Demographics of France

The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). As of 1 January 2021, 65,250,000 people lived in Metropolitan France, while 2,785,000 lived in overseas France, for a total of 68,035,000 inhabitants in the French Republic.^[5]

Demographics of France
Population pyramid, 2021
Population	68,035,000 (January 2021)^[1]
Birth rate	11.0 births/1,000 population (2020)^[2]
Death rate	10.0 deaths/1,000 population (2020)^[2]
Life expectancy	82.2 (2020)
• male	79.2
• female	85.2
Fertility rate	1.82(2020)^[3]
Infant mortality rate	3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)^[4]
Age structure
0–14 years	17.5% (2021)^[2]
15–64 years	61.5% (2021)^[2]
65 and over	21.0% (2021)^[2]

Population density 1999, all territories are shown at the same geographic scale

Animated population pyramid of Metropolitan France 1901–2020. Those born during the world wars and spanish flu are marked in dark.

Population density in France by arrondissement in 2018

In March 2017, the population of France officially reached the 67,000,000 mark. It had reached 66,000,000 in early 2014.^[6] Between the years 2010–17, the population of France grew from 64,613,000 to 66,991,000 (i.e. about 2.4 million people in a span of 7 years), making France one of the fastest-growing countries in Europe. The population of France is growing by 1,000,000 people every three years- an average annual increase of 340,000 people, or +0.6%.^[7]

France was historically Europe's most populous country. During the Middle Ages, more than one-quarter of Europe's total population was French;^[8] by the seventeenth century, this had decreased slightly to one-fifth. By the beginning of the nineteen century, other European countries, such as Germany and Russia, had caught up with France and overtaken it in number of people. However, the country's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II. According to INSEE, since 2004, 200,000 immigrants entered the country annually. One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa. Between 2009 and 2012, the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply (plus 12% per year on average), but would steadily decline by 2022, as more Africans began entering France.^[9][10][11]

The national birth rate, after dropping for a time, began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country's fertility rate is close to the replacement level. According to a 2006 INSEE study, "the natural increase is close to 300,000 people, a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years."^[12] With a total fertility rate of 1.83 in 2020,^[3] France however remains the most fertile country in the European Union.^[13][14]

Among the 802,000 babies born in metropolitan France in 2010, 80.1% had two French parents, 13.3% had one French parent, and 6.6% had two non-French parents.^[15][16][17]

Between 2006 and 2008, about 22% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in the Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).^[18] Censuses on race and ethnic origin were banned by the French Government in 1978.^[19]

In 2021, the Total Fertility Rate of France was 1.82, and 7.7% was the percent of births to women that were their 4th+ child.

Historical overview

1800 to 20th century

Population pyramid before and after the First World War

 

1914

 

1920

 

Two centuries of population growth

France was historically the largest nation in Europe. During the Middle Ages more than one quarter of Europe's population was French; by the 17th century it was still one fifth^{[citation needed]}. Starting around 1800, the historical evolution of the population in France has been atypical in Europe. Unlike the rest of Europe, there was no strong population growth in France in the 19th and first half of the 20th century. The birth rate in France diminished much earlier than in the rest of Europe in part because inheritance laws dictated distribution of estates whereas in the UK wealth could be passed to the eldest son or child.^{[original research?]} The country's large population gave Napoleon a seemingly limitless supply of men for the Grande Armée, but the birth rate began to fall in the late 18th century;^[20] thus population growth was quite slow in the 19th century, and the nadir was reached in the first half of the 20th century when France, surrounded by the rapidly growing populations of Germany and the United Kingdom, had virtually zero growth. The slow growth of France's population in the 19th century was reflected in the country's very low emigration rate.

The French population only grew by 8.6% between 1871 and 1911, while Germany's grew by 60% and Britain's by 54%.^[21]

French concerns about the country's slow population growth began after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. For four years in the 1890s, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. The National Alliance for the Growth of the French Population (ANAPF) was formed in 1896, and the Cognacq-Jay and other prizes were created for the parents of large families. Émile Zola's 1899 novel Fécondité is representative of contemporary concerns about the birthrate. France lost 10% of its active male population in World War I; the 1.3 million French deaths, along with even more births forgone by potential fathers being off at war, caused a drop of 3 million in the French population, and helped make Dénatalité a national obsession; by 1920 ANAPF had 40,000 members, and in July that year a new law strictly regulated abortion and contraception.^[20][21]

ANAPF proposed that parents of large families receive extra votes, and the belief that women's suffrage in other countries caused birth rates to decline helped defeat proposals before World War II to permit women to vote. The birth rate declined again after a brief baby boom from 1920 to 1923, and reached an all-time low during peacetime in the late 1930s. During the "hollow years" of the decade, the number of new conscripts declined because of the lack of births during World War I. From 1935 deaths exceeded births; the press widely discussed the country's decreasing population. Both left and right supported pro-natalist policies; even the French Communist Party ended its opposition to anti-birth control and anti-abortion laws in 1936, and its leader, Maurice Thorez, advocated for the "protection of family and childhood".^[20][21]

New laws in November 1938 and July 1939, the code de la famille, provided enough financial incentives for large families to double the income of a family with six children. The Vichy government approved of the laws and implemented them as part of its Travail, famille, patrie national motto, as did the postwar Provisional Government of the French Republic.^[21][20][22] Also, France encouraged immigration, chiefly from other European countries such as Italy, Poland, and Spain. (In fact, with its low birth rate, stagnating or declining native-born population, and role as a destination for migrants from other parts of Europe, France's situation before World War II was not unlike that of Germany today.)

After World War II

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1806	29,107,000	—
1821	30,462,000	+4.7%
1831	32,569,000	+6.9%
1841	34,230,000	+5.1%
1851	35,783,000	+4.5%
1872	36,103,000	+0.9%
1881	37,672,000	+4.3%
1891	38,343,000	+1.8%
1901	38,962,000	+1.6%
1911	39,605,000	+1.7%
1921	39,108,000	−1.3%
1931	41,524,000	+6.2%
1946	40,125,230	−3.4%
1950	41,647,258	+3.8%
1960	45,464,797	+9.2%
1970	50,528,219	+11.1%
1980	53,731,387	+6.3%
1990	56,577,000	+5.3%
2000	58,858,198	+4.0%
2010	62,765,235	+6.6%
2020	67,287,241	+7.2%
2021	67,422,241	+0.2%
Source: INSEE^[13]

France experienced a baby boom after 1945; it reversed a long-term record of low birth rates.^[20][23] The government's pro-natalist policy of the 1930s do not explain this sudden recovery, which was often portrayed inside France as a "miracle". It was also atypical of the Western world: although there was a baby boom in other Western countries after the war, the baby boom in France was much stronger, and lasted longer than in most other Western countries (the United States was one of the few exceptions). In the 1950s and 1960s, France's population grew at 1% per year: the highest growth in the history of France, higher even than the high growth rates of the 18th or 19th century.

Since 1975, France's population growth rate has significantly diminished, but it still remains slightly higher than that of the rest of Europe, and much faster than at the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century. In the first decade of the third millennium, population growth in France was the highest in Europe, matched only by that of the Republic of Ireland, which has also historically undergone stagnant growth and even decline relative to the rest of Europe until recently. However, it is lower than that of the United States, largely because of the latter's higher net migration rate.

Historical summary

The following compares the past, present, and future size of the French population with other entities in Europe and in the world. All statements refer to France as understood in its modern borders; this pertains also to other countries. Historians suggest that France was the most populous state in Europe from at least the period of Charlemagne and the Frankish Empire, if not earlier, to the 19th century. Population statistics prior to the modern era are historical estimates as official counts were not made.

• Until 1795 metropolitan France was the most populous country of Europe, ahead of Russia, and the fourth most populous country in the world, behind only China, India and Japan;
• Between 1795 and 1866, metropolitan France was the second most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, and the fourth most populous country in the world, behind China, India and Russia (having become more populous than Japan during this period);
• Between 1866 and 1909, metropolitan France was the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany;
• Between 1909 and 1933, metropolitan France was the fourth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom;
• Between 1933 and 1991, metropolitan France was the fifth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy;
• Between 1991 and 2000, metropolitan France recovered its rank as the fourth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom;
• Since 2000, metropolitan France has recovered its rank as the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany. Worldwide, France's ranking has fallen to twentieth most populous country;
• In 2005 it was projected that if current demographic trends continued (i.e. declining population in Germany, and slightly rising population in France and the UK), around 2050 metropolitan France could again surpass the population of Germany, becoming the most populous state in the European Union.^[24] In contrast, 2009 UN projections say that the stronger-growing United Kingdom could be more populous than metropolitan France in 2050, leaving metropolitan France third amongst European nations, behind Russia and the UK.^{[citation needed]}

In the above list, Turkey is not considered a European country. Turkey was less populous than metropolitan France until 1992 but is now more populous.^[25]

^[26]

Population

Historical population figures

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2020.^[27]

• One birth every 44 seconds
• One death every 53 seconds
• One net migrant every 11 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 3 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Please note:

• figures are for metropolitan France only, not including overseas departments and territories, as former French colonies and protectorates. Algeria and its départements, although they were an integral part of metropolitan France until 1962, are not included in the figures.
• to make comparisons easier, figures provided below are for the territory of metropolitan France within the borders of 2004. This was the real territory of France from 1860 to 1871, and again since 1919. Figures before 1860 have been adjusted to include Savoy and Nice, which only became part of France in 1860. Figures between 1795 and 1815 do not include the French départements in modern-day Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, although they were an integral part of France during that period. Figures between 1871 and 1919 have been adjusted to include Alsace and part of Lorraine, which both were at the time part of the German Empire.
• figures before 1801 are modern estimates which do not include for the Roman Empire parts of Gaul that were in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg; figures from 1801 (included) onwards are based on the official French censuses.

Source:^[28]

Year	Population	Year	Population	Year	Population
50 BC	2,500,000	1806	29,648,000	1896	40,158,000
1	5,500,000	1811	30,271,000	1901	40,681,000
120	7,200,000	1816	30,573,000	1906	41,067,000
400	5,500,000	1821	31,578,000	1911	41,415,000
850	7,000,000	1826	32,665,000	1921	39,108,000
1226	16,000,000	1831	33,595,000	1926	40,581,000
1345	20,200,000	1836	34,293,000	1931	41,524,000
1400	16,600,000	1841	34,912,000	1936	41,502,000
1457	19,700,000	1846	36,097,000	1946	40,506,639
1580	20,000,000	1851	36,472,000	1954	42,777,162
1594	18,500,000	1856	36,715,000	1962	46,519,997
1600	20,000,000	1861	37,386,000	1968	49,780,543
1670	18,000,000	1866	38,067,000	1975	52,655,864
1700	21,000,000	1872	37,653,000	1982	54,334,871
1715	19,200,000	1876	38,438,000	1990	56,615,155
1740	24,600,000	1881	39,239,000	1999	58,520,688
1792	28,000,000	1886	39,783,000	2006	61,399,733
1801	29,361,000	1891	39,946,000	2016	64,513,000

Population growth over time

 

Historical population of France

Source: Louis Henry and Yves Blayo.^[29]

Years	1740	1745	1750	1755	1760	1765	1770	1775	1780	1785	1790	1795
Total population in France métropolitaine (in millions)	24,6	24,6	24,5	25,0	25,7	26,1	26,6	27,0	27,55	27,65	28,1	28,1
Annual population growth rates (%)	1	3	20	28	14	19	15	21	4	16	0	36

Years	1800	1805	1810	1815	1820	1825	1830	1835	1840	1845	1850	1855	1860
Total population in France métropolitaine (in millions)	29,1	29,5	30,0	30,3	31,25	32,35	33,3	34,0	34,9	35,7	36,35	37,0	37,3
Annual population growth rates (%)	12	18	10	31	36	29	21	25	24	18	17	9

Life expectancy and mortality

Life expectancy in Metropolitan France from 1818 to 1950. Source: Our World In Data.

Death rate 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Years	1816	1820	1825	1830	1835	1840	1845	1850	1855	1860	1865	1870^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	40.1	39.2	38.5	39.6	39.5	40.4	43.6	43.3	37.5	43.3	40.1	36.4

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	29.6	42.6	41.8	44.3	43.1	43.5	44.3	43.3	44.0	42.7

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	43.5	43.1	43.2	42.4	43.9	43.1	43.7	44.1	45.5	43.3

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	44.1	43.5	43.5	45.5	45.1	47.5	47.9	45.9	45.2	45.0

Years	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	46.9	48.0	48.4	48.0	48.3	47.7	48.2	49.3	50.0	51.3

Years	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919	1920^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	48.1	51.6	51.3	38.2	36.3	40.2	43.1	34.8	47.6	51.5

Years	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	52.6	54.9	54.6	55.2	54.3	54.0	55.7	55.4	54.2	56.8

Years	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	56.9	57.2	57,7	58.3	58.3	58.8	59.1	59.0	59.6	49.6

Years	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950^[30]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France	57.7	57.4	53.3	47.2	54.9	62.4	63.9	65.8	64.9	66.4

 

Life expectancy in France since 1816

 

Life expectancy in France since 1960 by gender

Period^[31]	Life expectancy in Years	Period^[31]	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	67.2	1985–1990	76.1
1955–1960	69.3	1990–1995	77.3
1960–1965	70.7	1995–2000	78.4
1965–1970	71.4	2000–2005	79.6
1970–1975	72.4	2005–2010	80.9
1975–1980	73.6	2010–2015	81.9
1980–1985	74.7	2015-2020	82.4

Age structure

Age structures of the France métropolitaine from the year 1740 to 2021. Source: Louis Henry and Yves Blayo.^[29][32]

Median age (2021 INSEE est.^[33])

total: 41.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th

male: 39.6 years

female: 42.6 years

Ages	1740	1745	1750	1755	1760	1765	1770	1775	1780	1785	1790	1795
0–19 years	42.1	42.2	41.6	41.1	41.2	41.0	41.1	40.7	40.0	40.15	40.1	40.3
20–59 years	49.6	49.7	50.3	50.7	50.3	50.15	50	50.35	51.25	51.3	51.4	50.95
60 years and over	8.3	8.1	8.1	8.2	8.5	8.85	8.9	8.95	8.75	8.55	8.5	8.75
Total (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

 

This is an average size of a nuclear family in the France métropolitaine of the mid-20th century. Photo taken in the Île de Ré.

Ages	1800	1805	1810	1815	1820	1825	1830	1835	1840	1845	1850	1855	1860
0–19 years	41.0	41.25	41.1	41.6	40.7	40.55	40.6	40.25	39.6	38.95	38.4	37.7	36.95
20–59 years	50.05	49.75	49.7	48.75	49.25	49.45	49.6	50.25	50.9	51.4	51.95	52.65	52.65
60 years and over	8.95	9.0	9.2	9.65	10.05	10.0	9.8	9.5	9.5	9.65	9.65	9.65	10.4
Total (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

Ages	2000	2010	2020	2021^[32]
0–19 years	25.8	24.8	24.1	23.9
20–59 years	53.8	52.6	49.4	49.3
60–64 years	4.6	6.0	6.1	6.1
65 years and over	15.8	16.6	20.4	20.7
Total (%)	100	100	100	100

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.))

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 62.4

youth dependency ratio: 28.7

elderly dependency ratio: 33.7

potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.)

Fertility

 

Fertility rate of France overtime from 1800 to 2016

France has a high fertility rate compared to other European countries; this rate has increased after reaching a historic low in the early 1990s.

• Total fertility rate: 2.01 children born per woman for metropolitan France and the overseas departments (in 2012),^[34] 2.00 for metropolitan France alone (in 2010).^[35]
• Mean age of women having their first birth: 29.9 years-old.^[36]

The table below gives the average number of children according to the place of birth of women. An immigrant woman is a woman who was born outside France and who did not have French citizenship at birth.^[37]

In 2021 there was 11.8 births/1,000 population. Total fertility rate (2020 data by INSEE^[3]) 1.83 children born/woman.

Mother's mean age at first birth^[38]

28.5 years (2015)

 

At 1.83 children born per woman,^[3] France has the highest total fertility rate in the European Union (as of 2020)

	Fertlity rate in 2014^[39]	Average number of children in France (1991–1998)	Average number of children in country of origin (1990–1999)
All women living in metropolitan France	1,99	1.74
Women born in Metropolitan France	1,88	1.70
Immigrant women	2,75	2.16
Women born in overseas France		1.86
Immigrant women (country of birth)
Spain	1,81	1.52	1.23
Italy	1,81	1.60	1.24
Portugal	2,02	1.96	1.49
Other EU		1.66	1.44
Turkey	3,12	3.21	2.16
Other Europe	2,22	1.68	1.41
Algeria	3,69	2.57	1.78
Morocco	3,47	2.97	3.28
Tunisia	3,50	2.90	2.73
Other Africa	2,91	2.86	5.89
Asia (mostly China)	2,11	1.77	2.85
The Americas and Oceania	2,23	2.00	2.54

Total fertility rate in the 19th century

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.^[40]

Years	1800	1801	1802	1803	1804	1805	1806	1807	1808	1809	1810^[40]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France	4.41	4.36	4.31	4.26	4.21	4.16	4.1	4.05	4	3.95	3.9

Years	1860	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870^[40]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France	3.4	3.51	3.46	3.53	3.51	3.53	3.53	3.55	3.49	3.49	3.44

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880^[40]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France	3.08	3.59	3.51	3.53	3.51	3.57	3.49	3.44	3.44	3.36

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890^[40]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France	3.4	3.4	3.38	3.38	3.32	3.26	3.22	3.16	3.12	2.95

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899^[40]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France	3.03	2.96	3.02	2.94	2.86	2.98	2.92	2.87	2.88

Births by country of birth of the parents

About 22% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in the Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).^[18]

As of 2021, 31.4% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born parent and 27.5% had at least one parent born outside of Europe (EU 28) (parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France).^[15][17]

The table below gives the number of children born in metropolitan France according to the place of birth of both parents.

Birth country of parents	Years
	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010		2011	2012	2013	2014
	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	%	Number	Number	Number	Number	%
Both parents born in France	566 447	576 537	601 268	595 286	580 999	575 985	574 687	575 659	590 163	579 515	585 427	578 052	583 600	72.7%	604 077	598 473	583 864	579 106	70.75%
One parent born in France, other foreign-born	101 511	98 687	101 498	102 013	103 930	106 677	110 258	114 090	119 159	119 587	121 845	125 058	129 025	16.1%	119 114	119 957	119 643	123 855	15.13%
Father born in EU28, mother born in France	13 194	12 858	13 060	12 447	11 732	11 442	10 811	10 667	10 455	10 188	9 975	9 526	9 549	1.2%	9 961	9 637	9 414	9 235	1.13%
Father not born in EU28, mother born in France	44 891	43 807	45 612	46 459	47 695	49 790	52 244	54 176	56 886	56 626	57 955	60 362	62 478	7.8%	55 209	55 488	55 397	56 370	6.89%
Father born in France, mother born in EU28	13 020	12 647	12 411	11 881	11 439	11 119	10 930	10 827	10 794	10 575	10 562	10 585	10 418	1.3%	10 104	9 761	9 772	10 058	1.23%
Father born in France, mother not born in EU28	30 406	29 375	30 415	31 226	33 064	34 326	36 273	38 420	41 024	42 198	43 353	44 585	46 580	5.8%	43 840	45 071	45 060	48 192	5.89%
Both parents foreign-born	70 122	69 567	72 016	73 646	76 701	78 802	82 871	84 606	87 574	86 883	88 772	90 310	89 599	11.2%	100 203	102 617	108 003	115 604	14.12%
Both parents born in EU28	6 681	6 157	5 780	5 524	5 159	5 369	5 426	5 372	5 778	5 891	6 276	6 442	6 694	0.8%	7 798	8 419	8 884	9 726	1.19%
Both parents not born in EU28	60 281	60 636	63 299	65 406	68 788	70 552	74 537	76 348	78 700	78 020	79 405	80 641	79 698	9.9%	89 163	91 049	95 721	102 319	12.50%
Father born in EU27, mother not born in EU28	1 188	1 047	1 116	1 035	1 038	1 075	1 150	1 100	1 256	1 190	1 226	1 268	1 258	0.2%	1 469	1 436	1 494	1 554	0.19%
Father not born in EU27, Mother born in EU28	1 972	1 727	1 821	1 681	1 716	1 806	1 758	1 786	1 840	1 782	1 865	1 959	1 949	0.2%	1 773	1 713	1 904	2 005	0.24%
Total of newborns	738 080	744 791	774 782	770 945	761 630	761 464	767 816	774 355	796 896	785 985	796 044	793 420	802 224	100%	823 394	821 047	811 510	818 565	100%

Births by citizenship of the parents

As of 2021, 75.1% of newborns in France had two parents with French citizenship, 14.3% had one French parent, and 10.6% had two non-French parents.^[15][41]

The table below gives the number of children born in metropolitan France according to the citizenship of both parents.

Citizenship of parents	Year
	1998	1999	2000		2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010		2011	2012	2013	2014
	Number	Number	Number	%	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	Number	%	Number	Number	Number	Number
Both French parents	630 995	633 788	657 576	84.9%	648 506	633 294	629 014	628 062	630 481	645 879	635 082	640 596	634 153	642 816	80.1%	659 834	651 577	638 576	634 027
One French parent, other non-French	57 897	61 577	66 636	8.6%	69 954	74 590	78 318	84 013	88 965	94 888	96 314	100 464	103 704	106 622	13.3%	105 767	108 905	109 809	115 647
French mother, father with European citizenship (EU28)	9 146	9 175	9 554	1.2%	9 397	8 866	9 019	8 749	8 503	8 571	8 509	8 349	8 197	8 829	1.1%	8 300	8 270	8 120	8 019
French mother, father with non-European citizenship (EU28)	25 117	26 720	29 592	3.8%	31 463	33 820	35 756	38 923	41 061	43 698	43 603	45 579	46 753	46 456	5.8%	44 600	45 599	45 866	47 184
French father, mother with European citizenship (EU28)	7 535	7 551	7 409	1.0%	7 235	7 359	7 097	7 172	7 324	7 395	7 420	7 642	7 862	7 874	1.0%	7 856	7 747	7 901	8 162
French father, mother with non-European citizenship (EU28)	16 099	18 131	20 081	2.6%	21 859	24 545	26 446	29 169	32 077	35 224	36 782	38 894	40 892	43 463	5.4%	45 011	47 289	47 922	52 282
Both non-French parents	49 188	49 426	50 570	6.5%	52 485	53 746	54 132	55 741	54 909	56 129	54 589	54 984	55 563	52 786	6.6%	57 793	60 565	63 125	68 891
Both parents with European citizenship (EU28)	6 715	6 359	6 166	0.8%	5 808	5 507	5 589	5 670	5 667	6 085	6 214	6 623	6 803	6 958	0.9%	7 895	8 556	9 176	10 217
Both parents with non-European citizenship (EU28)	41 268	41 845	42 985	5.5%	45 265	46 807	46 921	48 364	47 440	48 091	46 301	46 167	46 435	43 454	5.4%	47 419	49 262	50 860	55 056
Father with European citizenship (EU28), mother with non-European citizenship (EU28)	440	502	565	0.1%	589	571	685	733	797	937	967	1 062	1 141	1 235	0.2%	1 400	1 555	1 700	2 091
Father with non-European citizenship (EU28), mother with European citizenship (EU28)	765	720	854	0.1%	823	861	937	974	1 005	1 016	1 107	1 132	1 184	1 139	0.2%	1 079	1 192	1 389	1 527
Total of newborns	738 080	744 791	774 782	100%	770 945	761 630	761 464	767 816	774 355	796 896	785 985	796 044	793 420	802 224	100%	823 394	821 047	811 510	818 565

Population projections

The population of France is predicted to hit the 70 million mark between the year 2025/2030 and to overtake Germany's between 2050/2060, with 75.6 million French for 71 million Germans in 2060, while the UK is predicted to overtake France by 2030. By 2080, the population of France is estimated to reach 78.8 million (including the overseas departments, but not the overseas territories).

 

Population projections of France by the UN up to 2100

Figures from eurostat for metropolitan France and the overseas departments:

Year	Population
2010	64,677,000
2020	67,658,000
2030	70,396,000
2040	72,767,000
2050	74,297,000
2060	75,599,000
2070	77,109,000
2080	78,842,000

Source:^[42]

Vital statistics from 1900

 

Live births and deaths over time in Metropolitan France

The vital statistics below refer to France Métropolitaine and do not include the overseas departments, territories and New Caledonia.^[43]

	Average population (1 January)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate^[fn 1]^[40]^[44]	Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)	Life expectancy at birth (males)	Life expectancy at birth (females)
1900		885,200	818,900	66,300	22.7	21.0	1.7	2.80
1901	40,710,000	917,075	825,315	91,760	22.5	20.3	2.3	2.903
1902	40,810,000	904,434	801,379	103,055	22.2	19.6	2.5	2.853
1903	40,910,000	884,498	794,566	89,932	21.6	19.4	2.2	2.784
1904	41,000,000	877,091	802,536	74,555	21.4	19.6	1.8	2.748
1905	41,050,000	865,604	812,338	53,266	21.1	19.8	1.3	2.706
1906	41,100,000	864,745	820,051	44,694	21.0	20.0	1.1	2.700
1907	41,100,000	829,632	830,871	-1,239	20.2	20.2	-0.3	2.576
1908	41,190,000	848,982	784,415	64,567	20.6	19.0	1.6	2.636
1909	41,240,000	824,739	792,798	31,941	20.0	19.2	0.8	2.557
1910	41,350,000	828,140	737,877	90,263	20.0	17.8	2.2	2.571
1911	41,420,000	793,506	813,653	-20,147	19.2	19.6	-0.5	2.462
1912	41,530,000	801,642	726,848	74,794	19.3	17.5	1.8	2.485
1913	41,620,000	795,851	736,937	58,914	19.1	17.7	1.4	2.468
1914	41,630,000	757,931	774,931	-17,000	18.2	18.6	-0.4	2.335
1915	40,620,000	482,968	747,968	-265,000	11.9	18.4	-6.5	1.519
1916	40,020,000	384,676	697,676	-313,000	9.6	17.4	-7.8	1.230
1917	39,420,000	412,744	712,744	-300,000	10.5	18.1	-15.2	1.342
1918	38,670,000	472,816	867,816	-395,000	12.2	22.4	-10.2	1.559
1919	38,600,000	506,960	739,901	-232,941	13.1	19.2	-6.0	1.590
1920	38,900,000	838,137	675,676	162,461	21.5	17.4	4.2	2.695
1921	39,140,000	816,555	697,904	118,651	20.9	17.8	3.0	2.601
1922	39,310,000	764,373	692,322	72,051	19.4	17.6	1.8	2.423
1923	39,750,000	765,888	670,326	95,562	19.3	16.9	2.4	2.407
1924	40,170,000	757,873	683,296	74,577	18.9	17.0	1.9	2.356
1925	40,460,000	774,455	712,211	62,244	19.1	17.6	1.5	2.388
1926	40,710,000	771,690	716,966	54,724	19.0	17.6	1.3	2.368
1927	40,770,000	748,102	679,809	68,293	18.3	16.8	1.5	2.290
1928	40,880,000	753,570	678,269	75,301	18.4	16.6	1.8	2.305
1929	41,020,000	734,140	742,732	-8,592	17.9	18.1	-0.2	2.241
1930	41,340,000	754,020	652,953	101,067	18.2	15.8	2.4	2.295
1931	41,550,000	737,611	682,816	54,795	17.8	16.4	1.3	2.247
1932	41,510,000	726,299	663,705	62,594	17.5	16.0	1.5	2.226
1933	41,520,000	682,394	664,133	18,261	16.4	16.0	0.4	2.111
1934	41,570,000	681,518	637,713	43,805	16.4	15.3	1.1	2.141
1935	41,550,000	643,870	661,722	-17,852	15.5	15.9	-0.4	2.070
1936	41,500,000	634,344	645,844	-11,500	15.3	15.6	-0.3	2.092
1937	41,530,000	621,453	632,896	-11,443	15.0	15.2	-0.3	2.099
1938	41,560,000	615,582	650,832	-35,250	14.8	15.7	-0.8	2.128
1939	41,510,000	615,599	645,677	-30,078	14.8	15.6	-0.7	2.166
1940	40,690,000	561,281	740,281	-179,000	13.8	18.2	-4.4	2.003
1941	39,420,000	522,261	675,261	-153,000	13.2	17.1	-3.9	1.854
1942	39,220,000	575,261	656,261	-81,000	14.7	16.7	-2.1	2.043
1943	38,860,000	615,780	626,780	-11,000	15.8	16.1	-0.3	2.186
1944	38,770,000	629,878	666,878	-37,000	16.2	17.2	-1.0	2.249
1945	39,660,000	645,899	643,899	2,000	16.3	16.2	0.1	2.310
1946	40,287,000	843,904	545,880	298,024	20.9	13.5	7.4	2.998	77.8	59.9	65.2
1947	40,679,000	870,472	538,157	332,315	21.4	13.2	8.2	3.037	71.1	61.2	66.7
1948	41,112,000	870,836	513,210	357,626	21.2	12.5	8.7	3.020	55.9	62.7	68.8
1949	41,480,000	872,661	573,598	299,063	21.0	13.8	7.2	3.004	60.3	62.2	67.6
1950	41,829,000	862,310	534,480	327,830	20.6	12.8	7.8	2.947	52.0	63.4	69.2
1951	42,156,000	826,722	565,829	260,893	19.6	13.4	6.2	2.806	50.8	63.1	68.9
1952	42,460,000	822,204	524,831	297,373	19.4	12.4	7.0	2.777	45.2	64.4	70.2
1953	42,752,000	804,696	556,983	247,713	18.8	13.0	5.8	2.704	41.9	64.3	70.3
1954	43,057,000	810,754	518,892	291,862	18.8	12.1	6.8	2.714	40.7	65.0	71.2
1955	43,428,000	805,917	526,322	279,595	18.6	12.1	6.4	2.684	38.6	65.2	71.5
1956	43,843,000	806,916	545,700	261,216	18.4	12.4	6.0	2.674	36.2	65.2	71.7
1957	44,311,000	816,467	532,107	284,360	18.4	12.0	6.4	2.695	33.8	65.5	72.2
1958	44,789,000	812,215	500,596	311,619	18.1	11.2	7.0	2.684	31.4	66.8	73.4
1959	45,240,000	829,249	509,114	320,135	18.3	11.3	7.1	2.752	29.6	66.8	73.2
1960	45,684,000	819,819	520,960	298,859	17.9	11.4	6.5	2.740	27.4	67.0	73.6
1961	46,163,000	838,633	500,289	338,344	18.2	10.8	7.3	2.824	25.7	67.5	74.4
1962	46,998,000	832,353	541,147	291,206	17.7	11.5	6.2	2.796	25.7	67.0	73.9
1963	47,816,000	868,876	557,852	311,024	18.2	11.7	6.5	2.896	25.6	66.8	73.8
1964	48,310,000	877,804	520,033	357,771	18.2	10.8	7.4	2.915	23.4	67.7	74.8
1965	48,758,000	865,688	543,696	321,992	17.8	11.2	6.6	2.849	21.9	67.5	74.7
1966	49,164,000	863,527	528,782	334,745	17.6	10.8	6.8	2.801	21.7	67.8	75.2
1967	49,548,000	840,568	543,033	297,535	17.0	11.0	6.0	2.671	20.7	67.8	75.2
1968	49,915,000	835,796	553,441	282,355	16.7	11.1	5.7	2.588	20.4	67.8	75.2
1969	50,318,000	842,245	573,335	268,910	16.7	11.4	5.3	2.534	19.6	67.4	75.1
1970	50,772,000	850,381	542,277	308,104	16.7	10.7	6.1	2.480	18.2	68.4	75.9
1971	51,251,000	881,284	554,151	327,133	17.2	10.8	6.4	2.497	17.2	68.3	75.9
1972	51,701,000	877,506	549,900	327,606	17.0	10.6	6.3	2.419	16.0	68.5	76.2
1973	52,118,000	857,186	558,782	298,404	16.4	10.7	5.7	2.309	15.4	68.7	76.3
1974	52,460,000	801,218	552,551	248,667	15.3	10.5	4.7	2.112	14.6	68.9	76.7
1975	52,699,000	745,065	560,353	184,712	14.1	10.6	3.5	1.927	13.8	69.0	76.9
1976	52,909,000	720,395	557,114	163,281	13.6	10.5	3.1	1.829	12.5	69.2	77.2
1977	53,145,000	744,744	536,221	208,523	14.0	10.1	3.9	1.862	11.4	69.7	77.8
1978	53,376,000	737,062	546,916	190,146	13.8	10.2	3.6	1.822	10.7	69.8	77.9
1979	53,606,000	757,354	541,805	215,549	14.1	10.1	4.0	1.855	10.0	70.1	78.3
1980	53,880,000	800,376	547,107	253,269	14.9	10.2	4.7	1.945	10.0	70.2	78.4
1981	54,182,000	805,483	554,823	250,660	14.9	10.2	4.6	1.946	9.7	70.4	78.5
1982	54,492,000	797,223	543,104	254,119	14.6	10.0	4.7	1.912	9.5	70.7	78.9
1983	54,772,000	748,525	559,655	188,870	13.7	10.2	3.4	1.784	9.1	70.7	78.8
1984	55,026,000	759,939	542,490	217,449	13.8	9.9	4.0	1.802	8.3	71.2	79.3
1985	55,284,000	768,431	552,496	215,935	13.9	10.0	3.9	1.814	8.3	71.3	79.4
1986	55,577,000	778,468	546,926	231,542	14.0	9.8	4.2	1.831	8.0	71.5	79.7
1987	55,824,000	767,828	527,466	240,362	13.8	9.4	4.3	1.801	7.8	72.0	80.3
1988	56,118,000	771,268	524,600	246,668	13.7	9.3	4.4	1.805	7.8	72.3	80.5
1989	56,423,000	765,473	529,283	236,190	13.6	9.4	4.2	1.788	7.5	72.5	80.6
1990	56,709,000	762,407	526,201	236,206	13.4	9.3	4.2	1.778	7.3	72.7	81.0
1991	56,976,000	759,056	524,685	234,371	13.3	9.2	4.1	1.770	7.3	72.9	81.2
1992	57,240,000	743,658	521,530	222,128	13.0	9.1	3.9	1.733	6.8	73.2	81.5
1993	57,467,000	711,610	532,263	179,347	12.4	9.3	3.1	1.660	6.5	73.3	81.5
1994	57,659,000	710,993	519,965	191,028	12.3	9.0	3.3	1.663	5.9	73.6	81.8
1995	57,844,000	729,609	531,618	197,991	12.6	9.2	3.4	1.713	4.9	73.8	81.9
1996	58,026,000	734,338	535,775	198,563	12.7	9.2	3.4	1.733	4.8	74.1	82.0
1997	58,207,000	726,768	530,319	196,449	12.5	9.1	3.4	1.726	4.7	74.5	82.3
1998	58,398,000	738,080	534,005	204,075	12.6	9.1	3.5	1.764	4.6	74.7	82.4
1999	58,661,000	744,791	537,661	207,130	12.7	9.2	3.5	1.791	4.3	74.9	82.5
2000	59,049,000	774,782	530,864	243,918	13.1	9.0	4.1	1.874	4.4	75.2	82.8
2001	59,477,000	770,945	531,073	239,872	13.0	8.9	4.0	1.877	4.5	75.4	82.9
2002	59,894,000	761,630	535,144	226,486	12.7	8.9	3.8	1.864	4.1	75.7	83.0
2003	60,304,000	761,464	552,339	209,125	12.6	9.2	3.5	1.874	4.0	75.8	82.9
2004	60,734,000	767,816	509,429	258,387	12.6	8.4	4.3	1.898	3.9	76.7	83.8
2005	61,182,000	774,355	527,533	246,822	12.7	8.6	4.0	1.920	3.6	76.7	83.8
2006	61,598,000	796,896	516,416	280,480	12.9	8.4	4.6	1.980	3.6	77.1	84.2
2007	61,965,000	785,985	521,016	264,969	12.7	8.4	4.3	1.959	3.6	77.4	84.4
2008	62,300,000	796,044	532,131	263,913	12.8	8.5	4.2	1.990	3.6	77.6	84.3
2009	62,615,000	793,420	538,166	255,254	12.7	8.6	4.2	1.989	3.7	77.7	84.4
2010	62,918,000	802,224	540,469	261,755	12.8	8.6	4.2	2.016	3.6	78.0	84.6
2011	63,223,000	792,996	534,795	258,201	12.5	8.5	4.1	1.996	3.5	78.4	85.0
2012	63,537,000	790,290	559,227	231,063	12.4	8.8	3.6	1.992	3.5	78.5	84.8
2013	63,863,000	781,621	558,408	223,213	12.3	8.8	3.5	1.973	3.6	78.7	85.0
2014	64,164,000	781,167	547,003	234,164	12.2	8.5	3.6	1.974	3.5	79.2	85.4
2015	64,385,000	760,421	581,770	178,651	11.8	9.0	2.8	1.925	3.7	79.0	85.1
2016	64,554,000	744,697	581,073	163,624	11.5	9.0	2.5	1.891	3.7	79.3	85.3
2017	64,742,000	730,242	593,606	136,636	11.3	9.2	2.1	1.858	3.9	79.5	85.3
2018	64,970,000	719,737	596,552	123,185	11.1	9.2	1.9	1.836	3.8	79.6	85.5
2019	65,191,000	714,029	599,408	114,621	11.0	9.2	1.8	1.827	3.8	79.8	85.6
2020	65,366,000	696,664	654,599	42,065	10.7	10.0	0.6	1.786	3.6	79.2	85.2
2021	65,627,000	701,819	644,201	57,618	10.7	9.8	0.9	1.801	3.7	79,4	85,5
2022	65,834,837	686,600	657,100	29,500	10.4	10.0	0.5	1.757	3.9	79,3	85,2

For the purpose of compatibility, all data refers to Metropolitan France

Current vital statistics for Metropolitan France

^[45][46]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - May 2022	279,900	281,300	-1,400
January - May 2023	260,500	266,600	-6,100
Difference	-19,400 (-6.93%)	-14,700 (-5.23%)	-4,700

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.I.2015): ^[47]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	31 138 550	33 162 271	64 300 821	100
0–4	1 932 140	1 847 172	3 779 312	5.88
5–9	2 031 848	1 942 222	3 974 070	6.18
10–14	2 024 518	1 934 267	3 958 786	6.16
15–19	1 996 718	1 892 357	3 889 075	6.08
20–24	1 877 169	1 839 475	3 716 644	5.78
25–29	1 882 618	1 933 606	3 816 224	5.93
30–34	1 960 633	2 030 784	3 991 417	6.21
35–39	1 973 599	2 014 489	3 988 088	6.20
40–44	2 155 883	2 185 588	4 341 471	6.75
45–49	2 155 308	2 206 495	4 361 803	6.78
50–54	2 111 783	2 195 431	4 307 213	6.70
55–59	1 992 506	2 120 744	4 113 250	6.40
60–64	1 912 839	2 077 537	3 990 376	6.21
65-69	1 713 389	1 892 099	3 605 489	5.61
70-74	1 138 687	1 319 739	2 458 426	3.82
75-79	938 443	1 228 941	2 167 384	3.37
80-84	731 105	1 133 939	1 865 044	2.90
85-89	420 854	829 023	1 249 877	1.94
90-94	161 109	427 905	589 014	0.92
95-99	23 412	91 245	114 657	0.18
100+	3 989	19 212	23 202	0.04
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	5 988 506	5 723 661	11 712 167	18.21
15–64	20 019 056	20 496 507	40 515 563	63.01
65+	5 130 988	6 942 103	12 073 091	18.78

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Excluding diplomatic personnel outside the country and including members of alien armed forces not living in military camps and foreign diplomatic personnel not living in embassies or consulates.): ^[47]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	31 679 652	33 767 802	65 447 454	100
0–4	1 760 893	1 687 156	3 448 049	5.27
5–9	1 987 773	1 899 786	3 887 559	5.94
10–14	2 094 546	1 994 602	4 089 148	6.25
15–19	2 067 605	1 953 663	4 021 268	6.14
20–24	1 920 746	1 841 850	3 762 596	5.75
25–29	1 790 516	1 806 271	3 596 787	5.50
30–34	1 924 391	2 013 946	3 938 337	6.02
35–39	1 993 274	2 096 326	4 089 600	6.25
40–44	1 982 775	2 048 758	4 031 533	6.16
45–49	2 140 131	2 174 545	4 314 676	6.59
50–54	2 117 292	2 178 427	4 295 719	6.56
55–59	2 074 814	2 187 145	4 261 959	6.51
60–64	1 918 243	2 101 118	4 019 361	6.14
65-69	1 772 195	2 011 386	3 783 581	5.78
70-74	1 673 663	1 941 869	3 615 532	5.52
75-79	992 857	1 236 666	2 229 523	3.41
80-84	750 113	1 068 460	1 818 573	2.78
85-89	478 291	865 782	1 344 073	2.05
90-94	193 641	481 583	675 224	1.03
95-99	42 044	157 385	199 429	0.30
100-104	3 371	19 251	22 622	0.03
105-109	384	1 575	1 959	<0.01
110+	94	252	346	<0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	5 843 212	5 581 544	11 424 756	17.46
15–64	19 929 787	20 402 049	40 331 836	61.62
65+	5 906 653	7 784 209	13 690 862	20.92

Social issues

Marriage, divorce and family types

 

Average age of first marriage in Metropolitan France

 

Evolution of Marriage (red) and Civil Union (blue) in France (INSEE).

In 2020, there was a total of 154,581 marriages in France.^[48]

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 20.8%. Country comparison to the world: 61th

male: 21.4%

female: 20% (2018 est.)^[42]

Ethnic groups

People in metropolitan France according to INSEE (2020)^[49]
French (by birth)			84.0%
French (by acquisition)			4.6%
Foreigners (foreign nationals)			12.8%
Immigrants (foreign-born)			14.0%

Data collection

Due to a law dating from 1872 at the start of the Third Republic, France has prohibited the collection of data on a citizens race, ethnicity or their beliefs such as religion through national censuses,^[50][51] however estimates have been made of the ethnic and racial demography of the country in the present.

Some organizations, such as the Representative Council of Black Associations of France (French: Conseil représentatif des associations noires de France, CRAN), have argued in favour of the introduction of data collection on minority groups but this has been resisted by other organizations and ruling politicians,^[52][53] often on the grounds that collecting such statistics goes against France's secular principles and harks back to Vichy-era identity documents.^[54] During the 2007 presidential election, however, Nicolas Sarkozy, polled on the issue, stated that he favoured the collection of data on ethnicity.^[55] Part of a parliamentary bill that would have permitted the collection of data for the purpose of measuring discrimination was rejected by the Conseil Constitutionnel in November 2007.^[50]

However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as the INED or the INSEE whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the National Commission for Computer-stocked data and Freedom (CNIL) and the National Council of Statistical Information (CNIS).^[56]

Statistics

The modern ethnic French are the descendants of Celts, Iberians, Ligurians, Italic peoples (including Romans), and Greeks in southern France,^[57][58] later mixed with large groups of Germanic peoples arriving at the end of the Roman Empire such as the Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni, and Goths,^[59] Moors and Saracens in the south,^{[60][61][62][63][64][65][66]} and Scandinavians, Vikings, who became, by mixing with the local population, the Normans and settled mostly in Normandy in the 9th century.^[67]

In 2004, French conservative think-tank Institut Montaigne estimated that there were 51 million (85%) people of European ethnic origin, 6 million (10%) North African people, 2 million (3.5%) black people and 1 million (1.5%) people of Asian origin in Metropolitan France, including all generations of immigrant descendants.^[68] TIME magazine in 2009 estimated that there was an estimated range of 4 to 7 million Arabs, 3 to 5 million Blacks, 1.5 million Asians and around 600,000 Jewish people.^[69] Solis, a marketing company, estimated the numbers for ethnic minorities (immigrants and 2nd generation) in France in 2009 as 3.26 million Maghrebis (5.23%), 1.83 million black people (2.94%) (1.08 million Sub-Saharan Africans and 757,000 French from French West Indies), and 250,000 Turkish (0.71%).^[70][71]

In 2015, Michèle Tribalat released a paper estimating population of ethnic minorities in France in 2011 to constitute 30% if ancestry retracted to 3 generations but with age limit of 60. 15% were of other European origin and another 15% rest.^[72]

 

Percentage of newborn babies screened for sickle cell disease within Metropolitan France

 

Sickle cell disease screening regionally and overall in Metropolitan France in 2018

The scope of foreign origin can be estimated by the National Screening Program for Sickle Cell Disease because the genetic disease very rarely affects European people. Under government rules, newborn babies are screened when their backgrounds place them at risk of inheriting two copies of the sickle-cell gene, with the following criteria:^[73]

• Both parents are known to originate from a risk region.
• If the identity of one parent (i.e., the father) is unknown, the other (the mother) originates from a risk region.
• There is a family history of sickle-cell disease, regardless of the above.

The screening suggests that in 2000, 19 percent of all newborn babies in Metropolitan France had at least one parent originating from one of the risk regions.^[74] The figure for 2007 was 28.45 percent, for 2010 31.5 percent, for 2012 34.44 percent, for 2013 35.7 percent,^[75][76] and for 2015 38.9 percent.^[75] These percentages vary widely among French regions; for example, in 2015, screening suggested that only 8.1% of children born in Brittany had a parent originating from a sickle-cell risk region, while 73.4% of children born in Île-de-France (which includes Paris) did.^[77] The percentage for Île-de-France was a significant increase from 54.2% in 2007. However, a 2014 story in Le Monde suggested that the testing figures for Île-de-France were perhaps distorted by the practices of some hospitals in the region, which choose to test all babies whether or not they have parents with ancestry from an endemic sickle-cell region.^[78]

The Paris region is a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe. As of 2006, about 45% of people (6 million) living in the region were either immigrant (25%) or born to at least one immigrant parent (20%).^[79]

Of European ethnic groups not indigenous to France, the most numerous are people of Italian family origin and it is estimated that about 5 million citizens (8% of the population) are at least partly of Italian origin if their parentage is retraced over three generations.^[80] This is due to waves of Italian immigration, notably during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Other large European groups of non-native origin are Spaniards, Portuguese, Romanians, Poles, and Greeks. Also, due to more recent immigration, between five and six million people of Maghrebi origin^[81] and approximately 800,000 Turks inhabit France.^[82][83]

An influx of Maghrebi Jews immigrated to France in the 1950s and after the Algerian War due to the decline of the French empire. Subsequent waves of immigration followed the Six-Day War, when some Moroccan and Tunisian Jews settled in France. Hence, by 1968, Maghrebi Jews were about 500,000 and the majority in France. As the majority of these new immigrants were already culturally French, because of their cooperation with colonists, they needed little time to adjust to French society.^{[citation needed]} Black people come from both the French overseas territories (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, and former colony Haiti) and Sub-Saharan Africa (especially Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal). France has the largest black population in Europe.

There is a substantial Romani population in France. There is approximately 400,000 Roma living in France. ^[84]

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to France

Since the 19th century, France has continued being a country of immigration. During the Trente Glorieuses (1946–1975), the country's reconstruction and steady economic growth led to the labor-immigration of the 1960s, when many employers found manpower in villages located in Southern Europe and North Africa. In 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (second generation) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 5.5 million are of European origin and 4 million of Maghrebi origin.^[85][86]

Proportion of immigrant population of France 1921-2021 ^[87]

Immigration to France exceeded 200,000 in recent years, as shown in table below.^[88]

Region	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	% 2012
Europe	80 500	78 660	80 120	79 290	80 330	75 040	88 820	94 580	105 830	46 % (including from Eastern Europe)
Africa	70 200	66 110	62 340	62 140	63 470	66 480	65 610	66 280	68 640	30 % (including from Maghreb)
Asia	30 960	30 120	30 520	32 070	30 180	32 960	29 810	32 430	32 060	14 % (including from China)
America and Oceania	19 810	19 990	20 460	18 770	21 440	20 450	26 270	23 360	23 070	10%
All countries	201 470	194 880	193 440	192 270	195 420	194 930	210 510	216 650	229 600	100%

Before World War II

In the 20th century, France experienced a high rate of immigration from other countries. The immigration rate was particularly high during the 1920s and 1930s. France was the European country which suffered the most from World War I, with respect to the size of its population, losing 1.3 million young men out of a total population of 40 million. France was also at the time the European country with the lowest fertility rate, which meant that the country had a very hard time recovering from the heavy losses of the war. France had to open its doors to immigration, which was the only way to prevent population decline between the two world wars.^[89]

At the time, France was the only European country to permit mass immigration. The other major European powers, such as the UK or Germany, still had high fertility rates, so immigration was seen as unnecessary, and it was also undesirable to the vast majority of their populations. The majority of immigrants in the 1920s came from Italy and Poland, though from the 1930s, some also came from elsewhere in southern and eastern Europe, and the first wave of colonial French subjects from Africa and Asia. This mass immigration was ended and partially reversed by the economic problems of the 1930s.^[90] By the end of the Spanish Civil War, some half-million Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France.^[91]

Local populations often opposed immigrant manpower, leading to occasional outbursts of violence. The most violent was a pogrom against Italian workers who worked in the salt evaporation ponds of Peccais, erupted in Aigues-Mortes in 1893, killing at least nine and injuring hundreds on the Italian side.^[92]

After World War II

After World War II, the French fertility rate rebounded considerably, as noted above, but economic growth in France was so high that new immigrants had to be brought into the country. Most immigrants were Portuguese as well as Arabs and Berbers from North Africa. The first wave arrived in the 1950s, but the major arrivals happened in the 1960s and 1970s. More than one million people from the Maghreb immigrated in the 1960s and early 1970s from North Africa, especially Algeria (following the end of French rule there)^{[citation needed]}. One million European pieds noirs also migrated from Algeria in 1962 and the following years during the chaotic independence of Algeria.^[93] France has over three million French of Algerian descent, a small percentage of whom are third-or fourth-generation French.

French law facilitated the immigration of thousands of French settlers (colons in French language), ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and Indochina, to mainland France. 1.6 million European pieds noirs settlers migrated from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.^[94] In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime as the Pol Pot government confiscated their farms and land properties. However, after the 1973 energy crisis, laws limiting immigration were passed. In addition, the country's birth rate dropped significantly during this time.

Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 Sephardic North African Jews from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco also immigrated to France because of the decline of the French colonial empire and following the Six-Day War. Hence, by 1968, Sephardic North African Jews were the majority of the Jews in France. As the new immigrants were already culturally French, they needed little time to adjust to French society.^[95]

In the late 1970s, the end of high economic growth in France caused immigration policies to be considerably tightened, starting with laws by Charles Pasqua passed in 1986 and 1993. New immigrants were allowed only through the family reunion schemes (wives and children moving to France to live with husbands or fathers already living in France), or as asylum seekers. Illegal immigration thus developed as immigration policy became more rigid. In 2006, The French Ministry of the Interior estimated clandestine immigrants in France amounted to anywhere between 200,000 and 400,000 and expected between 80,000 and 100,000 people to enter the country illegally each year.^[96]

The Pasqua laws are a significant landmark in the shift in France's immigration policy through the course of the 20th century. They are a sign of the securitization aspect of immigration, giving more power to the police, allowing them to perform random identity checks and deport immigrants without legal papers. The rise in anti-immigration sentiments was reinforced by a series of terrorist bombs in Paris in 1986, linked to Muslim immigrants in France.^[97]

Tightening immigration laws, as well as notions of "zero immigration", reflected national views that arose within the discussion around immigrant family reunification and national identity. Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI) immigration expert, Christophe Bertossi, states that stigmatized as both a challenge to social cohesion and a "burden" for the French economy, family immigration is increasingly restricted and constructed as a racial issue. The "immigration choisie" policy strives consequently to select migrants according to their profile, skills and, still indirectly, origins.^[98][99]

Nonetheless, immigration rates in the 1980s and 1990s were much lower than in the 1960s and 1970s, especially compared to other European countries. The regions of emigrations also widened, with new immigrants now coming from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In the 1970s, a small but well-publicized wave of Chilean and Argentine political refugees from their countries' dictatorships found asylum in France.

Ethnic Vietnamese started to become a visible segment of society after the massive influx of refugees after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The expulsions of ethnic Chinese from Vietnam in the 1970s led to a wave of immigration and the settlement of the high-rise neighbourhood near the Porte d'Italie, where the Chinatown of Paris is located. Located in the 13th arrondissement, the area contains many ethnic Chinese inhabitants.^[100]

According to the distinguished French historian of immigration Gérard Noiriel, in 1989 one third of the population currently living in France was of "foreign" descent.^[101]

According to Michèle Tribalat, researcher at INED, there were, in 1999, approximately 14 million persons of foreign ancestry (about a quarter of the population), defined as either immigrants or people with at least one immigrant parent or grandparent. Half of them were of European ancestry (including 5.2 million from South Europe (Italy, Spain, Portugal and former Yugoslavia)). The rest were from Maghreb (3 million), Sub-Saharan Africa (680,000), Turkey (320,000) and other parts of the world (2.5 million).^[102] Immigrants from the Maghreb are commonly referred to as beur, a verlan slang term derived from the word arabe (French for Arab).^[103]

The large-scale immigration from Islamic countries has sparked controversy in France. Nevertherless, according to Justin Vaïsse, in spite of challengesb and setbacks like the riots in November 2005, in Parisian suburbs, where many immigrants live secluded from society with very few capabilities to live in better conditions, the integration of Muslim immigrants is happening as part of a background evolution^[104] and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy" with rates ranging from 20% to 50%.^[105] According to Emmanuel Todd, the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria.^[106][107] One illustration of this growing resentment and job insecurity can be drawn from related events, such as the 2005 riots, which ensued in former President Chirac declaring a state of emergency.^[108] Massive demonstrations to express frustration over unemployment took place in March 2009.^[109] The importance of integration was brought to the forefront of the political agenda in Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign. Upon being elected, he symbolically created the French Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Codevelopment. Integration is one of the pillars of its political aims.^[110]

Today

In 2014, the National Institute of Statistics (INSEE is its acronym in French) published a study, according to which the numbers of Spanish, Portuguese and Italians in France had doubled between 2009 and 2012.

According to the French Institute, the increase resulting from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has pushed up the number of Europeans installed in France.^[9] Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107% between 2009 and 2012, from 5300 to 11,000 people.^[9][111]

Of 229,000 foreigners in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, Belgians 3% and Dutch 2%.^[9]

With the increase of Spanish, Portuguese and Italians in France, in 2012 46% of immigrants were European, while the percentage for African immigrants reached 30%, of which Moroccans were 7%, Algerians 7%, and Tunisians 3%. Meanwhile, 14% of all immigrants who settled in France in that year were from Asian countries: 3% from China, 2% from Turkey, 10% from America and Oceania, Americans and Brazilians accounting for 2% each.^[9]

As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (limited to second-generation born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. More than 5.5 million are of European origin and about 4 million of Maghrebi origin (20% of Algerian origin and 15% of Moroccan or Tunisian origin). Immigrants aged 18 to 50 count for 2.7 million (10% of population age 18–50) and 5 million for all ages (8% of population). The second-generation immigrants aged 18 to 50 make up 3.1 million (12% of 18–50) and 6.5 million for all ages (11% of population).^[85][86] Without considering citizenship at birth, people not born in metropolitan France and their direct descendants made up 30% of the population aged 18–50 in metropolitan France as of 2008.^[112]

The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Île-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. Other important regions are Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Marseille). The most important individual countries of origin as of 2007 were Algeria (702,000), Morocco (645,000), Portugal (576,000), Italy (323,000), Spain (262,000) and Turkey (234,000). However, immigration from Asia (especially China), as well as from Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Mali) is gaining in importance.

42% of the immigrants are from Africa (30% from Maghreb and 12% from Sub-Saharan Africa), 38% from Europe (mainly from Portugal, Italy and Spain), 14% from Asia and 5% from America and Oceania.^[86] Outside Europe and North Africa, the highest rate of immigration is from Vietnam, Cambodia and Senegal.

The following table shows immigrants and second-generation immigrants by origin as of 2008 according to a study published by Insee in 2012. Third-generation immigrants, illegal immigrants, as well as ethnic minorities like black people from the French overseas territories residing in metropolitan France (800,000), Roms (500,000) or people born in Maghreb with French citizenship at birth (1 million Maghrebi Jews, Harkis and Pied-Noir) and their descendants, who are French by birth and not considered as immigrants or immigrant descendants, are not taken into account.^{[113][page needed]}

Net migration rate 1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 61th

Immigrants by origin (2008) in thousands	Immigrants	Second generation	Total	%
Spain	257	620	877	7.3%
Italy	317	920	1 237	10.4%
Portugal	581	660	1 241	10.4%
Other countries from EU27	653	920	1 573	13.2%
Other European countries	224	210	434	3.6%
Europe Total	2 032	3 330	5 362	44.9%
Algeria	713	1 000	1 713	14.3%
Morocco	654	660	1 314	11.0%
Tunisia	235	290	525	4.4%
Maghreb Total	1 602	1 950	3 552	29.7%
Subsaharan Africa	669	570	1 239	10.4%
Turkey	239	220	459	3.8%
SouthEast Asia	163	160	323	2.7%
Other Asian countries	355	210	565	4.7%
America/Oceania	282	170	452	3.8%
Other Regions Total	1 708	1 330	3 038	25.4%
Total	5 342	6 610	11 952	100.00%

Place of Birth	Year
	2011^[114]
	Number	%
Place of Birth in Reporting Country (France)	57,611,142
Place of Birth Not in Reporting Country	7,321,237
Other EU Member State	2,119,454
Outside EU but within Europe	313,555
Outside Europe/ Non-European	5,201,782
Africa	3,596,143
Asia	925,183
North America	77,569
Caribbean, South or Central America	279,529
Oceania	9,803
Total	64,933,400	100%

Immigrants by country of birth as of 2021:^[115]

Country	Population
Algeria	887,100
Morocco	834,600
Portugal	598,500
Tunisia	316,100
Italy	287,800
Turkey	250,500
Spain	243,200
United Kingdom	144,900
Romania	137,900
Belgium	126,500
Senegal	122,200
Ivory Coast	119,300
China	108,500
Germany	106,600
DR Congo	98,800
Cameroon	98,700
Haiti	98,200
Mali	96,400
Serbia	88,100
Madagascar	85,000
Poland	83,200
Vietnam	78,200
Congo	76,000
Russia	73,500
Brazil	61,400
Guinea	61,000
Switzerland	59,000
Cambodia	51,100
Sri Lanka	50,300
India	48,300

In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.^[116] In 2005, immigration levels fell slightly to 135,890.^[117] The European Union allows free movement between the member states. While the UK (along with Ireland and Sweden and non-EU members Norway and Switzerland) did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration.

As at 1 January 2006, INSEE estimated that the number of foreigners living in metropolitan France amounted to 3.5 million people. Two out of five foreigners are from Portugal, Algeria or Morocco. Thus, EU nationals immigrating to France comprise 1.2 million people, and 1.1 million people are from the three Maghreb countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Immigrants are concentrated in Île-de-France, Rhone-Alpes, Provence and Côte d'Azur regions, accounting for 60% of the total immigrant population. Furthermore, there appears to be a lower rate of immigrants arriving from the EU since 1975 as opposed to an increase in African immigrants.^[118]

In the first decade of the 21st century, the net migration rate was estimated to be 0.66 migrants per 1,000 population a year.^[119] This is a very low rate of immigration compared to other European countries, the United States or Canada. Since the beginning of the 1990s, France has been attempting to curb immigration, first with the Pasqua laws, followed by both right-wing and socialist-issued laws. This trend is also demonstrated in anti-immigrant sentiments among the public. For example, the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. conducted a public opinion poll in February 2004 among French nationals. This poll measured the extent of support for restricting immigration among French nationals, by age cohort. 24% of individuals 18 to 29 were restricting immigration, with 33% of individuals 30 to 49 and 53% for both 50 to 64 and 65 and over.^[120] Nearly nine years later, a January 2013 poll conducted in France by Ipsos found that 70% of respondents said that there were "too many immigrants in France".^[121]

The immigration rate is currently lower than in other European countries such as United Kingdom and Spain; however, some say it is unlikely that the policies in themselves account for such a change. Again, as in the 1920s and 1930s, France stands in contrast with the rest of Europe. Back in the 1920s and 1930s, when other European countries had a high fertility rate, France had a low fertility rate and opened its doors to immigration to avoid a population decline. Today, it is the rest of Europe that has very low fertility rates, and countries like Germany or Spain avoid population decline only through immigration. In France, however, the fertility rate is still fairly high for European standards. It is, in fact, the highest in Europe after Ireland (the EU) and Albania (perhaps higher than Ireland's) and so most population growth is due to natural increase, unlike in the other European countries.^[122]

The difference in immigration trends is also because the labour market in France is currently less dynamic than in other countries such as the UK, Ireland or Spain. One reason for this could be France's relatively high unemployment, which the country has struggled to reduce for the past two decades. There is also a parallel dynamic between immigration and unemployment. Immigrants tend to be subjected to higher rates of unemployment. In 2008, the immigrant unemployment rate in France was a startling 13%, twice as high as for the national population (6%).^[123] One can further analyse the trend in relation to education. In the ministry's 2010 report on professional inclusion for immigrants, 19.6% of immigrants without any education were unemployed while 16.1% of immigrants who had graduated high school were unemployed. Only 11.4% of immigrants with an undergraduate degree or higher were unemployed.^[124]

For example, according to the UK Office for National Statistics, between July 2001 and July 2004, the population of the UK increased by 721,500 inhabitants, of which 242,800 (34%) was due to natural increase, 478,500 (66%) to immigration.^[125] According to the INSEE, between January 2001 and January 2004 the population of Metropolitan France increased by 1,057,000 inhabitants of which 678,000 (64%) was due to natural increase, 379,500 (36%) from immigration.^[126]

The latest 2008 demographic statistics have been released, and France's birth and fertility rates have continued to rise. The fertility rate increased to 2.01 in 2012^[34] and, for the first time, surpasses the fertility rate of the United States.^[127]

North and South Americans in France

Americans total more than 100,000^[128] permanent residents in France, Canadians 11,931,^[129] followed by Latin Americans, a growing subgroup, the most numerous of which are Brazilians, at 44,622,^[130] followed by Colombians, at 40,000, Venezuelans, at 30,000,^[131] Peruvians, at 22,002,^[132] Argentineans, at 11,899,^[133] and Chileans, 15,782.^[134]

Europeans in France

In 2014 The National Institute of Statistics (INSEE, for its acronym in French) published a study, according to which has doubled the number of Spanish immigrants, Portuguese and Italians in France between 2009 and 2012.

According to the French Institute, the increase resulting from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has pushed up the number of Europeans installed in France.^[9] Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people.^[111]

Of the total of 229,000 foreigners in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%,^[9] Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, 3% Belgians.^[9]

With the increase of Spanish, Portuguese and Italian in France, the weight of European immigrants arrived in 2012 to 46 percent, while this percentage for African reached 30%, with a presence in Morocco (7%), Algeria (7%) and Tunisia (3%).

Meanwhile, 14% of all immigrants who settled in France that year were from Asian countries: 3% of China and 2% in Turkey, while in America and Oceania constitute 10% of Americans and Brazilians accounted for higher percentage, 2% each.^[9]

Maghrebis in France

People of Maghrebi origin form the largest ethnic group in the country after those of European origin.

According to Michèle Tribalat, a researcher at INED, there were 3.5 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7 million in 2005).^[135] Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the Paris region. Many famous French people like Edith Piaf,^[136] Isabelle Adjani, Arnaud Montebourg, Alain Bashung, Dany Boon and many others have Maghrebi ancestry.

Below is a table of population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands:

Country	1999	2005	% 1999/2005	% French population (60.7 million in 2005)
Algeria	1,577	1,865	+18.3%	3.1%
Immigrants	574	679
Born in France	1,003	1,186
Morocco	1,005	1,201	+19.5%	2.0%
Immigrants	523	625
Born in France	482	576
Tunisia	417	458	+9.8%	0.8%
Immigrants	202	222
Born in France	215	236
Total Maghreb	2,999	3,524	+17.5%	5.8%
Immigrants	1 299	1 526		2.5%
Born in France	1 700	1 998		3.3%

In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in Metropolitan France, 12% in Greater Paris and above 20% in French département of Seine-Saint-Denis.^[137][138]

2005	Seine-Saint-Denis	Val-de-Marne	Val-d'Oise	Lyon	Paris	France
Total Maghreb	22.0%	13.2%	13.0%	13.0%	12.1%	6.9%

According to other sources, between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.^[139]

Immigration policy

As mentioned above, the French Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Codevelopment was created immediately following the appointment of Nicolas Sarkozy as president of France in 2007. Immigration has been a relevant political dimension in France's agenda in recent years. Sarkozy's agenda has sharpened the focus placed on integration of immigrants living in France as well as their acquisition of national identity. The state of immigration policy in France is fourfold. Its pillars of immigration policy are to regulate migratory flows in and out of France, facilitate immigrants' integration and promote French identity, honor the French tradition's principle of welcoming political asylum and promote solidarity within the immigrant population (principle of co-development).^[140] In its 2010 Budget report, the Ministry of Immigration declared it would fund €600 million for its immigration policy objectives, a figure representing 60 million more than in 2009 (otherwise an 11.5% increase from 2009 figures).^[124]

In July 2006, President Sarkozy put into effect a law on immigration based upon the notion of "chosen immigration",^[141] which allows immigration into France to a restricted field of employment sectors, notably the hotel and restaurant industries, construction and seasonal employment. The following summer of 2007, Sarkozy amended the law to require the acquisition of the French language as a pre-condition. According to Christophe Bertossi, immigration expert in France's Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI), "there is a dominant trend in the French policy to stem family migration, notably conditioned after the 2007 law by a minimum level of French language tested and by the demonstration that he/she endorses the main French constitutional principles".^[142]

Despite Sarkozy's law, immigration from former colonies in the Maghreb and West Africa would end up steadily increasing under the presidencies of Nicolas Sarkozy, François Hollande and Emmanuel Macron.^[143]

France, along with other EU countries, have still not signed their agreement to the United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families of 1990.^[144] This convention is a treaty to protect migrant workers' rights, in recognition of their human rights.

Alternative policies have been discussed in formulating immigration policy, such as a quota system. At the beginning of 2008, as the government was rethinking its orientation on immigration policy with the creation of the new ministry, the idea of a quota system was introduced as a possible alternative. In early 2008, a proposal was made to Parliament to decide each year how many immigrants to accept, based on skill and origin. However, this quota policy contradicts the French Constitution. A commission was formed in February 2008 to study how the Constitution could be changed to allow for a quota system. The main difficulty is the origin principle of establishing a quota "constituting a breach in the universalistic ideology of the French Republic".^[98]

On 18 January 2008, the government published a list of 150 job titles that were encountering difficult supply of labour.^[145] Most immigrants living in France today are reported to cover the following sectors: agriculture, service to persons in need (childcare, the elderly), construction, education, health and services to businesses.^[146] Thus, the government is seeking to match immigrants with the economic makeup of France. The current administration could also seek to integrate migrants and their families through education and training, making them more competitive in the job market. To tackle critical labour shortages, France also decided to participate in the EU Blue Card.

Therefore, the outlook towards immigrants in France is shifting as unemployment continues to dominate the political agenda, along with political incentives to strengthen French national identity. Recent incidents, such as the 2005 civil unrest and Romani repatriation have shed light on France's immigration policies and how these are viewed globally, especially in congruence or discontinuity with the EU. A longitudinal study has been conducted since March 2010 to provide qualitative research regarding the integration of new immigrants.^[147] The report is being finalized at the end of December 2010 and will be most relevant to provide insight into further immigration policy analysis for the French government.

Languages

Main article: Languages of France

French is the only official language of France, and is constitutionally required to be the language of government and administration. There is a rising cultural awareness of the regional languages of France, which enjoy no official status.^{[citation needed]} These regional languages include the Langue d'oïl, Langue d'oc, Romance languages other than French, Basque, Breton and Germanic languages. Immigrant groups from former French colonies and elsewhere have also brought their own languages.

Religion

Main article: Religion in France

Religion in France in 2017 by Ipsos (Ipsos Group)^[148]

  Catholicism (57.5%)

  No religion (35.0%)

  Other religion (3.5%)

  Protestant (3%)

  Unanswered (1.0%)

France has not collected religious or ethnic data in its censuses since the beginning of the Third Republic,^[50][51] but the country's predominant faith has been Roman Catholicism since the early Middle Ages. Church attendance is fairly low, however, and the proportion of the population that is not religious has grown over the past century. A 2004 IFOP survey tallied that 44% of the French people did not believe in God; contrasted to 20% in 1947.^[149] A study by the CSA Institute conducted in 2003 with a sample of 18,000 people found that 65.3% considered themselves Roman Catholic, while 27% considered themselves atheists, and 12.7% (8,065,000 people) belonged to a religion other than Catholicism.

In the early 21st century there were an estimated 5 million Muslims in France,^[150] one million Protestants, 600,000 Buddhists, 491,000 Jews,^[151] and 150,000 Orthodox Christians.^{[citation needed]} The US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2004^[152] estimated the French Hindu population at 181,312. These studies did not ask the respondents if they were practicing or how often they did practice if they were active in the laity.

According to a poll conducted in 2001 for French Catholic magazine La Croix, 69% of respondents were Roman Catholic, 22% agnostic or atheist, 2% Protestant (Calvinist, Lutheran, Anglican and Evangelical), and 7% belonged to other religions.^[153]

According to a 2015 estimate of CIA World Factbook the numbers are: Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Jewish 0.5-0.75%, Buddhist 0.5-0.75%, other 0.5-1.0%, none 23-28%.^[154]

List of France's largest aires urbaines (metropolitan areas)

The following is a list of the twenty largest aires urbaines (metropolitan areas) in France, based on their population at the 2015 census. Population at the 2006 census is indicated for comparison.

Between 2006 and 2011, Toulouse, Rennes, Montpellier, Nantes, Bordeaux and Lyon had the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in France.

Rank (2015)	Rank (2006)	Aire urbaine (metropolitan area)^[155]	Population (2015)	Population (2006)	Yearly change (2006-2011)	Land area (km^2)
1	1	Paris^[156]	12,532,901	11,956,493	+0.56%	17,174
2	2	Lyon^[157]	2,291,763	2,085,107	+0.98%	6,019
3	3	Marseille - Aix-en-Provence^[158]	1,752,938	1,692,459	+0.33%	3,174
4	4	Toulouse^[159]	1,330,954	1,169,865	+1.34%	5,381
5	5	Lille (French part) ^[160]	1,215,769	1,152,507	+0.12%	926
6	6	Bordeaux^[161]	1,184,708	1,086,106	+0.99%	5,613
7	7	Nice^[162]	1,005,891	995,968	+0.16%	2,585
8	8	Nantes^[163]	949,316	841,404	+1.00%	3,302
9	9	Strasbourg (French part) ^[164]	780,515	749,766	+0.38%	2,198
10	12	Rennes^[165]	719,840	637,673	+1.29%	3,747
11	10	Grenoble^[166]	690,050	659,459	+0.47%	2,621
12	11	Rouen^[167]	663,743	643,499	+0.36%	2,367
13	13	Toulon^[168]	622,895	598,514	+0.28%	1,196
14	15	Montpellier^[169]	599,965	529,401	+1.18%	1,673
15	14	Douai - Lens^[170]	539,715	545,636	−0.10%	679
16	17	Avignon^[171]	527,731	501,866	+0.52%	2,083
17	16	Saint-Étienne^[172]	515,585	508,284	+0.01%	1,689
18	18	Tours^[173]	492,722	469,244	+0.47%	3,184
19	19	Clermont-Ferrand^[174]	479,096	454,553	+0.55%	2,420
20	20	Nancy^[175]	435,336	432,481	+0.10%	2,367

Urbanization

urban population: 81% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.72% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

See also

• French people – officially a nationality, also discusses overseas French descendants.
• List of French people of immigrant origin
• List of French people
• Racism in France
• List of fifteen largest French metropolitan areas by population
• INSEE code
• Pied-noirs, the name for French settlers in Algeria
• Caldoches
• Population of Paris
• Jews in France
• French immigration to Puerto Rico
• French Portuguese
• French Canadian
• French American
• Franco-Mauritian
• Roma in France
• Immigration statistics in France

Notes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

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Further reading

• Diebolt, Claude, and Perrin Faustine. Understanding Demographic Transitions. An Overview of French Historical Statistics (Springer, 2016) 176 pages. table of contents
• Dyer, Colin L. Population and Society in 20th Century France (1978)
• Henry, Louis. "The population of France in the eighteenth century." in Population in History (1965). pp 441+
• Spengler, Joseph J. France Faces Depopulation (1938)
• Van de Walle, Etienne. The female population of France in the nineteenth century: a reconstruction of 82 départements (Princeton University Press, 1974)

External links

• Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality, by year
• (in French) – Introduction and first chapter of Éric Maurin's book Le ghetto français, enquête sur le séparatisme social
• (in French) Population of French communes with more than 2,000 inhabitants
• (in French) Une question de la seconde génération en France – Le rôle de l'école dans la formation d'une identité minoritaire, par Patrick Simon
• France opens first museum dedicated to the history of immigration – Networkeurope.org
• Immigration expert , has written extensively on the topic and is a well-respected intellectual voice in France.
• French immigration motives in numbers, INSEE
• Ministerial webpage
• Population statistics, INSEE webpage
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Migration office
• , immigration.gouv.fr
• , linkexpats.com