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Demographics of Europe

March 11, 2024

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries. In 2018, Europe had a total population of over 751 million people.[1][2] 448 million of that live in the European Union and 110 million live in European Russia, Russia being the most populous country in Europe.

European countries by population in 2023
  More than 100 million
  Between 30 and 100 million
  Between 10 and 30 million
  Between 3 and 10 million
  Between 1 and 3 million
  Between 0.3 and 1 million
  Less than 0.3 million
Population growth in 2021

Europe's population growth is low, and its median age high. Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is less populous than the one before.[3] Nonetheless, most West European countries still have growing populations, mainly due to immigration within Europe and from outside Europe and some due to increases in life expectancy and population momentum. Some current and past factors in European demography have included emigration, ethnic relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an ageing population.

History edit

Further information: World population estimates § By world region
See also: Medieval demography

Prehistory edit

According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki, up to 7 million people lived in Europe in 3000 BC.[4]

According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, European population was about 1 million around 6500 BCE which increased to 8 million in 2000 BCE.[5]

Estimates for historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "former USSR") based on Maddison (2007),[6] in millions, with estimated percentage of world population:

Population of Europe, in millions, by year[citation needed]
Year Population
(% of world total)
AD 1 34 (15%)
1000 40 (15%)
1500 78 (18%)
1600 112 (20%)
1700 127 (21%)
1820 224 (21%)
1913 498 (28%)
2000 742 (13%)

Past populations of Europe in modern national borders, AD 1–2020 edit

Population by year (in thousands)
Country/region 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2020
Austria 500[7] 700[7] 2000[7] 2500[7] 2500[7] 3369[7] 4520[7] 6767[7] 6935[7] 7586[7] 8078[7] 8901[7]
Belgium 300[7] 400[7] 1400[7] 1600[7] 2000[7] 3424[7] 5096[7] 7666[7] 8640[7] 9738[7] 10197[7] 11493[7]
Denmark 180[7] 360[7] 600[7] 650[7] 700[7] 1155[7] 1888[7] 2983[7] 4269[7] 5022[7] 5303[7] 5823[7]
Finland 20[7] 40[7] 300[7] 400[7] 400[7] 1169[7] 1754[7] 3027[7] 4009[7] 4666[7] 5153[7] 5536[7]
France 5000[7] 6500[7] 15000[7] 18500[7] 21471[7] 31246[7] 38440[7] 41463[7] 41836[7] 52118[7] 58805[7] 67287[7]
Germany 3000[7] 3500[7] 12000[7] 16000[7] 15000[7] 24905[7] 39231[7] 65058[7] 68371[7] 78956[7] 82029[7] 83191[7]
Italy 7000[7] 5000[7] 10500[7] 13100[7] 13300[7] 20176[7] 27888[7] 37248[7] 47105[7] 54751[7] 57592[7] 59258[7]
Netherlands 200[7] 300[7] 950[7] 1500[7] 1900[7] 2355[7] 3615[7] 6164[7] 10114[7] 13438[7] 15700[7] 17425[7]
Norway 100[7] 200[7] 300[7] 400[7] 500[7] 970[7] 1735[7] 2447[7] 3265[7] 3961[7] 4432[7] 5368[7]
Sweden 200[7] 400[7] 550[7] 760[7] 1260[7] 2585[7] 4164[7] 5621[7] 7015[7] 8137[7] 8851[7] 10379[7]
Switzerland 300[7] 300[7] 650[7] 1000[7] 1200[7] 1829[7] 2664[7] 3864[7] 4694[7] 6441[7] 7130[7] 8667[7]
United Kingdom 800[7] 2000[7] 3942[7] 6170[7] 8565[7] 21226[7] 31393[7] 45649[7] 50363[7] 56223[7] 59237[7] 67886[7]
Portugal 500[7] 600[7] 1000[7] 1100[7] 2000[7] 3297[7] 4353[7] 6004[7] 8512[7] 8634[7] 9968[7] 10305[7]
Spain 4500[7] 4000[7] 6800[7] 8240[7] 8770[7] 12203[7] 16201[7] 20263[7] 27868[7] 34810[7] 39371[7] 47431[7]
Greece 2000[7] 1000[7] 1000[7] 1500[7] 1500[7] 2312[7] 7554[7] 8929[7] 10835[7] 10689[7]
13 small countries 100[7] 113[7] 276[7] 358[7] 394[7] 657[7]
Total Western Europe 24700[7] 25413[7] 57268[7] 73778[7] 81460[7] 132888[7] 187532[7] 261007[7] 305060[7] 358390[7] 388399[7] 419639[7]
Albania 200[7] 200[7] 200[7] 200[7] 300[7] 437 1215[7] 2296[7] 3108[7] 2878[7]
Bulgaria 500[7] 800[7] 800[7] 1250[7] 1250[7] 2187[7] 4200[7] 7251[7] 8621[7] 8257[7] 6917[7]
Czechoslovakia 1000[7] 1250[7] 3000[7] 4500[7] 4500[7] 7190[7] 12393[7] 14563[7] 15686[7] 16366[7]
- Czech Rep. 10221[7] 8930[7] 10295[7] 10702[7]
- Slovakia 3463[7] 4642[7] 5391[7] 5460[7]
Hungary 300[7] 500[7] 1250[7] 1250[7] 1500[7] 4571[7] 9338[7] 10432[7] 10237[7] 9770[7]
Poland 450[7] 1200[7] 4000[7] 5000[7] 6000[7] 10426[7] 25753[7] 33363[7] 38666[7] 38268[7]
Romania 800[7] 800[7] 2000[7] 2000[7] 2500[7] 6389[7] 7360[7] 16311[7] 20828[7] 22503[7] 19266[7]
Yugoslavia 1500[7] 1750[7] 2250[7] 2750[7] 2750[7] 5215[7] 16578[7] 21088[7]
Eastern Europe 4750[7] 6500[7] 13500[7] 16950[7] 18800[7] 36415[7] 52182[7] 79604[7] 139428[7] 173037[7] 164513[7] 151529[7]
Former USSR 3900[7] 7100[7] 16950[7] 20700[7] 26550[7] 54765[7] 88672[7] 156192[7] 180050[7] 249748[7] 290866[7] 299173[7]
- Russia 102833[7] 132434[7] 147671[7] 146171[7]
- Ukraine 31142[7] 36905[7] 48274[7] 50370[7] 41902[7]
World 230820[7] 268273[7] 437818[7] 555828[7] 603410[7] 1041092[7] 1270014[7] 1791020[7] 2524531[7] 3913482[7] 5907680[7] 7800000[7]
(%) Percentages of world population, by year
Country/region 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2018
Austria 0.2[7] 0.3[7] 0.5[7] 0.4[7] 0.4[7] 0.3[7] 0.4[7] 0.4[7] 0.3[7] 0.2[7] 0.1[7]
Belgium 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.4[7] 0.4[7] 0.3[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7]
Denmark 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7]
Finland 0.0[7] 0.0[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7]
France 2.2[7] 2.4[7] 3.4[7] 3.3[7] 3.6[7] 3.0[7] 3.0[7] 2.3[7] 1.7[7] 1.3[7] 1.0[7]
Germany 1.3[7] 1.3[7] 2.7[7] 2.9[7] 2.5[7] 2.4[7] 3.1[7] 3.6[7] 2.7[7] 2.0[7] 1.4[7]
Italy 3.0[7] 1.9[7] 2.4[7] 2.4[7] 2.2[7] 1.9[7] 2.2[7] 2.1[7] 1.9[7] 1.4[7] 1.0[7]
Netherlands 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.2[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.2[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.4[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7]
Norway 0.0[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7]
Sweden 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.2[7] 0.1[7]
Switzerland 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.1[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.1[7]
United Kingdom 0.3[7] 0.7[7] 0.9[7] 1.1[7] 1.4[7] 2.0[7] 2.5[7] 2.5[7] 2.0[7] 1.4[7] 1.0[7]
Portugal 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.2[7] 0.2[7]
Spain 1.9[7] 1.5[7] 1.6[7] 1.5[7] 1.5[7] 1.2[7] 1.3[7] 1.1[7] 1.1[7] 0.9[7] 0.7[7]
Other 0.9[7] 0.4[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.3[7] 0.4[7] 0.4[7] 0.5[7] 0.4[7] 0.3[7]
Total Western Europe 10.7[7] 9.5[7] 13.1[7] 13.3[7] 13.5[7] 12.8[7] 14.8[7] 14.6[7] 12.1[7] 9.2[7] 6.6[7]
Eastern Europe 2.1[7] 2.4[7] 3.1[7] 3.0[7] 3.1[7] 3.5[7] 4.1[7] 4.4[7] 3.5[7] 2.8[7] 2.0[7]
Former USSR 1.7[7] 2.6[7] 3.9[7] 3.7[7] 4.4[7] 5.3[7] 7.0[7] 8.7[7] 7.1[7] 6.4[7] 4.9[7]
Total Europe 14.5[7] 14.5[7] 20.1[7] 20.0[7] 21.0[7] 21.6[7] 25.9[7] 27.7[7] 22.7[7] 18.4[7] 13.5[7] 9.8[8]
World 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7] 100.0[7]
Note: These numbers do not include the population of European countries' colonies. Only population within Europe.

Total population edit

 
Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collective United Nations geoscheme for Europe
 
Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023

330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916.[9] In 1950 there were 549,000,000.[10] The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations,[10] which was slightly less than 11% of the world population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe. The population of the European Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015.[11] Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety[12] account for another 90 million. Five transcontinental countries[13] have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.

As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate.[10] (The decline in the percentage is partly due to high fertility rates in Africa and South America.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population. High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries, specifically in Western Europe, from a single ethnic group to a multicultural society. These trends change societies' economies as well as their political and social institutions.[how?][citation needed]

Vital statistics edit

Birth and death rates, by year[14]
Year Average
population 		Live births Deaths Natural
change 		Crude rates (per 1000) Total
fertility
rate 		Life
expectancy
Births Deaths Natural
change 		Migration
change
1950 549,721,718 12,202,220 6,473,233 5,728,987 22.2 11.8 10.4 -1.6 2.70 62.8
1951 554,559,502 12,112,425 6,609,794 5,502,631 21.8 11.9 9.9 -0.8 2.66 62.8
1952 559,609,904 12,142,368 6,265,135 5,877,233 21.7 11.2 10.5 -0.8 2.66 64.0
1953 565,058,633 12,120,826 6,220,937 5,899,889 21.5 11.0 10.4 -0.5 2.64 64.7
1954 570,670,994 12,151,779 6,072,645 6,079,134 21.3 10.6 10.7 -0.8 2.64 65.5
1955 576,304,974 12,134,270 5,987,151 6,147,119 21.1 10.4 10.7 -0.9 2.63 66.0
1956 581,975,516 12,133,583 5,899,594 6,233,989 20.8 10.1 10.7 -0.8 2.62 66.9
1957 587,711,635 12,194,100 5,963,269 6,230,831 20.7 10.1 10.6 -0.5 2.62 66.9
1958 593,669,297 12,177,600 5,647,571 6,530,029 20.5 9.5 11.0 -0.9 2.60 68.2
1959 599,684,870 12,178,245 5,816,056 6,362,189 20.3 9.7 10.6 -0.7 2.60 68.1
1960 605,629,870 12,098,378 5,783,828 6,314,550 20.0 9.6 10.4 -0.4 2.58 68.8
1961 611,711,020 11,990,399 5,749,292 6,241,107 19.6 9.4 10.2 -0.5 2.56 69.1
1962 617,672,206 11,784,056 6,023,706 5,760,350 19.1 9.8 9.3 -0.1 2.53 68.9
1963 623,335,994 11,654,646 6,031,219 5,623,427 18.7 9.7 9.0 0 2.52 69.2
1964 628,944,878 11,467,618 5,843,514 5,624,104 18.2 9.3 8.9 -0.4 2.50 69.9
1965 634,267,606 11,141,596 6,058,752 5,082,844 17.6 9.6 8.0 -0.1 2.45 69.8
1966 639,264,461 10,950,076 6,074,808 4,875,268 17.1 9.5 7.6 0 2.42 70.0
1967 644,114,436 10,969,039 6,204,646 4,764,393 17.0 9.6 7.4 -0.4 2.42 70.0
1968 648,610,191 10,821,004 6,427,622 4,393,382 16.7 9.9 6.8 -0.4 2.38 69.9
1969 652,740,596 10,685,498 6,652,543 4,032,955 16.4 10.2 6.2 -0.4 2.33 69.6
1970 656,521,426 10,568,071 6,602,177 3,965,894 16.1 10.1 6.0 0 2.28 70.0
1971 660,476,010 10,662,541 6,675,051 3,987,490 16.1 10.1 6.0 0.5 2.27 70.1
1972 664,799,679 10,499,844 6,699,913 3,799,931 15.8 10.1 5.7 0.5 2.21 70.3
1973 668,909,022 10,322,172 6,814,598 3,507,574 15.4 10.2 5.2 0.8 2.14 70.4
1974 672,912,941 10,406,013 6,818,259 3,587,754 15.5 10.1 5.3 0.4 2.13 70.6
1975 676,770,845 10,285,047 7,009,188 3,275,859 15.2 10.4 4.8 0.5 2.07 70.5
1976 680,361,150 10,242,399 7,085,837 3,156,562 15.1 10.4 4.6 0.5 2.03 70.6
1977 683,848,710 10,171,264 7,039,667 3,131,597 14.9 10.3 4.6 0.2 1.99 70.9
1978 687,149,553 10,143,418 7,183,531 2,959,887 14.8 10.5 4.3 0.3 1.96 70.9
1979 690,287,705 10,159,933 7,268,744 2,891,189 14.7 10.5 4.2 0.4 1.95 71.0
1980 693,437,228 10,156,371 7,422,720 2,733,651 14.6 10.7 3.9 0.4 1.93 70.9
1981 696,429,190 10,053,030 7,404,116 2,648,914 14.4 10.6 3.8 0.2 1.89 71.2
1982 699,220,370 10,102,647 7,373,734 2,728,913 14.4 10.5 3.9 0.1 1.89 71.5
1983 702,014,774 10,078,184 7,562,097 2,516,087 14.4 10.8 3.6 0.4 1.87 71.5
1984 704,798,623 10,050,688 7,584,914 2,465,774 14.3 10.8 3.5 0.4 1.86 71.6
1985 707,516,287 9,969,920 7,702,883 2,267,037 14.1 10.9 3.2 0.9 1.84 71.7
1986 710,385,076 9,987,274 7,423,641 2,563,633 14.1 10.5 3.6 0.7 1.84 72.5
1987 713,465,338 9,966,304 7,407,417 2,558,887 14.0 10.4 3.6 0.6 1.84 72.7
1988 716,444,431 9,840,567 7,475,880 2,364,687 13.7 10.4 3.3 0.4 1.82 72.8
1989 719,107,883 9,495,117 7,527,904 1,967,213 13.2 10.5 2.7 0.6 1.76 72.9
1990 721,497,282 9,235,425 7,681,197 1,554,228 12.8 10.6 2.2 0.7 1.72 72.9
1991 723,602,898 8,888,909 7,796,555 1,092,354 12.3 10.8 1.5 0.8 1.66 72.9
1992 725,259,493 8,523,515 7,935,829 587,686 11.8 10.9 0.8 0.8 1.60 72.7
1993 726,441,892 8,138,793 8,412,609 -273,816 11.2 11.6 -0.4 1.4 1.53 72.1
1994 727,063,162 7,913,453 8,492,472 -579,019 10.9 11.7 -0.8 1.1 1.50 72.1
1995 727,300,408 7,663,831 8,553,348 -889,517 10.5 11.8 -1.2 1.4 1.46 72.2
1996 727,453,566 7,581,575 8,394,631 -813,056 10.4 11.5 -1.1 1.3 1.45 72.7
1997 727,566,480 7,476,674 8,240,385 -763,711 10.3 11.3 -1.0 0.8 1.43 73.2
1998 727,445,606 7,369,527 8,193,143 -823,616 10.1 11.3 -1.1 0.6 1.42 73.6
1999 727,100,016 7,264,382 8,402,774 -1,138,392 10.0 11.6 -1.6 1.4 1.40 73.4
2000 726,968,473 7,325,763 8,401,888 -1,076,125 10.1 11.6 -1.5 1.4 1.42 73.5
2001 726,878,371 7,277,594 8,364,598 -1,087,004 10.0 11.5 -1.5 1.6 1.41 73.8
2002 726,939,358 7,330,526 8,520,890 -1,190,364 10.1 11.7 -1.6 2.3 1.42 73.8
2003 727,424,988 7,442,475 8,655,471 -1,212,996 10.2 11.9 -1.7 2.7 1.45 73.8
2004 728,163,243 7,558,652 8,381,363 -822,711 10.4 11.5 -1.1 2.2 1.47 74.4
2005 728,950,486 7,568,637 8,494,391 -925,754 10.4 11.7 -1.3 2.5 1.47 74.5
2006 729,857,708 7,703,029 8,237,212 -534,183 10.6 11.3 -0.7 2.8 1.50 75.2
2007 731,393,136 7,886,129 8,187,820 -301,691 10.8 11.2 -0.4 2.9 1.54 75.6
2008 733,256,182 8,169,398 8,195,293 -25,895 11.1 11.2 0.0 2.2 1.59 75.8
2009 734,902,805 8,208,268 8,099,043 109,225 11.2 11.0 0.1 1.8 1.60 76.3
2010 736,276,813 8,227,484 8,128,387 99,097 11.2 11.0 0.1 1.7 1.61 76.5
2011 737,589,666 8,132,980 7,958,960 174,020 11.0 10.8 0.2 1.6 1.60 77.1
2012 738,907,594 8,178,804 8,078,292 100,512 11.1 10.9 0.1 1.4 1.62 77.3
2013 740,013,806 8,039,791 8,033,963 5,828 10.9 10.9 0.0 1.4 1.60 77.6
2014 741,014,147 8,067,454 7,955,740 111,714 10.9 10.7 0.2 1.3 1.62 77.9
2015 742,107,449 8,004,465 8,177,599 -173,134 10.8 11.0 -0.2 1.8 1.62 78.0
2016 743,318,582 7,950,684 8,009,194 -58,510 10.7 10.8 -0.1 1.6 1.62 78.4
2017 744,449,361 7,617,755 8,076,159 -458,404 10.2 10.8 -0.6 1.8 1.56 78.7
2018 745,359,130 7,375,157 8,112,356 -737,199 9.9 10.9 -1.0 2.1 1.53 78.8
2019 746,189,645 7,108,392 8,020,246 -911,854 9.5 10.7 -1.2 1.2 1.49 79.1
2020 746,225,356 6,938,739 9,119,281 -2,180,542 9.3 12.2 -2.9 1.5 1.47 77.7
2021 745,173,774 6,879,818 9,656,398 -2,776,580 9.2 13.0 -3.7 1.48 77.0

Population by country edit

 
Population density in the European Union and the EFTA countries, along with candidate countries (2017)
Further information: List of European countries by life expectancy

According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.

Population and area of European countries/territories
Country (or territory) Population
[1][2]		 Area
(km2)[15]		 Density
(per km2)
  Albania * 2,854,710 28,748 99
  Andorra * 79,034 468 169
  Armenia * 2,790,974 29,743 94
  Austria * 8,922,082 83,871 106
  Azerbaijan * 10,312,992 86,600 119
  Belarus * 9,578,167 207,600 46
  Belgium * 11,611,419 30,528 380
  Bosnia and Herzegovina * 3,270,943 51,209 64
  Bulgaria * 6,520,314 110,900 59
  Croatia * 4,060,135 56,594 72
  Cyprus * 1,244,188 9,251 134
  Czech Republic * 10,510,751 78,866 133
  Denmark * 5,854,240 43,094 136
  Estonia * 1,328,701 45,227 29
  Faroe Islands * (Denmark) 49,709 1,399 35.6
  Finland * 5,535,992 336,852 16
  France * 64,531,444 551,500 117
  Georgia * 3,757,980 69,700 54
  Germany * 83,408,554 357,137 234
  Gibraltar * (UK) 32,669 6 5,445
  Greece * 10,445,365 131,957 79
  Guernsey *[d] 65,345 63 1,037
  Hungary * 9,709,786 93,026 104
  Iceland * 370,335 103,000 4
  Ireland * 4,986,526 69,825 71
  Isle of Man *[d] 84,263 572 147
  Italy * 59,240,329 301,339 197
  Jersey *[d] 97,857 116 844
  Kosovo **[p] 1,859,203 10,887 171
  Latvia * 1,873,919 64,562 29
  Liechtenstein * 39,039 160 244
  Lithuania * 2,786,651 65,300 43
  Luxembourg * 639,321 2,586 247
  Malta * 526,748 316 1,667
  Moldova * 3,061,506 33,846 90
  Monaco * 36,686 2 18,343
  Montenegro * 627,859 13,812 45
  Netherlands * 17,501,696 37,354 469
  North Macedonia * 2,103,330 25,713 82
  Norway * 5,403,021 323,787 17
  Poland * 38,307,726 311,888 123
  Portugal *[f] 10,290,103 92,212 112
  Romania * 19,328,560 238,391 81
  Russia * 145,102,755 17,098,246 8
  San Marino * 33,745 61 553
  Serbia *[g] 7,296,769 88,361 83
  Slovakia * 5,447,622 49,036 111
  Slovenia * 2,119,410 20,273 105
  Spain * 47,486,935 505,992 94
  Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway) 2,868 62,422 0
  Sweden * 10,467,097 450,295 23
  Switzerland * 8,691,406 41,285 211
  Transnistria * 505,000 4,163 121.3
  Turkey * 84,775,404 783,562 108
  Ukraine * 43,531,422 603,500 72
  United Kingdom * 67,281,039 242,495 277
  Vatican City * 842 0.4 1,913.6
  Åland (Finland) 28,666 1,580 18

* indicates link goes to article on demographics of the country (or territory), not just the country itself.

Age edit

 
Life expectancy in Europe in 2021
Main article: Aging of Europe

Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy, European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Only Japan had an older population.[16]

Population pyramids by country (mostly 2020 and 2023 unless stated otherwise)
Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City excluded due to lack of graphic

Fertility edit

According to Eurostat, the average birth rate in the European Union was 1.5 children per woman in 2020. The EU countries with the highest rates were France (1.83 live births per woman), Romania (1.80) and Czechia (1.71). The lowest rates were found in Malta (1.13), Spain (1.19) and Italy (1.24).[17]

The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their jobs, and lack of services for families.[18]

Eurostat says that the proportion of children born to foreign mothers, including both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries, has been increasing in the EU since 2013 and stood at 21% in 2020.[17]

Religion edit

Main article: Religion in Europe
Further information: Christianity in Europe and Islam in Europe

Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of secularization. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer.[19] The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by the British Humanist Association.[20] The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians".[21]

Despite its decline, Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians.[22][23] Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians.[24] The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians.[24] And about 19% of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition. Europe constitutes in absolute terms the world's largest Christian population.[25] According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970),[26][27] these changes were largely result of the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.[26]

According to a 2003 study,[28] 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012, atheists and agnostics make up about 18.2% of the European population.[29] According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%).[29]

According to another survey about Religiosity in the European Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity was the largest religion in the Union (accounting for 72% of the total population), Catholics were with 48% the largest Christian group in the Union, Protestants made up 12%, Eastern Orthodox made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the total population.[30] non-believers/agnostics accounted for 16%, atheists accounted for 7% and Muslims accounted for 2%.[31]

Ethnic groups edit

Main article: Ethnic groups in Europe
Further information: White people and Immigration to Europe

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Siberia)[32]

The largest ethnic groups are the Russians, with 117 million, and the Germans, with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of nationality may controversially take on ethnic aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Northern Irish, Bretons, Catalans, and Basques, making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.

There are an estimated 10 million Romani people in Europe.[33]

Language edit

Main article: Languages of Europe
Further information on statistics in EU: Languages of the European Union § Knowledge
 
Map of Europe showing the major languages

Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian and Greek. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Udmurt, Mordvin and Sami also have a significant presence in Europe. The Turkic family also has several European members, while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families which include Georgian, Circassian, Chechen and Abkhaz anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group, while Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status, although Arabic, Hebrew and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic/Syriac are spoken by migrant populations. The Kalmyk language, is an Mongolic language, spoken in Kalmykia, located directly north of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. The most spoken language of Europe is Russian, which belongs to the group of Slavic languages.

Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as Catalan and Basque in Spain, Frisian in the Netherlands, as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as Cornish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom, and Romansch in Switzerland.

Genetic origins edit

Main article: Genetic history of Europe
See also: Caucasian race
 
Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Homo sapiens appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of the Cro-Magnons, followed by European hunter-gatherers and Early European Farmers (EEF). Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans who migrated west after the advent of the Neolithic revolution.[35]

Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA edit

Studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations,[36] with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well.[37] On the other hand, analyses of the Y chromosome[38][39] and of autosomal diversity[40] have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent.

Autosomal DNA edit

 
Population genomic PCA map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations[41]

According to geneticist David Reich, based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans formed from four West-Eurasian ancestral components in varying degrees: Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), Neolithic Levant farmers and Neolithic Iranian farmers respectively.[42]

Population structure edit

A study in May 2009[43] that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:

In this study, Fst (fixation index) was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from ≤0.0010 for neighbouring populations to 0.0230 for Southern Italy and Finland. For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West Africans) – Chinese 0.1900.[43]: Table S2 

See also edit

Notes edit

^ a: Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia, or Africa.
^ b: Includes Transnistria, a region that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence; however, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states.
^ c: Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. However, the population and area figures include the entire state.
^ d: Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom. Other Channel Islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark.
^ e: Cyprus is physiographically entirely in Western Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus.
^ f: Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, both in Northern Atlantic.
^ g: Area figure for Serbia includes Kosovo, a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory of Kosovo.
^ h: Figures for France include metropolitan France but not overseas departments and territories as they are not part of the European continent.
^ j: Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.
^ k: Armenia is physiographically entirely in Western Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.
^ m: Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. However, the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence. The International recognition, however, is limited.
^ o: The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.
^ p: Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.
^ r: Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively. Their sovereign status is unclear. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.

References edit

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March 11, 2024
demographics, europe, figures, population, europe, vary, according, particular, definition, europe, boundaries, 2018, europe, total, population, over, million, people, million, that, live, european, union, million, live, european, russia, russia, being, most, . Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe s boundaries In 2018 Europe had a total population of over 751 million people 1 2 448 million of that live in the European Union and 110 million live in European Russia Russia being the most populous country in Europe European countries by population in 2023 More than 100 million Between 30 and 100 million Between 10 and 30 million Between 3 and 10 million Between 1 and 3 million Between 0 3 and 1 million Less than 0 3 millionPopulation growth in 2021Europe s population growth is low and its median age high Most of Europe is in a mode of sub replacement fertility which means that each new born generation is less populous than the one before 3 Nonetheless most West European countries still have growing populations mainly due to immigration within Europe and from outside Europe and some due to increases in life expectancy and population momentum Some current and past factors in European demography have included emigration ethnic relations economic immigration a declining birth rate and an ageing population Contents 1 History 1 1 Prehistory 1 2 Past populations of Europe in modern national borders AD 1 2020 2 Total population 3 Vital statistics 4 Population by country 5 Age 6 Fertility 7 Religion 8 Ethnic groups 9 Language 10 Genetic origins 10 1 Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome DNA 10 2 Autosomal DNA 10 3 Population structure 11 See also 12 Notes 13 ReferencesHistory editFurther information World population estimates By world region See also Medieval demography Prehistory edit According to Volker Heyd an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki up to 7 million people lived in Europe in 3000 BC 4 According to archaeologist Johannes Muller European population was about 1 million around 6500 BCE which increased to 8 million in 2000 BCE 5 Estimates for historical population sizes of Europe including Central Asia listed under former USSR based on Maddison 2007 6 in millions with estimated percentage of world population Population of Europe in millions by year citation needed Year Population of world total AD 1 34 15 1000 40 15 1500 78 18 1600 112 20 1700 127 21 1820 224 21 1913 498 28 2000 742 13 Past populations of Europe in modern national borders AD 1 2020 edit Population by year in thousands Country region 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2020Austria 500 7 700 7 2000 7 2500 7 2500 7 3369 7 4520 7 6767 7 6935 7 7586 7 8078 7 8901 7 Belgium 300 7 400 7 1400 7 1600 7 2000 7 3424 7 5096 7 7666 7 8640 7 9738 7 10197 7 11493 7 Denmark 180 7 360 7 600 7 650 7 700 7 1155 7 1888 7 2983 7 4269 7 5022 7 5303 7 5823 7 Finland 20 7 40 7 300 7 400 7 400 7 1169 7 1754 7 3027 7 4009 7 4666 7 5153 7 5536 7 France 5000 7 6500 7 15000 7 18500 7 21471 7 31246 7 38440 7 41463 7 41836 7 52118 7 58805 7 67287 7 Germany 3000 7 3500 7 12000 7 16000 7 15000 7 24905 7 39231 7 65058 7 68371 7 78956 7 82029 7 83191 7 Italy 7000 7 5000 7 10500 7 13100 7 13300 7 20176 7 27888 7 37248 7 47105 7 54751 7 57592 7 59258 7 Netherlands 200 7 300 7 950 7 1500 7 1900 7 2355 7 3615 7 6164 7 10114 7 13438 7 15700 7 17425 7 Norway 100 7 200 7 300 7 400 7 500 7 970 7 1735 7 2447 7 3265 7 3961 7 4432 7 5368 7 Sweden 200 7 400 7 550 7 760 7 1260 7 2585 7 4164 7 5621 7 7015 7 8137 7 8851 7 10379 7 Switzerland 300 7 300 7 650 7 1000 7 1200 7 1829 7 2664 7 3864 7 4694 7 6441 7 7130 7 8667 7 United Kingdom 800 7 2000 7 3942 7 6170 7 8565 7 21226 7 31393 7 45649 7 50363 7 56223 7 59237 7 67886 7 Portugal 500 7 600 7 1000 7 1100 7 2000 7 3297 7 4353 7 6004 7 8512 7 8634 7 9968 7 10305 7 Spain 4500 7 4000 7 6800 7 8240 7 8770 7 12203 7 16201 7 20263 7 27868 7 34810 7 39371 7 47431 7 Greece 2000 7 1000 7 1000 7 1500 7 1500 7 2312 7 7554 7 8929 7 10835 7 10689 7 13 small countries 100 7 113 7 276 7 358 7 394 7 657 7 Total Western Europe 24700 7 25413 7 57268 7 73778 7 81460 7 132888 7 187532 7 261007 7 305060 7 358390 7 388399 7 419639 7 Albania 200 7 200 7 200 7 200 7 300 7 437 1215 7 2296 7 3108 7 2878 7 Bulgaria 500 7 800 7 800 7 1250 7 1250 7 2187 7 4200 7 7251 7 8621 7 8257 7 6917 7 Czechoslovakia 1000 7 1250 7 3000 7 4500 7 4500 7 7190 7 12393 7 14563 7 15686 7 16366 7 Czech Rep 10221 7 8930 7 10295 7 10702 7 Slovakia 3463 7 4642 7 5391 7 5460 7 Hungary 300 7 500 7 1250 7 1250 7 1500 7 4571 7 9338 7 10432 7 10237 7 9770 7 Poland 450 7 1200 7 4000 7 5000 7 6000 7 10426 7 25753 7 33363 7 38666 7 38268 7 Romania 800 7 800 7 2000 7 2000 7 2500 7 6389 7 7360 7 16311 7 20828 7 22503 7 19266 7 Yugoslavia 1500 7 1750 7 2250 7 2750 7 2750 7 5215 7 16578 7 21088 7 Eastern Europe 4750 7 6500 7 13500 7 16950 7 18800 7 36415 7 52182 7 79604 7 139428 7 173037 7 164513 7 151529 7 Former USSR 3900 7 7100 7 16950 7 20700 7 26550 7 54765 7 88672 7 156192 7 180050 7 249748 7 290866 7 299173 7 Russia 102833 7 132434 7 147671 7 146171 7 Ukraine 31142 7 36905 7 48274 7 50370 7 41902 7 World 230820 7 268273 7 437818 7 555828 7 603410 7 1041 092 7 1270 014 7 1791 020 7 2524 531 7 3913 482 7 5907 680 7 7800 000 7 Percentages of world population by year Country region 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2018Austria 0 2 7 0 3 7 0 5 7 0 4 7 0 4 7 0 3 7 0 4 7 0 4 7 0 3 7 0 2 7 0 1 7 Belgium 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 4 7 0 4 7 0 3 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 Denmark 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 Finland 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 France 2 2 7 2 4 7 3 4 7 3 3 7 3 6 7 3 0 7 3 0 7 2 3 7 1 7 7 1 3 7 1 0 7 Germany 1 3 7 1 3 7 2 7 7 2 9 7 2 5 7 2 4 7 3 1 7 3 6 7 2 7 7 2 0 7 1 4 7 Italy 3 0 7 1 9 7 2 4 7 2 4 7 2 2 7 1 9 7 2 2 7 2 1 7 1 9 7 1 4 7 1 0 7 Netherlands 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 2 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 2 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 4 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 Norway 0 0 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 Sweden 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 2 7 0 1 7 Switzerland 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 1 7 United Kingdom 0 3 7 0 7 7 0 9 7 1 1 7 1 4 7 2 0 7 2 5 7 2 5 7 2 0 7 1 4 7 1 0 7 Portugal 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 Spain 1 9 7 1 5 7 1 6 7 1 5 7 1 5 7 1 2 7 1 3 7 1 1 7 1 1 7 0 9 7 0 7 7 Other 0 9 7 0 4 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 7 0 4 7 0 4 7 0 5 7 0 4 7 0 3 7 Total Western Europe 10 7 7 9 5 7 13 1 7 13 3 7 13 5 7 12 8 7 14 8 7 14 6 7 12 1 7 9 2 7 6 6 7 Eastern Europe 2 1 7 2 4 7 3 1 7 3 0 7 3 1 7 3 5 7 4 1 7 4 4 7 3 5 7 2 8 7 2 0 7 Former USSR 1 7 7 2 6 7 3 9 7 3 7 7 4 4 7 5 3 7 7 0 7 8 7 7 7 1 7 6 4 7 4 9 7 Total Europe 14 5 7 14 5 7 20 1 7 20 0 7 21 0 7 21 6 7 25 9 7 27 7 7 22 7 7 18 4 7 13 5 7 9 8 8 World 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 100 0 7 Note These numbers do not include the population of European countries colonies Only population within Europe Total population edit nbsp Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collective United Nations geoscheme for Europe nbsp Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023330 000 000 people lived in Europe in 1916 9 In 1950 there were 549 000 000 10 The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations 10 which was slightly less than 11 of the world population The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe The population of the European Union EU was 509 million as of 2015 11 Non EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety 12 account for another 90 million Five transcontinental countries 13 have a total of 247 million people of which about half reside in Europe proper As it stands now around 10 of the world s people live in Europe If demographic trends keep their pace its share may fall to around 7 in 2050 but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers according to the United Nations estimate 10 The decline in the percentage is partly due to high fertility rates in Africa and South America The sub replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries specifically in Western Europe from a single ethnic group to a multicultural society These trends change societies economies as well as their political and social institutions how citation needed Vital statistics editBirth and death rates by year 14 Year Averagepopulation Live births Deaths Naturalchange Crude rates per 1000 Totalfertilityrate LifeexpectancyBirths Deaths Naturalchange Migrationchange1950 549 721 718 12 202 220 6 473 233 5 728 987 22 2 11 8 10 4 1 6 2 70 62 81951 554 559 502 12 112 425 6 609 794 5 502 631 21 8 11 9 9 9 0 8 2 66 62 81952 559 609 904 12 142 368 6 265 135 5 877 233 21 7 11 2 10 5 0 8 2 66 64 01953 565 058 633 12 120 826 6 220 937 5 899 889 21 5 11 0 10 4 0 5 2 64 64 71954 570 670 994 12 151 779 6 072 645 6 079 134 21 3 10 6 10 7 0 8 2 64 65 51955 576 304 974 12 134 270 5 987 151 6 147 119 21 1 10 4 10 7 0 9 2 63 66 01956 581 975 516 12 133 583 5 899 594 6 233 989 20 8 10 1 10 7 0 8 2 62 66 91957 587 711 635 12 194 100 5 963 269 6 230 831 20 7 10 1 10 6 0 5 2 62 66 91958 593 669 297 12 177 600 5 647 571 6 530 029 20 5 9 5 11 0 0 9 2 60 68 21959 599 684 870 12 178 245 5 816 056 6 362 189 20 3 9 7 10 6 0 7 2 60 68 11960 605 629 870 12 098 378 5 783 828 6 314 550 20 0 9 6 10 4 0 4 2 58 68 81961 611 711 020 11 990 399 5 749 292 6 241 107 19 6 9 4 10 2 0 5 2 56 69 11962 617 672 206 11 784 056 6 023 706 5 760 350 19 1 9 8 9 3 0 1 2 53 68 91963 623 335 994 11 654 646 6 031 219 5 623 427 18 7 9 7 9 0 0 2 52 69 21964 628 944 878 11 467 618 5 843 514 5 624 104 18 2 9 3 8 9 0 4 2 50 69 91965 634 267 606 11 141 596 6 058 752 5 082 844 17 6 9 6 8 0 0 1 2 45 69 81966 639 264 461 10 950 076 6 074 808 4 875 268 17 1 9 5 7 6 0 2 42 70 01967 644 114 436 10 969 039 6 204 646 4 764 393 17 0 9 6 7 4 0 4 2 42 70 01968 648 610 191 10 821 004 6 427 622 4 393 382 16 7 9 9 6 8 0 4 2 38 69 91969 652 740 596 10 685 498 6 652 543 4 032 955 16 4 10 2 6 2 0 4 2 33 69 61970 656 521 426 10 568 071 6 602 177 3 965 894 16 1 10 1 6 0 0 2 28 70 01971 660 476 010 10 662 541 6 675 051 3 987 490 16 1 10 1 6 0 0 5 2 27 70 11972 664 799 679 10 499 844 6 699 913 3 799 931 15 8 10 1 5 7 0 5 2 21 70 31973 668 909 022 10 322 172 6 814 598 3 507 574 15 4 10 2 5 2 0 8 2 14 70 41974 672 912 941 10 406 013 6 818 259 3 587 754 15 5 10 1 5 3 0 4 2 13 70 61975 676 770 845 10 285 047 7 009 188 3 275 859 15 2 10 4 4 8 0 5 2 07 70 51976 680 361 150 10 242 399 7 085 837 3 156 562 15 1 10 4 4 6 0 5 2 03 70 61977 683 848 710 10 171 264 7 039 667 3 131 597 14 9 10 3 4 6 0 2 1 99 70 91978 687 149 553 10 143 418 7 183 531 2 959 887 14 8 10 5 4 3 0 3 1 96 70 91979 690 287 705 10 159 933 7 268 744 2 891 189 14 7 10 5 4 2 0 4 1 95 71 01980 693 437 228 10 156 371 7 422 720 2 733 651 14 6 10 7 3 9 0 4 1 93 70 91981 696 429 190 10 053 030 7 404 116 2 648 914 14 4 10 6 3 8 0 2 1 89 71 21982 699 220 370 10 102 647 7 373 734 2 728 913 14 4 10 5 3 9 0 1 1 89 71 51983 702 014 774 10 078 184 7 562 097 2 516 087 14 4 10 8 3 6 0 4 1 87 71 51984 704 798 623 10 050 688 7 584 914 2 465 774 14 3 10 8 3 5 0 4 1 86 71 61985 707 516 287 9 969 920 7 702 883 2 267 037 14 1 10 9 3 2 0 9 1 84 71 71986 710 385 076 9 987 274 7 423 641 2 563 633 14 1 10 5 3 6 0 7 1 84 72 51987 713 465 338 9 966 304 7 407 417 2 558 887 14 0 10 4 3 6 0 6 1 84 72 71988 716 444 431 9 840 567 7 475 880 2 364 687 13 7 10 4 3 3 0 4 1 82 72 81989 719 107 883 9 495 117 7 527 904 1 967 213 13 2 10 5 2 7 0 6 1 76 72 91990 721 497 282 9 235 425 7 681 197 1 554 228 12 8 10 6 2 2 0 7 1 72 72 91991 723 602 898 8 888 909 7 796 555 1 092 354 12 3 10 8 1 5 0 8 1 66 72 91992 725 259 493 8 523 515 7 935 829 587 686 11 8 10 9 0 8 0 8 1 60 72 71993 726 441 892 8 138 793 8 412 609 273 816 11 2 11 6 0 4 1 4 1 53 72 11994 727 063 162 7 913 453 8 492 472 579 019 10 9 11 7 0 8 1 1 1 50 72 11995 727 300 408 7 663 831 8 553 348 889 517 10 5 11 8 1 2 1 4 1 46 72 21996 727 453 566 7 581 575 8 394 631 813 056 10 4 11 5 1 1 1 3 1 45 72 71997 727 566 480 7 476 674 8 240 385 763 711 10 3 11 3 1 0 0 8 1 43 73 21998 727 445 606 7 369 527 8 193 143 823 616 10 1 11 3 1 1 0 6 1 42 73 61999 727 100 016 7 264 382 8 402 774 1 138 392 10 0 11 6 1 6 1 4 1 40 73 42000 726 968 473 7 325 763 8 401 888 1 076 125 10 1 11 6 1 5 1 4 1 42 73 52001 726 878 371 7 277 594 8 364 598 1 087 004 10 0 11 5 1 5 1 6 1 41 73 82002 726 939 358 7 330 526 8 520 890 1 190 364 10 1 11 7 1 6 2 3 1 42 73 82003 727 424 988 7 442 475 8 655 471 1 212 996 10 2 11 9 1 7 2 7 1 45 73 82004 728 163 243 7 558 652 8 381 363 822 711 10 4 11 5 1 1 2 2 1 47 74 42005 728 950 486 7 568 637 8 494 391 925 754 10 4 11 7 1 3 2 5 1 47 74 52006 729 857 708 7 703 029 8 237 212 534 183 10 6 11 3 0 7 2 8 1 50 75 22007 731 393 136 7 886 129 8 187 820 301 691 10 8 11 2 0 4 2 9 1 54 75 62008 733 256 182 8 169 398 8 195 293 25 895 11 1 11 2 0 0 2 2 1 59 75 82009 734 902 805 8 208 268 8 099 043 109 225 11 2 11 0 0 1 1 8 1 60 76 32010 736 276 813 8 227 484 8 128 387 99 097 11 2 11 0 0 1 1 7 1 61 76 52011 737 589 666 8 132 980 7 958 960 174 020 11 0 10 8 0 2 1 6 1 60 77 12012 738 907 594 8 178 804 8 078 292 100 512 11 1 10 9 0 1 1 4 1 62 77 32013 740 013 806 8 039 791 8 033 963 5 828 10 9 10 9 0 0 1 4 1 60 77 62014 741 014 147 8 067 454 7 955 740 111 714 10 9 10 7 0 2 1 3 1 62 77 92015 742 107 449 8 004 465 8 177 599 173 134 10 8 11 0 0 2 1 8 1 62 78 02016 743 318 582 7 950 684 8 009 194 58 510 10 7 10 8 0 1 1 6 1 62 78 42017 744 449 361 7 617 755 8 076 159 458 404 10 2 10 8 0 6 1 8 1 56 78 72018 745 359 130 7 375 157 8 112 356 737 199 9 9 10 9 1 0 2 1 1 53 78 82019 746 189 645 7 108 392 8 020 246 911 854 9 5 10 7 1 2 1 2 1 49 79 12020 746 225 356 6 938 739 9 119 281 2 180 542 9 3 12 2 2 9 1 5 1 47 77 72021 745 173 774 6 879 818 9 656 398 2 776 580 9 2 13 0 3 7 1 48 77 0Population by country edit nbsp Population density in the European Union and the EFTA countries along with candidate countries 2017 Further information List of European countries by life expectancy This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2023 According to different definitions such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions Population and area of European countries territories Country or territory Population 1 2 Area km2 15 Density per km2 nbsp Albania 2 854 710 28 748 99 nbsp Andorra 79 034 468 169 nbsp Armenia 2 790 974 29 743 94 nbsp Austria 8 922 082 83 871 106 nbsp Azerbaijan 10 312 992 86 600 119 nbsp Belarus 9 578 167 207 600 46 nbsp Belgium 11 611 419 30 528 380 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 270 943 51 209 64 nbsp Bulgaria 6 520 314 110 900 59 nbsp Croatia 4 060 135 56 594 72 nbsp Cyprus 1 244 188 9 251 134 nbsp Czech Republic 10 510 751 78 866 133 nbsp Denmark 5 854 240 43 094 136 nbsp Estonia 1 328 701 45 227 29 nbsp Faroe Islands Denmark 49 709 1 399 35 6 nbsp Finland 5 535 992 336 852 16 nbsp France 64 531 444 551 500 117 nbsp Georgia 3 757 980 69 700 54 nbsp Germany 83 408 554 357 137 234 nbsp Gibraltar UK 32 669 6 5 445 nbsp Greece 10 445 365 131 957 79 nbsp Guernsey d 65 345 63 1 037 nbsp Hungary 9 709 786 93 026 104 nbsp Iceland 370 335 103 000 4 nbsp Ireland 4 986 526 69 825 71 nbsp Isle of Man d 84 263 572 147 nbsp Italy 59 240 329 301 339 197 nbsp Jersey d 97 857 116 844 nbsp Kosovo p 1 859 203 10 887 171 nbsp Latvia 1 873 919 64 562 29 nbsp Liechtenstein 39 039 160 244 nbsp Lithuania 2 786 651 65 300 43 nbsp Luxembourg 639 321 2 586 247 nbsp Malta 526 748 316 1 667 nbsp Moldova 3 061 506 33 846 90 nbsp Monaco 36 686 2 18 343 nbsp Montenegro 627 859 13 812 45 nbsp Netherlands 17 501 696 37 354 469 nbsp North Macedonia 2 103 330 25 713 82 nbsp Norway 5 403 021 323 787 17 nbsp Poland 38 307 726 311 888 123 nbsp Portugal f 10 290 103 92 212 112 nbsp Romania 19 328 560 238 391 81 nbsp Russia 145 102 755 17 098 246 8 nbsp San Marino 33 745 61 553 nbsp Serbia g 7 296 769 88 361 83 nbsp Slovakia 5 447 622 49 036 111 nbsp Slovenia 2 119 410 20 273 105 nbsp Spain 47 486 935 505 992 94 nbsp Svalbard and Jan Mayen Norway 2 868 62 422 0 nbsp Sweden 10 467 097 450 295 23 nbsp Switzerland 8 691 406 41 285 211 nbsp Transnistria 505 000 4 163 121 3 nbsp Turkey 84 775 404 783 562 108 nbsp Ukraine 43 531 422 603 500 72 nbsp United Kingdom 67 281 039 242 495 277 nbsp Vatican City 842 0 4 1 913 6 nbsp Aland Finland 28 666 1 580 18 indicates link goes to article on demographics of the country or territory not just the country itself Age edit nbsp Life expectancy in Europe in 2021Main article Aging of Europe Mirroring their mostly sub replacement fertility and high life expectancy European countries tend to have older populations overall They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005 Only Japan had an older population 16 Population pyramids by country mostly 2020 and 2023 unless stated otherwise nbsp Albania nbsp Andorra 2016 nbsp Armenia nbsp Austria nbsp Azerbaijan nbsp Belarus nbsp Belgium nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Croatia nbsp Cyprus nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Denmark nbsp Estonia 2021 nbsp Finland 2020 nbsp France 2021 nbsp Georgia nbsp Germany 2020 nbsp Greece nbsp Hungary nbsp Iceland nbsp Ireland nbsp Italy nbsp Kazakhstan nbsp Latvia nbsp Lithuania 2022 nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Malta nbsp Moldova nbsp Montenegro nbsp Netherlands nbsp North Macedonia nbsp Norway 2021 nbsp Poland nbsp Portugal 2020 nbsp Romania nbsp Russia nbsp Serbia nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovenia nbsp Spain nbsp Sweden nbsp Switzerland and foreigners nbsp Turkey nbsp Ukraine nbsp United Kingdom nbsp England nbsp Northern Ireland nbsp Scotland nbsp WalesLiechtenstein Monaco San Marino and Vatican City excluded due to lack of graphicFertility editAccording to Eurostat the average birth rate in the European Union was 1 5 children per woman in 2020 The EU countries with the highest rates were France 1 83 live births per woman Romania 1 80 and Czechia 1 71 The lowest rates were found in Malta 1 13 Spain 1 19 and Italy 1 24 17 The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs fear of losing their jobs and lack of services for families 18 Eurostat says that the proportion of children born to foreign mothers including both from other EU member states and from non EU countries has been increasing in the EU since 2013 and stood at 21 in 2020 17 Religion editMain article Religion in Europe Further information Christianity in Europe and Islam in Europe Over the last several centuries religious practice has been on the decline in a process of secularization Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that on average 51 of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God 26 believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20 don t believe there is any sort of spirit God or life force 3 declined to answer 19 The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution however as there are discrepancies between it and national census results For example in the United Kingdom the 2001 census revealed that over 70 of the population regarded themselves as Christians with only 15 professing to have no religion though the wording of the question has been criticized as misleading by the British Humanist Association 20 The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60 of the population regarding themselves as Christians 21 Despite its decline Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe According to a survey published in 2010 76 2 of Europeans identified themselves as Christians 22 23 Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe accounting for more than 48 of European Christians 24 The second largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox who made up 32 of European Christians 24 And about 19 of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition Europe constitutes in absolute terms the world s largest Christian population 25 According to Scholars in 2017 Europe s population was 77 8 Christian up from 74 9 1970 26 27 these changes were largely result of the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries 26 According to a 2003 study 28 47 of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003 This situation is often called Post Christian Europe A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe especially in Belgium the Czech Republic Finland France Germany the United Kingdom Norway the Netherlands and Sweden has been noted According to a survey published in 2012 atheists and agnostics make up about 18 2 of the European population 29 According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in two European countries Czech Republic 75 and Estonia 60 29 According to another survey about Religiosity in the European Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer Christianity was the largest religion in the Union accounting for 72 of the total population Catholics were with 48 the largest Christian group in the Union Protestants made up 12 Eastern Orthodox made up 8 and other Christians accounted for 4 of the total population 30 non believers agnostics accounted for 16 atheists accounted for 7 and Muslims accounted for 2 31 Ethnic groups editMain article Ethnic groups in Europe Further information White people and Immigration to Europe Pan and Pfeil 2004 count 87 distinct peoples of Europe of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people or 14 of 770 million Europeans including Europeans in Siberia 32 The largest ethnic groups are the Russians with 117 million and the Germans with 72 million In some countries such as the United Kingdom France and Spain the designation of nationality may controversially take on ethnic aspects subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as Scots Welsh Cornish Northern Irish Bretons Catalans and Basques making it difficult to quantify a British or French ethnicity for example There are an estimated 10 million Romani people in Europe 33 Language editMain article Languages of Europe Further information on statistics in EU Languages of the European Union Knowledge nbsp Map of Europe showing the major languagesMost of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo European language family This family is divided into a number of branches including Romance Germanic Baltic Slavic Albanian Celtic Armenian and Greek The Uralic languages which include Hungarian Finnish Estonian Udmurt Mordvin and Sami also have a significant presence in Europe The Turkic family also has several European members while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families which include Georgian Circassian Chechen and Abkhaz anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group while Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status although Arabic Hebrew and Assyrian Neo Aramaic Syriac are spoken by migrant populations The Kalmyk language is an Mongolic language spoken in Kalmykia located directly north of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe The most spoken language of Europe is Russian which belongs to the group of Slavic languages Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages These can include languages spoken by relatively many people such as Catalan and Basque in Spain Frisian in the Netherlands as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as Cornish Manx and Scottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom and Romansch in Switzerland Genetic origins editMain article Genetic history of Europe See also Caucasian race nbsp Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto Indo Europeans Homo sapiens appeared in Europe roughly 40 000 years ago with the settlement of the Cro Magnons followed by European hunter gatherers and Early European Farmers EEF Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe notably by the immediate descendants of the Proto Indo Europeans who migrated west after the advent of the Neolithic revolution 35 Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome DNA edit Studies of mitochondrial DNA mtDNA have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations 36 with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well 37 On the other hand analyses of the Y chromosome 38 39 and of autosomal diversity 40 have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent Autosomal DNA edit nbsp Population genomic PCA map showing Europeans CEU among other sampled Eurasian populations 41 According to geneticist David Reich based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016 Europeans formed from four West Eurasian ancestral components in varying degrees Western Hunter Gatherers WHG Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHG Neolithic Levant farmers and Neolithic Iranian farmers respectively 42 Population structure edit A study in May 2009 43 that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished several distinct regions within Europe Finland the Baltic states Estonia Latvia and Lithuania western Russia and Poland Central and Western Europe Italy South Eastern Europe Southern RussiaIn this study Fst fixation index was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from 0 0010 for neighbouring populations to 0 0230 for Southern Italy and Finland For comparisons pair wise Fst of non European samples were as follows Europeans Yoruba West Africans 0 1530 Europeans Chinese 0 1100 Yoruba West Africans Chinese 0 1900 43 Table S2 See also editArea and population of European countries Classical demography Demographics of the European Union Ethnic groups in Europe European diasporas European Union statistics Migration from Latin America to Europe List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits List of urban areas of the European Union List of European countries by population growth rate List of European countries by population List of metropolitan areas in Europe Medieval demography Demographics of the world List of countries by fertility rateNotes edit a Continental regions as per UN categorisations map Depending on definitions various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia or Africa b Includes Transnistria a region that has declared and de facto achieved independence however it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states c Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia However the population and area figures include the entire state d Guernsey the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom Other Channel Islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark e Cyprus is physiographically entirely in Western Asia but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe The population and area figures refer to the entire state including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus f Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos both in Northern Atlantic g Area figure for Serbia includes Kosovo a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and whose sovereign status is unclear Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory of Kosovo h Figures for France include metropolitan France but not overseas departments and territories as they are not part of the European continent j Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia UN region and Eastern Europe with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers However area and population figures refer to the entire country k Armenia is physiographically entirely in Western Asia but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe The population and area figures include the entire state respectively m Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe However the population and area figures include the entire state This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence The International recognition however is limited o The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries p Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 Its sovereign status is unclear Its population is a 2007 estimate r Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively Their sovereign status is unclear Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively References edit a b World Population Prospects 2022 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved 17 July 2022 a b World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region subregion and country annually for 1950 2100 XSLX Total Population as of 1 July thousands United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved 17 July 2022 Figure 8 Population by Total Fertility millions in World Population Prospects the 2010 Revision United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division 2011 The first Europeans weren t who you might think National Geographic August 2019 Archived from the original on 19 March 2021 Muller Johannes 2015 EIGHT MILLION NEOLITHIC EUROPEANS SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SCOPE OF CHANGE FROM THE NEAR EAST TO SCANDINAVIA Paradigm Found Archaeological Theory Present Past and Future Essays in Honour of Evzen Neustupny Oxbow Books ISBN 978 1 78297 770 4 Archived from the original on 3 January 2024 Retrieved 3 January 2024 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Angus Maddison The World Economy Historical Statistics Statistical Appendix 2007 ggdc net Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium year 0 the beginning of the 2nd millennium year 1000 and for the beginning each century since the 16th years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century respectively as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years and a projection for the year 2030 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw rx ry rz sa sb sc sd se sf sg sh si sj sk sl sm sn so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc td te tf tg th ti tj tk tl tm tn to tp tq tr ts Maddison Growth of World Population GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820 PDF Retrieved 27 July 2016 Europe Population LIVE worldometers info Charles Morris ed 1916 Winston s Cumulative Encyclopedia a Comprehensive Reference Book Volume 4 John C Winston Company Retrieved 17 May 2014 a b c World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Retrieved 27 January 2018 Eurostat Population on 1 January European Commission Retrieved 27 January 2018 Population in million Albania 2 9 Belarus 9 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 5 Iceland 0 3 Moldova 4 1 North Macedonia 2 1 Norway 5 2 Serbia and Kosovo 8 9 Switzerland 8 3 Ukraine 44 7 Population in million Armenia 2 9 Georgia 4 0 Kazakhstan 17 8 Russia 144 Turkey 78 3 World Population Prospects Population Division United Nations Population Division United Nations Retrieved 13 July 2022 United Nations Statistics Division Demographic and Social Statistics United Nations Retrieved 18 July 2021 United Nations Population Division World Population Prospects The 2004 Revision Highlights 2005 a b How many children were born in 2020 Eurostat 28 April 2022 Retrieved 22 February 2023 Italia crollo natalita In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25 Ecco i motivi Italy birth rate collapse In ten years newborns drop by 25 The study Torino News 24 in Italian Special Eurobarometer biotechnology page 204 PDF 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 15 December 2010 Census 2011 Humanism org uk 17 September 2012 Retrieved 19 January 2014 BBC News At a glance Census 2011 findings BBC 11 December 2012 Retrieved 19 January 2014 Global Christianity Pewforum org 19 December 2011 Retrieved 19 January 2014 The Global Religious Landscape Christians Pewforum org 18 December 2012 Retrieved 19 January 2014 a b Christianity in Europe excluding the Asian part of Russia including the European part of Turkey The Global Religious Landscape PDF Pewforum org Archived from the original PDF on 25 January 2017 Retrieved 7 May 2020 a b Zurlo Gina Skirbekk Vegard Grim Brian 2019 Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017 BRILL p 85 ISBN 9789004346307 Ogbonnaya Joseph 2017 African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity Cambridge Scholars Publishing pp 2 4 ISBN 9781443891592 Dogan Mattei Religious Beliefs in Europe Factors of Accelerated Decline 2003 a b Religiously Unaffiliated Pewforum org 18 December 2012 Retrieved 11 January 2018 Discrimination in the EU in 2012 PDF Special Eurobarometer 383 European Union European Commission 233 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 2 December 2012 Retrieved 14 August 2013 Discrimination in the EU in 2012 PDF Special Eurobarometer 383 European Union European Commission p 233 2012 archived from the original PDF on 2 December 2012 retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was Do you consider yourself to be With a card showing Catholic Orthodox Protestant Other Christian Jewish Muslim Sikh Buddhist Hindu Atheist and Non believer Agnostic 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