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Pink triangle

January 27, 2023

For the Weezer song, see Pink Triangle (song). For the audio manufacturer, see Pink Triangle (audio manufacturer).

A pink triangle has been a symbol for the LGBTQ+ community, initially intended as a badge of shame, but later reclaimed as a positive symbol of self-identity and love for queerness. In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, it began as one of the Nazi concentration camp badges, distinguishing those imprisoned because they had been identified by authorities as gay men.[1][2] In the 1970s, it was revived as a symbol of protest against homophobia and for queer liberation, and has since been adopted by the larger LGBTQ+ community as a popular symbol of LGBTQ pride and the LGBTQ rights and queer liberation movements.[3][4]

A pink triangle in the original Nazi orientation

History

Nazi prisoner identification

Main article: Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany § Concentration camps

In Nazi concentration camps, each prisoner was required to wear a downward-pointing, equilateral triangular cloth badge on their chest, the color of which identified the stated reason for their imprisonment.[5] Early on, prisoners perceived as gay men were variously identified with a green triangle (indicating criminals) or red triangle (political prisoners), the number 175 (referring to Paragraph 175, the section of the German penal code criminalizing homosexual activity), or the letter A (which stood for Arschficker, literally "arse fucker").[6]

Later, the use of a pink triangle was established for prisoners identified as homosexual men, which also included bisexual men and transgender women.[2] (Lesbian and bisexual women and trans men were not systematically imprisoned; some were classified as "asocial", wearing a black triangle.)[7][8] The pink triangle was also assigned to others considered sexual deviants, including zoophiles and pedophiles[3] in addition to sex offenders. If a prisoner was also identified as Jewish, the triangle was superimposed over a second yellow triangle pointing the opposite way, to resemble the Star of David like the yellow badge identifying other Jews. Prisoners wearing a pink triangle were harshly treated by most other prisoners.[3]

After the camps were liberated at the end of the Second World War, some of the prisoners imprisoned for homosexuality were re-incarcerated by the Allied-established Federal Republic of Germany, as the Nazi laws against homosexuality were not repealed there until 1969.[9][10] An out homosexual man named Heinz Dörmer, for instance, served in a Nazi concentration camp and then in the jails of the new Republic. The Nazi amendments to Paragraph 175, which turned homosexuality, previously labeled as a minor offense, into a felony, remained intact in East Germany until 1968[11] and in West Germany until 1969.[12] West Germany continued to imprison those identified as homosexual until 1994 under a revised version of the Paragraph, which still made sex between men up to the age of 21—as well as queer male sex work—illegal.[13] While many, though not all, lawsuits seeking monetary compensation have failed, in 2002 the German government issued an official apology to gay men who were persecuted during the war.[14]

Rudolf Brazda, one of the last known homosexual concentration camp survivors, died on August 3, 2011 at the age of 98.[15]

Symbol of homosexual liberation

 
An ACT UP member displaying the organization's trademark protest sign with an inverted, upward-pointing pink triangle.

In the 1970s, newly active Australian, European and North American queer liberation advocates began to use the pink triangle to raise awareness of its use in Nazi Germany.[16] In 1972, gay concentration camp survivor Heinz Heger's memoir Die Männer mit dem rosa Winkel (The Men with the Pink Triangle) brought it to greater public attention.[17] In response, the German gay liberation group Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin issued a call in 1973 for gay men to wear it as a memorial to past victims and to protest continuing discrimination.[18][19] In the 1975 movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show, Dr. Frank N. Furter—a bisexual transvestite[20][21]—wears a pink triangle badge on one of his outfits.[22] In 1976, Peter Recht, Detlef Stoffel, and Christiane Schmerl made the German documentary Rosa Winkel? Das ist doch schon lange vorbei... (Pink Triangle? That was such a long time ago...).[18] Publications such as San Francisco's Gay Sunshine and Toronto's The Body Politic promoted the pink triangle as a memorial to those who had faced persecution and oppression.[18]

In the 1980s, the pink triangle was increasingly used not just as a memorial but as a positive symbol of both self-identity and community identity. It commonly represented both gay and lesbian identity, and was incorporated into the logos of such organizations and businesses. It was also used by individuals, sometimes discreetly or ambiguously as an "insider" code unfamiliar to the heterosexual majority.[18] The logo for the 1987 March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights was a silhouette of the US Capitol Dome superimposed over a pink triangle.[19]

Taking a more militant tone, the AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power (ACT UP) was formed by six gay activists in New York City in 1987, and to draw attention to the disease's disproportionate impact on gay and m-spec men, and the apparent role of "genocidal" queer-antagonism in slowing progress on medical research,[23] adopted an upward-pointing pink triangle on a black field along with the slogan "SILENCE = DEATH" as its logo.[24][25][26] Some use the triangle in this orientation as a specific "reversal" of its usage by the Nazis.[27][28][29] The Pink Panthers Movement in Denver, Colorado adopted a pink triangle with clawed panther print logo, adapted from the original Pink Panthers Patrol in New York City.[citation needed]

In the 1990s, a pink triangle enclosed in a green circle came to be commonly used as a symbol identifying "safe spaces" for LGBTQ+ people at work or in school.[30][31]

The pink triangle served as the basis for the "biangles", a symbol of bisexual identity which consists of pink and blue triangles overlapping in a lavender or purple area. The pink and blue symbolize either homosexuality and attraction to people of other a/genders (which can still be queer desire) reflecting some bisexuals' and biromantics' attraction to both the same a/gender(s) and other a/genders.[32][33]

Use of the pink triangle symbol is not without criticism. In 1993, historian Klaus Müller argued that "the pink triangles of the concentration camps became an international symbol of gay and lesbian pride because so few of us are haunted by concrete memories of those who were forced to wear them."[34]

Memorials

The symbol of the pink triangle has been included in numerous public monuments and memorials. In 1980 a jury chose the pink triangle design for the Homomonument in Amsterdam, to memorialize gay and m-spec men killed in the Holocaust (and also victims of anti-gay violence generally).[35] In 1995, after a decade of campaigning for it, a pink triangle plaque was installed at the Dachau Memorial Museum to commemorate the suffering of gay men and lesbians.[36] In 2015 a pink triangle was incorporated into Chicago's Legacy Walk.[37] It is the basis of the design of the Gay and Lesbian Holocaust Memorial in Sydney. In 2001 it inspired both San Francisco's Pink Triangle Park in the Castro and the 1-acre (4,000 m2) Pink Triangle on Twin Peaks that is displayed every year during the Pride weekend.[38] It is also the basis for LGBTQ+ memorials in Barcelona, Sitges, and Montevideo, and the burial component of the LGBTQ+ Pink Dolphin Monument in Galveston.

References

  1. ^ Plant, Richard (1988). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War against Homosexuals (revised ed.). H. Holt. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-8050-0600-1.
  2. ^ a b Williams, Cristan. . tgdor.org. Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  3. ^ a b c Shankar, Louis (April 19, 2017). "How the Pink Triangle Became a Symbol of Queer Resistance". HISKIND. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  4. ^ Waxman, Olivia B. (May 31, 2018). "How the Nazi Regime's Pink Triangle Symbol Was Repurposed for LGBTQ Pride". TIME. from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  5. ^ "Homosexual Prisoners · The Era of the Holocaust ·". libapp.shadygrove.umd.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  6. ^ "Homosexuals in Nazi Germany - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  7. ^ "Queer Women and AFAB People During the Holocaust". Making Queer History. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  8. ^ "Lesbians and the Third Reich". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  9. ^ Arturo Garcia (11 October 2018). "Were Gay Concentration Camp Prisoners 'Put Back in Prison' After World War II?". Snopes.
  10. ^ "Gay Men under the Nazi Regime". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  11. ^ James Kirchik (February 13, 2013). "Documentary Explores Gay Life in East Germany". Der Spiegel.
  12. ^ Clayton J. Whisnant (2012). Male Homosexuality in West Germany: Between Persecution and Freedom, 1945-69. pp. 201–203. ISBN 9780230355002.
  13. ^ Zowie Davy; Julia Downes; Lena Eckert (2002). Bound and Unbound: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Genders and Sexualities. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-1443810852.
  14. ^ Melissa Eddy (May 18, 2002). "Germany Offers Nazi-Era Pardons". Associated Press.
  15. ^ Langer, Emily (7 August 2011). "Rudolf Brazda dies; gay man who survived Nazi concentration camp was 98". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  16. ^ . lambda.org. Lambda GLBT Community Services. 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-12-04. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
  17. ^ Jensen, Erik (2002). "The pink triangle and political consciousness: gays, lesbians, and the memory of Nazi persecution". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 11 (1 and 2): 319–349. doi:10.1353/sex.2002.0008. S2CID 142580540.
  18. ^ a b c d Gianoulis, Tina (2004). Claude J. Summers (ed.). . glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-09-26. In the early 1970s, gay rights organizations in Germany and the United States launched campaigns to reclaim the pink triangle. In 1973 the German gay liberation group Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin (HAW) called upon gay men to wear the pink triangle as a memorial.
  19. ^ a b "Pink Triangle Legacies: Holocaust Memory and International Gay Rights Activism". Nursing Clio. 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  20. ^ Tribune, Andrew S. Hughes South Bend. "Sexuality, doo-wop major themes in 'The Rocky Horror Show'". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  21. ^ "The Astonishingly Non-Nonsensical Plot of The Rocky Horror Picture Show". Tor.com. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  22. ^ Nash, Tara (2017-11-30). "Rated "R" for Resistance". Queerer Things. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  23. ^ Sember, Robert; Gere, David (June 2006). "'Let the Record Show…': Art Activism and the AIDS Epidemic". American Journal of Public Health. 96 (6): 967–969. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.089219. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1470625. PMID 16670207.
  24. ^ Feldman, Douglas A. and Judith Wang Miller (1998). The AIDS Crisis: A Documentary History. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-28715-5. p. 176
  25. ^ . www.actupny.org. Archived from the original on 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
  26. ^ "How the Pink Triangle Became a Symbol of Queer Resistance". HISKIND Magazine. 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  27. ^ "San Francisco Neighborhoods: The Castro" KQED documentary.
  28. ^ "This week in history: Recognizing the history of the pink triangle". People's World. PeoplesWorld.org. 2017-06-20. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  29. ^ Elman, R. Amy (1996). "Triangles and Tribulations". Journal of Homosexuality. 30 (3): 1–11. doi:10.1300/J082v30n03_01. PMID 8743114.
  30. ^ "Safe Space – EQUAL!". equal.org. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  31. ^ Raeburn, Nicole C. (2004). Changing Corporate America from Inside Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8166-3999-1.
  32. ^ . www.algbtical.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  33. ^ Services, LAMBDA GLBT Community. "Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, & Transgender Symbols". www.qrd.org. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  34. ^ Seifert, Dorthe (2003). "Between Silence and License: The Representation of the National Socialist Persecution of Homosexuality in Anglo-American Fiction and Film". History & Memory. 15 (2): 94–129. doi:10.1353/ham.2003.0012. ISSN 1527-1994. S2CID 159598928.
  35. ^ Martin Dunford (2010). The Rough Guide to The Netherlands. Penguin. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-84836-882-8.
  36. ^ Brocklebank, Christopher (31 May 2011). "New memorial to gay holocaust victims to be built in Munich". Pink News. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  37. ^ "Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques - 2342 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News - Windy City Times". 14 October 2015.
  38. ^ "The Pink Triangle, displayed annually on Twin Peaks in San Francisco during Pride weekend". Thepinktriangle.com. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2013-02-12.

Further reading

  • Newsome, W. Jake (2022). Pink Triangle Legacies: Coming Out in the Shadow of the Holocaust. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-6549-0.
  • Tremblay, Sébastien (2022). "Visual Collective Memories of National Socialism: Transatlantic HIV/AIDS Activism and Discourses of Persecutions". German History. 40 (4): 563–582. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghac045.

January 27, 2023
pink, triangle, weezer, song, pink, triangle, song, audio, manufacturer, pink, triangle, audio, manufacturer, pink, triangle, been, symbol, lgbtq, community, initially, intended, badge, shame, later, reclaimed, positive, symbol, self, identity, love, queerness. For the Weezer song see Pink Triangle song For the audio manufacturer see Pink Triangle audio manufacturer A pink triangle has been a symbol for the LGBTQ community initially intended as a badge of shame but later reclaimed as a positive symbol of self identity and love for queerness In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s it began as one of the Nazi concentration camp badges distinguishing those imprisoned because they had been identified by authorities as gay men 1 2 In the 1970s it was revived as a symbol of protest against homophobia and for queer liberation and has since been adopted by the larger LGBTQ community as a popular symbol of LGBTQ pride and the LGBTQ rights and queer liberation movements 3 4 A pink triangle in the original Nazi orientationContents 1 History 1 1 Nazi prisoner identification 1 2 Symbol of homosexual liberation 2 Memorials 3 References 4 Further readingHistory EditNazi prisoner identification Edit Main article Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany Concentration camps In Nazi concentration camps each prisoner was required to wear a downward pointing equilateral triangular cloth badge on their chest the color of which identified the stated reason for their imprisonment 5 Early on prisoners perceived as gay men were variously identified with a green triangle indicating criminals or red triangle political prisoners the number 175 referring to Paragraph 175 the section of the German penal code criminalizing homosexual activity or the letter A which stood for Arschficker literally arse fucker 6 Later the use of a pink triangle was established for prisoners identified as homosexual men which also included bisexual men and transgender women 2 Lesbian and bisexual women and trans men were not systematically imprisoned some were classified as asocial wearing a black triangle 7 8 The pink triangle was also assigned to others considered sexual deviants including zoophiles and pedophiles 3 in addition to sex offenders If a prisoner was also identified as Jewish the triangle was superimposed over a second yellow triangle pointing the opposite way to resemble the Star of David like the yellow badge identifying other Jews Prisoners wearing a pink triangle were harshly treated by most other prisoners 3 After the camps were liberated at the end of the Second World War some of the prisoners imprisoned for homosexuality were re incarcerated by the Allied established Federal Republic of Germany as the Nazi laws against homosexuality were not repealed there until 1969 9 10 An out homosexual man named Heinz Dormer for instance served in a Nazi concentration camp and then in the jails of the new Republic The Nazi amendments to Paragraph 175 which turned homosexuality previously labeled as a minor offense into a felony remained intact in East Germany until 1968 11 and in West Germany until 1969 12 West Germany continued to imprison those identified as homosexual until 1994 under a revised version of the Paragraph which still made sex between men up to the age of 21 as well as queer male sex work illegal 13 While many though not all lawsuits seeking monetary compensation have failed in 2002 the German government issued an official apology to gay men who were persecuted during the war 14 Rudolf Brazda one of the last known homosexual concentration camp survivors died on August 3 2011 at the age of 98 15 Symbol of homosexual liberation Edit An ACT UP member displaying the organization s trademark protest sign with an inverted upward pointing pink triangle In the 1970s newly active Australian European and North American queer liberation advocates began to use the pink triangle to raise awareness of its use in Nazi Germany 16 In 1972 gay concentration camp survivor Heinz Heger s memoir Die Manner mit dem rosa Winkel The Men with the Pink Triangle brought it to greater public attention 17 In response the German gay liberation group Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin issued a call in 1973 for gay men to wear it as a memorial to past victims and to protest continuing discrimination 18 19 In the 1975 movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show Dr Frank N Furter a bisexual transvestite 20 21 wears a pink triangle badge on one of his outfits 22 In 1976 Peter Recht Detlef Stoffel and Christiane Schmerl made the German documentary Rosa Winkel Das ist doch schon lange vorbei Pink Triangle That was such a long time ago 18 Publications such as San Francisco s Gay Sunshine and Toronto s The Body Politic promoted the pink triangle as a memorial to those who had faced persecution and oppression 18 In the 1980s the pink triangle was increasingly used not just as a memorial but as a positive symbol of both self identity and community identity It commonly represented both gay and lesbian identity and was incorporated into the logos of such organizations and businesses It was also used by individuals sometimes discreetly or ambiguously as an insider code unfamiliar to the heterosexual majority 18 The logo for the 1987 March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights was a silhouette of the US Capitol Dome superimposed over a pink triangle 19 Taking a more militant tone the AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power ACT UP was formed by six gay activists in New York City in 1987 and to draw attention to the disease s disproportionate impact on gay and m spec men and the apparent role of genocidal queer antagonism in slowing progress on medical research 23 adopted an upward pointing pink triangle on a black field along with the slogan SILENCE DEATH as its logo 24 25 26 Some use the triangle in this orientation as a specific reversal of its usage by the Nazis 27 28 29 The Pink Panthers Movement in Denver Colorado adopted a pink triangle with clawed panther print logo adapted from the original Pink Panthers Patrol in New York City citation needed In the 1990s a pink triangle enclosed in a green circle came to be commonly used as a symbol identifying safe spaces for LGBTQ people at work or in school 30 31 The pink triangle served as the basis for the biangles a symbol of bisexual identity which consists of pink and blue triangles overlapping in a lavender or purple area The pink and blue symbolize either homosexuality and attraction to people of other a genders which can still be queer desire reflecting some bisexuals and biromantics attraction to both the same a gender s and other a genders 32 33 Use of the pink triangle symbol is not without criticism In 1993 historian Klaus Muller argued that the pink triangles of the concentration camps became an international symbol of gay and lesbian pride because so few of us are haunted by concrete memories of those who were forced to wear them 34 Memorials EditThe symbol of the pink triangle has been included in numerous public monuments and memorials In 1980 a jury chose the pink triangle design for the Homomonument in Amsterdam to memorialize gay and m spec men killed in the Holocaust and also victims of anti gay violence generally 35 In 1995 after a decade of campaigning for it a pink triangle plaque was installed at the Dachau Memorial Museum to commemorate the suffering of gay men and lesbians 36 In 2015 a pink triangle was incorporated into Chicago s Legacy Walk 37 It is the basis of the design of the Gay and Lesbian Holocaust Memorial in Sydney In 2001 it inspired both San Francisco s Pink Triangle Park in the Castro and the 1 acre 4 000 m2 Pink Triangle on Twin Peaks that is displayed every year during the Pride weekend 38 It is also the basis for LGBTQ memorials in Barcelona Sitges and Montevideo and the burial component of the LGBTQ Pink Dolphin Monument in Galveston Examples of Pink Triangle memorials Pink triangle Rosa Winkel in German memorial for gay men killed at Buchenwald In the Berlin Nollendorfplatz subway station a pink triangle plaque honors gay male victims Amsterdam s Homomonument uses pink triangles symbolically to memorialize gay men killed in the Holocaust and also victims of anti gay violence generally Sydney Gay and Lesbian Holocaust Memorial Pink Triangle Park in the Castro District of San Francisco honors gay holocaust victims Pink Triangle 2022 installation on Twin Peaks in San FranciscoReferences Edit Plant Richard 1988 The Pink Triangle The Nazi War against Homosexuals revised ed H Holt p 175 ISBN 978 0 8050 0600 1 a b Williams Cristan 2008 Houston Transgender Day of Remembrance Transgenders and Nazi Germany tgdor org Archived from the original on 2008 08 20 Retrieved 2018 08 24 a b c Shankar Louis April 19 2017 How the Pink Triangle Became a Symbol of Queer Resistance HISKIND Retrieved August 22 2018 Waxman Olivia B May 31 2018 How the Nazi Regime s Pink Triangle Symbol Was Repurposed for LGBTQ Pride TIME Archived from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved August 22 2018 Homosexual Prisoners The Era of the Holocaust libapp shadygrove umd edu Retrieved 2018 08 27 Homosexuals in Nazi Germany Collections Search United States Holocaust Memorial Museum collections ushmm org Retrieved 2018 08 27 Queer Women and AFAB People During the Holocaust Making Queer History Retrieved 2018 08 24 Lesbians and the Third Reich Holocaust Encyclopedia United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Retrieved 24 August 2018 Arturo Garcia 11 October 2018 Were Gay Concentration Camp Prisoners Put Back in Prison After World War II Snopes Gay Men under the Nazi Regime encyclopedia ushmm org Retrieved 2022 01 28 James Kirchik February 13 2013 Documentary Explores Gay Life in East Germany Der Spiegel Clayton J Whisnant 2012 Male Homosexuality in West Germany Between Persecution and Freedom 1945 69 pp 201 203 ISBN 9780230355002 Zowie Davy Julia Downes Lena Eckert 2002 Bound and Unbound Interdisciplinary Approaches to Genders and Sexualities pp 141 142 ISBN 978 1443810852 Melissa Eddy May 18 2002 Germany Offers Nazi Era Pardons Associated Press Langer Emily 7 August 2011 Rudolf Brazda dies gay man who survived Nazi concentration camp was 98 Washington Post Retrieved 22 August 2018 Symbols of the Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender Movements lambda org Lambda GLBT Community Services 2004 Archived from the original on 2004 12 04 Retrieved 2014 09 26 Jensen Erik 2002 The pink triangle and political consciousness gays lesbians and the memory of Nazi persecution Journal of the History of Sexuality 11 1 and 2 319 349 doi 10 1353 sex 2002 0008 S2CID 142580540 a b c d Gianoulis Tina 2004 Claude J Summers ed Pink Triangle glbtq An Encyclopedia of Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transgender and Queer Culture Archived from the original on 2014 10 25 Retrieved 2014 09 26 In the early 1970s gay rights organizations in Germany and the United States launched campaigns to reclaim the pink triangle In 1973 the German gay liberation group Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin HAW called upon gay men to wear the pink triangle as a memorial a b Pink Triangle Legacies Holocaust Memory and International Gay Rights Activism Nursing Clio 2017 04 20 Retrieved 2018 08 27 Tribune Andrew S Hughes South Bend Sexuality doo wop major themes in The Rocky Horror Show South Bend Tribune Retrieved 2018 08 26 The Astonishingly Non Nonsensical Plot of The Rocky Horror Picture Show Tor com 2012 10 31 Retrieved 2018 08 26 Nash Tara 2017 11 30 Rated R for Resistance Queerer Things Retrieved 2018 08 24 Sember Robert Gere David June 2006 Let the Record Show Art Activism and the AIDS Epidemic American Journal of Public Health 96 6 967 969 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2006 089219 ISSN 0090 0036 PMC 1470625 PMID 16670207 Feldman Douglas A and Judith Wang Miller 1998 The AIDS Crisis A Documentary History Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 313 28715 5 p 176 SILENCE DEATH www actupny org Archived from the original on 2009 09 07 Retrieved 2016 05 07 How the Pink Triangle Became a Symbol of Queer Resistance HISKIND Magazine 2017 04 19 Retrieved 2018 08 27 San Francisco Neighborhoods The Castro KQED documentary This week in history Recognizing the history of the pink triangle People s World PeoplesWorld org 2017 06 20 Retrieved 27 April 2018 Elman R Amy 1996 Triangles and Tribulations Journal of Homosexuality 30 3 1 11 doi 10 1300 J082v30n03 01 PMID 8743114 Safe Space EQUAL equal org Retrieved 2018 08 24 Raeburn Nicole C 2004 Changing Corporate America from Inside Out Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights p 209 ISBN 978 0 8166 3999 1 ALGBTICAL www algbtical org Archived from the original on 2018 08 18 Retrieved 2018 08 24 Services LAMBDA GLBT Community Gay Lesbian Bisexual amp Transgender Symbols www qrd org Retrieved 2018 08 24 Seifert Dorthe 2003 Between Silence and License The Representation of the National Socialist Persecution of Homosexuality in Anglo American Fiction and Film History amp Memory 15 2 94 129 doi 10 1353 ham 2003 0012 ISSN 1527 1994 S2CID 159598928 Martin Dunford 2010 The Rough Guide to The Netherlands Penguin p 73 ISBN 978 1 84836 882 8 Brocklebank Christopher 31 May 2011 New memorial to gay holocaust victims to be built in Munich Pink News Retrieved 1 June 2011 Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques 2342 Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Windy City Times 14 October 2015 The Pink Triangle displayed annually on Twin Peaks in San Francisco during Pride weekend Thepinktriangle com 2012 06 14 Retrieved 2013 02 12 Further reading EditNewsome W Jake 2022 Pink Triangle Legacies Coming Out in the Shadow of the Holocaust Cornell University Press ISBN 978 1 5017 6549 0 Tremblay Sebastien 2022 Visual Collective Memories of National Socialism Transatlantic HIV AIDS Activism and Discourses of Persecutions German History 40 4 563 582 doi 10 1093 gerhis ghac045 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pink triangle amp oldid 1129299278, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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