes,[127][128] and Friedrich Nietzsche.[129]

On the non-fiction side, proverbs have also been used by authors for articles that have no connection to the study of proverbs. Some have been used as the basis for book titles, e.g. I Shop, Therefore I Am: Compulsive Buying and the Search for Self by April Lane Benson. Some proverbs been used as the basis for article titles, though often in altered form: "All our eggs in a broken basket: How the Human Terrain System is undermining sustainable military cultural competence"[130] and "Should Rolling Stones Worry About Gathering Moss?",[131] "Between a Rock and a Soft Place",[132] and the pair "Verbs of a feather flock together"[133] and "Verbs of a feather flock together II".[134] Proverbs have been noted as common in subtitles of articles[135] such as "Discontinued intergenerational transmission of Czech in Texas: 'Hindsight is better than foresight'."[136] Also, the reverse is found with a proverb (complete or partial) as the title, then an explanatory subtitle, "To Change or Not to Change Horses: The World War II Elections".[137] Many authors have cited proverbs as epigrams at the beginning of their articles, e.g. "'If you want to dismantle a hedge, remove one thorn at a time' Somali proverb" in an article on peacemaking in Somalia.[138] An article about research among the Māori used a Māori proverb as a title, then began the article with the Māori form of the proverb as an epigram "Set the overgrown bush alight and the new flax shoots will spring up", followed by three paragraphs about how the proverb served as a metaphor for the research and the present context.[139] A British proverb has even been used as the title for a doctoral dissertation: Where there is muck there is brass.[140] Proverbs have also been used as a framework for an article.[141]

In drama and film

 
Play poster from 1899.

Similarly to other forms of literature, proverbs have also been used as important units of language in drama and films. This is true from the days of classical Greek works[142] to old French[143] to Shakespeare,[144] to 19th Century Spanish,[145] 19th century Russian,[146] to today. The use of proverbs in drama and film today is still found in languages around the world, with plenty of examples from Africa,[147] including Yorùbá[148][149] and Igbo[150][151] of Nigeria.

A film that makes rich use of proverbs is Forrest Gump, known for both using and creating proverbs.[152][153] Other studies of the use of proverbs in film include work by Kevin McKenna on the Russian film Aleksandr Nevsky,[154] Haase's study of an adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood,[155] Elias Dominguez Barajas on the film Viva Zapata!,[156] and Aboneh Ashagrie on The Athlete (a movie in Amharic about Abebe Bikila).[157]

Television programs have also been named with reference to proverbs, usually shortened, such Birds of a Feather and Diff'rent Strokes.

In the case of Forrest Gump, the screenplay by Eric Roth had more proverbs than the novel by Winston Groom, but for The Harder They Come, the reverse is true, where the novel derived from the movie by Michael Thelwell has many more proverbs than the movie.[158]

Éric Rohmer, the French film director, directed a series of films, the "Comedies and Proverbs", where each film was based on a proverb: The Aviator's Wife, The Perfect Marriage, Pauline at the Beach, Full Moon in Paris (the film's proverb was invented by Rohmer himself: "The one who has two wives loses his soul, the one who has two houses loses his mind."), The Green Ray, Boyfriends and Girlfriends.[159]

Movie titles based on proverbs include Murder Will Out (1939 film), Try, Try Again, and The Harder They Fall. A twisted anti-proverb was the title for a Three Stooges film, A Bird in the Head. The title of an award-winning Turkish film, Three Monkeys, also invokes a proverb, though the title does not fully quote it.

They have also been used as the titles of plays:[160] Baby with the Bathwater by Christopher Durang, Dog Eat Dog by Mary Gallagher, and The Dog in the Manger by Charles Hale Hoyt. The use of proverbs as titles for plays is not, of course, limited to English plays: Il faut qu'une porte soit ouverte ou fermée (A door must be open or closed) by Paul de Musset. Proverbs have also been used in musical dramas, such as The Full Monty, which has been shown to use proverbs in clever ways.[161] In the lyrics for Beauty and the Beast, Gaston plays with three proverbs in sequence, "All roads lead to.../The best things in life are.../All's well that ends with...me."

In music

Proverbs are often poetic in and of themselves, making them ideally suited for adapting into songs. Proverbs have been used in music from opera to country to hip-hop. Proverbs have also been used in music in many languages, such as the Akan language[162] the Igede language,[163] and Spanish.[164]

 
The Mighty Diamonds, singers of "Proverbs"

In English the proverb (or rather the beginning of the proverb), If the shoe fits has been used as a title for three albums and five songs. Other English examples of using proverbs in music[165] include Elvis Presley's Easy come, easy go, Harold Robe's Never swap horses when you're crossing a stream, Arthur Gillespie's Absence makes the heart grow fonder, Bob Dylan's Like a rolling stone, Cher's Apples don't fall far from the tree. Lynn Anderson made famous a song full of proverbs, I never promised you a rose garden (written by Joe South). In choral music, we find Michael Torke's Proverbs for female voice and ensemble. A number of Blues musicians have also used proverbs extensively.[166][167] The frequent use of proverbs in Country music has led to published studies of proverbs in this genre.[168][169] The Reggae artist Jahdan Blakkamoore has recorded a piece titled Proverbs Remix. The opera Maldobrìe contains careful use of proverbs.[170] An extreme example of many proverbs used in composing songs is a song consisting almost entirely of proverbs performed by Bruce Springsteen, "My best was never good enough".[171] The Mighty Diamonds recorded a song called simply "Proverbs".[172]

The band Fleet Foxes used the proverb painting Netherlandish Proverbs for the cover of their album Fleet Foxes.[173]

In addition to proverbs being used in songs themselves, some rock bands have used parts of proverbs as their names, such as the Rolling Stones, Bad Company, The Mothers of Invention, Feast or Famine, Of Mice and Men. There have been at least two groups that called themselves "The Proverbs", and there is a hip-hop performer in South Africa known as "Proverb". In addition, many albums have been named with allusions to proverbs, such as Spilt milk (a title used by Jellyfish and also Kristina Train), The more things change by Machine Head, Silk purse by Linda Ronstadt, Another day, another dollar by DJ Scream Roccett, The blind leading the naked by Violent Femmes, What's good for the goose is good for the gander by Bobby Rush, Resistance is Futile by Steve Coleman, Murder will out by Fan the Fury. The proverb Feast or famine has been used as an album title by Chuck Ragan, Reef the Lost Cauze, Indiginus, and DaVinci. Whitehorse mixed two proverbs for the name of their album Leave no bridge unburned. The band Splinter Group released an album titled When in Rome, Eat Lions. The band Downcount used a proverb for the name of their tour, Come and take it.[174]

In visual form

 
Proverb on azulejo tiles in Trancoso, Portugal
 
The King drinks by Jacob Jordaens
 
Thai ceramic, illustrating "Don't torch a stump with a hornet nest."
 
Netherlandish Proverbs, 1559, with peasant scenes illustrating over 100 proverbs
 
Big Fish Eat Little Fish

From ancient times, people around the world have recorded proverbs in visual form. This has been done in two ways. First, proverbs have been written to be displayed, often in a decorative manner, such as on pottery, cross-stitch, murals,[175][176] kangas (East African women's wraps),[177] quilts,[178] a stained glass window,[72] and graffiti.[179]

Secondly, proverbs have often been visually depicted in a variety of media, including paintings, etchings, and sculpture. Jakob Jordaens painted a plaque with a proverb about drunkenness above a drunk man wearing a crown, titled The King Drinks. Probably the most famous examples of depicting proverbs are the different versions of the paintings Netherlandish Proverbs by the father and son Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Pieter Brueghel the Younger, the proverbial meanings of these paintings being the subject of a 2004 conference, which led to a published volume of studies (Mieder 2004a). The same father and son also painted versions of The Blind Leading the Blind, a Biblical proverb. These and similar paintings inspired another famous painting depicting some proverbs and also idioms (leading to a series of additional paintings), such as Proverbidioms by T. E. Breitenbach. Another painting inspired by Bruegel's work is by the Chinese artist, Ah To, who created a painting illustrating 81 Cantonese sayings.[180] Corey Barksdale has produced a book of paintings with specific proverbs and pithy quotations.[181][self-published source?] The British artist Chris Gollon has painted a major work entitled "Big Fish Eat Little Fish", a title echoing Bruegel's painting Big Fishes Eat Little Fishes.[182]

 
Illustrations showing proverbs from Ben Franklin
 
Three wise monkeys, invoking a proverb, with no text.

Sometimes well-known proverbs are pictured on objects, without a text actually quoting the proverb, such as the three wise monkeys who remind us "Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil". When the proverb is well known, viewers are able to recognize the proverb and understand the image appropriately, but if viewers do not recognize the proverb, much of the effect of the image is lost. For example, there is a Japanese painting in the Bonsai museum in Saitama city that depicted flowers on a dead tree, but only when the curator learned the ancient (and no longer current) proverb "Flowers on a dead tree" did the curator understand the deeper meaning of the painting.[183] Also in Japan, an image of Mount Fuji, a hawk/falcon, and three egg plants, leads viewers to remember the proverb, "One Mt. Fuji, two falcons, three egg plants", a Hatsuyume dream predicting a long life.[184]

A study of school students found that students remembered proverbs better when there were visual representations of proverbs along with the verbal form of the proverbs.[185]

A bibliography on proverbs in visual form has been prepared by Mieder and Sobieski (1999). Interpreting visual images of proverbs is subjective, but familiarity with the depicted proverb helps.[186]

Some artists have used proverbs and anti-proverbs for titles of their paintings, alluding to a proverb rather than picturing it. For example, Vivienne LeWitt painted a piece titled "If the shoe doesn't fit, must we change the foot?", which shows neither foot nor shoe, but a woman counting her money as she contemplates different options when buying vegetables.[187]

In 2018, 13 sculptures depicting Maltese proverbs were installed in open spaces of downtown Valletta.[188][189][190]

In cartoons

Cartoonists, both editorial and pure humorists, have often used proverbs, sometimes primarily building on the text, sometimes primarily on the situation visually, the best cartoons combining both. Not surprisingly, cartoonists often twist proverbs, such as visually depicting a proverb literally or twisting the text as an anti-proverb.[191] An example with all of these traits is a cartoon showing a waitress delivering two plates with worms on them, telling the customers, "Two early bird specials... here ya go."[192]

The traditional Three wise monkeys were depicted in Bizarro with different labels. Instead of the negative imperatives, the one with ears covered bore the sign "See and speak evil", the one with eyes covered bore the sign "See and hear evil", etc. The caption at the bottom read "The power of positive thinking."[193] Another cartoon showed a customer in a pharmacy telling a pharmacist, "I'll have an ounce of prevention."[194] The comic strip The Argyle Sweater showed an Egyptian archeologist loading a mummy on the roof of a vehicle, refusing the offer of a rope to tie it on, with the caption "A fool and his mummy are soon parted."[195] The comic One Big Happy showed a conversation where one person repeatedly posed a part of various proverb and the other tried to complete each one, resulting in such humorous results as "Don't change horses... unless you can lift those heavy diapers."[196]

Editorial cartoons can use proverbs to make their points with extra force as they can invoke the wisdom of society, not just the opinion of the editors.[197] In an example that invoked a proverb only visually, when a US government agency (GSA) was caught spending money extravagantly, a cartoon showed a black pot labeled "Congress" telling a black kettle labeled "GSA", "Stop wasting the taxpayers' money!"[198] It may have taken some readers a moment of pondering to understand it, but the impact of the message was the stronger for it.

Cartoons with proverbs are so common that Wolfgang Mieder has published a collected volume of them, many of them editorial cartoons. For example, a German editorial cartoon linked a current politician to the Nazis, showing him with a bottle of swastika-labeled wine and the caption "In vino veritas".[199]

One cartoonist very self-consciously drew and wrote cartoons based on proverbs for the University of Vermont student newspaper The Water Tower, under the title "Proverb place".[200]

 
Anti-proverb used in advertising Chick-Fil-A

In advertising

 
Anti-proverb used in advertising

Proverbs are frequently used in advertising, often in slightly modified form.[201][202][203] Ford once advertised its Thunderbird with, "One drive is worth a thousand words" (Mieder 2004b: 84). This is doubly interesting since the underlying proverb behind this, "One picture is worth a thousand words," was originally introduced into the English proverb repertoire in an ad for televisions (Mieder 2004b: 83).

A few of the many proverbs adapted and used in advertising include:

The GEICO company has created a series of television ads that are built around proverbs, such as "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush",[204] and "The pen is mightier than the sword",[205] "Pigs may fly/When pigs fly",[206] "If a tree falls in the forest...",[207] and "Words can never hurt you".[208] Doritos made a commercial based on the proverb, "When pigs fly."[209] Many advertisements that use proverbs shorten or amend them, such as, "Think outside the shoebox." Use of proverbs in advertising is not limited to the English language. Seda Başer Çoban has studied the use of proverbs in Turkish advertising.[210] Tatira has given a number of examples of proverbs used in advertising in Zimbabwe.[211] However, unlike the examples given above in English, all of which are anti-proverbs, Tatira's examples are standard proverbs. Where the English proverbs above are meant to make a potential customer smile, in one of the Zimbabwean examples "both the content of the proverb and the fact that it is phrased as a proverb secure the idea of a secure time-honored relationship between the company and the individuals". When newer buses were imported, owners of older buses compensated by painting a traditional proverb on the sides of their buses, "Going fast does not assure safe arrival".[212]

Variations

Counter proverbs

There are often proverbs that contradict each other, such as "Look before you leap" and "He who hesitates is lost", or "Many hands make light work" and "Too many cooks spoil the broth". These have been labeled "counter proverbs"[213] or "antonymous proverbs".[214] Stanisław Lec observed, "Proverbs contradict each other. And that, to be sure, is folk wisdom."[215] When there are such counter proverbs, each can be used in its own appropriate situation, and neither is intended to be a universal truth.[216][217] Some pairs of proverbs are fully contradictory: “A messy desk is a sign of intelligence” and “A neat desk is a sign of a sick mind”.[24]

The concept of "counter proverb" is more about pairs of contradictory proverbs than about the use of proverbs to counter each other in an argument. For example, from the Tafi language of Ghana, the following pair of proverbs are counter to each other but are each used in appropriate contexts, "A co-wife who is too powerful for you, you address her as your mother" and "Do not call your mother's co-wife your mother..."[218] In Nepali, there is a set of totally contradictory proverbs: "Religion is victorious and sin erodes" and "Religion erodes and sin is victorious".[219] Also, the following pair are counter proverbs from the Kasena of Ghana: "It is the patient person who will milk a barren cow" and "The person who would milk a barren cow must prepare for a kick on the forehead".[220] From Lugbara language (of Uganda and Congo), there are a pair of counter proverbs: "The elephant's tusk does not ovewhelm the elephant" and "The elephant's tusks weigh the elephant down".[221] The two contradict each other, whether they are used in an argument or not (though indeed they were used in an argument). But the same work contains an appendix with many examples of proverbs used in arguing for contrary positions, but proverbs that are not inherently contradictory,[222] such as "One is better off with hope of a cow's return than news of its death" countered by "If you don't know a goat [before its death] you mock at its skin". Though this pair was used in a contradictory way in a conversation, they are not a set of "counter proverbs".[216]

Discussing counter proverbs in the Badaga language, Hockings explained that in his large collection "a few proverbs are mutually contradictory... we can be sure that the Badagas do not see the matter that way, and would explain such apparent contradictions by reasoning that proverb x is used in one context, while y is used in quite another."[223] Comparing Korean proverbs, "when you compare two proverbs, often they will be contradictory." They are used for "a particular situation".[224]

"Counter proverbs" are not the same as a "paradoxical proverb", a proverb that contains a seeming paradox.[225]

Metaproverbs

In many cultures, proverbs are so important and so prominent that there are proverbs about proverbs, that is, "metaproverbs". The most famous one is from Yoruba of Nigeria, "Proverbs are the horses of speech, if communication is lost we use proverbs to find it", used by Wole Soyinka in Death and the King's Horsemen. In Mieder's bibliography of proverb studies, there are twelve publications listed as describing metaproverbs.[226] Other metaproverbs include:

  • As a boy should resemble his father, so should the proverb fit the conversation." (Afar, Ethiopia)[227]
  • "Proverbs are the cream of language" (Afar of Ethiopia)[228]
  • "One proverb gives rise to a point of discussion and another ends it." (Guji Oromo & Arsi Oromo, Ethiopia)[229][230]
  • "Is proverb a child of chieftancy?" (Igala, Nigeria)[231]
  • "Whoever has seen enough of life will be able to tell a lot of proverbs." (Igala, Nigeria)[232]
  • "Bereft of proverbs, speech flounders and falls short of its mark, whereas aided by them, communication is fleet and unerring" (Yoruba, Nigeria)[233]
  • "A conversation without proverbs is like stew without salt." (Oromo, Ethiopia)[234]
  • "If you never offer your uncle palmwine, you'll not learn many proverbs." (Yoruba, Nigeria)[235]
  • "If a proverb has no bearing on a proverb, one does not use it."[236] (Yoruba, Nigeria)
  • "Proverbs finish the problem."[237] (Alaaba, Ethiopia)
  • "When a proverb about a ragged basket is mentioned, the person who is skinny knows that he/she is the person alluded to." (Igbo, Nigeria)[238]
  • "A proverb is the quintessentially active bit of language." (Turkish)[239]
  • "The purest water is spring water, the most concise speech is proverb." (Zhuang, China)[240]
  • "A proverb does not lie." (Arabic of Cairo)[241]
  • "A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry." (Russian)[242]
  • "Honey is sweet to the mouth; proverb is music to the ear." (Tibetan) [243]
  • "Old proverb are little Gospels" (Galician)[244]
  • "Proverb[-using] man, queer and vulgar/bothering man" (Spanish)[245]
  • "A hasty man talks without using a proverb." (Kambaata, Ethiopia) [246]
  • "He who has a father knows the proverb of grandfather." (Kirundi, Burundi) [247]
  • "The wisdom of the proverb cannot be surpassed." (Turkish, Turkey) [248]

Applications

 
Blood chit used by WWII US pilots fighting in China, in case they were shot down by the Japanese. This leaflet to the Chinese depicts an American aviator being carried by two Chinese civilians. Text is "Plant melons and harvest melons, plant peas and harvest peas," a Chinese proverb equivalent to "You Sow, So Shall You Reap".
 
Billboard outside defense plant during WWII, invoking the proverb of the three wise monkeys to urge security.
 
Wordless depiction of "Big fish eat little fish", Buenos Aires, urging, "Don't panic, organize."

There is a growing interest in deliberately using proverbs to achieve goals, usually to support and promote changes in society. Proverbs have also been used for public health promotion, such as promoting breast feeding with a shawl bearing a Swahili proverb "Mother's milk is sweet".[249] Proverbs have also been applied for helping people manage diabetes,[250] to combat prostitution,[251] and for community development,[252] to resolve conflicts,[253][254] and to slow the transmission of HIV.[255]

The most active field deliberately using proverbs is Christian ministry, where Joseph G. Healey and others have deliberately worked to catalyze the collection of proverbs from smaller languages and the application of them in a wide variety of church-related ministries, resulting in publications of collections[256] and applications.[257][258] This attention to proverbs by those in Christian ministries is not new, many pioneering proverb collections having been collected and published by Christian workers.[259][260][261][262]

U.S. Navy Captain Edward Zellem pioneered the use of Afghan proverbs as a positive relationship-building tool during the war in Afghanistan, and in 2012 he published two bilingual collections[263][264] of Afghan proverbs in Dari and English, part of an effort of nationbuilding, followed by a volume of Pashto proverbs in 2014.[265]

Cultural values

 
Chinese proverb. It says, "Learn till old, live till old, and there is still three-tenths not learned," meaning that no matter how old you are, there is still more learning or studying left to do.
 
Thai proverb depicted visually at a temple, "Better a monk"

There is a longstanding debate among proverb scholars as to whether the cultural values of specific language communities are reflected (to varying degree) in their proverbs. Many claim that the proverbs of a particular culture reflect the values of that specific culture, at least to some degree. Many writers have asserted that the proverbs of their cultures reflect their culture and values; this can be seen in such titles as the following: An introduction to Kasena society and culture through their proverbs,[266] Prejudice, power, and poverty in Haiti: a study of a nation's culture as seen through its proverbs,[267] Proverbiality and worldview in Maltese and Arabic proverbs,[268] Fatalistic traits in Finnish proverbs,[269] Vietnamese cultural patterns and values as expressed in proverbs,[270] The Wisdom and Philosophy of the Gikuyu proverbs: The Kihooto worldview,[271] Spanish Grammar and Culture through Proverbs,[272] and "How Russian Proverbs Present the Russian National Character".[273] Kohistani has written a thesis to show how understanding Afghan Dari proverbs will help Europeans understand Afghan culture.[274]

However, a number of scholars argue that such claims are not valid. They have used a variety of arguments. Grauberg argues that since many proverbs are so widely circulated they are reflections of broad human experience, not any one culture's unique viewpoint.[275] Related to this line of argument, from a collection of 199 American proverbs, Jente showed that only 10 were coined in the USA, so that most of these proverbs would not reflect uniquely American values.[276] Giving another line of reasoning that proverbs should not be trusted as a simplistic guide to cultural values, Mieder once observed "proverbs come and go, that is, antiquated proverbs with messages and images we no longer relate to are dropped from our proverb repertoire, while new proverbs are created to reflect the mores and values of our time",[277] so old proverbs still in circulation might reflect past values of a culture more than its current values. Also, within any language's proverb repertoire, there may be "counter proverbs", proverbs that contradict each other on the surface[213] (see section above). When examining such counter proverbs, it is difficult to discern an underlying cultural value. With so many barriers to a simple calculation of values directly from proverbs, some feel "one cannot draw conclusions about values of speakers simply from the texts of proverbs".[278]

Many outsiders have studied proverbs to discern and understand cultural values and world view of cultural communities.[279] These outsider scholars are confident that they have gained insights into the local cultures by studying proverbs, but this is not universally accepted.[276][280][281][282][283][284]

Seeking empirical evidence to evaluate the question of whether proverbs reflect a culture's values, some have counted the proverbs that support various values. For example, Moon lists what he sees as the top ten core cultural values of the Builsa society of Ghana, as exemplified by proverbs. He found that 18% of the proverbs he analyzed supported the value of being a member of the community, rather than being independent.[285] This was corroboration to other evidence that collective community membership is an important value among the Builsa. In studying Tajik proverbs, Bell notes that the proverbs in his corpus "Consistently illustrate Tajik values" and "The most often observed proverbs reflect the focal and specific values" discerned in the thesis.[286]

A study of English proverbs created since 1900 showed in the 1960s a sudden and significant increase in proverbs that reflected more casual attitudes toward sex.[287] Since the 1960s was also the decade of the Sexual revolution, this shows a strong statistical link between the changed values of the decades and a change in the proverbs coined and used. Another study mining the same volume counted Anglo-American proverbs about religion to show that proverbs indicate attitudes toward religion are going downhill.[288]

There are many examples where cultural values have been explained and illustrated by proverbs. For example, from India, the concept that birth determines one's nature "is illustrated in the oft-repeated proverb: there can be no friendship between grass-eaters and meat-eaters, between a food and its eater".[289] Proverbs have been used to explain and illustrate the Fulani cultural value of pulaaku.[290] But using proverbs to illustrate a cultural value is not the same as using a collection of proverbs to discern cultural values. In a comparative study between Spanish and Jordanian proverbs it is defined the social imagination for the mother as an archetype in the context of role transformation and in contrast with the roles of husband, son and brother, in two societies which might be occasionally associated with sexist and /or rural ideologies.[291]

Some scholars have adopted a cautious approach, acknowledging at least a genuine, though limited, link between cultural values and proverbs: "The cultural portrait painted by proverbs may be fragmented, contradictory, or otherwise at variance with reality... but must be regarded not as accurate renderings but rather as tantalizing shadows of the culture which spawned them."[292] There is not yet agreement on the issue of whether, and how much, cultural values are reflected in a culture's proverbs.

It is clear that the Soviet Union believed that proverbs had a direct link to the values of a culture, as they used them to try to create changes in the values of cultures within their sphere of domination. Sometimes they took old Russian proverbs and altered them into socialist forms.[293] These new proverbs promoted Socialism and its attendant values, such as atheism and collectivism, e.g. "Bread is given to us not by Christ, but by machines and collective farms" and "A good harvest is had only by a collective farm." They did not limit their efforts to Russian, but also produced "newly coined proverbs that conformed to socialist thought" in Tajik and other languages of the USSR.[294]

 
Scroll of the Biblical Book of Proverbs

Religion

Many proverbs from around the world address matters of ethics and expected of behavior. Therefore, it is not surprising that proverbs are often important texts in religions. The most obvious example is the Book of Proverbs in the Bible. Additional proverbs have also been coined to support religious values, such as the following from Dari of Afghanistan:[295] "In childhood you're playful, In youth you're lustful, In old age you're feeble, So when will you before God be worshipful?"

Clearly proverbs in religion are not limited to monotheists; among the Badagas of India (Sahivite Hindus), there is a traditional proverb "Catch hold of and join with the man who has placed sacred ash [on himself]."[296] Proverbs are widely associated with large religions that draw from sacred books, but they are also used for religious purposes among groups with their own traditional religions, such as the Guji Oromo.[89] The broadest comparative study of proverbs across religions is The eleven religions and their proverbial lore, a comparative study. A reference book to the eleven surviving major religions of the world by Selwyn Gurney Champion, from 1945. Some sayings from sacred books also become proverbs, even if they were not obviously proverbs in the original passage of the sacred book.[297] For example, many quote "Be sure your sin will find you out" as a proverb from the Bible, but there is no evidence it was proverbial in its original usage (Numbers 32:23).

Not all religious references in proverbs are positive, some are cynical, such as the Tajik, "Do as the mullah says, not as he does."[298] Also, note the Italian proverb, "One barrel of wine can work more miracles than a church full of saints". An Indian proverb is cynical about devotees of Hinduism, "[Only] When in distress, a man calls on Rama".[299] In the context of Tibetan Buddhism, some Ladakhi proverbs mock the lamas, e.g. "If the lama's own head does not come out cleanly, how will he do the drawing upwards of the dead?... used for deriding the immoral life of the lamas."[300] Proverbs do not have to explicitly mention religion or religious figures to be used to mock a religion, seen in the fact that in a collection of 555 proverbs from the Lur, a Muslim group in Iran, the explanations for 15 of them use illustrations that mock Muslim clerics.[301]

Dammann wrote, "In the [African] traditional religions, specific religious ideas recede into the background... The influence of Islam manifests itself in African proverbs... Christian influences, on the contrary, are rare."[302] If widely true in Africa, this is likely due to the longer presence of Islam in many parts of Africa. Reflection of Christian values is common in Amharic proverbs of Ethiopia, an area that has had a presence of Christianity for well over 1,000 years. The Islamic proverbial reproduction may also be shown in the image of some animals such as the dog. Although dog is portrayed in many European proverbs as the most faithful friend of man, it is represented in some Islamic countries as impure, dirty, vile, cowardly, ungrateful and treacherous, in addition to links to negative human superstitions such as loneliness, indifference and bad luck.[303]

Psychology

Though much proverb scholarship is done by literary scholars, those studying the human mind have used proverbs in a variety of studies.[304] One of the earliest studies in this field is the Proverbs Test by Gorham, developed in 1956. A similar test is being prepared in German.[305] Proverbs have been used to evaluate dementia,[306][307][308] study the cognitive development of children,[309] measure the results of brain injuries,[310] and study how the mind processes figurative language.[49][311][312]

Paremiology

Main article: Paremiology
 
A sample of books used in the study of proverbs.

The study of proverbs is called paremiology which has a variety of uses in the study of such topics as philosophy, linguistics, and folklore. There are several types and styles of proverbs which are analyzed within Paremiology as is the use and misuse of familiar expressions which are not strictly 'proverbial' in the dictionary definition of being fixed sentences

Paremiological minimum

Grigorii Permjakov[313] developed the concept of the core set of proverbs that full members of society know, what he called the "paremiological minimum" (1979). For example, an adult American is expected to be familiar with "Birds of a feather flock together", part of the American paremiological minimum. However, an average adult American is not expected to know "Fair in the cradle, foul in the saddle", an old English proverb that is not part of the current American paremiological minimum. Thinking more widely than merely proverbs, Permjakov observed "every adult Russian language speaker (over 20 years of age) knows no fewer than 800 proverbs, proverbial expressions, popular literary quotations and other forms of cliches".[314] Studies of the paremiological minimum have been done for a limited number of languages, including Ukrainian,[315] Russian,[316] Hungarian,[317][318] Czech,[319] Somali,[320] Nepali,[321] Gujarati,[322] Spanish,[323] Esperanto,[324] Polish,[325] Polish.[326] Two noted examples of attempts to establish a paremiological minimum in America are by Haas (2008) and Hirsch, Kett, and Trefil (1988), the latter more prescriptive than descriptive. There is not yet a recognized standard method for calculating the paremiological minimum, as seen by comparing the various efforts to establish the paremiological minimum in a number of languages.[327]

Sources for proverb study

A seminal work in the study of proverbs is Archer Taylor's The Proverb (1931), later republished by Wolfgang Mieder with Taylor's Index included (1985/1934). A good introduction to the study of proverbs is Mieder's 2004 volume, Proverbs: A Handbook. Mieder has also published a series of bibliography volumes on proverb research, as well as a large number of articles and other books in the field. Stan Nussbaum has edited a large collection on proverbs of Africa, published on a CD, including reprints of out-of-print collections, original collections, and works on analysis, bibliography, and application of proverbs to Christian ministry (1998).[328] Paczolay has compared proverbs across Europe and published a collection of similar proverbs in 55 languages (1997). There is an academic journal of proverb study, Proverbium (ISSN 0743-782X), many back issues of which are available online.[329] A volume containing articles on a wide variety of topics touching on proverbs was edited by Mieder and Alan Dundes (1994/1981). Paremia is a Spanish-language journal on proverbs, with articles available online.[330] There are also papers on proverbs published in conference proceedings volumes from the annual Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs[331] in Tavira, Portugal. Mieder has published a two-volume International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology, with a topical, language, and author index.[332] Mieder has also published a bibliography of collections of proverbs from around the world.[333] A broad introduction to proverb study, Introduction to Paremiology, edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga has been published in both hardcover and free open access, with articles by a dozen different authors.[334]

Noteworthy proverb scholars (paremiologists and paremiographers)

The study of proverbs has been built by a number of notable scholars and contributors. Earlier scholars were more concerned with collecting than analyzing. Desiderius Erasmus was a Latin scholar (1466–1536), whose collection of Latin proverbs, known as Adagia, spread Latin proverbs across Europe.[335] Juan de Mal Lara was a 16th century Spanish scholar, one of his books being 1568 Philosophia vulgar, the first part of which contains one thousand and one sayings. Hernán Núñez published a collection of Spanish proverbs (1555).

In the 19th century, a growing number of scholars published collections of proverbs, such as Samuel Adalberg who published collections of Yiddish proverbs (1888 & 1890) and Polish proverbs (1889–1894). Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the Anglican bishop in Nigeria, published a collection of Yoruba proverbs (1852). Elias Lönnrot published a collection of Finnish proverbs (1842).

From the 20th century onwards, proverb scholars were involved in not only collecting proverbs, but also analyzing and comparing proverbs. Alan Dundes was a 20th century American folklorist whose scholarly output on proverbs led Wolfgang Mieder to refer to him as a "pioneering paremiologist".[336] Matti Kuusi was a 20th century Finnish paremiologist, the creator of the Matti Kuusi international type system of proverbs.[337] With encouragement from Archer Taylor,[338] he founded the journal Proverbium: Bulletin d'Information sur les Recherches Parémiologiques, published from 1965 to 1975 by the Society for Finnish Literature, which was later restarted as an annual volume, Proverbium: International Yearbook of Proverb Scholarship. Archer Taylor was a 20th century American scholar, best known for his "magisterial"[339] book The Proverb.[340] Dimitrios Loukatos was a 20th century Greek proverb scholar, author of such works as Aetiological Tales of Modern Greek Proverbs.[341] Arvo Krikmann (1939–2017) was an Estonian proverb scholar, whom Wolfgang Mieder called "one of the leading paremiologists in the world"[342] and "master folklorist and paremiologist".[343] Elisabeth Piirainen was a German scholar with 50 proverb-related publications.[344]

Current proverb scholars have continued the trend to be involved in analysis as well as collection of proverbs. Claude Buridant is a 20th century French scholar whose work has concentrated on Romance languages.[345] Galit Hasan-Rokem is an Israeli scholar, associate editor of Proverbium: The yearbook of international proverb scholarship, since 1984. She has written on proverbs in Jewish traditions.[346] Joseph G. Healey is an American Catholic missionary in Kenya who has led a movement to sponsor African proverb scholars to collect proverbs from their own language communities.[347] This led Wolfgang Mieder to dedicate the "International Bibliography of New and Reprinted Proverb Collections" section of Proverbium 32 to Healey.[348] Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett is a scholar of Jewish history and folklore, including proverbs.[349] Wolfgang Mieder is a German-born proverb scholar who has worked his entire academic career in the US. He is the editor of ‘’Proverbium’’ and the author of the two volume International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology.[350] He has been honored by four festschrift publications.[351][352][353][354] He has also been recognized by biographical publications that focused on his scholarship.[355][356] Dora Sakayan is a scholar who has written about German and Armenian studies, including Armenian Proverbs: A Paremiological Study with an Anthology of 2,500 Armenian Folk Sayings Selected and Translated into English.[357] An extensive introduction addresses the language and structure,[358] as well as the origin of Armenian proverbs (international, borrowed and specifically Armenian proverbs). Mineke Schipper is a Dutch scholar, best known for her book of worldwide proverbs about women, Never Marry a Woman with Big Feet – Women in Proverbs from Around the World.[359] Edward Zellem is an American proverb scholar who has edited books of Afghan proverbs, developed a method of collecting proverbs via the Web.[360]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Proverbial Phrases from California", by Owen S. Adams, Western Folklore, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1949), pp. 95–116 doi:10.2307/1497581
  2. ^ Arvo Krikmann "the Great Chain Metaphor: An Open Sezame for Proverb Semantics?", Proverbium:Yearbook of International Scholarship, 11 (1994), pp. 117–124.
  3. ^ p. 12, Wolfgang Mieder. 1990. Not by bread alone: Proverbs of the Bible. New England Press.
  4. ^ Paczolay, Gyula. 1997. European Proverbs in 55 Languages. Veszpre'm, Hungary.
  5. ^ p. 25. Wolfgang Mieder. 1993. "The wit of one, and the wisdom of many: General thoughts on the nature of the proverb. Proverbs are never out of season: Popular wisdom in the modern age 3–40. Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ p. 3 Archer Taylor. 1931. The Proverb. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  7. ^ p. 5. Wolfgang Mieder. 1993. "The wit of one, and the wisdom of many: General thoughts on the nature of the proverb. Proverbs are never out of season: Popular wisdom in the modern age 3–40. Oxford University Press.
  8. ^ p. 73. Neil Norrick. 1985. How Proverbs Mean: Semantic Studies in English Proverbs. Amsterdam: Mouton.
  9. ^ p. 33. Sw. Anand Prahlad. 1996. African-American Proverbs in Context. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
  10. ^ p. 107, Hassan Zolfaghari & Hayat Ameri. "Persian Proverbs: Definitions and Characteristics". Journal of Islamic and Human Advanced Research 2(2012) 93–108.
  11. ^ p. 45. Alan Dundes. 1984. On whether weather 'proverbs' are proverbs. Proverbium 1:39–46. Also, 1989, in Folklore Matters edited by Alan Dundes, 92–97. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
  12. ^ A Yorkshire proverb. 1883. The Academy. July 14, no. 584. p.30.
  13. ^ Ezgi Ulusoy Aranyosi. 2010. "Atasözü neydi, ne oldu?" ["What was, and what now is, a 'proverb'?"]. Millî Folklor: International and Quarterly Journal of Cultural Studies 11.88: 5–15.
  14. ^ p. 64. Gillian Hansford. 2003. Understanding Chumburung proverbs. Journal of West African Languages 30.1:57–82.
  15. ^ p. 4,5. Daniel Ben-Amos. Introduction: Folklore in African Society. Forms of Folklore in Africa, edited by Bernth Lindfors, pp. 1–36. Austin: University of Texas.
  16. ^ p. 43. Sabir Badalkhan. 2000. "Ropes break at the weakest point": Some examples of Balochi proverbs with background stories. Proverbium 17:43–69.
  17. ^ John C. Messenger, Jr. Anang Proverb-Riddles. The Journal of American Folklore Vol. 73, No. 289 (July–September 1960), pp. 225–235.
  18. ^ p. 418. Finnegan, Ruth. Oral Literature in Africa. The Saylor Foundation, 1982.
  19. ^ Umoh, S. J. 2007. The Ibibio Proverb – Riddles and Language Pedagogy. International Journal of Linguistics and Communication 11(2), 8–13.
  20. ^ Lexicography: Critical Concepts (2003) R. R. K. Hartmann, Mick R K Smith, ISBN 0415253659, p. 303
  21. ^ Barbour, Frances M. "Some uncommon sources of proverbs." Midwest Folklore 13.2 (1963): 97–100.
  22. ^ Korosh Hadissi. 2010. A Socio-Historical Approach to Poetic Origins of Persian Proverbs. Iranian Studies 43.5: 599–605.
  23. ^ Thamen, Hla. 2000. Myanmar Proverbs in Myanmar and English. Yangon: Pattamya Ngamank Publishing.
  24. ^ a b Doyle, Charles Clay, Wolfgang Mieder, Fred R. Shapiro. 2012. The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  25. ^ p. 68. Kent, Graeme. 1991. Aesop's Fables. Newmarket, UK: Brimax.
  26. ^ a b Michael Stanton. 1996. Advice is a dangerous gift. Proverbium 13: 331–345
  27. ^ a b Trokhimenko, Olga. 2003. "If You Sit on the Doorstep Long Enough, You Will Think of Something": The Function of Proverbs in J. R. R. Tolkien's Hobbit." Proverbium (journal)20: 367–378.
  28. ^ Peter Unseth. 2014. A created proverb in a novel becomes broadly used in society: "‛Easily in but not easily out', as the lobster said in his lobster pot." Crossroads: A Journal of English Studies online access 2015-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ p. 70, Winick, Stephen. 1998. The Proverb Process: Intertextuality and Proverbial Innovation in Popular Culture. University of Pennsylvania: PhD dissertation.
  30. ^ Hawthorn, Jeremy, ‘Ernest Bramah: Source of Ford Madox Ford’s Chinese Proverb?’ Notes and Queries, 63.2 (2016), 286–288.
  31. ^ p. 5. Alster, Bendt. 1979. An Akkadian and a Greek proverb. A comparative study. Die Welt des Orients 10. 1–5.
  32. ^ p. 17. Moran, William L. 1978a. An Assyriological gloss on the new Archilochus fragment. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 82. 17–19.
  33. ^ Unseth, Peter. "The World’s Oldest Living Proverb Discovered Thriving in Ethiopia." Aethiopica 21 (2018): 226–236.
  34. ^ p. 325, Linda Tavernier-Almada. 1999. Prejudice, power, and poverty in Haiti: A study of a nation's culture as seen through its proverbs. Proverbium 16:325–350.
  35. ^ p. 125. Aquilina, Joseph. 1972. A Comparative Dictionary of Maltese Proverbs. Malta: Royal University of Malta.
  36. ^ Mesfin Wodajo. 2012. Functions and Formal and Stylistic Features of Kafa Proverbs. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
  37. ^ p. 22, Janice Raymond. Mongolian Proverbs: A window into their world. San Diego: Alethinos Books.
  38. ^ Rethabile M Possa-Mogoera. The Dynamism of Culture: The Case of Sesotho Proverbs." Southern African Journal for Folklore Studies Vol. 20 (2) October.
  39. ^ p. 68. Okumba Miruka. 2001. Oral Literature of the Luo. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
  40. ^ Charles Clay Doyle, Wolfgang Mieder, Fred R. Shapiro. 2012. The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. Yale University Press.
  41. ^ p. 5. Wolfgang Mieder. 1993. Proverbs are never out of season. New York: Oxford University Press.
  42. ^ Mieder, Wolfgang. 2017. Futuristic Paremiography and Paremiology: A Plea for the Collection and Study of Modern Proverbs. Poslovitsy v frazeologicheskom pole: Kognitivnyi, diskursivnyi, spoostavitel’nyi aspekty. Ed. T.N. Fedulenkova. Vladimir: Vladimirskii Gosudarstvennyie Universitet, 2017. 205–226.
  43. ^ Jesenšek, Vida. 2014. Pragmatic and stylistic aspects of proverbs. Introduction to Paremiology: A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies, ed. by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga, pp. 133–161. Warsaw & Berlin: DeGruyter Open.
  44. ^ p. 224,225. Flavell, Linda and roger Flavell. 1993. The Dictionary of Proverbs and Their Origins. London: Kyle Cathie.
  45. ^ p. 158. Evan Bell. 2009. An analysis of Tajik proverbs. Masters thesis, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
  46. ^ Sjaak van der Geest. 1996. The Elder and His Elbow: Twelve Interpretations of an Akan Proverb. Research in African Literatures Vol. 27, No. 3: 110–118.
  47. ^ Owomoyela, Oyekan. 1988. A Kì í : Yorùbá proscriptive and prescriptive proverbs. Lanham, MD : University Press of America.
  48. ^ pp. 236–237. Siran, Jean-Louis. 1993. Rhetoric, tradition, and communication: The dialectics of meaning in proverb use. Man n.s. 28.2:225–242.
  49. ^ a b Michael Kiang, et al, Cognitive, neurophysiological, and functional correlates of proverb interpretation abnormalities in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2007), 13, 653–663. [Futuristic paremiography and paremiology: a plea for the collection and study of modern proverbs. Online access]
  50. ^ See Mac Coinnigh, Marcas. Syntactic Structures in Irish-Language Proverbs. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 29, 95–136.
  51. ^ Sebastian J. Floor. 2005. Poetic Fronting in a Wisdom Poetry Text: The Information Structure of Proverbs 7. Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 31: 23–58.
  52. ^ p. 20, 21. Unseth, Peter, Daniel Kliemt, Laurel Morgan, Stephen Nelson, Elaine Marie Scherrer. 2017. Wellerism proverbs: Mapping their distribution. GIALens 11.3: website
  53. ^ p. 176. Roos, Marti, Hans Nugteren, Zinaida Waibel. 2006. Khakas and Shor proverbs and proverbial sayings. In Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic, ed by Marcel Erdal and Irina Nevskaya, pp. 157–192. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  54. ^ p. 135. Sakayan, Dora. 1999. Reported and direct speech in proverbs: On Armenian dialogue proverbs. Proverbium 16: 303–324.
  55. ^ p. 246. Mitchison, Naomi and Amos Kgamanyane Pilane. 1967. The Bakgatla of South-East Botswana As Seen through Their Proverbs. Folklore Vol. 78, No. 4: 241–268.
  56. ^ p. 221. Kone, Kasim. 1997. Bamana verbal art: An ethnographic study of proverbs. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.
  57. ^ p. 21. Norrick, Neal R. "Subject area, terminology, proverb definitions, proverb features." Introduction to paremiology: A comprehensive guide to proverb studies, edited by Hrisztalina Hristova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga, (2014): 7-27.
  58. ^ p. 691. Michael Ahland. 2009. From topic to subject: Grammatical change in the Amharic possessive construction. Studies in Language 33.3 pp. 685–717.
  59. ^ p. 72. Nikolaos Lazaridis. 2007. Wisdom in Loose Form: The Language of Egyptian and Greek Proverbs in Collections of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Brill
  60. ^ p. 64. Christopher J. Pluger. 2014. Translating New Testament proverb-like sayings in the style of Nsenga proverbs. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics MA thesis.
  61. ^ Szpila, Grzegorz. 2001. Archaic lexis in Polish Proverbs. In Władysław Witalisz (ed.), "And gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche": Studies on Language and Literature in Honour of Professor Dr. Karl Heinz Göller, pp. 187–193. Kraków 2001.
  62. ^ Mafenya, Livhuwani Lydia. The proverb in Venda: a linguistic analysis. MA Diss. University of Johannesburg, 1994,
  63. ^ p. 36. Watson, Wilfred GE. Classical Hebrew poetry: a guide to its techniques. A&C Black, 2004.
  64. ^ p. xviii. Taylor, W(illiam) E(rnest). 1891. Giriyama Vocabulary and Collections. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
  65. ^ Tea Shurgaia (2020) The Proverbial Wisdom of a Georgian Language Island in Iran, Iranian Studies, 53:3–4, 551–571, doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1716189
  66. ^ Ketenchiev, M.B., Akhmatova M.A., and Dodueva A.T. 2022. “Archaic Vocabulary in Karachay-Balkar Paroemias”. Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices, 19 (2), 297–307. doi:10.22363/2618-897X-2022-19-2-297-307 [in Russian]
  67. ^ Merrick, Captain G. 1905. Huasa Proverbs. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., p. 6,7.
  68. ^ Madiyorova Valida Quvondiq qizi. Analysis of Archaic Words in the Structure of English and Uzbek Proverbs. EPRA International Journal of Research and Development 6.4.2021: 360–362.
  69. ^ p. 33. Wolfgang Mieder. 2014. Behold the Proverbs of a People: Proverbial Wisdom in Culture, Literature, and Politics. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
  70. ^ Issa O. Sanusi and R.K. Omoloso. The role of Yoruba proverbs in preserving archaic lexical items and expressions in Yoruba.
  71. ^ Eme, Cecilia A., Davidson U. Mbagwu, and Benjamin I. Mmadike. "Igbo proverbs and loss of metaphors." PREORC Journal of Arts and Humanities 1.1 (2016): 72–91.
  72. ^ a b Lisa Reilly & Mary B. Shepard (2016) "Sufferance fait ease en temps": word as image at St Michael-le-Belfrey, York. Word & Image 32:2, 218–234. doi:10.1080/02666286.2016.1167577.
  73. ^ p. ii. Thomas Fielding. 1825. Select proverbs of all nations. New York: Covert.
  74. ^ p. 146. Pritchard, James. 1958. The Ancient Near East, vol. 2. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  75. ^ p. 67. Ju-Hong Yun and Pashai Language Committee. 2010. On a mountain there is still a road. Peshawar, Pakistan: InterLit Foundation.
  76. ^ p. 24. Calvin C. Katabarwa and Angelique Chelo. 2012. Wisdom from Orma, Kenya proverbs and wise sayings. Nairobi: African Proverbs Working Group. http://www.afriprov.org/images/afriprov/books/wisdomofOrmaproverbs.pdf
  77. ^ Kamil V. Zvelebil. 1987. The Sound of the One Hand. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 125–126.
  78. ^ p. 16, Edward Zellem. 2012. Zarbul Masalha: 151 Aghan Dari proverbs.
  79. ^ p. 164. Philip B. Yampolsky, (trans.). 1977. The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings. New York, Columbia University Press.
  80. ^ Ludwik Sternbach. 1981. Indian Wisdom and Its Spread beyond India. Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 97–131.
  81. ^ Matti Kuusi; Marje Joalaid; Elsa Kokare; Arvo Krikmann; Kari Laukkanen; Pentti Leino; Vaina Mālk; Ingrid Sarv. Proverbia Septentrionalia. 900 Balto-Finnic Proverb Types with Russian, Baltic, German and Scandinavian Parallels. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (1985)
  82. ^ Fiedler, Sabine. 1999. Phraseology in planned languages. Language problems and language planning 23.2: 175–187.
  83. ^ p. 92. Gertrud Schneider-Blum. 2009. Máakuti t'awá shuultáa: Proverbs finish the problems: Sayings of the Alaaba (Ethiopia). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  84. ^ Brougham, Aileen E., Alexander Wyclif Reed, and Tīmoti Sam Kāretu. The Reed book of Maori proverbs. Reed Books, 1999.
  85. ^ p. 277. Senft, Gunter. 2010. The Trobriand Islanders' Ways of Speaking. (Volume 27 of Trends in Linguistics. Documentation.) Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  86. ^ p. 108. Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004. Proverbs: A handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  87. ^ Hakamies, Pekka. 2016. "Proverbs – A Universal Genre?", in Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Folklore and Beyond, ed. by Kaarina Koski and Frog with Ulla Savolainen, pp. 299–316. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
  88. ^ Elias Dominguez Baraja. 2010. The function of proverbs in discourse. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
  89. ^ a b Tadesse Jaleta Jirata. 2009. A contextual study of the social functions of Guji-Oromo proverbs. Saabruecken: DVM Verlag.
  90. ^ Hallo, William W. "Proverbs Quoted in Epic." In Lingering over Words: Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William L. Moran, pp. 203–217. Brill, 1990.
  91. ^ Yuldybaeva, G.V. 2013. On Research of the Style of the Bashkir Folk Epic "Ural-Batyr" pp. 121–122. Ethnological Studies of Shamanism and Other Indigenous Spiritual Beliefs and Practices , Vol. 15, part 2, pp. 121, 122. Moscow.
  92. ^ Tsaaior, James Tar (2010), "Webbed words: masked meanings: proverbiality and narrative/discursive strategies in D. T. Niane's Sundiata: An Epic of Mali". Proverbium 27: 319–338.
  93. ^ Adjandeh, Evelyn Aku. 2014. A study of Proverbs in "Things Fall Apart" and "Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali (Sundiata). MPhil thesis, University of Ghana..
  94. ^ Obiechina, Emmanuel. "Narrative proverbs in the African novel." Research in African Literatures 24, no. 4 (1993): 123–140.
  95. ^ Emmanuel Obiechina. Culture, tradition and society in the West African novel. Vol. 14. CUP Archive, 1975.
  96. ^ Renker, Elizabeth. 2014. "Melville and the Worlds of Civil War Poetry." Leviathan 16 (2014): 135–52.
  97. ^ 2017. Peter Unseth and Georgi Kapchits. Hemingway’s Somali proverb confirmed. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 30(4):253–254.
  98. ^ "Tolkien's Proverbs in The Lord of the Rings". www.elvenminstrel.com.
  99. ^ Rowe, David. 2016. The proverbs of Middle-Earth, 2nd edition.
  100. ^ p. 30. Hayes, Kevin. Melville’s Folk Roots. Kent: Kent State UP, 1999.
  101. ^ Unseth, Peter. 2015. The Source of Melville’s Iroquois Proverb. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 28:3–4, 182–185.
  102. ^ p. 141. Renker, Elizabeth. 2014. Mellville and the Worlds of Civil War Poetry. Leviathan 16: 135–152.
  103. ^ a b Unseth, Peter. 2011. A culture "full of choice apophthegms and useful maxims": invented proverbs in C.S. Lewis' The Horse and His Boy Proverbium 28: 323–338.
  104. ^ Proverbs from Velgarth – http://www.dragonlordsnet.com/danp.htm
  105. ^ Richard Utz, "Sic et Non: Zu Funktion und Epistemologie des Sprichwortes bei Geoffrey Chaucer," Das Mittelalter: Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung 2.2 (1997), 31–43.
  106. ^ p. 903. Taylor, Archer. 1950. Proverbs. Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend, Maria Leach ed. 902–905. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  107. ^ Eberhard, W. 1967. Some notes on the use of proverbs in Chinese novels. Proverbium no. 9: 201–208.
  108. ^ Myers, Tamar. 1996. No use dying over spelled milk. New York: Penguin Books.
  109. ^ Weisburger, Lauren. 2018. When life gives you lululemons. Simon & Schuster.
  110. ^ Lynch, Sarah-Kate. 2004. Blessed are the Cheesemakers. Grand Central Publications and Tricia Goyr & Cara Putman. 2016. Blessed are the Cheesemakers.
  111. ^ p. 332. Stanton, Michael. 1996. "Advice is a dangerous gift": (Pseudo)proverbs in The Lord of the Rings. Proverbium 13:331–346.
  112. ^ p. 19. Kent, Graeme. 1991. Aesop's Fables. Newmarket, UK: Brimax.
  113. ^ p. 86. Repinecz, Jonathon. 2013. Whose Hero? Reinventing Epic in French West African Literature. University of California, Berkeley: PhD dissertation.
  114. ^ Sobieski, Janet and Wolfgang Mieder. 2005. "So many heads, so many wits": An anthology of English proverb poetry. (Supplement Series of Proverbium, 18.) Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
  115. ^ Lauhakangas, Outi. "The Oldest Finnish Proverb Poems in Relation to the Matti Kuusi International Database od Proverbs." Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 45.3–4 (2000): 401–420.
  116. ^ A. L. Macfie and F. A. Macfie. 2001. A Proverb Poem by Refiki. Asian Folklore Studies Vol. 60, Issue 1, pp. 5–19.
  117. ^ Griswold, Eliza. 2012, Libyan Proverbs. Poetry 201.3:372–377.
  118. ^ p. 43. Akande, Akinmade Timothy and Adebayo Mosobalaje. 2014. The use of proverbs in hip-hop music: The example of Yoruba proverbs in 9ices's music. Proverbium 31:35–58.
  119. ^ Heather A. Haas. 2011. The Wisdom of Wizards – and Muggles and Squibs: Proverb Use in the World of Harry Potter. Journal of American Folklore 124(492): 38.
  120. ^ Jan Harold Brunvand. 2004. "The Early Bird Is Worth Two in the Bush": Captain Jack Aubrey's Fractured Proverbs. What Goes Around Comes Around: The Circulation of Proverbs in Contemporary Life, Kimberly J. Lau, Peter Tokofsky, Stephen D. Winick, (eds.), pp. 152–170. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. digitalcommons.usu.edu
  121. ^ Unseth, Peter. 2020. Beatrice Grimshaw’s Proverb Splicer and Her Artful Use of Proverbs. Proverbium 37:341–358.
  122. ^ Grimshaw, Beatrice. 1914. The Sorcerer’s Stone. Philadelphia: John Winston.
  123. ^ p. 49, Jennifer Speake. 2008. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, 5th ed. Oxford University Press.
  124. ^ George Bryan and Wolfgang Mieder. 1997. The Proverbial Charles Dickens. New York: Peter Lang
  125. ^ George B. Bryan. 1993. Black Sheep, Red Herrings, and Blue Murder: The Proverbial Agatha Christie. Bern: Peter Lang
  126. ^ George B. Bryan and Wolfgang Mieder. 1994. The Proverbial Bernard Shaw: An Index to Proverbs in the Works of George Bernard Shaw. Heinemann Educational Books.
  127. ^ Mieder, Wolfgang. 2006. Tilting at Windmills History & Meaning of a Proverbial Allusion to Cervantes Don Quixote. Burlington: University of Vermont. ISBN 978-0977073139
  128. ^ Mieder, Wolfgang. 2017. "Stringing proverbs together: The proverbial language in Miguel Cervantes's "Don Quixote". (Supplement series to Provebium, 38.) Burlington: University of Vermont.
  129. ^ Andreas Nolte, Wolfgang Mieder. 2012. "Zu meiner Hölle will ich den Weg mit guten Sprüchen pflastern". Friedrich Nietzsches sprichwörtliche Sprache. Broschu.
  130. ^ Connable, Ben. (2009). All our eggs in a broken basket: How the Human Terrain System is undermining sustainable military cultural competence. Military Review, March–April: 57–64.
  131. ^ MUNISHWAR NATH GUPTA. 2017. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 83 No. 4: 741–743.
  132. ^ Denig, Stephen J. Between a Rock and a Soft Place. Christian Higher Education 11.1 (2012): 44–61.
  133. ^ Lederer, Anne, Henry Gleitman, and Lila Gleitman. "Verbs of a feather flock together: Semantic information in the structure of maternal speech." Beyond names for things: Young children’s acquisition of verbs 277–297 (1995)
  134. ^ Gleitman, Lila R. "Verbs of a feather flock together II." Amsterdam Studies in the Theorgy and History of Linguistic Science Series 4 (2002): 209–232.
  135. ^ p. 154. Introduction to Paremiology. A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga. Berlin: De Gruyter Open. Online: Open Access version.
  136. ^ Cope, Lida. 2006. "Discontinued intergenerational transmission of Czech in Texas: 'Hindsight is better than foresight'." Southern Journal of Linguistics 30(2):1–49.
  137. ^ Norpoth, Helmut. 2012. "To Change or Not to Change Horses: The World War II Elections." Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume 42, Issue 2: 324–342.
  138. ^ Ismail I. Ahmed and Reginald H. Green. 1999. The heritage of war and state collapse in Somalia and Somaliland. Third World Quarterly 20.1:113–127.
  139. ^ Pia Pohatu and Tui Aroha Warmenhoven. 2007. Set the overgrowth alight and the new shoots will spring forth: New directions in community based research. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Scholarship, Special supplement, 109–127.
  140. ^ Abramson, Tony. 2016. Where there’s muck there’s brass! Coinage in the Northumbrian landscape and economy, c.575-c.867. Leeds University: Doctoral dissertation.
  141. ^ Blitt, Robert C. "Babushka Said Two Things-It Will Either Rain or Snow; It Either Will or Will Not: An Analysis of the Provisions and Human Rights Implications of Russia's New Law on Non-Governmental Organizations as Told through Eleven Russian Proverbs." Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 40 (2008): 1–86.
  142. ^ Russo, Joseph. 1983. The Poetics of the Ancient Greek Proverb. Journal of Folklore Research Vol. 20, No. 2/3, pp. 121–130
  143. ^ Wandelt, Oswin. 1887. Sprichwörter und Sentenzen des altfranzösischen Dramas (1100–1400. Dissertation at Marburg Fr. Sömmering.
  144. ^ Wilson, F.P. 1981. The proverbial wisdom of Shakespeare. In The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb, ed. by Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes, pp. 174–189. New York: Garland.
  145. ^ Françoise Cazal. 2012. Los refranes en el Auto de Caín y Abel, de Jaime Ferruz: frontera entre texto dramático y enunciado proverbial. Paremia 21: 21–32.Electronic form 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  146. ^ Grylack, B. R. (1975). The function of proverbs in the dramatic works of Aleksandr Nikolaevic Ostrovskij. New York University doctoral dissertation.
  147. ^ Adeoti, Gbemisola. "The loudness of the “Unsaid”: Proverbs in selected African drama." Legon Journal of the Humanities 30, no. 1 (2019): 82–104.
  148. ^ Akíntúndé Akínyemi. 2007. The use of Yorùbá proverbs in Alin Isola's historical drama Madam Tinubu: Terror in Lagos. Proverbium 24:17–37.
  149. ^ Yusuf, Habibat Fayoke, and Tayo Lamidi. "Translation Strategies of Proverbs in Selected Yoruba Nollywood Epic Movies." Ibadan Journal of Humanistic Studies 28, no. 1 (2018): 155–171.
  150. ^ Ezenwamadu, Nkechi Judith. "The Use of Proverbs i Zulu Sofola's King Emene." Online Journal of Arts, Management & Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2017).
  151. ^ Ezenwamadu, Nkechi Judith, and Chinyere Theodora Ojiakor. "Proverbs and Postproverbial Stance in Selected Plays of Emeka Nwabueze and Zulu Sofola." Matatu 51, no. 2 (2020): 432–447.
  152. ^ Stephen David Winick. 1998. "The proverb process: Intertextuality and proverbial innovation in popular culture". University of Pennsylvania dissertation.
  153. ^ Stephen David Winick. 2013. Proverb is as proverb does. Proverbium30:377–428.
  154. ^ Kevin McKenna. 2009. "Proverbs and the Folk Tale in the Russian Cinema: The Case of Sergei Eisenstein's Film Classic Aleksandr Nevsky." The Proverbial «Pied Piper» A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Mieder on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. by Kevin McKenna, pp. 277–292. New York, Bern: Peter Lang.
  155. ^ Donald Haase. 1990. Is seeing believing? Proverbs and the adaptation of a fairy tale. Proverbium 7: 89–104.
  156. ^ Elias Dominguez Baraja. 2010. The function of proverbs in discourse, p. 66, 67. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
  157. ^ Aboneh Ashagrie. 2013. The Athlete: a movie about the Ethiopian barefooted Olympic champion. Journal of African Cultural Studies Vol. 25, No. 1, 119–121.
  158. ^ Coteus, Stephen. 2011. "Trouble never sets like rain": Proverb (in)direction in Michael Thelwell's The Harder They Come. Proverbium 28:1–30.
  159. ^ Pym, John. 1986/1987. Silly Girls. Sight and Sound 56.1:45–48.
  160. ^ Bryan, George. 2002. Proverbial titles of dramas. Proverbium 19:65–74.
  161. ^ Konstantinova, Anna. 2012. Proverbs in an American musical: A cognitive-discursive study of "The Full Monty". Proverbium 29:67–93.
  162. ^ p. 95 ff. Kwesi Yankah. 1989. The Proverb in the Context of Akan Rhetoric. Bern: Peter Lang.
  163. ^ Ode S. Ogede. 1993. Proverb usage in the praise songs of Igede: Adiyah poet Micah Ichegbeh. Proverbium 10:237–256.
  164. ^ Raúl Eduardo GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ. Refranes en las canciones de Chava Flores. Paremia 20: 2011, pp. 139–148. Electronic access 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  165. ^ Bryan, Geoerge. 2001. An unfinished List of Anglo-American Proverb Songs. Proverbium 18:15–56.
  166. ^ Taft, Michael. 1994. Proverbs in the Blues. Proverbium 12: 227–258.
  167. ^ Prahlad, Sw. Anand. 1996. African-American Proverbs in Context. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. See pp. 77ff.
  168. ^ Steven Folsom. 1993. A discography of American Country music hits employing proverb: Covering the years 1986–1992. Proceedings for the 1993. Conference of the Southwest/Texas Popular Culture Association, ed. by Sue Poor, pp. 31–42. Stillwater, Oklahoma: The Association.
  169. ^ Florian Gutman. 2007. "Because you're mine, I walk the line" Sprichwörliches in auswegewählten Liedern von Johnny Cash." Sprichwörter sind Goldes Wert, ed. by Wolfgang Mieder, pp. 177–194. (Supplement series of Proverbium 25). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
  170. ^ V. Dezeljin. 1997. Funzioni testuali dei proverbi nel testo di Maldobrìe. Linguistica (Ljubljana) 37: 89–97.
  171. ^ "Bruce Springsteen – My Best Was Never Good Enough – Live 2005 (opening night) video". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  172. ^ "Mighty Diamonds doing "Proverbs"". YouTube.
  173. ^ Jones, Jonathan. "Why I judge albums by their covers." Wednesday 25 February 2009. The Guardian.
  174. ^ p. 10. Singh, Anup K. 2017. Dictionary of Proverbs. Neelkanth Prakashan Publishers.
  175. ^ Victor Khachan. 2012. Courtroom proverbial murals in Lebanon: a semiotic reconstruction of justice. Social Semiotics doi:10.1080/10350330.2012.665262
  176. ^ Martin Charlot. 2007. Local Traffic Only: Proverbs Hawaiian Style. Watermark Publishing.
  177. ^ Rose Marie Beck. 2000. Aesthetics of Communication: Texts on Textiles (Leso) from the East African Coast (Swahili). Research in African Literatures 31.4: 104–124)
  178. ^ MacDowell, Marsha and Wolfgang Mieder. "'When Life Hands You Scraps, Make a Quilt': Quiltmakers and the Tradition of Proverbial Inscriptions." Proverbium 27 (2010), 113–172.
  179. ^ Szpila, G. (2012). Regulating the reality? Proverbs in Polish graffiti, Estonia and Poland. Creativity and Tradition in Cultural Communication 1, 269–284.
  180. ^ "Cantonese Proverbs in One Picture". 25 February 2014.
  181. ^ Corey Barksdale. 2011. Art & Inspirational Proverbs. Lulu.com.[self-published source]
  182. ^ . Archived from the original on 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  183. ^ p. 426. Yoko Mori. 2012. Review of Dictionary of Japanese Illustrated Proverbs. Proverbium 29:435–456.
  184. ^ "GaijinPot".
  185. ^ Kamau, Wango. Use of Visual Illustration in the Interpretation of Proverbs in Secondary Schools in Kikuyu District, Kiambu County, Kenya. Kenyatta University PhD dissertation.
  186. ^ pp. 203–213. Richard Honeck. 1997. A Proverb in Mind. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  187. ^ database and e-research tool for art and design researchers (2012-10-20). "If the shoe doesn't fit, must we change the foot?". Design and Art Australia Online. Daao.org.au. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  188. ^ "Article on Maltese proverb sculptures".
  189. ^ "A bum, a bird and a pig: Valletta 2018 unveils 'Kif Jgħid Il-Malti' public art installations – The Malta Independent". Independent.com.mt. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  190. ^ "Arts & Entertainment". Timesofmalta.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  191. ^ Trokhimenko, Olga V. 1999."Wie ein Elefant im Porzellanlanden": Ursprung, Überlieferung und Gebrauch der Redensart in Deutschen und im Englischen. Proverbium 16: 351–380
  192. ^ The Argyle Sweater, May 1, 2011.
  193. ^ June 26, 2011.
  194. ^ p. 126. Wolfgang Mieder. 1993. Proverbs are never out of season. New York: Oxford University Press.
  195. ^ Aug 26, 2012.
  196. ^ July 8, 2012
  197. ^ Weintraut, Edward James. 1999. "Michel und Mauer": Post-Unification Germany as seen through Editorial Cartoons. Die Unterrichtspraxis 32.2: 143–150.
  198. ^ Dana Summers, Orlando Sentinel, Aug 20, 2012.
  199. ^ p. 389. Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichwörtliche Mythen der Anike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen. Bonn: Praesens.
  200. ^ Brienne Toomey. 2013. Old wisdom reimagined: Proverbial cartoons for university students. Proverbium 30: 333–346.
  201. ^ Wolfgang Mieder and Barbara Mieder. 1977. Tradition and innovation: Proverbs in advertising. Journal of Popular Culture 11: 308–319.
  202. ^ Stephen Winick. 2011. Fall into the (intertextual) gap: Proverbs, advertisements, and intertextual strategies. Proverbium 28:339–380.
  203. ^ Patricia Anne Audber de Baubeta. 2000. Bread, the staff of advertising. Paremia 9: 103–110. Online 2015-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
  204. ^ . YouTube. 2010-08-13. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
  205. ^ . YouTube. Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
  206. ^ . Youtube.com. 2012-12-18. Archived from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  207. ^ . www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2013-09-23.
  208. ^ . www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05.
  209. ^ Nelson Talbot (9 November 2014). "When Pigs Fly – Doritos Crash the Super Bowl 2015 Winter Official [sic]". Archived from the original on 2021-11-11 – via YouTube.
  210. ^ Seda Başer Çoban. 2010. Sözlü Gelenekten Sözün. Geleneksizliğine: Atasözü Ve Reklam [From Oral Tradition to the Traditionless of Speech: Proverb and Advertisement]. Millî Folklor. pp. 22–27.
  211. ^ Liveson Tatira. 2001. Proverbs in Zimbabwean advertisements. Journal of Folklore Research 38.3: 229–241.
  212. ^ p. 233. Liveson Tatira. 2001. Proverbs in Zimbabwean advertisements. Journal of Folklore Research 38.3: 229–241.
  213. ^ a b Charles Clay Doyle. 2012. Counter proverbs. In Doing proverbs and other kinds of folklore, by Charles Clay Doyle, 32–40. (Supplement series of Proverbium 33.) Burlington: University of Vermont.
  214. ^ Adrian Furnham. 1987. The Proverbial Truth: Contextually Reconciling and the Truthfulness of Antonymous Proverbs. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 6. 1:49–55.
  215. ^ p. 16. Hose, Susanne and Wolfgang Mieder, eds. Sorbian proverbs. Supplement series of Proverbium, 14. University of Vermont. 2004.
  216. ^ a b p. 8. Singh, Anup K. 2017. Dictionary of Proverbs. Neelkanth Prakashan Publishers.
  217. ^ Oldberg, Ragnar. 1965. Ordsprak som poesi. Ord och Bild 74:564–568.
  218. ^ p. 425, 421. Mercy Bobuafor. 2013. The Grammar of Tafi. University of Leiden doctoral dissertation. link to dissertation
  219. ^ p. 378. Valerie Inchley. 2010. Sitting in my house dreaming of Nepal. Kathmandu: EKTA.
  220. ^ p. 52, Helen Atawube Yitah. 2006. Saying Their Own 'truth': Kasena Women's (de)construction of Gender Through Proverbial Jesting. Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.
  221. ^ p. 83, 84, Dalfovo, A. T. 1987. Lugbara Wisdom. Unisa Press.
  222. ^ p. 157–171, Helen Atawube Yitah. 2006. Saying Their Own 'truth': Kasena Women's (de)construction of Gender Through Proverbial Jesting. Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.
  223. ^ Paul Hockings. 1988. Counsel from the ancients: A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens, and curses. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  224. ^ p. 76. Jeyseon Lee. 2006. "Korean proverbs." In Korean language in culture and society, ed. by Ho-min Sohn, 74–85. University of Hawai'i Press.
  225. ^ Bendt Alster. 1975. Paradoxical Proverbs and Satire in Sumerian Literature. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 27.4: 201–230.
  226. ^ p. 1050. Wolfgang Mieder. 2008. International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  227. ^ p. 276. Parker, Enid. 1971. Afar stories, riddles, and proverbs. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 9:219–287.
  228. ^ p. 283. Parker, Enid. 1971. Afar stories, riddles, and proverbs. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 9:219–287.
  229. ^ p. 36. Tadesse Jaleta Jirata. 2009. A contextual study of the social functions of Guji-Oromo proverbs. Saabruecken: DVM Verlag.
  230. ^ p. 43. Tullu, Sena Gonfa. 2008. The images of women in the proverbs and sayings of the Oromo: The case of West Arsi zone.
  231. ^ p. 301. Pachocinski, Ryszard. 2000. Proverbs of Africa: Human Nature in the Nigerian Oral Tradition. Professors World Peace Academy.
  232. ^ p. 260. Pachocinski, Ryszard. 2000. Proverbs of Africa: Human Nature in the Nigerian Oral Tradition. Professors World Peace Academy.
  233. ^ p. 12. Owomoyela, Oyekan. 2005. Yoruba Proverbs. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  234. ^ Cotter, George. 1990. Salt for stew: proverbs and sayings of the Oromo People with English translations. Debre Zeit, Ethiopia : Maryknoll Fathers.
  235. ^ p. 141. Eduardo da Silva. 1973. Prince of the People: The Life and Times of a Brazilian Free Man of Colour. Verso.
  236. ^ p. 178. Owomoyela, Oyekan. 1988. A kì í: Yorùbá proscriptive and prescriptive proverbs. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
  237. ^ Gertrud Schneider-Blum. 2009. Máakuti t'awá shuultáa: Proverbs finish the problems: Sayings of the Alaaba (Ethiopia). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  238. ^ p. 391. Pachocinski, Ryszard. 2000. Proverbs of Africa: Human Nature in the Nigerian Oral Tradition. Professors World Peace Academy.
  239. ^ p. 67, Dor, Rémy. 1982. 'Metel' ou l'appretissage du comportement. Le Proverbe chez les Kirghiz du Pamir afghan. Journal asiatique 270:67–146.
  240. ^ p. xxiv. Yangxian, Zhou. 2017. Two Thousand Proverbs from China with Annotations and Chinese and English Translation. New York: Peter Lang.
  241. ^ p. 76. Mahgoub, Fatma M. 1968. A linguistic study of Cairene proverbs. Indiana University.
  242. ^ p. v. Martgavo, Peter. 1995. Russian proverbs and sayings. New York: Hippocrene Books.
  243. ^ Pema Tsewang, Shastri. 2012. Like a yeti catching marmots. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
  244. ^ "Os refráns vellos son evanxeos pequenos".
  245. ^ es:w:hombre refranero, maricón y pilonero, also hombre refranero, hombre puñetero
  246. ^ p. 104. Desalegn Haile Arficho. Ideophones in Kambaata. Addis Ababa University: PhD dissertation.
  247. ^ p. 59. Nibafasha, Spes. "Societal construction of masculinity and femininity as portrayed in Kirundi proverbs." PhD diss., Makerere University, 2013.
  248. ^ Gözpınar, Halis. "Turkish-Georgian Equivalent Proverbs and Turkish Loan-Words in Georgian Language." Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi 21 (2014).
  249. ^ . massbreastfeeding.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013.
  250. ^ Hendricks, Leo and Rosetta Hendricks. 1994. Efficacy of a day treatment program in management of diabetes for aging African Americans. In Vera Jackson, ed., Aging Families and the Use of Proverbs, 41–52. New York: The Haworth Press.
  251. ^ Grady, Sandra. 2006. Hidden in decorative sight: Textile lore as proverbial communication among East African women. Proverbium 23: 169–190.
  252. ^ Chindogo, M. 1997. Grassroot development facilitators and traditional local wisdom: the case of Malawi. Embracing the Baobab Tree: The African proverb in the 21st century, ed. by Willem Saayman, 125–135. (African Proverbs Series.) Pretoria: Unisa Press.
  253. ^ Aden Muktar Barre. 2010. Proverbs as artistic discourse strategy in conflict resolution among Kenya Somali. Doctoral thesis, Kenyatta University.
  254. ^ Mele, Mohammed Laminu. 2007. Nigerian languages and conflict resolution: The case for proverbs and figurative expressions. Nigerian Languages, Literatures, Cultures & Policy Reforms. Festschrift for Ayo Bamgbose, ed. Ozomekuri Ndimele, p. 245–256. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: M &J Grand Orbit Communications.
  255. ^ Malinga-Musamba, Tumani and Poloko N. Ntshwarang. 2014. The Role of Cultural Proverbs and Myths in Shaping Sexual Worldviews of Adolescents in Botswana. Social Work in Public Health 29: 232–239.
  256. ^ Atido, George Pirwoth. 2011. Insights from Proverbs of the Alur in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In Collaboration with African Proverb Saying and Stories, www.afriprov.org. Nairobi, Kenya.
  257. ^ "African Proverbs, Sayings and Stories". Afriprov.org. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  258. ^ Moon, Jay. 2009. African Proverbs Reveal Christianity in Culture (American Society of Missiology Monograph, 5). Pickwick Publications.
  259. ^ Christaller, Johann. 1879. Twi mmebuse̲m, mpensã-ahansĩa mmoaano: A collection of three thousand and six hundred Tshi proverbs, in use among the Negroes of the Gold coast speaking the Asante and Fante language, collected, together with their variations, and alphabetically arranged. Basel: The Basel German Evangelical Missionary Society.
  260. ^ Bailleul, Charles. 2005. Sagesse Bambara – Proverbes et sentences. Bamako, Mali: Editions Donniya.
  261. ^ Johnson, William F. 1892. Hindi Arrows for the Preacher's Bow. (Dharma Dowali) Allahabad, India: Christian Literature Society.
  262. ^ Houlder, J[ohn]. A[lden] (1885–1960). 1960. Ohabolana ou proverbes malgaches. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Luthérienne.
  263. ^ Zellem, Edward. 2012. "Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs". Charleston: CreateSpace.
  264. ^ Zellem, Edward. 2012. "Afghan Proverbs Illustrated". Charleston: CreateSpace., now also available with translations into German, French, and Russian.
  265. ^ Edward Zellem. 2014. Mataluna: 151 Afghan Pashto Proverbs. Tampa: Cultures Direct Press.
  266. ^ Albert Kanlisi Awedoba. 2000. An Introduction to Kasena Society and Culture Through Their Proverbs. University Press Of America
  267. ^ Linda Tavernier-Almada. 1999. Prejudice, power, and poverty in Haiti: a study of a nation's culture as seen through its proverbs. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 16:325–350.
  268. ^ Ġorġ Mifsud-Chircop. 2001. Proverbiality and Worldview in Maltese and Arabic Proverbs. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 18:247–255.
  269. ^ Maati Kuusi. 1994. Fatalistic Traits in Finnish Proverbs. The Wisdom of Many. Essays on the Proverb, Eds. Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes, 275–283. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. (Originally in Fatalistic Beliefs in Religion, Folklore and Literature, Ed. Helmer Ringgren. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1967. 89–96.
  270. ^ Huynh Dinh Te. 1962. Vietnamese cultural patterns and values as expressed in proverbs. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.
  271. ^ Gerald J. Wanjohi. 1997. The Wisdom and Philosophy of the Gikuyu Proverbs: The Kihooto Worldview. Nairobi, Paulines.
  272. ^ Woods, Richard, ed. 1988. Spanish Grammar and Culture through Proverbs. Potomac, MD: Scripta Humanistica.
  273. ^ Gibian, George. How Russian Proverbs Present the Russian National Character. Russianness: Studies on a Nation's Identity. Ed. Robert L. Belknap. Ann Arbor (1990): 38–43.
  274. ^ Kohistani, Zahra. 2011. Understanding culture through proverbs. University of Amsterdam MA thesis. Online access
  275. ^ Walter Grauberg. 1989. Proverbs and idioms: mirrors of national experience? Lexicographers and their works, ed. by Gregory James, 94–99. Exeter: University of Exeter.
  276. ^ a b Richard Jente. 1931–1932. The American Proverb. American Speech 7:342–348.
  277. ^ Wolfgang Mieder. 1993. Proverbs are never out of season: Popular wisdom in the modern age. New York: Oxford University Press.
  278. ^ p. 261. Sw. Anand Prahlad. 1996. African American Proverbs in Context. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
  279. ^ Niemeyer, Larry L., "Proverbs : tools for world view studies : an exploratory comparison of the Bemba of Zambia and the Shona of Zimbabwe" (1982). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 886. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/886
  280. ^ Grauberg, Walter. 1989. Proverbs and idioms: mirrors of national experience? In Lexicographers and their works, ed. by Gregory James, 94–99. Exeter: University of Exeter.
  281. ^ Whiting, Bartlett J. 1994. When evensong and morrowsong accord: Three essays on the proverb, edited by Joseph Harris and Wolfgang Mieder. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  282. ^ p. xv. Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004b. Proverbs: A Handbook. (Greenwood Folklore Handbooks). Greenwood Press.
  283. ^ p. 146. Mieder, Wolfgang. 2008. Proverbs speak louder than words: Folk wisdom in art, culture, folklore, history, literature, and mass media. New York: Peter Lang.
  284. ^ p. 124. Wolkomir, Richard. 2006. "Gold nuggets or fool's gold?" Magazine and newspaper articles on the (ir)relevance of proverbs and proverbial phrases, Wolfgang Mieder and Janet Sobieski, eds., 117–125. (Supplement Series of Proverbium, 22.) Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
  285. ^ p. 134. W. Jay Moon. 2009. African Proverbs Reveal Christianity in Culture: A Narrative Portrayal of Builsa Proverbs. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications.
  286. ^ p. 139 & 157. Evan Bell. 2009. An analysis of Tajik proverbs. Masters thesis, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
  287. ^ p. 120. Peter Unseth. Review of Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. American Speech 90.1:117–121.
  288. ^ Petrova, Roumyana. 2016. How Religious Are The Modern Anglo-American Proverbs: A Linguocultural Study. Proceedings of the world congress of the IASS/AIS, Editor in Chief: Kristian Bankov. ISSN 2414-6862. Web access
  289. ^ p. 22, Patrick Olivelle. 2013. Talking Animals: Explorations in an Indian Literary Genre. Religions of South Asia 7.14–26.
  290. ^ Rudolf Leger and Abubakar B. Mohammad. 2000. The concept of pulaaku mirrored in Fulfulde proverbs of the Gombe dialect. Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, Band 14, Frankfurt a.M. 2000: 299–306.
  291. ^ Sbaihat, Ahlam (2012). La imagen de la madre en el refranero español y jordano. Estudio de Paremiología comparada. España: Sociedad Española de Estudios Literarios de Cultura Popular, Oceanide, 5.
  292. ^ p. 173.Sheila K. Webster. 1982. Women, Sex, and Marriage in Moroccan Proverbs. International Journal of Middle East Studies 14:173–184.
  293. ^ p. 84ff. Andrey Reznikov. 2009. Old wine in new bottles: Modern Russian anti-proverbs. (Supplement Series of Proverbium, 27.) Burlington, VT: University of Vermont
  294. ^ Evan Bell. 2009. An analysis of Tajik proverbs. Masters thesis, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
  295. ^ p. 54, J. Christy Wilson, Jr. 2004. One hundred Afghan Persian proverbs 3rd, edition. Peshawar, Pakistan: InterLit Foundation.
  296. ^ p. 601, Paul Hockings. 1988. Counsel from the Ancients: A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens and curses. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  297. ^ Ziyad Mohammad Gogazeh and Ahmad Husein Al-Afif. 2007. Los proverbios árabes extraidos del Corán: recopilación, traducción, y estudio. Paremia 16: 129–138.
  298. ^ p. 130, Evan Bell. 2009. The wit and wisdom of the Tajiks: An analysis of Tajik proverbs. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, MA thesis.
  299. ^ p. 16, P. R. Gurdon. 1895. Some Assamese proverbs. Shillong, India: Assam Secretariat Printing Office.
  300. ^ p. 142. August Francke. 1901. A collection of Ladakhi proverbs. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 2: 135–148.
  301. ^ Peter Unseth (2017). Review of Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues: Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Iranian Studies 50:1, 163–167, doi:10.1080/00210862.2017.1269451
  302. ^ p. 46. Ernst Dammann. 1972. Die Religion in Afrikanischen Sprichwörter und Rätseln. Anthropos 67:36–48. Quotation in English, from summary at end of article.
  303. ^ Sharab, Moayad; Sbaihat, Ahlam; Al Duweiri, Hussein (2013). La imagen del perro en la paremiología jordana: traducción y contraste con el español. University of Granada: Language Design, Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Linguistics, vol. 14, n. 1.
  304. ^ Mieder, Wolfgang. "The use of proverbs in psychological testing." Journal of the Folklore Institute 15.1 (1978): 45–55.
  305. ^ "Institut für Kognitive Neurowissenschaft". Ruhr-uni-bochum.de. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  306. ^ Yamaguchi, Haruyasu; Yohko Maki, Tomoharu Yamaguchi. 2011. A figurative proverb test for dementia: rapid detection of disinhibition, excuse and confabulation, causing discommunication. Psychogeriatrics Vol. 11.4: pp. 205–211.
  307. ^ Natalie C. Kaiser. 2013. What dementia reveals about proverb interpretation and its neuroanatomical correlates. Neuropsychologia 51:1726–1733.
  308. ^ Kempler, Daniel, Diana Van Lancker, and Stephen Read. 1988. Proverb and idiom comprehension in Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers Disease and Associated Disorders 2.1:38–49.
  309. ^ Richard P. Honeck. A proverb in mind: the cognitive science of proverbial wit and wisdom. Routledge, 1997.
  310. ^ Pp. 123ff, C. Thomas Gualtieri. 2002. Brain Injury and Mental Retardation: Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  311. ^ Ulatowska, Hanna K., and Gloria S. Olness. "Reflections on the Nature of Proverbs: Evidence from Aphasia." Proverbium 15 (1998), 329–346. Schizophrenia has also been shown to affect the way people interpret proverbs.
  312. ^ Yi, You Gyoung, Dae Youl Kim, Woo Hyun Shim, Joo Young Oh, Sung Hyun Kim, Ho Sung Kim. (2017). Neural correlates of Korean proverb processing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain and behavior 7(10).
  313. ^ "Photo and Web page about Permjakov".
  314. ^ p. 91 Grigorii L'vovich Permiakov. 1989. On the question of a Russian paremiological minimum. Proverbium 6:91–102.
  315. ^ Vyshya, Natalia. 2008. Minimo paremiologioco ucraiano y peculiardades de traduccion. Paremia 17: 101–110.
  316. ^ Grigorii L'vovich Permiakov. 1989. On the question of a Russian paremiological minimum. Proverbium 6:91–102.
  317. ^ Katalin Vargha, Anna T. Litovkina. 2007. Proverb is as proverb does: A preliminary analysis of a survey on the use of Hungarian proverbs and anti-proverbs. Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 52.1: 135–155.
  318. ^ Forgács, Tomás. 2014. Über das Parömische minimum des Ungarischen. Proverbium 31:255–278.
  319. ^ . Ucnk.ff.cuni.cz. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  320. ^ "Kapchits article on popularity of various Somali proverbs".
  321. ^ pp. 389–490, Valerie Inchley. 2010. Sitting in my house dreaming of Nepal. Kathmandu: EKTA.
  322. ^ Doctor, Raymond. 2005. Towards a Paremiological Minimum For Gujarati Proverbs. Proverbium 22:51–70.
  323. ^ Julia Sevilla Muñoz. 2010. El refranero hoy. Paremia 19: 215–226.
  324. ^ Fielder, Sabine. 1999. Phraseology in planned languages. Language Problems and Language Planning 23.2: 175–187, see p. 178.
  325. ^ Szpila, Grzegorz. Minimum paremiologiczne języka polskiego – badanie pilotażowe", Język Polski 1/2002: 36–42.
  326. ^ SEVILLA MUÑOZ, Julia y BARBADILLO DE LA FUENTE, M.ª Teresa, El mínimo paremiológico español. Madrid: Centro Virtual Cervantes (Instituto Cervantes). Biblioteca fraseológica y paremiológica, serie «Mínimo paremiológico», n.º 2, 2021, 215 p., ISBN: 978- 84-09-31657-1.M
  327. ^ Ďurčo, Peter. 2014. Empirical Research and Paremiological Minimum. In Introduction to Paremiology. A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga, 183–205. Berlin: De Gruyter Open. Online: Open Access version.
  328. ^ Mbiti, John. 2002. The African proverbs project and after. Lexikos, 12(1): 256–263.
  329. ^ Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim.; University of Vermont.; Ohio State University. (29 November 1984). : v. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 – via Hathi Trust. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  330. ^ "Web access to Paremia".
  331. ^ "Conference website". Colloquium-proverbs.org. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  332. ^ Wolfgang Mieder. 2008. International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  333. ^ Mieder, Wolfgang. 2011. International Bibliography of Paremiography. (Supplement Series of Proverbium, 34.) Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
  334. ^ Introduction to Paremiology. A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga. Berlin: De Gruyter Open. Online: Open Access version.
  335. ^ Erasmus, Desiderius. Adages in Collected Works of Erasmus. Trans. R.A.B Mynors et al. Volumes 31–36. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982–2006.
  336. ^ "Alan Dundes as Pioneering Paremiologist" (PDF).
  337. ^ Lauhakangas, Outi. 2013. The Matti Kuusi International Database of Proverbs. Oral Tradition 28/2 (2013): 217–222. (Article on his Proverb Type System. 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine)
  338. ^ Lauhakangas, Outi. 2014. Categorization of proverbs, p. 59. Introduction to Paremiology, ed. by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga, pp. 49–67. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  339. ^ p. xiv, Mieder, Wolfgang. Proverbs: A handbook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  340. ^ 1931. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  341. ^ Aetiological Tales of Modern Greek Proverbs (Ermis: Athens, 1972).
  342. ^ p. vi. Wolfgang Mieder. 2009. Editor’s Preface. Proverb semantics: Studies in structure, logic, and metaphor, edited by Wolfgang Mieder, pp. v-viii. (Supplement Series to Proverbium, 29.) Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
  343. ^ p. 5. Wolfgang Mieder. Arvo Krikmann: Master folklorist and paremiologist. Proverbium 31: 1–10.
  344. ^ p. 640–646. Wolfgang Mieder. 2009 International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  345. ^ 1976. Nature and function of proverbs in jeux-partis. Revue des sciences humaines 163.3 (1976): 377–418.
  346. ^ Hasan-Rokem, Galit. Web of life: Folklore and Midrash in Rabbinic literature. Stanford University Press, 2000.
  347. ^ http://www.afriprov.org/index.php/meetings/624-minutes-of-the-meeting-of-the-african-proverbs-working-group-saturday-28-april-2012-.html 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Minutes of the Meeting of the African Proverbs Working Group, Christ the Teacher Parish, Kenyatta University Nairobi, Kenya, Saturday, 28 April 2012
  348. ^ p. 457. International Bibliography of New and Reprinted Proverb Collections. Proverbium 32: 457–466.
  349. ^ Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. "Toward a theory of proverb meaning." Proverbium 22 (1973): 821–827.
  350. ^ 2009 International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  351. ^ "College of Arts and Sciences – College of Arts and Sciences – The University of Vermont". www.uvm.edu.
  352. ^ Kevin McKenna, ed. 2009. The Proverbial 'Pied Piper': A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Mieder on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1433104893
  353. ^ Christian Grandl and Kevin McKenna, ed. 2015. Bis dat, qui cito dat Gegengabe in Paremiology, Folklore, Language and Literature Honoring Wolfgang Mieder on His Seventieth Birthday.Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3631648728
  354. ^ Nolte, Andreas and Dennis Mahoney. 2019. Living by the Golden Rule: Mentor – Scholar – World Citizen: A Festschrift for Wolfgang Mieder’s 75th Birthday. Bern: Peter Lang.
  355. ^ Lauhakangas, Outi. 2012. In honorem Wolfgang Mieder. In Program of the Sixth Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs, 4th to 11th November 2012, at Tavira, Portugal, Rui B. Soares and Outi Lauhakangas, eds., pp. 81–84. Tavira: Tipograpfia Tavirense.
  356. ^ Jones, Amy. 2012. Wolfgang Mieder: Ein Fuβ in beiden Ländern. In Sprache als Heimat, A. Jones, ed. Quasi. Middlebury [College] Zeitschrift 1:52–58.
  357. ^ Armenian Proverbs: A Paremiological Study with an Anthology of 2,500 Armenian Folk Sayings Selected and Translated into English, Delmar & New York: Caravan Books, First edition: 1994, Second and revised edition: 1995
  358. ^ Sakayan, Dora. "On the Grammar of Armenian Proverbs." In: John A. C. Greppin (ed.), Proceedings. Fourth International Conference on Armenian Linguistics. Cleveland State University, Cleveland, September 14–19, 1991, Delmar & New York: Caravan Books, 1992, pp. 171–201
  359. ^ Yale University Press, 2004
  360. ^ Unseth, Peter. 2016. Comparing methods of collecting proverbs: Learning to value working with a community, p. 7.Comparing methods of collecting proverbs

Further reading

  • Bailey, Clinton. 2004. A Culture of Desert Survival: Bedouin Proverbs from Sinai and the Negev. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300098440. OCLC 762594024.
  • Borajo, Daniel, Juan Rios, M. Alicia Perez, and Juan Pazos. 1990. Dominoes as a domain where to use proverbs as heuristics. Data & Knowledge Engineering 5:129–137.
  • Christy, Robert. 1887. Proverbs, Maxims and Phrases of All Ages. New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
  • Dominguez Barajas, Elias. 2010. The function of proverbs in discourse. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110224887. OCLC 759758090.
  • Flonta, Teodor. 1995. . Hobart, Australia. Department of Modern Languages, University of Tasmania, Australia. OCLC 939086054.
  • Grzybek, Peter. "Proverb." Simple Forms: An Encyclopaedia of Simple Text-Types in Lore and Literature, ed. Walter Koch. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1994. 227–41. ISBN 978-3883394060. OCLC 247469217.
  • Haas, Heather. 2008. Proverb familiarity in the United States: Cross-regional comparisons of the paremiological minimum. Journal of American Folklore 121.481: pp. 319–347.
  • Harris, Richard L. (2017). . University of Saskatchewan.
  • Hildebrandt, Ted. (2005). . Gordon College.
  • Hirsch, E. D., Joseph Kett, Jame Trefil. 1988. The dictionary of cultural literacy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Mac Coinnigh, Marcas. 2012. Syntactic Structures in Irish-Language Proverbs. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 29, 95–136.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang. 1982. Proverbs in Nazi Germany: The Promulgation of Anti-Semitism and Stereotypes Through Folklore. The Journal of American Folklore 95, No. 378, pp. 435–464.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang. 2001. International Proverb Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography, with supplements. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0820457079. OCLC 916748443.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang. 1994. Wise Words. Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004a. The Netherlandish Proverbs. (Supplement series of Proverbium, 16.) Burlington: University of Vermont.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004b. Proverbs: A Handbook. (Greenwood Folklore Handbooks). Greenwood Press.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang and Alan Dundes. 1994. The wisdom of many: essays on the proverb. (Originally published in 1981 by Garland.) Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang and Anna Tothne Litovkina. 2002. Twisted Wisdom: Modern Anti-Proverbs. DeProverbio.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang and Janet Sobieski. 1999. Proverb iconography: an international bibliography. Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Mitchell, David. 2001. Go Proverbs (reprint of 1980). ISBN 0970619316. Slate and Shell.
  • Nussbaum, Stan. 1998. The Wisdom of African Proverbs (CD-ROM). Colorado Springs: Global Mapping International.
  • Obeng, S. G. 1996. The Proverb as a Mitigating and Politeness Strategy in Akan Discourse. Anthropological Linguistics 38(3), 521–549.
  • Paczolay, Gyula. 1997. European Proverbs in 55 Languages. Veszpre'm, Hungary. ISBN 978-1875943449. OCLC 52291221.
  • Permiakov, Grigorii. 1979. From proverb to Folk-tale: Notes on the general theory of cliche. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Raymond, Joseph. 1956. Tension in proverbs: more light on international understanding. Western Folklore 15.3:153–158.
  • Speake, Jennifer, and John A. Simpson. (2015). The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. ISBN 9780198734901. OCLC 931789403.
  • Steen, Francis. 2000. Proverb Bibliography. CogWeb – Cognitive Cultural Studies. University of California.
  • Shapin, Steven, "Proverbial economies. How and understanding of some linguistic and social features of common sense can throw light on more prestigious bodies of knowledge, science for example". Chapter 13 (pp. 315–350) of Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as if It Was Produced by People with Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, 568 pages (ISBN 978-0801894213). First published in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine, number 77, pp. 263–297, 2003.
  • Taylor, Archer. 1985. The Proverb and an index to "The Proverb", with an Introduction and Bibliography by Wolfgang Mieder. Bern: Peter Lang.

External links

 
Look up Appendix:English proverbs in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Proverbs.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Category:Proverbs.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proverbs.
  • The List of World Proverbs. Grouped by proverb origin.

April 17, 2023
proverb, redirects, here, biblical, text, book, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, verb, proverb, from, latin, proverbium, simple, insightful, traditional, saying, that, expresses, perceived, truth, based, common, sense, experience, often, metaphoric. Proverbs redirects here For the biblical text see Book of Proverbs For other uses see Proverb disambiguation Not to be confused with pro verb A proverb from Latin proverbium is a simple and insightful traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience Proverbs are often metaphorical and use formulaic language A proverbial phrase or a proverbial expression is a type of a conventional saying similar to proverbs and transmitted by oral tradition The difference is that a proverb is a fixed expression while a proverbial phrase permits alterations to fit the grammar of the context 1 2 Collectively they form a genre of folklore Some proverbs exist in more than one language because people borrow them from languages and cultures with which they are in contact In the West the Bible including but not limited to the Book of Proverbs and medieval Latin aided by the work of Erasmus have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs Not all Biblical proverbs however were distributed to the same extent one scholar has gathered evidence to show that cultures in which the Bible is the major spiritual book contain between three hundred and five hundred proverbs that stem from the Bible 3 whereas another shows that of the 106 most common and widespread proverbs across Europe 11 are from the Bible 4 However almost every culture has its own unique proverbs Contents 1 Definitions 2 Examples 3 Sources 4 Interpretations 5 Features 5 1 Grammatical structures 5 2 Conservative language 5 3 Borrowing and spread 6 Use 6 1 In conversation 6 2 In literature 6 3 In drama and film 6 4 In music 6 5 In visual form 6 6 In cartoons 6 7 In advertising 7 Variations 7 1 Counter proverbs 7 2 Metaproverbs 8 Applications 8 1 Cultural values 8 2 Religion 8 3 Psychology 9 Paremiology 9 1 Paremiological minimum 9 2 Sources for proverb study 9 3 Noteworthy proverb scholars paremiologists and paremiographers 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksDefinitions EditLord John Russell c 1850 observed poetically that a proverb is the wit of one and the wisdom of many 5 But giving the word proverb the sort of definition theorists need has proven to be a difficult task and although scholars often quote Archer Taylor s argument that formulating a scientific definition of a proverb is too difficult to repay the undertaking An incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that one is not Hence no definition will enable us to identify positively a sentence as proverbial 6 many students of proverbs have attempted to itemize their essential characteristics More constructively Mieder has proposed the following definition A proverb is a short generally known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom truth morals and traditional views in a metaphorical fixed and memorizable form and which is handed down from generation to generation 7 To distinguish proverbs from idioms cliches etc Norrick created a table of distinctive features an abstract tool originally developed for linguistics 8 Prahlad distinguishes proverbs from some other closely related types of sayings True proverbs must further be distinguished from other types of proverbial speech e g proverbial phrases Wellerisms maxims quotations and proverbial comparisons 9 Based on Persian proverbs Zolfaghari and Ameri propose the following definition A proverb is a short sentence which is well known and at times rhythmic including advice sage themes and ethnic experiences comprising simile metaphor or irony which is well known among people for its fluent wording clarity of expression simplicity expansiveness and generality and is used either with or without change 10 There are many sayings in English that are commonly referred to as proverbs such as weather sayings Alan Dundes however rejects including such sayings among truly proverbs Are weather proverbs proverbs I would say emphatically No 11 The definition of proverb has also changed over the years For example the following was labeled A Yorkshire proverb in 1883 but would not be categorized as a proverb by most today as throng as Throp s wife when she hanged herself with a dish cloth 12 The changing of the definition of proverb is also noted in Turkish 13 In other languages and cultures the definition of proverb also differs from English In the Chumburung language of Ghana aŋase are literal proverbs and akpare are metaphoric ones 14 Among the Bini of Nigeria there are three words that are used to translate proverb ere ivbe and itan The first relates to historical events the second relates to current events and the third was linguistic ornamentation in formal discourse 15 Among the Balochi of Pakistan and Afghanistan there is a word batal for ordinary proverbs and bassittuks for proverbs with background stories 16 There are also language communities that combine proverbs and riddles in some sayings leading some scholars to create the label proverb riddles 17 18 19 Another similar construction is an idiomatic phrase Sometimes it is difficult to draw a distinction between idiomatic phrase and proverbial expression In both of them the meaning does not immediately follow from the phrase The difference is that an idiomatic phrase involves figurative language in its components while in a proverbial phrase the figurative meaning is the extension of its literal meaning Some experts classify proverbs and proverbial phrases as types of idioms 20 Examples EditSee also List of proverbial phrases From the French proverbial phrase Je me mele des oies ferrees I concern myself meddle with shoeing geese From a misericord at the Abbey of Saint Martin aux Bois Oise France Pearls before Swine Latin proverb on platter at the Louvre Haste makes waste A stitch in time saves nine Ignorance is bliss Mustn t cry over spilled spilt milk Don t cross the bridge until you come to it Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones Fortune favours the bold Well begun is half done A little learning is a dangerous thing A rolling stone gathers no moss It ain t over till the fat lady sings Garbage in garbage out A poor workman blames his tools A dog is a man s best friend An apple a day keeps the doctor away If the shoe fits wear it On the Internet nobody knows you re a dog Slow and steady wins the race Don t count your chickens before they hatch Practice makes perfect Don t put all your eggs in one basket Your mileage may vary All that glitters is not gold You can t have your cake and eat it With great power comes great responsibility The enemy of my enemy is my friendSources Edit Who will bell the cat comes from the end of a story Proverbs come from a variety of sources 21 Some are indeed the result of people pondering and crafting language such as some by Confucius Plato Baltasar Gracian etc Others are taken from such diverse sources as poetry 22 stories 23 songs commercials advertisements movies literature etc 24 A number of the well known sayings of Jesus Shakespeare and others have become proverbs though they were original at the time of their creation and many of these sayings were not seen as proverbs when they were first coined Many proverbs are also based on stories often the end of a story For example the proverb Who will bell the cat is from the end of a story about the mice planning how to be safe from the cat 25 Some authors have created proverbs in their writings such as J R R Tolkien 26 27 and some of these proverbs have made their way into broader society Similarly C S Lewis created proverb about a lobster in a pot from the Chronicles of Narnia has also gained currency 28 In cases like this deliberately created proverbs for fictional societies have become proverbs in real societies In a fictional story set in a real society the movie Forrest Gump introduced Life is like a box of chocolates into broad society 29 In at least one case it appears that a proverb deliberately created by one writer has been naively picked up and used by another who assumed it to be an established Chinese proverb Ford Madox Ford having picked up a proverb from Ernest Bramah It would be hypocrisy to seek for the person of the Sacred Emperor in a Low Tea House 30 The proverb with a longer history than any other recorded proverb in the world going back to around 1800 BC 31 is in a Sumerian clay tablet The bitch by her acting too hastily brought forth the blind 32 33 Though many proverbs are ancient they were all newly created at some point by somebody Sometimes it is easy to detect that a proverb is newly coined by a reference to something recent such as the Haitian proverb The fish that is being microwaved doesn t fear the lightning 34 Similarly there is a recent Maltese proverb wil muturi ferh u duluri Women and motorcycles are joys and griefs the proverb is clearly new but still formed as a traditional style couplet with rhyme 35 Also there is a proverb in the Kafa language of Ethiopia that refers to the forced military conscription of the 1980s the one who hid himself lived to have children 36 A Mongolian proverb also shows evidence of recent origin A beggar who sits on gold Foam rubber piled on edge 37 Another example of a proverb that is clearly recent is this from Sesotho A mistake goes with the printer 38 A political candidate in Kenya popularised a new proverb in his 1995 campaign Chuth ber Immediacy is best The proverb has since been used in other contexts to prompt quick action 39 Over 1 400 new English proverbs are said to have been coined and gained currency in the 20th century 40 This process of creating proverbs is always ongoing so that possible new proverbs are being created constantly Those sayings that are adopted and used by an adequate number of people become proverbs in that society 41 42 A rolling stone gathers no moss Interpretations EditInterpreting proverbs is often complex but is best done in a context 43 Interpreting proverbs from other cultures is much more difficult than interpreting proverbs in one s own culture Even within English speaking cultures there is difference of opinion on how to interpret the proverb A rolling stone gathers no moss Some see it as condemning a person that keeps moving seeing moss as a positive thing such as profit others see the proverb as praising people that keep moving and developing seeing moss as a negative thing such as negative habits 44 Similarly among Tajik speakers the proverb One hand cannot clap has two significantly different interpretations Most see the proverb as promoting teamwork Others understand it to mean that an argument requires two people 45 In an extreme example one researcher working in Ghana found that for a single Akan proverb twelve different interpretations were given 46 Proverb interpretation is not automatic even for people within a culture Owomoyela tells of a Yoruba radio program that asked people to interpret an unfamiliar Yoruba proverb very few people could do so 47 Siran found that people who had moved out of the traditional Vute speaking area of Cameroon were not able to interpret Vute proverbs correctly even though they still spoke Vute Their interpretations tended to be literal 48 Children will sometimes interpret proverbs in a literal sense not yet knowing how to understand the conventionalized metaphor Interpretation of proverbs is also affected by injuries and diseases of the brain A hallmark of schizophrenia is impaired proverb interpretation 49 Features EditGrammatical structures Edit Proverbs in various languages are found with a wide variety of grammatical structures 50 In English for example we find the following structures in addition to others Imperative negative Don t beat a dead horse Imperative positive If the shoe fits wear it Parallel phrases Garbage in garbage out Rhetorical question Is the Pope Catholic Declarative sentence Birds of a feather flock together However people will often quote only a fraction of a proverb to invoke an entire proverb e g All is fair instead of All is fair in love and war and A rolling stone for A rolling stone gathers no moss The grammar of proverbs is not always the typical grammar of the spoken language often elements are moved around to achieve rhyme or focus 51 Another type of grammatical construction is the wellerism a speaker and a quotation often with an unusual circumstance such as the following a representative of a wellerism proverb found in many languages The bride couldn t dance she said The room floor isn t flat 52 Another type of grammatical structure in proverbs is a short dialogue Shor Khkas SW Siberia They asked the camel Why is your neck crooked The camel laughed roaringly What of me is straight 53 Armenian They asked the wine Have you built or destroyed more It said I do not know of building of destroying I know a lot 54 Bakgatla a k a Tswana The thukhui jackal said I can run fast But the sands said We are wide Botswana 55 Bamana Speech what made you good The way I am said Speech What made you bad The way I am said Speech Mali 56 The cobbler should stick to his last in German It is also an old proverb in English but now last is no longer known to many Conservative language Edit Latin proverb overdoorway in Netherlands No one attacks me with impunity Because many proverbs are both poetic and traditional they are often passed down in fixed forms Though spoken language may change many proverbs are often preserved in conservative even archaic form Proverbs often contain archaic words and structures 57 In English for example betwixt is not commonly used but a form of it is still heard or read in the proverb There is many a slip twixt the cup and the lip The conservative form preserves the meter and the rhyme This conservative nature of proverbs can result in archaic words and grammatical structures being preserved in individual proverbs as has been widely documented e g in Amharic 58 Greek 59 Nsenga 60 Polish 61 Venda 62 Hebrew 63 Giriama 64 Georgian 65 Karachay Balkar 66 Hausa 67 and Uzbek 68 In addition proverbs may still be used in languages which were once more widely known in a society but are now no longer so widely known For example English speakers use some non English proverbs that are drawn from languages that used to be widely understood by the educated class e g C est la vie from French and Carpe diem from Latin Proverbs are often handed down through generations Therefore many proverbs refer to old measurements obscure professions outdated weapons unknown plants animals names and various other traditional matters 69 Therefore it is common that they preserve words that become less common and archaic in broader society 70 71 Archaic proverbs in solid form such as murals carvings and glass can be viewed even after the language of their form is no longer widely understood such as an Anglo French proverb in a stained glass window in York 72 Borrowing and spread Edit Proverbs are often and easily translated and transferred from one language into another There is nothing so uncertain as the derivation of proverbs the same proverb being often found in all nations and it is impossible to assign its paternity 73 The Blind Leading the Blind by Pieter Bruegel the Elder Proverbs are often borrowed across lines of language religion and even time For example a proverb of the approximate form No flies enter a mouth that is shut is currently found in Spain France Ethiopia and many countries in between It is embraced as a true local proverb in many places and should not be excluded in any collection of proverbs because it is shared by the neighbors However though it has gone through multiple languages and millennia the proverb can be traced back to an ancient Babylonian proverb 74 Another example of a widely spread proverb is A drowning person clutches at frogs foam found in Peshai of Afghanistan 75 and Orma of Kenya 76 and presumably places in between Proverbs about one hand clapping are common across Asia 77 from Dari in Afghanistan 78 to Japan 79 Some studies have been done devoted to the spread of proverbs in certain regions such as India and her neighbors 80 and Europe 81 An extreme example of the borrowing and spread of proverbs was the work done to create a corpus of proverbs for Esperanto where all the proverbs were translated from other languages 82 It is often not possible to trace the direction of borrowing a proverb between languages This is complicated by the fact that the borrowing may have been through plural languages In some cases it is possible to make a strong case for discerning the direction of the borrowing based on an artistic form of the proverb in one language but a prosaic form in another language For example in Ethiopia there is a proverb Of mothers and water there is none evil It is found in Amharic Alaaba language and Oromo three languages of Ethiopia Oromo Hadhaa fi bishaan hamaa hin qaban Amharic Kaennatenna weha kefu yallam Alaaba Wiihaa ʔamaataa hiilu yoosebaʔa 83 The Oromo version uses poetic features such as the initial ha in both clauses with the final aa in the same word and both clauses ending with an Also both clauses are built with the vowel a in the first and last words but the vowel i in the one syllable central word In contrast the Amharic and Alaaba versions of the proverb show little evidence of sound based art However not all languages have proverbs Proverbs are nearly universal across Europe Asia and Africa Some languages in the Pacific have them such as Maori 84 Other Pacific languages do not e g there are no proverbs in Kilivila of the Trobriand Islands 85 However in the New World there are almost no proverbs While proverbs abound in the thousands in most cultures of the world it remains a riddle why the Native Americans have hardly any proverb tradition at all 86 Hakamies has examined the matter of whether proverbs are found universally a universal genre concluding that they are not 87 Use EditIn conversation Edit Proverbs are used in conversation by adults more than children partially because adults have learned more proverbs than children Also using proverbs well is a skill that is developed over years Additionally children have not mastered the patterns of metaphorical expression that are invoked in proverb use Proverbs because they are indirect allow a speaker to disagree or give advice in a way that may be less offensive Studying actual proverb use in conversation however is difficult since the researcher must wait for proverbs to happen 88 An Ethiopian researcher Tadesse Jaleta Jirata made headway in such research by attending and taking notes at events where he knew proverbs were expected to be part of the conversations 89 In literature Edit Created proverb from J R R Tolkien s Lord of the Rings on a bumper sticker Many authors have used proverbs in their writings for a very wide variety of literary genres epics 90 91 92 93 novels 94 95 poems 96 short stories 97 Probably the most famous user of proverbs in novels is J R R Tolkien in his The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings series 26 27 98 99 Herman Melville is noted for creating proverbs in Moby Dick 100 and in his poetry 101 102 Also C S Lewis created a dozen proverbs in The Horse and His Boy 103 and Mercedes Lackey created dozens for her invented Shin a in and Tale edras cultures 104 Lackey s proverbs are notable in that they are reminiscent to those of Ancient Asia e g Just because you feel certain an enemy is lurking behind every bush it doesn t follow that you are wrong is like to Before telling secrets on the road look in the bushes These authors are notable for not only using proverbs as integral to the development of the characters and the story line but also for creating proverbs 103 Among medieval literary texts Geoffrey Chaucer s Troilus and Criseyde plays a special role because Chaucer s usage seems to challenge the truth value of proverbs by exposing their epistemological unreliability 105 Rabelais used proverbs to write an entire chapter of Gargantua 106 The patterns of using proverbs in literature can change over time A study of classical Chinese novels found proverb use as frequently as one proverb every 3 500 words in the Water Margin Shuihu zhuan and one proverb every 4 000 words in Wen Jou hsiang But modern Chinese novels have fewer proverbs by far 107 Hercules and the Wagoner illustration for children s book Proverbs or portions of them have been the inspiration for titles of books The Bigger they Come by Erle Stanley Gardner and Birds of a Feather several books with this title Devil in the Details multiple books with this title Sometimes a title alludes to a proverb but does not actually quote much of it such as The Gift Horse s Mouth by Robert Campbell Some books or stories have titles that are twisted proverbs anti proverbs such as No use dying over spilled milk 108 When life gives you lululemons 109 and two books titled Blessed are the Cheesemakers 110 The twisted proverb of last title was also used in the Monty Python movie Life of Brian where a person mishears one of Jesus Christ s beatitudes I think it was Blessed are the cheesemakers Some books and stories are built around a proverb Some of Tolkien s books have been analyzed as having governing proverbs where the acton of a book turns on or fulfills a proverbial saying 111 Some stories have been written with a proverb overtly as an opening such as A stitch in time saves nine at the beginning of Kitty s Class Day one of Louisa May Alcott s Proverb Stories Other times a proverb appears at the end of a story summing up a moral to the story frequently found in Aesop s Fables such as Heaven helps those who help themselves from Hercules and the Wagoner 112 In a novel by the Ivorian novelist Ahmadou Kourouma proverbs are used to conclude each chapter 113 Proverbs have also been used strategically by poets 114 Sometimes proverbs or portions of them or anti proverbs are used for titles such as A bird in the bush by Lord Kennet and his stepson Peter Scott and The blind leading the blind by Lisa Mueller Sometimes multiple proverbs are important parts of poems such as Paul Muldoon s Symposium which begins You can lead a horse to water but you can t make it hold its nose to the grindstone and hunt with the hounds Every dog has a stitch in time In Finnish there are proverb poems written hundreds of years ago 115 The Turkish poet Refiki wrote an entire poem by stringing proverbs together which has been translated into English poetically yielding such verses as Be watchful and be wary But seldom grant a boon The man who calls the piper Will also call the tune 116 Eliza Griswold also created a poem by stringing proverbs together Libyan proverbs translated into English 117 Because proverbs are familiar and often pointed they have been used by a number of hip hop poets This has been true not only in the USA birthplace of hip hop but also in Nigeria Since Nigeria is so multilingual hip hop poets there use proverbs from various languages mixing them in as it fits their need sometimes translating the original For example They forget say ogbon ju agbaralo They forget that wisdom is greater than power 118 Some authors have bent and twisted proverbs creating anti proverbs for a variety of literary effects For example in the Harry Potter novels J K Rowling reshapes a standard English proverb into It s no good crying over spilt potion and Dumbledore advises Harry not to count your owls before they are delivered 119 In a slightly different use of reshaping proverbs in the Aubrey Maturin series of historical naval novels by Patrick O Brian Capt Jack Aubrey humorously mangles and mis splices proverbs such as Never count the bear s skin before it is hatched and There s a good deal to be said for making hay while the iron is hot 120 Earlier than O Brian s Aubrey Beatrice Grimshaw also used repeated splicings of proverbs in the mouth of an eccentric marquis to create a memorable character in The Sorcerer s Stone 121 such as The proof of the pudding sweeps clean p 109 and A stitch in time is as good as a mile p 97 122 Because proverbs are so much a part of the language and culture authors have sometimes used proverbs in historical fiction effectively but anachronistically before the proverb was actually known For example the novel Ramage and the Rebels by Dudley Pope is set in approximately 1800 Captain Ramage reminds his adversary You are supposed to know that it is dangerous to change horses in midstream p 259 with another allusion to the same proverb three pages later However the proverb about changing horses in midstream is reliably dated to 1864 so the proverb could not have been known or used by a character from that period 123 Some authors have used so many proverbs that there have been entire books written cataloging their proverb usage such as Charles Dickens 124 Agatha Christie 125 George Bernard Shaw 126 Miguel de Cervantes 127 128 and Friedrich Nietzsche 129 On the non fiction side proverbs have also been used by authors for articles that have no connection to the study of proverbs Some have been used as the basis for book titles e g I Shop Therefore I Am Compulsive Buying and the Search for Self by April Lane Benson Some proverbs been used as the basis for article titles though often in altered form All our eggs in a broken basket How the Human Terrain System is undermining sustainable military cultural competence 130 and Should Rolling Stones Worry About Gathering Moss 131 Between a Rock and a Soft Place 132 and the pair Verbs of a feather flock together 133 and Verbs of a feather flock together II 134 Proverbs have been noted as common in subtitles of articles 135 such as Discontinued intergenerational transmission of Czech in Texas Hindsight is better than foresight 136 Also the reverse is found with a proverb complete or partial as the title then an explanatory subtitle To Change or Not to Change Horses The World War II Elections 137 Many authors have cited proverbs as epigrams at the beginning of their articles e g If you want to dismantle a hedge remove one thorn at a time Somali proverb in an article on peacemaking in Somalia 138 An article about research among the Maori used a Maori proverb as a title then began the article with the Maori form of the proverb as an epigram Set the overgrown bush alight and the new flax shoots will spring up followed by three paragraphs about how the proverb served as a metaphor for the research and the present context 139 A British proverb has even been used as the title for a doctoral dissertation Where there is muck there is brass 140 Proverbs have also been used as a framework for an article 141 In drama and film Edit Play poster from 1899 Similarly to other forms of literature proverbs have also been used as important units of language in drama and films This is true from the days of classical Greek works 142 to old French 143 to Shakespeare 144 to 19th Century Spanish 145 19th century Russian 146 to today The use of proverbs in drama and film today is still found in languages around the world with plenty of examples from Africa 147 including Yoruba 148 149 and Igbo 150 151 of Nigeria A film that makes rich use of proverbs is Forrest Gump known for both using and creating proverbs 152 153 Other studies of the use of proverbs in film include work by Kevin McKenna on the Russian film Aleksandr Nevsky 154 Haase s study of an adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood 155 Elias Dominguez Barajas on the film Viva Zapata 156 and Aboneh Ashagrie on The Athlete a movie in Amharic about Abebe Bikila 157 Television programs have also been named with reference to proverbs usually shortened such Birds of a Feather and Diff rent Strokes In the case of Forrest Gump the screenplay by Eric Roth had more proverbs than the novel by Winston Groom but for The Harder They Come the reverse is true where the novel derived from the movie by Michael Thelwell has many more proverbs than the movie 158 Eric Rohmer the French film director directed a series of films the Comedies and Proverbs where each film was based on a proverb The Aviator s Wife The Perfect Marriage Pauline at the Beach Full Moon in Paris the film s proverb was invented by Rohmer himself The one who has two wives loses his soul the one who has two houses loses his mind The Green Ray Boyfriends and Girlfriends 159 Movie titles based on proverbs include Murder Will Out 1939 film Try Try Again and The Harder They Fall A twisted anti proverb was the title for a Three Stooges film A Bird in the Head The title of an award winning Turkish film Three Monkeys also invokes a proverb though the title does not fully quote it They have also been used as the titles of plays 160 Baby with the Bathwater by Christopher Durang Dog Eat Dog by Mary Gallagher and The Dog in the Manger by Charles Hale Hoyt The use of proverbs as titles for plays is not of course limited to English plays Il faut qu une porte soit ouverte ou fermee A door must be open or closed by Paul de Musset Proverbs have also been used in musical dramas such as The Full Monty which has been shown to use proverbs in clever ways 161 In the lyrics for Beauty and the Beast Gaston plays with three proverbs in sequence All roads lead to The best things in life are All s well that ends with me In music Edit Proverbs are often poetic in and of themselves making them ideally suited for adapting into songs Proverbs have been used in music from opera to country to hip hop Proverbs have also been used in music in many languages such as the Akan language 162 the Igede language 163 and Spanish 164 The Mighty Diamonds singers of Proverbs In English the proverb or rather the beginning of the proverb If the shoe fits has been used as a title for three albums and five songs Other English examples of using proverbs in music 165 include Elvis Presley s Easy come easy go Harold Robe s Never swap horses when you re crossing a stream Arthur Gillespie s Absence makes the heart grow fonder Bob Dylan s Like a rolling stone Cher s Apples don t fall far from the tree Lynn Anderson made famous a song full of proverbs I never promised you a rose garden written by Joe South In choral music we find Michael Torke s Proverbs for female voice and ensemble A number of Blues musicians have also used proverbs extensively 166 167 The frequent use of proverbs in Country music has led to published studies of proverbs in this genre 168 169 The Reggae artist Jahdan Blakkamoore has recorded a piece titled Proverbs Remix The opera Maldobrie contains careful use of proverbs 170 An extreme example of many proverbs used in composing songs is a song consisting almost entirely of proverbs performed by Bruce Springsteen My best was never good enough 171 The Mighty Diamonds recorded a song called simply Proverbs 172 The band Fleet Foxes used the proverb painting Netherlandish Proverbs for the cover of their album Fleet Foxes 173 In addition to proverbs being used in songs themselves some rock bands have used parts of proverbs as their names such as the Rolling Stones Bad Company The Mothers of Invention Feast or Famine Of Mice and Men There have been at least two groups that called themselves The Proverbs and there is a hip hop performer in South Africa known as Proverb In addition many albums have been named with allusions to proverbs such as Spilt milk a title used by Jellyfish and also Kristina Train The more things change by Machine Head Silk purse by Linda Ronstadt Another day another dollar by DJ Scream Roccett The blind leading the naked by Violent Femmes What s good for the goose is good for the gander by Bobby Rush Resistance is Futile by Steve Coleman Murder will out by Fan the Fury The proverb Feast or famine has been used as an album title by Chuck Ragan Reef the Lost Cauze Indiginus and DaVinci Whitehorse mixed two proverbs for the name of their album Leave no bridge unburned The band Splinter Group released an album titled When in Rome Eat Lions The band Downcount used a proverb for the name of their tour Come and take it 174 In visual form Edit Proverb on azulejo tiles in Trancoso Portugal The King drinks by Jacob Jordaens Thai ceramic illustrating Don t torch a stump with a hornet nest Netherlandish Proverbs 1559 with peasant scenes illustrating over 100 proverbs Big Fish Eat Little Fish From ancient times people around the world have recorded proverbs in visual form This has been done in two ways First proverbs have been written to be displayed often in a decorative manner such as on pottery cross stitch murals 175 176 kangas East African women s wraps 177 quilts 178 a stained glass window 72 and graffiti 179 Secondly proverbs have often been visually depicted in a variety of media including paintings etchings and sculpture Jakob Jordaens painted a plaque with a proverb about drunkenness above a drunk man wearing a crown titled The King Drinks Probably the most famous examples of depicting proverbs are the different versions of the paintings Netherlandish Proverbs by the father and son Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Pieter Brueghel the Younger the proverbial meanings of these paintings being the subject of a 2004 conference which led to a published volume of studies Mieder 2004a The same father and son also painted versions of The Blind Leading the Blind a Biblical proverb These and similar paintings inspired another famous painting depicting some proverbs and also idioms leading to a series of additional paintings such as Proverbidioms by T E Breitenbach Another painting inspired by Bruegel s work is by the Chinese artist Ah To who created a painting illustrating 81 Cantonese sayings 180 Corey Barksdale has produced a book of paintings with specific proverbs and pithy quotations 181 self published source The British artist Chris Gollon has painted a major work entitled Big Fish Eat Little Fish a title echoing Bruegel s painting Big Fishes Eat Little Fishes 182 Illustrations showing proverbs from Ben Franklin Three wise monkeys invoking a proverb with no text Sometimes well known proverbs are pictured on objects without a text actually quoting the proverb such as the three wise monkeys who remind us Hear no evil see no evil speak no evil When the proverb is well known viewers are able to recognize the proverb and understand the image appropriately but if viewers do not recognize the proverb much of the effect of the image is lost For example there is a Japanese painting in the Bonsai museum in Saitama city that depicted flowers on a dead tree but only when the curator learned the ancient and no longer current proverb Flowers on a dead tree did the curator understand the deeper meaning of the painting 183 Also in Japan an image of Mount Fuji a hawk falcon and three egg plants leads viewers to remember the proverb One Mt Fuji two falcons three egg plants a Hatsuyume dream predicting a long life 184 A study of school students found that students remembered proverbs better when there were visual representations of proverbs along with the verbal form of the proverbs 185 A bibliography on proverbs in visual form has been prepared by Mieder and Sobieski 1999 Interpreting visual images of proverbs is subjective but familiarity with the depicted proverb helps 186 Some artists have used proverbs and anti proverbs for titles of their paintings alluding to a proverb rather than picturing it For example Vivienne LeWitt painted a piece titled If the shoe doesn t fit must we change the foot which shows neither foot nor shoe but a woman counting her money as she contemplates different options when buying vegetables 187 In 2018 13 sculptures depicting Maltese proverbs were installed in open spaces of downtown Valletta 188 189 190 In cartoons Edit Cartoonists both editorial and pure humorists have often used proverbs sometimes primarily building on the text sometimes primarily on the situation visually the best cartoons combining both Not surprisingly cartoonists often twist proverbs such as visually depicting a proverb literally or twisting the text as an anti proverb 191 An example with all of these traits is a cartoon showing a waitress delivering two plates with worms on them telling the customers Two early bird specials here ya go 192 The traditional Three wise monkeys were depicted in Bizarro with different labels Instead of the negative imperatives the one with ears covered bore the sign See and speak evil the one with eyes covered bore the sign See and hear evil etc The caption at the bottom read The power of positive thinking 193 Another cartoon showed a customer in a pharmacy telling a pharmacist I ll have an ounce of prevention 194 The comic strip The Argyle Sweater showed an Egyptian archeologist loading a mummy on the roof of a vehicle refusing the offer of a rope to tie it on with the caption A fool and his mummy are soon parted 195 The comic One Big Happy showed a conversation where one person repeatedly posed a part of various proverb and the other tried to complete each one resulting in such humorous results as Don t change horses unless you can lift those heavy diapers 196 Editorial cartoons can use proverbs to make their points with extra force as they can invoke the wisdom of society not just the opinion of the editors 197 In an example that invoked a proverb only visually when a US government agency GSA was caught spending money extravagantly a cartoon showed a black pot labeled Congress telling a black kettle labeled GSA Stop wasting the taxpayers money 198 It may have taken some readers a moment of pondering to understand it but the impact of the message was the stronger for it Cartoons with proverbs are so common that Wolfgang Mieder has published a collected volume of them many of them editorial cartoons For example a German editorial cartoon linked a current politician to the Nazis showing him with a bottle of swastika labeled wine and the caption In vino veritas 199 One cartoonist very self consciously drew and wrote cartoons based on proverbs for the University of Vermont student newspaper The Water Tower under the title Proverb place 200 Anti proverb used in advertising Chick Fil A In advertising Edit Anti proverb used in advertising Proverbs are frequently used in advertising often in slightly modified form 201 202 203 Ford once advertised its Thunderbird with One drive is worth a thousand words Mieder 2004b 84 This is doubly interesting since the underlying proverb behind this One picture is worth a thousand words was originally introduced into the English proverb repertoire in an ad for televisions Mieder 2004b 83 A few of the many proverbs adapted and used in advertising include Live by the sauce dine by the sauce Buffalo Wild Wings At D amp D Dogs you can teach an old dog new tricks D amp D Dogs If at first you don t succeed you re using the wrong equipment John Deere A pfennig saved is a pfennig earned Volkswagen Not only absence makes the heart grow fonder Godiva Chocolatier Where Hogs fly Grand Prairie AirHogs baseball team Waste not Read a lot Half Price Books The GEICO company has created a series of television ads that are built around proverbs such as A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush 204 and The pen is mightier than the sword 205 Pigs may fly When pigs fly 206 If a tree falls in the forest 207 and Words can never hurt you 208 Doritos made a commercial based on the proverb When pigs fly 209 Many advertisements that use proverbs shorten or amend them such as Think outside the shoebox Use of proverbs in advertising is not limited to the English language Seda Baser Coban has studied the use of proverbs in Turkish advertising 210 Tatira has given a number of examples of proverbs used in advertising in Zimbabwe 211 However unlike the examples given above in English all of which are anti proverbs Tatira s examples are standard proverbs Where the English proverbs above are meant to make a potential customer smile in one of the Zimbabwean examples both the content of the proverb and the fact that it is phrased as a proverb secure the idea of a secure time honored relationship between the company and the individuals When newer buses were imported owners of older buses compensated by painting a traditional proverb on the sides of their buses Going fast does not assure safe arrival 212 Variations EditCounter proverbs Edit There are often proverbs that contradict each other such as Look before you leap and He who hesitates is lost or Many hands make light work and Too many cooks spoil the broth These have been labeled counter proverbs 213 or antonymous proverbs 214 Stanislaw Lec observed Proverbs contradict each other And that to be sure is folk wisdom 215 When there are such counter proverbs each can be used in its own appropriate situation and neither is intended to be a universal truth 216 217 Some pairs of proverbs are fully contradictory A messy desk is a sign of intelligence and A neat desk is a sign of a sick mind 24 The concept of counter proverb is more about pairs of contradictory proverbs than about the use of proverbs to counter each other in an argument For example from the Tafi language of Ghana the following pair of proverbs are counter to each other but are each used in appropriate contexts A co wife who is too powerful for you you address her as your mother and Do not call your mother s co wife your mother 218 In Nepali there is a set of totally contradictory proverbs Religion is victorious and sin erodes and Religion erodes and sin is victorious 219 Also the following pair are counter proverbs from the Kasena of Ghana It is the patient person who will milk a barren cow and The person who would milk a barren cow must prepare for a kick on the forehead 220 From Lugbara language of Uganda and Congo there are a pair of counter proverbs The elephant s tusk does not ovewhelm the elephant and The elephant s tusks weigh the elephant down 221 The two contradict each other whether they are used in an argument or not though indeed they were used in an argument But the same work contains an appendix with many examples of proverbs used in arguing for contrary positions but proverbs that are not inherently contradictory 222 such as One is better off with hope of a cow s return than news of its death countered by If you don t know a goat before its death you mock at its skin Though this pair was used in a contradictory way in a conversation they are not a set of counter proverbs 216 Discussing counter proverbs in the Badaga language Hockings explained that in his large collection a few proverbs are mutually contradictory we can be sure that the Badagas do not see the matter that way and would explain such apparent contradictions by reasoning that proverb x is used in one context while y is used in quite another 223 Comparing Korean proverbs when you compare two proverbs often they will be contradictory They are used for a particular situation 224 Counter proverbs are not the same as a paradoxical proverb a proverb that contains a seeming paradox 225 Metaproverbs Edit In many cultures proverbs are so important and so prominent that there are proverbs about proverbs that is metaproverbs The most famous one is from Yoruba of Nigeria Proverbs are the horses of speech if communication is lost we use proverbs to find it used by Wole Soyinka in Death and the King s Horsemen In Mieder s bibliography of proverb studies there are twelve publications listed as describing metaproverbs 226 Other metaproverbs include As a boy should resemble his father so should the proverb fit the conversation Afar Ethiopia 227 Proverbs are the cream of language Afar of Ethiopia 228 One proverb gives rise to a point of discussion and another ends it Guji Oromo amp Arsi Oromo Ethiopia 229 230 Is proverb a child of chieftancy Igala Nigeria 231 Whoever has seen enough of life will be able to tell a lot of proverbs Igala Nigeria 232 Bereft of proverbs speech flounders and falls short of its mark whereas aided by them communication is fleet and unerring Yoruba Nigeria 233 A conversation without proverbs is like stew without salt Oromo Ethiopia 234 If you never offer your uncle palmwine you ll not learn many proverbs Yoruba Nigeria 235 If a proverb has no bearing on a proverb one does not use it 236 Yoruba Nigeria Proverbs finish the problem 237 Alaaba Ethiopia When a proverb about a ragged basket is mentioned the person who is skinny knows that he she is the person alluded to Igbo Nigeria 238 A proverb is the quintessentially active bit of language Turkish 239 The purest water is spring water the most concise speech is proverb Zhuang China 240 A proverb does not lie Arabic of Cairo 241 A saying is a flower a proverb is a berry Russian 242 Honey is sweet to the mouth proverb is music to the ear Tibetan 243 Old proverb are little Gospels Galician 244 Proverb using man queer and vulgar bothering man Spanish 245 A hasty man talks without using a proverb Kambaata Ethiopia 246 He who has a father knows the proverb of grandfather Kirundi Burundi 247 The wisdom of the proverb cannot be surpassed Turkish Turkey 248 Applications Edit Blood chit used by WWII US pilots fighting in China in case they were shot down by the Japanese This leaflet to the Chinese depicts an American aviator being carried by two Chinese civilians Text is Plant melons and harvest melons plant peas and harvest peas a Chinese proverb equivalent to You Sow So Shall You Reap Billboard outside defense plant during WWII invoking the proverb of the three wise monkeys to urge security Wordless depiction of Big fish eat little fish Buenos Aires urging Don t panic organize There is a growing interest in deliberately using proverbs to achieve goals usually to support and promote changes in society Proverbs have also been used for public health promotion such as promoting breast feeding with a shawl bearing a Swahili proverb Mother s milk is sweet 249 Proverbs have also been applied for helping people manage diabetes 250 to combat prostitution 251 and for community development 252 to resolve conflicts 253 254 and to slow the transmission of HIV 255 The most active field deliberately using proverbs is Christian ministry where Joseph G Healey and others have deliberately worked to catalyze the collection of proverbs from smaller languages and the application of them in a wide variety of church related ministries resulting in publications of collections 256 and applications 257 258 This attention to proverbs by those in Christian ministries is not new many pioneering proverb collections having been collected and published by Christian workers 259 260 261 262 U S Navy Captain Edward Zellem pioneered the use of Afghan proverbs as a positive relationship building tool during the war in Afghanistan and in 2012 he published two bilingual collections 263 264 of Afghan proverbs in Dari and English part of an effort of nationbuilding followed by a volume of Pashto proverbs in 2014 265 Cultural values Edit Chinese proverb It says Learn till old live till old and there is still three tenths not learned meaning that no matter how old you are there is still more learning or studying left to do Thai proverb depicted visually at a temple Better a monk There is a longstanding debate among proverb scholars as to whether the cultural values of specific language communities are reflected to varying degree in their proverbs Many claim that the proverbs of a particular culture reflect the values of that specific culture at least to some degree Many writers have asserted that the proverbs of their cultures reflect their culture and values this can be seen in such titles as the following An introduction to Kasena society and culture through their proverbs 266 Prejudice power and poverty in Haiti a study of a nation s culture as seen through its proverbs 267 Proverbiality and worldview in Maltese and Arabic proverbs 268 Fatalistic traits in Finnish proverbs 269 Vietnamese cultural patterns and values as expressed in proverbs 270 The Wisdom and Philosophy of the Gikuyu proverbs The Kihooto worldview 271 Spanish Grammar and Culture through Proverbs 272 and How Russian Proverbs Present the Russian National Character 273 Kohistani has written a thesis to show how understanding Afghan Dari proverbs will help Europeans understand Afghan culture 274 However a number of scholars argue that such claims are not valid They have used a variety of arguments Grauberg argues that since many proverbs are so widely circulated they are reflections of broad human experience not any one culture s unique viewpoint 275 Related to this line of argument from a collection of 199 American proverbs Jente showed that only 10 were coined in the USA so that most of these proverbs would not reflect uniquely American values 276 Giving another line of reasoning that proverbs should not be trusted as a simplistic guide to cultural values Mieder once observed proverbs come and go that is antiquated proverbs with messages and images we no longer relate to are dropped from our proverb repertoire while new proverbs are created to reflect the mores and values of our time 277 so old proverbs still in circulation might reflect past values of a culture more than its current values Also within any language s proverb repertoire there may be counter proverbs proverbs that contradict each other on the surface 213 see section above When examining such counter proverbs it is difficult to discern an underlying cultural value With so many barriers to a simple calculation of values directly from proverbs some feel one cannot draw conclusions about values of speakers simply from the texts of proverbs 278 Many outsiders have studied proverbs to discern and understand cultural values and world view of cultural communities 279 These outsider scholars are confident that they have gained insights into the local cultures by studying proverbs but this is not universally accepted 276 280 281 282 283 284 Seeking empirical evidence to evaluate the question of whether proverbs reflect a culture s values some have counted the proverbs that support various values For example Moon lists what he sees as the top ten core cultural values of the Builsa society of Ghana as exemplified by proverbs He found that 18 of the proverbs he analyzed supported the value of being a member of the community rather than being independent 285 This was corroboration to other evidence that collective community membership is an important value among the Builsa In studying Tajik proverbs Bell notes that the proverbs in his corpus Consistently illustrate Tajik values and The most often observed proverbs reflect the focal and specific values discerned in the thesis 286 A study of English proverbs created since 1900 showed in the 1960s a sudden and significant increase in proverbs that reflected more casual attitudes toward sex 287 Since the 1960s was also the decade of the Sexual revolution this shows a strong statistical link between the changed values of the decades and a change in the proverbs coined and used Another study mining the same volume counted Anglo American proverbs about religion to show that proverbs indicate attitudes toward religion are going downhill 288 There are many examples where cultural values have been explained and illustrated by proverbs For example from India the concept that birth determines one s nature is illustrated in the oft repeated proverb there can be no friendship between grass eaters and meat eaters between a food and its eater 289 Proverbs have been used to explain and illustrate the Fulani cultural value of pulaaku 290 But using proverbs to illustrate a cultural value is not the same as using a collection of proverbs to discern cultural values In a comparative study between Spanish and Jordanian proverbs it is defined the social imagination for the mother as an archetype in the context of role transformation and in contrast with the roles of husband son and brother in two societies which might be occasionally associated with sexist and or rural ideologies 291 Some scholars have adopted a cautious approach acknowledging at least a genuine though limited link between cultural values and proverbs The cultural portrait painted by proverbs may be fragmented contradictory or otherwise at variance with reality but must be regarded not as accurate renderings but rather as tantalizing shadows of the culture which spawned them 292 There is not yet agreement on the issue of whether and how much cultural values are reflected in a culture s proverbs It is clear that the Soviet Union believed that proverbs had a direct link to the values of a culture as they used them to try to create changes in the values of cultures within their sphere of domination Sometimes they took old Russian proverbs and altered them into socialist forms 293 These new proverbs promoted Socialism and its attendant values such as atheism and collectivism e g Bread is given to us not by Christ but by machines and collective farms and A good harvest is had only by a collective farm They did not limit their efforts to Russian but also produced newly coined proverbs that conformed to socialist thought in Tajik and other languages of the USSR 294 Scroll of the Biblical Book of Proverbs Religion Edit Many proverbs from around the world address matters of ethics and expected of behavior Therefore it is not surprising that proverbs are often important texts in religions The most obvious example is the Book of Proverbs in the Bible Additional proverbs have also been coined to support religious values such as the following from Dari of Afghanistan 295 In childhood you re playful In youth you re lustful In old age you re feeble So when will you before God be worshipful Clearly proverbs in religion are not limited to monotheists among the Badagas of India Sahivite Hindus there is a traditional proverb Catch hold of and join with the man who has placed sacred ash on himself 296 Proverbs are widely associated with large religions that draw from sacred books but they are also used for religious purposes among groups with their own traditional religions such as the Guji Oromo 89 The broadest comparative study of proverbs across religions is The eleven religions and their proverbial lore a comparative study A reference book to the eleven surviving major religions of the world by Selwyn Gurney Champion from 1945 Some sayings from sacred books also become proverbs even if they were not obviously proverbs in the original passage of the sacred book 297 For example many quote Be sure your sin will find you out as a proverb from the Bible but there is no evidence it was proverbial in its original usage Numbers 32 23 Not all religious references in proverbs are positive some are cynical such as the Tajik Do as the mullah says not as he does 298 Also note the Italian proverb One barrel of wine can work more miracles than a church full of saints An Indian proverb is cynical about devotees of Hinduism Only When in distress a man calls on Rama 299 In the context of Tibetan Buddhism some Ladakhi proverbs mock the lamas e g If the lama s own head does not come out cleanly how will he do the drawing upwards of the dead used for deriding the immoral life of the lamas 300 Proverbs do not have to explicitly mention religion or religious figures to be used to mock a religion seen in the fact that in a collection of 555 proverbs from the Lur a Muslim group in Iran the explanations for 15 of them use illustrations that mock Muslim clerics 301 Dammann wrote In the African traditional religions specific religious ideas recede into the background The influence of Islam manifests itself in African proverbs Christian influences on the contrary are rare 302 If widely true in Africa this is likely due to the longer presence of Islam in many parts of Africa Reflection of Christian values is common in Amharic proverbs of Ethiopia an area that has had a presence of Christianity for well over 1 000 years The Islamic proverbial reproduction may also be shown in the image of some animals such as the dog Although dog is portrayed in many European proverbs as the most faithful friend of man it is represented in some Islamic countries as impure dirty vile cowardly ungrateful and treacherous in addition to links to negative human superstitions such as loneliness indifference and bad luck 303 Psychology Edit Though much proverb scholarship is done by literary scholars those studying the human mind have used proverbs in a variety of studies 304 One of the earliest studies in this field is the Proverbs Test by Gorham developed in 1956 A similar test is being prepared in German 305 Proverbs have been used to evaluate dementia 306 307 308 study the cognitive development of children 309 measure the results of brain injuries 310 and study how the mind processes figurative language 49 311 312 Paremiology EditMain article Paremiology A sample of books used in the study of proverbs The study of proverbs is called paremiology which has a variety of uses in the study of such topics as philosophy linguistics and folklore There are several types and styles of proverbs which are analyzed within Paremiology as is the use and misuse of familiar expressions which are not strictly proverbial in the dictionary definition of being fixed sentences Paremiological minimum Edit Grigorii Permjakov 313 developed the concept of the core set of proverbs that full members of society know what he called the paremiological minimum 1979 For example an adult American is expected to be familiar with Birds of a feather flock together part of the American paremiological minimum However an average adult American is not expected to know Fair in the cradle foul in the saddle an old English proverb that is not part of the current American paremiological minimum Thinking more widely than merely proverbs Permjakov observed every adult Russian language speaker over 20 years of age knows no fewer than 800 proverbs proverbial expressions popular literary quotations and other forms of cliches 314 Studies of the paremiological minimum have been done for a limited number of languages including Ukrainian 315 Russian 316 Hungarian 317 318 Czech 319 Somali 320 Nepali 321 Gujarati 322 Spanish 323 Esperanto 324 Polish 325 Polish 326 Two noted examples of attempts to establish a paremiological minimum in America are by Haas 2008 and Hirsch Kett and Trefil 1988 the latter more prescriptive than descriptive There is not yet a recognized standard method for calculating the paremiological minimum as seen by comparing the various efforts to establish the paremiological minimum in a number of languages 327 Sources for proverb study Edit A seminal work in the study of proverbs is Archer Taylor s The Proverb 1931 later republished by Wolfgang Mieder with Taylor s Index included 1985 1934 A good introduction to the study of proverbs is Mieder s 2004 volume Proverbs A Handbook Mieder has also published a series of bibliography volumes on proverb research as well as a large number of articles and other books in the field Stan Nussbaum has edited a large collection on proverbs of Africa published on a CD including reprints of out of print collections original collections and works on analysis bibliography and application of proverbs to Christian ministry 1998 328 Paczolay has compared proverbs across Europe and published a collection of similar proverbs in 55 languages 1997 There is an academic journal of proverb study Proverbium ISSN 0743 782X many back issues of which are available online 329 A volume containing articles on a wide variety of topics touching on proverbs was edited by Mieder and Alan Dundes 1994 1981 Paremia is a Spanish language journal on proverbs with articles available online 330 There are also papers on proverbs published in conference proceedings volumes from the annual Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs 331 in Tavira Portugal Mieder has published a two volume International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology with a topical language and author index 332 Mieder has also published a bibliography of collections of proverbs from around the world 333 A broad introduction to proverb study Introduction to Paremiology edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga has been published in both hardcover and free open access with articles by a dozen different authors 334 Noteworthy proverb scholars paremiologists and paremiographers Edit Erasmus 1466 1536 Juan de Mal Lara 1524 1571 Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther c 1809 1891 Elias Lonnrot 1802 1884 Samuel Adalberg 1868 1939 Dimitrios Loukatos 1908 2003 Wolfgang Mieder Mineke Schipper Galit Hasan Rokem Dora Sakayan Gotzon Garate Goihartzun Joe Healey Andrzej HalembaThe study of proverbs has been built by a number of notable scholars and contributors Earlier scholars were more concerned with collecting than analyzing Desiderius Erasmus was a Latin scholar 1466 1536 whose collection of Latin proverbs known as Adagia spread Latin proverbs across Europe 335 Juan de Mal Lara was a 16th century Spanish scholar one of his books being 1568 Philosophia vulgar the first part of which contains one thousand and one sayings Hernan Nunez published a collection of Spanish proverbs 1555 In the 19th century a growing number of scholars published collections of proverbs such as Samuel Adalberg who published collections of Yiddish proverbs 1888 amp 1890 and Polish proverbs 1889 1894 Samuel Ajayi Crowther the Anglican bishop in Nigeria published a collection of Yoruba proverbs 1852 Elias Lonnrot published a collection of Finnish proverbs 1842 From the 20th century onwards proverb scholars were involved in not only collecting proverbs but also analyzing and comparing proverbs Alan Dundes was a 20th century American folklorist whose scholarly output on proverbs led Wolfgang Mieder to refer to him as a pioneering paremiologist 336 Matti Kuusi was a 20th century Finnish paremiologist the creator of the Matti Kuusi international type system of proverbs 337 With encouragement from Archer Taylor 338 he founded the journal Proverbium Bulletin d Information sur les Recherches Paremiologiques published from 1965 to 1975 by the Society for Finnish Literature which was later restarted as an annual volume Proverbium International Yearbook of Proverb Scholarship Archer Taylor was a 20th century American scholar best known for his magisterial 339 book The Proverb 340 Dimitrios Loukatos was a 20th century Greek proverb scholar author of such works as Aetiological Tales of Modern Greek Proverbs 341 Arvo Krikmann 1939 2017 was an Estonian proverb scholar whom Wolfgang Mieder called one of the leading paremiologists in the world 342 and master folklorist and paremiologist 343 Elisabeth Piirainen was a German scholar with 50 proverb related publications 344 Current proverb scholars have continued the trend to be involved in analysis as well as collection of proverbs Claude Buridant is a 20th century French scholar whose work has concentrated on Romance languages 345 Galit Hasan Rokem is an Israeli scholar associate editor of Proverbium The yearbook of international proverb scholarship since 1984 She has written on proverbs in Jewish traditions 346 Joseph G Healey is an American Catholic missionary in Kenya who has led a movement to sponsor African proverb scholars to collect proverbs from their own language communities 347 This led Wolfgang Mieder to dedicate the International Bibliography of New and Reprinted Proverb Collections section of Proverbium 32 to Healey 348 Barbara Kirshenblatt Gimblett is a scholar of Jewish history and folklore including proverbs 349 Wolfgang Mieder is a German born proverb scholar who has worked his entire academic career in the US He is the editor of Proverbium and the author of the two volume International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology 350 He has been honored by four festschrift publications 351 352 353 354 He has also been recognized by biographical publications that focused on his scholarship 355 356 Dora Sakayan is a scholar who has written about German and Armenian studies including Armenian Proverbs A Paremiological Study with an Anthology of 2 500 Armenian Folk Sayings Selected and Translated into English 357 An extensive introduction addresses the language and structure 358 as well as the origin of Armenian proverbs international borrowed and specifically Armenian proverbs Mineke Schipper is a Dutch scholar best known for her book of worldwide proverbs about women Never Marry a Woman with Big Feet Women in Proverbs from Around the World 359 Edward Zellem is an American proverb scholar who has edited books of Afghan proverbs developed a method of collecting proverbs via the Web 360 See also EditAdage Anti proverb Aphorism Blason Populaire Book of Proverbs Brewer s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable Brocard Legal maxim List of proverbial phrases Maxim Old wives tale Paremiology Paremiography Proverbial phrase Proverbium Saw saying Saying Wikiquote English proverbs Wiktionary ProverbsReferences Edit Proverbial Phrases from California by Owen S Adams Western Folklore Vol 8 No 2 1949 pp 95 116 doi 10 2307 1497581 Arvo Krikmann the Great Chain Metaphor An Open Sezame for Proverb Semantics Proverbium Yearbook of International Scholarship 11 1994 pp 117 124 p 12 Wolfgang Mieder 1990 Not by bread alone Proverbs of the Bible New England Press Paczolay Gyula 1997 European Proverbs in 55 Languages Veszpre m Hungary p 25 Wolfgang Mieder 1993 The wit of one and the wisdom of many General thoughts on the nature of the proverb Proverbs are never out of season Popular wisdom in the modern age 3 40 Oxford University Press p 3 Archer Taylor 1931 The Proverb Cambridge MA Harvard University Press p 5 Wolfgang Mieder 1993 The wit of one and the wisdom of many General thoughts on the nature of the proverb Proverbs are never out of season Popular wisdom in the modern age 3 40 Oxford University Press p 73 Neil Norrick 1985 How Proverbs Mean Semantic Studies in English Proverbs Amsterdam Mouton p 33 Sw Anand Prahlad 1996 African American Proverbs in Context Jackson University Press of Mississippi p 107 Hassan Zolfaghari amp Hayat Ameri Persian Proverbs Definitions and Characteristics Journal of Islamic and Human Advanced Research 2 2012 93 108 p 45 Alan Dundes 1984 On whether weather proverbs are proverbs Proverbium 1 39 46 Also 1989 in Folklore Matters edited by Alan Dundes 92 97 Knoxville University of Tennessee Press A Yorkshire proverb 1883 The Academy July 14 no 584 p 30 Ezgi Ulusoy Aranyosi 2010 Atasozu neydi ne oldu What was and what now is a proverb Milli Folklor International and Quarterly Journal of Cultural Studies 11 88 5 15 p 64 Gillian Hansford 2003 Understanding Chumburung proverbs Journal of West African Languages 30 1 57 82 p 4 5 Daniel Ben Amos Introduction Folklore in African Society Forms of Folklore in Africa edited by Bernth Lindfors pp 1 36 Austin University of Texas p 43 Sabir Badalkhan 2000 Ropes break at the weakest point Some examples of Balochi proverbs with background stories Proverbium 17 43 69 John C Messenger Jr Anang Proverb Riddles The Journal of American Folklore Vol 73 No 289 July September 1960 pp 225 235 p 418 Finnegan Ruth Oral Literature in Africa The Saylor Foundation 1982 Umoh S J 2007 The Ibibio Proverb Riddles and Language Pedagogy International Journal of Linguistics and Communication 11 2 8 13 Lexicography Critical Concepts 2003 R R K Hartmann Mick R K Smith ISBN 0415253659 p 303 Barbour Frances M Some uncommon sources of proverbs Midwest Folklore 13 2 1963 97 100 Korosh Hadissi 2010 A Socio Historical Approach to Poetic Origins of Persian Proverbs Iranian Studies 43 5 599 605 Thamen Hla 2000 Myanmar Proverbs in Myanmar and English Yangon Pattamya Ngamank Publishing a b Doyle Charles Clay Wolfgang Mieder Fred R Shapiro 2012 The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs New Haven Yale University Press p 68 Kent Graeme 1991 Aesop s Fables Newmarket UK Brimax a b Michael Stanton 1996 Advice is a dangerous gift Proverbium 13 331 345 a b Trokhimenko Olga 2003 If You Sit on the Doorstep Long Enough You Will Think of Something The Function of Proverbs in J R R Tolkien s Hobbit Proverbium journal 20 367 378 Peter Unseth 2014 A created proverb in a novel becomes broadly used in society Easily in but not easily out as the lobster said in his lobster pot Crossroads A Journal of English Studies online access Archived 2015 05 26 at the Wayback Machine p 70 Winick Stephen 1998 The Proverb Process Intertextuality and Proverbial Innovation in Popular Culture University of Pennsylvania PhD dissertation Hawthorn Jeremy Ernest Bramah Source of Ford Madox Ford s Chinese Proverb Notes and Queries 63 2 2016 286 288 p 5 Alster Bendt 1979 An Akkadian and a Greek proverb A comparative study Die Welt des Orients 10 1 5 p 17 Moran William L 1978a An Assyriological gloss on the new Archilochus fragment Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 82 17 19 Unseth Peter The World s Oldest Living Proverb Discovered Thriving in Ethiopia Aethiopica 21 2018 226 236 p 325 Linda Tavernier Almada 1999 Prejudice power and poverty in Haiti A study of a nation s culture as seen through its proverbs Proverbium 16 325 350 p 125 Aquilina Joseph 1972 A Comparative Dictionary of Maltese Proverbs Malta Royal University of Malta Mesfin Wodajo 2012 Functions and Formal and Stylistic Features of Kafa Proverbs LAP Lambert Academic Publishing p 22 Janice Raymond Mongolian Proverbs A window into their world San Diego Alethinos Books Rethabile M Possa Mogoera The Dynamism of Culture The Case of Sesotho Proverbs Southern African Journal for Folklore Studies Vol 20 2 October p 68 Okumba Miruka 2001 Oral Literature of the Luo Nairobi East African Educational Publishers Charles Clay Doyle Wolfgang Mieder Fred R Shapiro 2012 The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs Yale University Press p 5 Wolfgang Mieder 1993 Proverbs are never out of season New York Oxford University Press Mieder Wolfgang 2017 Futuristic Paremiography and Paremiology A Plea for the Collection and Study of Modern Proverbs Poslovitsy v frazeologicheskom pole Kognitivnyi diskursivnyi spoostavitel nyi aspekty Ed T N Fedulenkova Vladimir Vladimirskii Gosudarstvennyie Universitet 2017 205 226 Jesensek Vida 2014 Pragmatic and stylistic aspects of proverbs Introduction to Paremiology A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies ed by Hrisztalina Hrisztova Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga pp 133 161 Warsaw amp Berlin DeGruyter Open p 224 225 Flavell Linda and roger Flavell 1993 The Dictionary of Proverbs and Their Origins London Kyle Cathie p 158 Evan Bell 2009 An analysis of Tajik proverbs Masters thesis Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Sjaak van der Geest 1996 The Elder and His Elbow Twelve Interpretations of an Akan Proverb Research in African Literatures Vol 27 No 3 110 118 Owomoyela Oyekan 1988 A Ki i Yoruba proscriptive and prescriptive proverbs Lanham MD University Press of America pp 236 237 Siran Jean Louis 1993 Rhetoric tradition and communication The dialectics of meaning in proverb use Man n s 28 2 225 242 a b Michael Kiang et al Cognitive neurophysiological and functional correlates of proverb interpretation abnormalities in schizophrenia Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2007 13 653 663 Futuristic paremiography and paremiology a plea for the collection and study of modern proverbs Online access See Mac Coinnigh Marcas Syntactic Structures in Irish Language Proverbs Proverbium Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 29 95 136 Sebastian J Floor 2005 Poetic Fronting in a Wisdom Poetry Text The Information Structure of Proverbs 7 Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 31 23 58 p 20 21 Unseth Peter Daniel Kliemt Laurel Morgan Stephen Nelson Elaine Marie Scherrer 2017 Wellerism proverbs Mapping their distribution GIALens 11 3 website p 176 Roos Marti Hans Nugteren Zinaida Waibel 2006 Khakas and Shor proverbs and proverbial sayings In Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic ed by Marcel Erdal and Irina Nevskaya pp 157 192 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz p 135 Sakayan Dora 1999 Reported and direct speech in proverbs On Armenian dialogue proverbs Proverbium 16 303 324 p 246 Mitchison Naomi and Amos Kgamanyane Pilane 1967 The Bakgatla of South East Botswana As Seen through Their Proverbs Folklore Vol 78 No 4 241 268 p 221 Kone Kasim 1997 Bamana verbal art An ethnographic study of proverbs PhD dissertation Indiana University p 21 Norrick Neal R Subject area terminology proverb definitions proverb features Introduction to paremiology A comprehensive guide to proverb studies edited by Hrisztalina Hristova Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga 2014 7 27 p 691 Michael Ahland 2009 From topic to subject Grammatical change in the Amharic possessive construction Studies in Language 33 3 pp 685 717 p 72 Nikolaos Lazaridis 2007 Wisdom in Loose Form The Language of Egyptian and Greek Proverbs in Collections of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Brill p 64 Christopher J Pluger 2014 Translating New Testament proverb like sayings in the style of Nsenga proverbs Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics MA thesis Szpila Grzegorz 2001 Archaic lexis in Polish Proverbs In Wladyslaw Witalisz ed And gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche Studies on Language and Literature in Honour of Professor Dr Karl Heinz Goller pp 187 193 Krakow 2001 Mafenya Livhuwani Lydia The proverb in Venda a linguistic analysis MA Diss University of Johannesburg 1994 p 36 Watson Wilfred GE Classical Hebrew poetry a guide to its techniques A amp C Black 2004 p xviii Taylor W illiam E rnest 1891 Giriyama Vocabulary and Collections London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge Tea Shurgaia 2020 The Proverbial Wisdom of a Georgian Language Island in Iran Iranian Studies 53 3 4 551 571 doi 10 1080 00210862 2020 1716189 Ketenchiev M B Akhmatova M A and Dodueva A T 2022 Archaic Vocabulary in Karachay Balkar Paroemias Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 19 2 297 307 doi 10 22363 2618 897X 2022 19 2 297 307 in Russian Merrick Captain G 1905 Huasa Proverbs London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner amp Co p 6 7 Madiyorova Valida Quvondiq qizi Analysis of Archaic Words in the Structure of English and Uzbek Proverbs EPRA International Journal of Research and Development 6 4 2021 360 362 p 33 Wolfgang Mieder 2014 Behold the Proverbs of a People Proverbial Wisdom in Culture Literature and Politics Jackson MS University Press of Mississippi Issa O Sanusi and R K Omoloso The role of Yoruba proverbs in preserving archaic lexical items and expressions in Yoruba 1 Eme Cecilia A Davidson U Mbagwu and Benjamin I Mmadike Igbo proverbs and loss of metaphors PREORC Journal of Arts and Humanities 1 1 2016 72 91 a b Lisa Reilly amp Mary B Shepard 2016 Sufferance fait ease en temps word as image at St Michael le Belfrey York Word amp Image 32 2 218 234 doi 10 1080 02666286 2016 1167577 p ii Thomas Fielding 1825 Select proverbs of all nations New York Covert p 146 Pritchard James 1958 The Ancient Near East vol 2 Princeton NJ Princeton University Press p 67 Ju Hong Yun and Pashai Language Committee 2010 On a mountain there is still a road Peshawar Pakistan InterLit Foundation p 24 Calvin C Katabarwa and Angelique Chelo 2012 Wisdom from Orma Kenya proverbs and wise sayings Nairobi African Proverbs Working Group http www afriprov org images afriprov books wisdomofOrmaproverbs pdf Kamil V Zvelebil 1987 The Sound of the One Hand Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 107 No 1 pp 125 126 p 16 Edward Zellem 2012 Zarbul Masalha 151 Aghan Dari proverbs p 164 Philip B Yampolsky trans 1977 The Zen Master Hakuin Selected Writings New York Columbia University Press Ludwik Sternbach 1981 Indian Wisdom and Its Spread beyond India Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 101 No 1 pp 97 131 Matti Kuusi Marje Joalaid Elsa Kokare Arvo Krikmann Kari Laukkanen Pentti Leino Vaina Malk Ingrid Sarv Proverbia Septentrionalia 900 Balto Finnic Proverb Types with Russian Baltic German and Scandinavian Parallels Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1985 Fiedler Sabine 1999 Phraseology in planned languages Language problems and language planning 23 2 175 187 p 92 Gertrud Schneider Blum 2009 Maakuti t awa shuultaa Proverbs finish the problems Sayings of the Alaaba Ethiopia Koln Rudiger Koppe Verlag Brougham Aileen E Alexander Wyclif Reed and Timoti Sam Karetu The Reed book of Maori proverbs Reed Books 1999 p 277 Senft Gunter 2010 The Trobriand Islanders Ways of Speaking Volume 27 of Trends in Linguistics Documentation Berlin Walter de Gruyter p 108 Mieder Wolfgang 2004 Proverbs A handbook Greenwood Publishing Group Hakamies Pekka 2016 Proverbs A Universal Genre in Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Folklore and Beyond ed by Kaarina Koski and Frog with Ulla Savolainen pp 299 316 Helsinki Finnish Literature Society Elias Dominguez Baraja 2010 The function of proverbs in discourse Berlin de Gruyter Mouton a b Tadesse Jaleta Jirata 2009 A contextual study of the social functions of Guji Oromo proverbs Saabruecken DVM Verlag Hallo William W Proverbs Quoted in Epic In Lingering over Words Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William L Moran pp 203 217 Brill 1990 Yuldybaeva G V 2013 On Research of the Style of the Bashkir Folk Epic Ural Batyr pp 121 122 Ethnological Studies of Shamanism and Other Indigenous Spiritual Beliefs and Practices Vol 15 part 2 pp 121 122 Moscow Tsaaior James Tar 2010 Webbed words masked meanings proverbiality and narrative discursive strategies in D T Niane s Sundiata An Epic of Mali Proverbium 27 319 338 Adjandeh Evelyn Aku 2014 A study of Proverbs in Things Fall Apart and Sundiata An Epic of Old Mali Sundiata MPhil thesis University of Ghana Obiechina Emmanuel Narrative proverbs in the African novel Research in African Literatures 24 no 4 1993 123 140 Emmanuel Obiechina Culture tradition and society in the West African novel Vol 14 CUP Archive 1975 Renker Elizabeth 2014 Melville and the Worlds of Civil War Poetry Leviathan 16 2014 135 52 2017 Peter Unseth and Georgi Kapchits Hemingway s Somali proverb confirmed ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles Notes and Reviews 30 4 253 254 Tolkien s Proverbs in The Lord of the Rings www elvenminstrel com Rowe David 2016 The proverbs of Middle Earth 2nd edition p 30 Hayes Kevin Melville s Folk Roots Kent Kent State UP 1999 Unseth Peter 2015 The Source of Melville s Iroquois Proverb ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles Notes and Reviews 28 3 4 182 185 p 141 Renker Elizabeth 2014 Mellville and the Worlds of Civil War Poetry Leviathan 16 135 152 a b Unseth Peter 2011 A culture full of choice apophthegms and useful maxims invented proverbs in C S Lewis The Horse and His Boy Proverbium 28 323 338 Proverbs from Velgarth http www dragonlordsnet com danp htm Richard Utz Sic et Non Zu Funktion und Epistemologie des Sprichwortes bei Geoffrey Chaucer Das Mittelalter Perspektiven mediavistischer Forschung 2 2 1997 31 43 p 903 Taylor Archer 1950 Proverbs Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore Mythology and Legend Maria Leach ed 902 905 New York Funk amp Wagnalls Eberhard W 1967 Some notes on the use of proverbs in Chinese novels Proverbium no 9 201 208 Myers Tamar 1996 No use dying over spelled milk New York Penguin Books Weisburger Lauren 2018 When life gives you lululemons Simon amp Schuster Lynch Sarah Kate 2004 Blessed are the Cheesemakers Grand Central Publications and Tricia Goyr amp Cara Putman 2016 Blessed are the Cheesemakers p 332 Stanton Michael 1996 Advice is a dangerous gift Pseudo proverbs in The Lord of the Rings Proverbium 13 331 346 p 19 Kent Graeme 1991 Aesop s Fables Newmarket UK Brimax p 86 Repinecz Jonathon 2013 Whose Hero Reinventing Epic in French West African Literature University of California Berkeley PhD dissertation Sobieski Janet and Wolfgang Mieder 2005 So many heads so many wits An anthology of English proverb poetry Supplement Series of Proverbium 18 Burlington VT University of Vermont Lauhakangas Outi The Oldest Finnish Proverb Poems in Relation to the Matti Kuusi International Database od Proverbs Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 45 3 4 2000 401 420 A L Macfie and F A Macfie 2001 A Proverb Poem by Refiki Asian Folklore Studies Vol 60 Issue 1 pp 5 19 Griswold Eliza 2012 Libyan Proverbs Poetry 201 3 372 377 p 43 Akande Akinmade Timothy and Adebayo Mosobalaje 2014 The use of proverbs in hip hop music The example of Yoruba proverbs in 9ices s music Proverbium 31 35 58 Heather A Haas 2011 The Wisdom of Wizards and Muggles and Squibs Proverb Use in the World of Harry Potter Journal of American Folklore 124 492 38 Jan Harold Brunvand 2004 The Early Bird Is Worth Two in the Bush Captain Jack Aubrey s Fractured Proverbs What Goes Around Comes Around The Circulation of Proverbs in Contemporary Life Kimberly J Lau Peter Tokofsky Stephen D Winick eds pp 152 170 Logan Utah Utah State University Press digitalcommons usu edu Unseth Peter 2020 Beatrice Grimshaw s Proverb Splicer and Her Artful Use of Proverbs Proverbium 37 341 358 Grimshaw Beatrice 1914 The Sorcerer s Stone Philadelphia John Winston p 49 Jennifer Speake 2008 The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs 5th ed Oxford University Press George Bryan and Wolfgang Mieder 1997 The Proverbial Charles Dickens New York Peter Lang George B Bryan 1993 Black Sheep Red Herrings and Blue Murder The Proverbial Agatha Christie Bern Peter Lang George B Bryan and Wolfgang Mieder 1994 The Proverbial Bernard Shaw An Index to Proverbs in the Works of George Bernard Shaw Heinemann Educational Books Mieder Wolfgang 2006 Tilting at Windmills History amp Meaning of a Proverbial Allusion to Cervantes Don Quixote Burlington University of Vermont ISBN 978 0977073139 Mieder Wolfgang 2017 Stringing proverbs together The proverbial language in Miguel Cervantes s Don Quixote Supplement series to Provebium 38 Burlington University of Vermont Andreas Nolte Wolfgang Mieder 2012 Zu meiner Holle will ich den Weg mit guten Spruchen pflastern Friedrich Nietzsches sprichwortliche Sprache Broschu Connable Ben 2009 All our eggs in a broken basket How the Human Terrain System is undermining sustainable military cultural competence Military Review March April 57 64 MUNISHWAR NATH GUPTA 2017 Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 83 No 4 741 743 Denig Stephen J Between a Rock and a Soft Place Christian Higher Education 11 1 2012 44 61 Lederer Anne Henry Gleitman and Lila Gleitman Verbs of a feather flock together Semantic information in the structure of maternal speech Beyond names for things Young children s acquisition of verbs 277 297 1995 Gleitman Lila R Verbs of a feather flock together II Amsterdam Studies in the Theorgy and History of Linguistic Science Series 4 2002 209 232 p 154 Introduction to Paremiology A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga Berlin De Gruyter Open Online Open Access version Cope Lida 2006 Discontinued intergenerational transmission of Czech in Texas Hindsight is better than foresight Southern Journal of Linguistics 30 2 1 49 Norpoth Helmut 2012 To Change or Not to Change Horses The World War II Elections Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume 42 Issue 2 324 342 Ismail I Ahmed and Reginald H Green 1999 The heritage of war and state collapse in Somalia and Somaliland Third World Quarterly 20 1 113 127 Pia Pohatu and Tui Aroha Warmenhoven 2007 Set the overgrowth alight and the new shoots will spring forth New directions in community based research AlterNative An International Journal of Indigenous Scholarship Special supplement 109 127 Abramson Tony 2016 Where there s muck there s brass Coinage in the Northumbrian landscape and economy c 575 c 867 Leeds University Doctoral dissertation Blitt Robert C Babushka Said Two Things It Will Either Rain or Snow It Either Will or Will Not An Analysis of the Provisions and Human Rights Implications of Russia s New Law on Non Governmental Organizations as Told through Eleven Russian Proverbs Geo Wash Int l L Rev 40 2008 1 86 Russo Joseph 1983 The Poetics of the Ancient Greek Proverb Journal of Folklore Research Vol 20 No 2 3 pp 121 130 Wandelt Oswin 1887 Sprichworter und Sentenzen des altfranzosischen Dramas 1100 1400 Dissertation at Marburg Fr Sommering Wilson F P 1981 The proverbial wisdom of Shakespeare In The Wisdom of Many Essays on the Proverb ed by Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes pp 174 189 New York Garland Francoise Cazal 2012 Los refranes en el Auto de Cain y Abel de Jaime Ferruz frontera entre texto dramatico y enunciado proverbial Paremia 21 21 32 Electronic form Archived 2014 05 02 at the Wayback Machine Grylack B R 1975 The function of proverbs in the dramatic works of Aleksandr Nikolaevic Ostrovskij New York University doctoral dissertation Adeoti Gbemisola The loudness of the Unsaid Proverbs in selected African drama Legon Journal of the Humanities 30 no 1 2019 82 104 Akintunde Akinyemi 2007 The use of Yoruba proverbs in Alin Isola s historical drama Madam Tinubu Terror in Lagos Proverbium 24 17 37 Yusuf Habibat Fayoke and Tayo Lamidi Translation Strategies of Proverbs in Selected Yoruba Nollywood Epic Movies Ibadan Journal of Humanistic Studies 28 no 1 2018 155 171 Ezenwamadu Nkechi Judith The Use of Proverbs i Zulu Sofola s King Emene Online Journal of Arts Management amp Social Sciences 2 no 1 2017 Ezenwamadu Nkechi Judith and Chinyere Theodora Ojiakor Proverbs and Postproverbial Stance in Selected Plays of Emeka Nwabueze and Zulu Sofola Matatu 51 no 2 2020 432 447 Stephen David Winick 1998 The proverb process Intertextuality and proverbial innovation in popular culture University of Pennsylvania dissertation Stephen David Winick 2013 Proverb is as proverb does Proverbium30 377 428 Kevin McKenna 2009 Proverbs and the Folk Tale in the Russian Cinema The Case of Sergei Eisenstein s Film Classic Aleksandr Nevsky The Proverbial Pied Piper A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Mieder on the Occasion of His Sixty Fifth Birthday ed by Kevin McKenna pp 277 292 New York Bern Peter Lang Donald Haase 1990 Is seeing believing Proverbs and the adaptation of a fairy tale Proverbium 7 89 104 Elias Dominguez Baraja 2010 The function of proverbs in discourse p 66 67 Berlin de Gruyter Mouton Aboneh Ashagrie 2013 The Athlete a movie about the Ethiopian barefooted Olympic champion Journal of African Cultural Studies Vol 25 No 1 119 121 Coteus Stephen 2011 Trouble never sets like rain Proverb in direction in Michael Thelwell s The Harder They Come Proverbium 28 1 30 Pym John 1986 1987 Silly Girls Sight and Sound 56 1 45 48 Bryan George 2002 Proverbial titles of dramas Proverbium 19 65 74 Konstantinova Anna 2012 Proverbs in an American musical A cognitive discursive study of The Full Monty Proverbium 29 67 93 p 95 ff Kwesi Yankah 1989 The Proverb in the Context of Akan Rhetoric Bern Peter Lang Ode S Ogede 1993 Proverb usage in the praise songs of Igede Adiyah poet Micah Ichegbeh Proverbium 10 237 256 Raul Eduardo GONZALEZ HERNANDEZ Refranes en las canciones de Chava Flores Paremia 20 2011 pp 139 148 Electronic access Archived 2014 05 02 at the Wayback Machine Bryan Geoerge 2001 An unfinished List of Anglo American Proverb Songs Proverbium 18 15 56 Taft Michael 1994 Proverbs in the Blues Proverbium 12 227 258 Prahlad Sw Anand 1996 African American Proverbs in Context Jackson University Press of Mississippi See pp 77ff Steven Folsom 1993 A discography of American Country music hits employing proverb Covering the years 1986 1992 Proceedings for the 1993 Conference of the Southwest Texas Popular Culture Association ed by Sue Poor pp 31 42 Stillwater Oklahoma The Association Florian Gutman 2007 Because you re mine I walk the line Sprichworliches in auswegewahlten Liedern von Johnny Cash Sprichworter sind Goldes Wert ed by Wolfgang Mieder pp 177 194 Supplement series of Proverbium 25 Burlington VT University of Vermont V Dezeljin 1997 Funzioni testuali dei proverbi nel testo di Maldobrie Linguistica Ljubljana 37 89 97 Bruce Springsteen My Best Was Never Good Enough Live 2005 opening night video YouTube Archived from the original on 2021 11 11 Retrieved 2012 09 20 Mighty Diamonds doing Proverbs YouTube Jones Jonathan Why I judge albums by their covers Wednesday 25 February 2009 The Guardian p 10 Singh Anup K 2017 Dictionary of Proverbs Neelkanth Prakashan Publishers Victor Khachan 2012 Courtroom proverbial murals in Lebanon a semiotic reconstruction of justice Social Semiotics doi 10 1080 10350330 2012 665262 Martin Charlot 2007 Local Traffic Only Proverbs Hawaiian Style Watermark Publishing Rose Marie Beck 2000 Aesthetics of Communication Texts on Textiles Leso from the East African Coast Swahili Research in African Literatures 31 4 104 124 MacDowell Marsha and Wolfgang Mieder When Life Hands You Scraps Make a Quilt Quiltmakers and the Tradition of Proverbial Inscriptions Proverbium 27 2010 113 172 Szpila G 2012 Regulating the reality Proverbs in Polish graffiti Estonia and Poland Creativity and Tradition in Cultural Communication 1 269 284 Cantonese Proverbs in One Picture 25 February 2014 Corey Barksdale 2011 Art amp Inspirational Proverbs Lulu com self published source Gollon s painting Archived from the original on 2017 12 20 Retrieved 2018 12 02 p 426 Yoko Mori 2012 Review of Dictionary of Japanese Illustrated Proverbs Proverbium 29 435 456 GaijinPot Kamau Wango Use of Visual Illustration in the Interpretation of Proverbs in Secondary Schools in Kikuyu District Kiambu County Kenya Kenyatta University PhD dissertation pp 203 213 Richard Honeck 1997 A Proverb in Mind Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum database and e research tool for art and design researchers 2012 10 20 If the shoe doesn t fit must we change the foot Design and Art Australia Online Daao org au Retrieved 2013 08 30 Article on Maltese proverb sculptures A bum a bird and a pig Valletta 2018 unveils Kif Jgħid Il Malti public art installations The Malta Independent Independent com mt Retrieved 3 June 2018 Arts amp Entertainment Timesofmalta com Retrieved 3 June 2018 Trokhimenko Olga V 1999 Wie ein Elefant im Porzellanlanden Ursprung Uberlieferung und Gebrauch der Redensart in Deutschen und im Englischen Proverbium 16 351 380 The Argyle Sweater May 1 2011 June 26 2011 p 126 Wolfgang Mieder 1993 Proverbs are never out of season New York Oxford University Press Aug 26 2012 July 8 2012 Weintraut Edward James 1999 Michel und Mauer Post Unification Germany as seen through Editorial Cartoons Die Unterrichtspraxis 32 2 143 150 Dana Summers Orlando Sentinel Aug 20 2012 p 389 Wolfgang Mieder 2013 Neues von Sisyphus Sprichwortliche Mythen der Anike in moderner Literatur Medien und Karikaturen Bonn Praesens Brienne Toomey 2013 Old wisdom reimagined Proverbial cartoons for university students Proverbium 30 333 346 Wolfgang Mieder and Barbara Mieder 1977 Tradition and innovation Proverbs in advertising Journal of Popular Culture 11 308 319 Stephen Winick 2011 Fall into the intertextual gap Proverbs advertisements and intertextual strategies Proverbium 28 339 380 Patricia Anne Audber de Baubeta 2000 Bread the staff of advertising Paremia 9 103 110 Online Archived 2015 09 04 at the Wayback Machine GEICO Commercial Bird in Hand YouTube 2010 08 13 Archived from the original on 2013 07 27 Retrieved 2011 11 09 Is the Pen Mightier GEICO Commercial YouTube Archived from the original on 2011 04 07 Retrieved 2011 11 09 When pigs fly Youtube com 2012 12 18 Archived from the original on 2012 12 19 Retrieved 2013 08 30 YouTube www youtube com Archived from the original on 2013 09 23 YouTube www youtube com Archived from the original on 2014 07 05 Nelson Talbot 9 November 2014 When Pigs Fly Doritos Crash the Super Bowl 2015 Winter Official sic Archived from the original on 2021 11 11 via YouTube Seda Baser Coban 2010 Sozlu Gelenekten Sozun Geleneksizligine Atasozu Ve Reklam From Oral Tradition to the Traditionless of Speech Proverb and Advertisement Milli Folklor pp 22 27 Liveson Tatira 2001 Proverbs in Zimbabwean advertisements Journal of Folklore Research 38 3 229 241 p 233 Liveson Tatira 2001 Proverbs in Zimbabwean advertisements Journal of Folklore Research 38 3 229 241 a b Charles Clay Doyle 2012 Counter proverbs In Doing proverbs and other kinds of folklore by Charles Clay Doyle 32 40 Supplement series of Proverbium 33 Burlington University of Vermont Adrian Furnham 1987 The Proverbial Truth Contextually Reconciling and the Truthfulness of Antonymous Proverbs Journal of Language and Social Psychology 6 1 49 55 p 16 Hose Susanne and Wolfgang Mieder eds Sorbian proverbs Supplement series of Proverbium 14 University of Vermont 2004 a b p 8 Singh Anup K 2017 Dictionary of Proverbs Neelkanth Prakashan Publishers Oldberg Ragnar 1965 Ordsprak som poesi Ord och Bild 74 564 568 p 425 421 Mercy Bobuafor 2013 The Grammar of Tafi University of Leiden doctoral dissertation link to dissertation p 378 Valerie Inchley 2010 Sitting in my house dreaming of Nepal Kathmandu EKTA p 52 Helen Atawube Yitah 2006 Saying Their Own truth Kasena Women s de construction of Gender Through Proverbial Jesting Doctoral dissertation University of Southern California p 83 84 Dalfovo A T 1987 Lugbara Wisdom Unisa Press p 157 171 Helen Atawube Yitah 2006 Saying Their Own truth Kasena Women s de construction of Gender Through Proverbial Jesting Doctoral dissertation University of Southern California Paul Hockings 1988 Counsel from the ancients A study of Badaga proverbs prayers omens and curses Berlin Mouton de Gruyter p 76 Jeyseon Lee 2006 Korean proverbs In Korean language in culture and society ed by Ho min Sohn 74 85 University of Hawai i Press Bendt Alster 1975 Paradoxical Proverbs and Satire in Sumerian Literature Journal of Cuneiform Studies 27 4 201 230 p 1050 Wolfgang Mieder 2008 International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology Berlin Mouton de Gruyter p 276 Parker Enid 1971 Afar stories riddles and proverbs Journal of Ethiopian Studies 9 219 287 p 283 Parker Enid 1971 Afar stories riddles and proverbs Journal of Ethiopian Studies 9 219 287 p 36 Tadesse Jaleta Jirata 2009 A contextual study of the social functions of Guji Oromo proverbs Saabruecken DVM Verlag p 43 Tullu Sena Gonfa 2008 The images of women in the proverbs and sayings of the Oromo The case of West Arsi zone p 301 Pachocinski Ryszard 2000 Proverbs of Africa Human Nature in the Nigerian Oral Tradition Professors World Peace Academy p 260 Pachocinski Ryszard 2000 Proverbs of Africa Human Nature in the Nigerian Oral Tradition Professors World Peace Academy p 12 Owomoyela Oyekan 2005 Yoruba Proverbs Lincoln NE University of Nebraska Press Cotter George 1990 Salt for stew proverbs and sayings of the Oromo People with English translations Debre Zeit Ethiopia Maryknoll Fathers p 141 Eduardo da Silva 1973 Prince of the People The Life and Times of a Brazilian Free Man of Colour Verso p 178 Owomoyela Oyekan 1988 A ki i Yoruba proscriptive and prescriptive proverbs Lanham MD University Press of America Gertrud Schneider Blum 2009 Maakuti t awa shuultaa Proverbs finish the problems Sayings of the Alaaba Ethiopia Koln Rudiger Koppe Verlag p 391 Pachocinski Ryszard 2000 Proverbs of Africa Human Nature in the Nigerian Oral Tradition Professors World Peace Academy p 67 Dor Remy 1982 Metel ou l appretissage du comportement Le Proverbe chez les Kirghiz du Pamir afghan Journal asiatique 270 67 146 p xxiv Yangxian Zhou 2017 Two Thousand Proverbs from China with Annotations and Chinese and English Translation New York Peter Lang p 76 Mahgoub Fatma M 1968 A linguistic study of Cairene proverbs Indiana University p v Martgavo Peter 1995 Russian proverbs and sayings New York Hippocrene Books Pema Tsewang Shastri 2012 Like a yeti catching marmots Boston Wisdom Publications Os refrans vellos son evanxeos pequenos es w hombre refranero maricon y pilonero also hombre refranero hombre punetero p 104 Desalegn Haile Arficho Ideophones in Kambaata Addis Ababa University PhD dissertation p 59 Nibafasha Spes Societal construction of masculinity and femininity as portrayed in Kirundi proverbs PhD diss Makerere University 2013 Gozpinar Halis Turkish Georgian Equivalent Proverbs and Turkish Loan Words in Georgian Language Karadeniz Uluslararasi Bilimsel Dergi 21 2014 About the Mothers Milk is Sweet poster massbreastfeeding org Archived from the original on July 24 2013 Hendricks Leo and Rosetta Hendricks 1994 Efficacy of a day treatment program in management of diabetes for aging African Americans In Vera Jackson ed Aging Families and the Use of Proverbs 41 52 New York The Haworth Press Grady Sandra 2006 Hidden in decorative sight Textile lore as proverbial communication among East African women Proverbium 23 169 190 Chindogo M 1997 Grassroot development facilitators and traditional local wisdom the case of Malawi Embracing the Baobab Tree The African proverb in the 21st century ed by Willem Saayman 125 135 African Proverbs Series Pretoria Unisa Press Aden Muktar Barre 2010 Proverbs as artistic discourse strategy in conflict resolution among Kenya Somali Doctoral thesis Kenyatta University Mele Mohammed Laminu 2007 Nigerian languages and conflict resolution The case for proverbs and figurative expressions Nigerian Languages Literatures Cultures amp Policy Reforms Festschrift for Ayo Bamgbose ed Ozomekuri Ndimele p 245 256 Port Harcourt Nigeria M amp J Grand Orbit Communications Malinga Musamba Tumani and Poloko N Ntshwarang 2014 The Role of Cultural Proverbs and Myths in Shaping Sexual Worldviews of Adolescents in Botswana Social Work in Public Health 29 232 239 Atido George Pirwoth 2011 Insights from Proverbs of the Alur in the Democratic Republic of Congo In Collaboration with African Proverb Saying and Stories www afriprov org Nairobi Kenya African Proverbs Sayings and Stories Afriprov org Retrieved 2012 09 20 Moon Jay 2009 African Proverbs Reveal Christianity in Culture American Society of Missiology Monograph 5 Pickwick Publications Christaller Johann 1879 Twi mmebuse m mpensa ahansĩa mmoaano A collection of three thousand and six hundred Tshi proverbs in use among the Negroes of the Gold coast speaking the Asante and Fante language collected together with their variations and alphabetically arranged Basel The Basel German Evangelical Missionary Society Bailleul Charles 2005 Sagesse Bambara Proverbes et sentences Bamako Mali Editions Donniya Johnson William F 1892 Hindi Arrows for the Preacher s Bow Dharma Dowali Allahabad India Christian Literature Society Houlder J ohn A lden 1885 1960 1960 Ohabolana ou proverbes malgaches Antananarivo Imprimerie Lutherienne Zellem Edward 2012 Zarbul Masalha 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs Charleston CreateSpace Zellem Edward 2012 Afghan Proverbs Illustrated Charleston CreateSpace now also available with translations into German French and Russian Edward Zellem 2014 Mataluna 151 Afghan Pashto Proverbs Tampa Cultures Direct Press Albert Kanlisi Awedoba 2000 An Introduction to Kasena Society and Culture Through Their Proverbs University Press Of America Linda Tavernier Almada 1999 Prejudice power and poverty in Haiti a study of a nation s culture as seen through its proverbs Proverbium Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 16 325 350 Ġorġ Mifsud Chircop 2001 Proverbiality and Worldview in Maltese and Arabic Proverbs Proverbium Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 18 247 255 Maati Kuusi 1994 Fatalistic Traits in Finnish Proverbs The Wisdom of Many Essays on the Proverb Eds Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes 275 283 Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press Originally in Fatalistic Beliefs in Religion Folklore and Literature Ed Helmer Ringgren Stockholm Almqvist amp Wiksell 1967 89 96 Huynh Dinh Te 1962 Vietnamese cultural patterns and values as expressed in proverbs Doctoral dissertation Columbia University Gerald J Wanjohi 1997 The Wisdom and Philosophy of the Gikuyu Proverbs The Kihooto Worldview Nairobi Paulines Woods Richard ed 1988 Spanish Grammar and Culture through Proverbs Potomac MD Scripta Humanistica Gibian George How Russian Proverbs Present the Russian National Character Russianness Studies on a Nation s Identity Ed Robert L Belknap Ann Arbor 1990 38 43 Kohistani Zahra 2011 Understanding culture through proverbs University of Amsterdam MA thesis Online access Walter Grauberg 1989 Proverbs and idioms mirrors of national experience Lexicographers and their works ed by Gregory James 94 99 Exeter University of Exeter a b Richard Jente 1931 1932 The American Proverb American Speech 7 342 348 Wolfgang Mieder 1993 Proverbs are never out of season Popular wisdom in the modern age New York Oxford University Press p 261 Sw Anand Prahlad 1996 African American Proverbs in Context Jackson University Press of Mississippi Niemeyer Larry L Proverbs tools for world view studies an exploratory comparison of the Bemba of Zambia and the Shona of Zimbabwe 1982 Dissertations and Theses Paper 886 http pdxscholar library pdx edu open access etds 886 Grauberg Walter 1989 Proverbs and idioms mirrors of national experience In Lexicographers and their works ed by Gregory James 94 99 Exeter University of Exeter Whiting Bartlett J 1994 When evensong and morrowsong accord Three essays on the proverb edited by Joseph Harris and Wolfgang Mieder Cambridge MA Harvard University Press p xv Mieder Wolfgang 2004b Proverbs A Handbook Greenwood Folklore Handbooks Greenwood Press p 146 Mieder Wolfgang 2008 Proverbs speak louder than words Folk wisdom in art culture folklore history literature and mass media New York Peter Lang p 124 Wolkomir Richard 2006 Gold nuggets or fool s gold Magazine and newspaper articles on the ir relevance of proverbs and proverbial phrases Wolfgang Mieder and Janet Sobieski eds 117 125 Supplement Series of Proverbium 22 Burlington VT University of Vermont p 134 W Jay Moon 2009 African Proverbs Reveal Christianity in Culture A Narrative Portrayal of Builsa Proverbs Eugene OR Pickwick Publications p 139 amp 157 Evan Bell 2009 An analysis of Tajik proverbs Masters thesis Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics p 120 Peter Unseth Review of Dictionary of Modern Proverbs American Speech 90 1 117 121 Petrova Roumyana 2016 How Religious Are The Modern Anglo American Proverbs A Linguocultural Study Proceedings of the world congress of the IASS AIS Editor in Chief Kristian Bankov ISSN 2414 6862 Web access p 22 Patrick Olivelle 2013 Talking Animals Explorations in an Indian Literary Genre Religions of South Asia 7 14 26 Rudolf Leger and Abubakar B Mohammad 2000 The concept of pulaaku mirrored in Fulfulde proverbs of the Gombe dialect Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268 Band 14 Frankfurt a M 2000 299 306 Sbaihat Ahlam 2012 La imagen de la madre en el refranero espanol y jordano Estudio de Paremiologia comparada Espana Sociedad Espanola de Estudios Literarios de Cultura Popular Oceanide 5 p 173 Sheila K Webster 1982 Women Sex and Marriage in Moroccan Proverbs International Journal of Middle East Studies 14 173 184 p 84ff Andrey Reznikov 2009 Old wine in new bottles Modern Russian anti proverbs Supplement Series of Proverbium 27 Burlington VT University of Vermont Evan Bell 2009 An analysis of Tajik proverbs Masters thesis Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics p 54 J Christy Wilson Jr 2004 One hundred Afghan Persian proverbs 3rd edition Peshawar Pakistan InterLit Foundation p 601 Paul Hockings 1988 Counsel from the Ancients A study of Badaga proverbs prayers omens and curses Berlin de Gruyter Ziyad Mohammad Gogazeh and Ahmad Husein Al Afif 2007 Los proverbios arabes extraidos del Coran recopilacion traduccion y estudio Paremia 16 129 138 p 130 Evan Bell 2009 The wit and wisdom of the Tajiks An analysis of Tajik proverbs Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics MA thesis p 16 P R Gurdon 1895 Some Assamese proverbs Shillong India Assam Secretariat Printing Office p 142 August Francke 1901 A collection of Ladakhi proverbs Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 2 135 148 Peter Unseth 2017 Review of Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran Iranian Studies 50 1 163 167 doi 10 1080 00210862 2017 1269451 p 46 Ernst Dammann 1972 Die Religion in Afrikanischen Sprichworter und Ratseln Anthropos 67 36 48 Quotation in English from summary at end of article Sharab Moayad Sbaihat Ahlam Al Duweiri Hussein 2013 La imagen del perro en la paremiologia jordana traduccion y contraste con el espanol University of Granada Language Design Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Linguistics vol 14 n 1 Mieder Wolfgang The use of proverbs in psychological testing Journal of the Folklore Institute 15 1 1978 45 55 Institut fur Kognitive Neurowissenschaft Ruhr uni bochum de 2011 03 22 Retrieved 2012 09 20 Yamaguchi Haruyasu Yohko Maki Tomoharu Yamaguchi 2011 A figurative proverb test for dementia rapid detection of disinhibition excuse and confabulation causing discommunication Psychogeriatrics Vol 11 4 pp 205 211 Natalie C Kaiser 2013 What dementia reveals about proverb interpretation and its neuroanatomical correlates Neuropsychologia 51 1726 1733 Kempler Daniel Diana Van Lancker and Stephen Read 1988 Proverb and idiom comprehension in Alzheimers disease Alzheimers Disease and Associated Disorders 2 1 38 49 Richard P Honeck A proverb in mind the cognitive science of proverbial wit and wisdom Routledge 1997 Pp 123ff C Thomas Gualtieri 2002 Brain Injury and Mental Retardation Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins Ulatowska Hanna K and Gloria S Olness Reflections on the Nature of Proverbs Evidence from Aphasia Proverbium 15 1998 329 346 Schizophrenia has also been shown to affect the way people interpret proverbs Yi You Gyoung Dae Youl Kim Woo Hyun Shim Joo Young Oh Sung Hyun Kim Ho Sung Kim 2017 Neural correlates of Korean proverb processing A functional magnetic resonance imaging study Brain and behavior 7 10 Photo and Web page about Permjakov p 91 Grigorii L vovich Permiakov 1989 On the question of a Russian paremiological minimum Proverbium 6 91 102 Vyshya Natalia 2008 Minimo paremiologioco ucraiano y peculiardades de traduccion Paremia 17 101 110 Grigorii L vovich Permiakov 1989 On the question of a Russian paremiological minimum Proverbium 6 91 102 Katalin Vargha Anna T Litovkina 2007 Proverb is as proverb does A preliminary analysis of a survey on the use of Hungarian proverbs and anti proverbs Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 52 1 135 155 Forgacs Tomas 2014 Uber das Paromische minimum des Ungarischen Proverbium 31 255 278 Paremiological Minimum of Czech The Corpus Evidence 1 Introduction Data for Proverb Research Ucnk ff cuni cz Archived from the original on 2007 06 09 Retrieved 2012 09 20 Kapchits article on popularity of various Somali proverbs pp 389 490 Valerie Inchley 2010 Sitting in my house dreaming of Nepal Kathmandu EKTA Doctor Raymond 2005 Towards a Paremiological Minimum For Gujarati Proverbs Proverbium 22 51 70 Julia Sevilla Munoz 2010 El refranero hoy Paremia 19 215 226 Fielder Sabine 1999 Phraseology in planned languages Language Problems and Language Planning 23 2 175 187 see p 178 Szpila Grzegorz Minimum paremiologiczne jezyka polskiego badanie pilotazowe Jezyk Polski 1 2002 36 42 SEVILLA MUNOZ Julia y BARBADILLO DE LA FUENTE M ª Teresa El minimo paremiologico espanol Madrid Centro Virtual Cervantes Instituto Cervantes Biblioteca fraseologica y paremiologica serie Minimo paremiologico n º 2 2021 215 p ISBN 978 84 09 31657 1 M Durco Peter 2014 Empirical Research and Paremiological Minimum In Introduction to Paremiology A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga 183 205 Berlin De Gruyter Open Online Open Access version Mbiti John 2002 The African proverbs project and after Lexikos 12 1 256 263 Universiṭah ha ʻIvrit bi Yerushalayim University of Vermont Ohio State University 29 November 1984 Proverbium v Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 via Hathi Trust a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Web access to Paremia Conference website Colloquium proverbs org Retrieved 2013 08 30 Wolfgang Mieder 2008 International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology Berlin Mouton de Gruyter Mieder Wolfgang 2011 International Bibliography of Paremiography Supplement Series of Proverbium 34 Burlington VT University of Vermont Introduction to Paremiology A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga Berlin De Gruyter Open Online Open Access version Erasmus Desiderius Adages in Collected Works of Erasmus Trans R A B Mynors et al Volumes 31 36 Toronto University of Toronto Press 1982 2006 Alan Dundes as Pioneering Paremiologist PDF Lauhakangas Outi 2013 The Matti Kuusi International Database of Proverbs Oral Tradition 28 2 2013 217 222 Article on his Proverb Type System Archived 2017 12 01 at the Wayback Machine Lauhakangas Outi 2014 Categorization of proverbs p 59 Introduction to Paremiology ed by Hrisztalina Hrisztova Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga pp 49 67 Berlin de Gruyter p xiv Mieder Wolfgang Proverbs A handbook Westport CT Greenwood Press 1931 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press Aetiological Tales of Modern Greek Proverbs Ermis Athens 1972 p vi Wolfgang Mieder 2009 Editor s Preface Proverb semantics Studies in structure logic and metaphor edited by Wolfgang Mieder pp v viii Supplement Series to Proverbium 29 Burlington VT University of Vermont p 5 Wolfgang Mieder Arvo Krikmann Master folklorist and paremiologist Proverbium 31 1 10 p 640 646 Wolfgang Mieder 2009 International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology Berlin de Gruyter 1976 Nature and function of proverbs in jeux partis Revue des sciences humaines 163 3 1976 377 418 Hasan Rokem Galit Web of life Folklore and Midrash in Rabbinic literature Stanford University Press 2000 http www afriprov org index php meetings 624 minutes of the meeting of the african proverbs working group saturday 28 april 2012 html Archived 2017 12 01 at the Wayback Machine Minutes of the Meeting of the African Proverbs Working Group Christ the Teacher Parish Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya Saturday 28 April 2012 p 457 International Bibliography of New and Reprinted Proverb Collections Proverbium 32 457 466 Kirshenblatt Gimblett Barbara Toward a theory of proverb meaning Proverbium 22 1973 821 827 2009 International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology Berlin de Gruyter College of Arts and Sciences College of Arts and Sciences The University of Vermont www uvm edu Kevin McKenna ed 2009 The Proverbial Pied Piper A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Mieder on the Occasion of His Sixty Fifth Birthday New York Peter Lang ISBN 978 1433104893 Christian Grandl and Kevin McKenna ed 2015 Bis dat qui cito dat Gegengabe in Paremiology Folklore Language and Literature Honoring Wolfgang Mieder on His Seventieth Birthday Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang ISBN 978 3631648728 Nolte Andreas and Dennis Mahoney 2019 Living by the Golden Rule Mentor Scholar World Citizen A Festschrift for Wolfgang Mieder s 75th Birthday Bern Peter Lang Lauhakangas Outi 2012 In honorem Wolfgang Mieder In Program of the Sixth Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs 4th to 11th November 2012 at Tavira Portugal Rui B Soares and Outi Lauhakangas eds pp 81 84 Tavira Tipograpfia Tavirense Jones Amy 2012 Wolfgang Mieder Ein Fub in beiden Landern In Sprache als Heimat A Jones ed Quasi Middlebury College Zeitschrift 1 52 58 Armenian Proverbs A Paremiological Study with an Anthology of 2 500 Armenian Folk Sayings Selected and Translated into English Delmar amp New York Caravan Books First edition 1994 Second and revised edition 1995 Sakayan Dora On the Grammar of Armenian Proverbs In John A C Greppin ed Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Armenian Linguistics Cleveland State University Cleveland September 14 19 1991 Delmar amp New York Caravan Books 1992 pp 171 201 Yale University Press 2004 Unseth Peter 2016 Comparing methods of collecting proverbs Learning to value working with a community p 7 Comparing methods of collecting proverbsFurther reading EditBailey Clinton 2004 A Culture of Desert Survival Bedouin Proverbs from Sinai and the Negev Yale University Press ISBN 978 0300098440 OCLC 762594024 Borajo Daniel Juan Rios M Alicia Perez and Juan Pazos 1990 Dominoes as a domain where to use proverbs as heuristics Data amp Knowledge Engineering 5 129 137 Christy Robert 1887 Proverbs Maxims and Phrases of All Ages New York London G P Putnam s Sons Dominguez Barajas Elias 2010 The function of proverbs in discourse Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 978 3110224887 OCLC 759758090 Flonta Teodor 1995 De Proverbio International Journal of Proverb Studies Hobart Australia Department of Modern Languages University of Tasmania Australia OCLC 939086054 Grzybek Peter Proverb Simple Forms An Encyclopaedia of Simple Text Types in Lore and Literature ed Walter Koch Bochum Brockmeyer 1994 227 41 ISBN 978 3883394060 OCLC 247469217 Haas Heather 2008 Proverb familiarity in the United States Cross regional comparisons of the paremiological minimum Journal of American Folklore 121 481 pp 319 347 Harris Richard L 2017 Concordance to the Proverbs and Proverbial Materials in the Old Icelandic Sagas University of Saskatchewan Hildebrandt Ted 2005 Proverbs Rough and Working Bibliography Gordon College Hirsch E D Joseph Kett Jame Trefil 1988 The dictionary of cultural literacy Boston Houghton Mifflin Mac Coinnigh Marcas 2012 Syntactic Structures in Irish Language Proverbs Proverbium Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 29 95 136 Mieder Wolfgang 1982 Proverbs in Nazi Germany The Promulgation of Anti Semitism and Stereotypes Through Folklore The Journal of American Folklore 95 No 378 pp 435 464 Mieder Wolfgang 2001 International Proverb Scholarship An Annotated Bibliography with supplements New York Garland Publishing ISBN 978 0820457079 OCLC 916748443 Mieder Wolfgang 1994 Wise Words Essays on the Proverb New York Garland Mieder Wolfgang 2004a The Netherlandish Proverbs Supplement series of Proverbium 16 Burlington University of Vermont Mieder Wolfgang 2004b Proverbs A Handbook Greenwood Folklore Handbooks Greenwood Press Mieder Wolfgang and Alan Dundes 1994 The wisdom of many essays on the proverb Originally published in 1981 by Garland Madison University of Wisconsin Press Mieder Wolfgang and Anna Tothne Litovkina 2002 Twisted Wisdom Modern Anti Proverbs DeProverbio Mieder Wolfgang and Janet Sobieski 1999 Proverb iconography an international bibliography Bern Peter Lang Mitchell David 2001 Go Proverbs reprint of 1980 ISBN 0970619316 Slate and Shell Nussbaum Stan 1998 The Wisdom of African Proverbs CD ROM Colorado Springs Global Mapping International Obeng S G 1996 The Proverb as a Mitigating and Politeness Strategy in Akan Discourse Anthropological Linguistics 38 3 521 549 Paczolay Gyula 1997 European Proverbs in 55 Languages Veszpre m Hungary ISBN 978 1875943449 OCLC 52291221 Permiakov Grigorii 1979 From proverb to Folk tale Notes on the general theory of cliche Moscow Nauka Raymond Joseph 1956 Tension in proverbs more light on international understanding Western Folklore 15 3 153 158 Speake Jennifer and John A Simpson 2015 The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs ISBN 9780198734901 OCLC 931789403 Steen Francis 2000 Proverb Bibliography CogWeb Cognitive Cultural Studies University of California Shapin Steven Proverbial economies How and understanding of some linguistic and social features of common sense can throw light on more prestigious bodies of knowledge science for example Chapter 13 pp 315 350 of Never Pure Historical Studies of Science as if It Was Produced by People with Bodies Situated in Time Space Culture and Society and Struggling for Credibility and Authority Johns Hopkins University Press 2010 568 pages ISBN 978 0801894213 First published in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine number 77 pp 263 297 2003 Taylor Archer 1985 The Proverb and an index to The Proverb with an Introduction and Bibliography by Wolfgang Mieder Bern Peter Lang External links Edit Look up Appendix English proverbs in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikiquote has quotations related to Proverbs Wikiquote has quotations related to Category Proverbs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proverbs The List of World Proverbs Grouped by proverb origin Portals Languages Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Proverb amp oldid 1149565332, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.