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Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

October 18, 2023

The classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation. These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions.

The Americas, Western Hemisphere
Cultural regions of North American people at the time of contact
Early Indigenous languages in the US

Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico Edit

In the United States and Canada, ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits, called cultural areas.[1] Greenland is part of the Arctic region. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.

Arctic Edit

 
Inuktitut dialect map
 
Early Indigenous languages in Alaska

Subarctic Edit

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic

Pacific Northwest coast Edit

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast

Northwest Plateau Edit

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau

Chinook peoples Edit

Interior Salish Edit

Sahaptin people Edit

Other or both Edit

  • Cayuse, Oregon, Washington
  • Celilo (Wayampam), Oregon
  • Cowlitz, Washington
  • Kalapuya, northwest Oregon
  • Klamath, Oregon
  • Kutenai (Kootenai, Ktunaxa), British Columbia, ID, and MT
  • Lower Snake people: Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam
  • Modoc, formerly California, now Oklahoma and Oregon
  • Molala (Molale), Oregon
  • Nicola Athapaskans (extinct), British Columbia
  • Palus (Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
  • Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan), Washington

Great Plains Edit

Main article: Plains Indians

Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes.

Eastern Woodlands Edit

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands

Northeastern Woodlands Edit

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands

Southeastern Woodlands Edit

Further information: Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands and Indigenous peoples of Florida

Great Basin Edit

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin

California Edit

Main article: Indigenous peoples of California

Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes.[56]

Southwest Edit

Main articles: Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest and Oasisamerica

This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Western Texas, Southern Utah, Chihuahua, and Sonora

Mexico and Mesoamerica Edit

The regions of Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.

Aridoamerica Edit

 
Aridoamerica region of North America
Main article: Aridoamerica

Mesoamerica Edit

 
Map of Mesoamerica

Circum-Caribbean Edit

Further information: Isthmo-Colombian Area

Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians.[65]

Caribbean Edit

Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago.[65]

Central America Edit

The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador, most of Honduras, all of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador.[65]

Colombia and Venezuela Edit

The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela. Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.[65]

  • Abibe, northwestern Colombia
  • Aburrá, central Colombia
  • Achagua (Axagua), eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
  • Agual, western Colombia
  • Amaní, central Colombia
  • Ancerma, western Colombia
  • Andaqui (Andaki), Huila Department, Colombia
  • Andoque, Andoke, southeastern Colombia
  • Antiochia, Colombia
  • Arbi, western Colombia
  • Arma, western Colombia
  • Atunceta, western Colombia
  • Auracana, northeastern Colombia
  • Buriticá, western Colombia
  • Caquetio, western Venezuela
  • Calamari, northwestern Colombia
  • Calima culture, western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CE
  • Caramanta, western Columbia
  • Carate, northeastern Colombia
  • Carare, northeastern Colombia
  • Carex, northwestern Colombia
  • Cari, western Colombia
  • Carrapa, western Colombia
  • Cartama, western Colombia
  • Cauca, western Colombia
  • Corbago, northeastern Colombia
  • Cosina, northeastern Colombia
  • Catio, northwestern Colombia
  • Cenú, northwestern Colombia
  • Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia
  • Chanco, western Colombia
  • Coanoa, northeastern Colombia
  • Cuiba, east Colombia west Venezuela
  • Cuica, western Venezuela
  • Cumanagoto, eastern Venezuela
  • Evéjito, western Colombia
  • Fincenú, northwestern Colombia
  • Gorrón, western Colombia
  • Guahibo (Guajibo), eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela
  • Guambía, western Colombia
  • Guanes, Colombia, pre-Columbian culture
  • Guanebucan, northeastern Colombia
  • Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia
  • Hiwi, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela
  • Jamundí, western Colombia
  • Kari'ña, eastern Venezuela
  • Kogi, northern Colombia
  • Lile, western Colombia
  • Lache, central Colombia
  • Mariche, central Venezuela
  • Maco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
  • Mompox, northwestern Colombia
  • Motilone, northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
  • Naura, central Colombia
  • Nauracota, central Colombia
  • Noanamá (Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and Panama
  • Nutabé, northwestern Colombia
  • Opón, northeastern Colombia
  • Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia
  • Pancenú, northwestern Colombia
  • Patángoro, central Colombia
  • Paucura, western Colombia
  • Pemed, northwestern Colombia
  • Pequi people, western Colombia
  • Picara, western Colombia
  • Pozo, western Colombia
  • Pumé (Yaruro), Venezuela
  • Quimbaya, central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CE
  • Quinchia, western Colombia
  • Sutagao, central Colombian
  • Tahamí, northwestern Colombia
  • Tairona, northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CE
  • Tamalameque, northwestern Colombia
  • Mariche, central Venezuela
  • Timba, western Colombia
  • Timote, western Venezuela
  • Tinigua, Caquetá Department, Colombia
  • Tolú, northwestern Colombia
  • Toro, western Colombia
  • Tupe, northeastern Colombia
  • Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia
  • Urabá, northwestern Colombia
  • Urezo, northwestern Colombia
  • U'wa, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
  • Waikerí, eastern Venezuela
  • Wayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
  • Xiriguana, northeastern Colombia
  • Yamicí, northwestern Colombia
  • Yapel, northwestern Colombia
  • Yarigui, northeastern Colombia
  • Yukpa, Yuko, northeastern Colombia
  • Zamyrua, northeastern Colombia
  • Zendagua, northwestern Colombia
  • Zenú, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE
  • Zopia, western Colombia

Guianas Edit

 
The Guianas in northern South America
 
The position of the Guianas in the Neotropical realm in northern South America

This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil.

  • Acawai (6N 60W)
  • Acokwa (3N 53W)
  • Acuria (Akurio, Akuriyo), 5N 55W, Suriname
  • Akawaio, Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
  • Amariba (2N 60W)
  • Amicuana (2N 53W)
  • Apalaí (Apalai), Amapá, Brazil
  • Apirua (3N 53W)
  • Apurui (3N 53W)
  • Aracaret (4N 53W)
  • Aramagoto (2N 54W)
  • Aramisho (2N 54W)
  • Arebato (7N 65W)
  • Arekena (2N 67W)
  • Arhuaco, northeastern Colombia
  • Arigua
  • Arinagoto (4N 63W)
  • Arua (1N 50W)
  • Aruacay, Venezuela
  • Atorai (2N 59W)
  • Atroahy (1S 62W)
  • Auaké, Brazil and Guyana
  • Baniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
  • Baraüana (1N 65W)
  • Bonari (3S 58W)
  • Baré (3N 67W)
  • Caberre (4N 71 W)
  • Cadupinago
  • Cariaya (1S 63 W)
  • Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela
  • Carinepagoto, Trinidad
  • Chaguan, Venezuela
  • Chaima, Venezuela
  • Cuaga, Venezuela
  • Cuacua, Venezuela
  • Cumanagoto, Venezuela
  • Guayano, Venezuela
  • Guinau (4N 65W)
  • Hixkaryána, Amazonas, Brazil
  • Hodï, Venezuela
  • Inao (4N 65W)
  • Ingarikó, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela
  • Jaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
  • Kali'na, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela
  • Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela
  • Macapa (2N 59W)
  • Macushi, Brazil and Guyana
  • Maipure (4N 67W)
  • Maopityan (2N 59W)
  • Mapoyo (Mapoye), Venezuela
  • Marawan (3N 52W)
  • Mariusa, Venezuela
  • Marourioux (3N 53W)
  • Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
  • Orealla, Guyana
  • Palengue, Venezuela
  • Palikur, Brazil, French Guiana
  • Parauana (2N 63W)
  • Parauien (3S 60W)
  • Pareco, Venezuela
  • Paria, Venezuela
  • Patamona, Roraima, Brazil
  • Pauishana (2N 62W)
  • Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
  • Piapoco (3N 70W)
  • Piaroa, Venezuela
  • Pino (3N 54W)
  • Piritú, Venezuela
  • Purui (2N 52W)
  • Saliba (Sáliva), Venezuela
  • Sanumá, Venezuela, Brazil
  • Shebayo, Trinidad
  • Sikiana (Chikena, Xikiyana), Brazil, Suriname
  • Tagare, Venezuela
  • Tamanaco, Venezuela
  • Tarumá (3S 60W)
  • Tibitibi, Venezuela
  • Tiriyó (Tarëno), Brazil, Suriname
  • Tocoyen (3N 53W)
  • Tumuza, Venezuela
  • Wai-Wai, Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana
  • Wapishana, Brazil and Guyana
  • Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela
  • Wayana (Oyana), Pará, Brazil
  • Ya̧nomamö (Yanomami), Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil
  • Ye'kuana, Venezuela, Brazil

Eastern Brazil Edit

This region includes parts of the Ceará, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil

Andes Edit

 
The Tawantinsuyu, or fullest extent of the Inca Empire, which includes much of the Andean cultural region
Main article: Andes § Human activity

Pacific lowlands Edit

Amazon Edit

Main article: Amazon basin

Northwestern Amazon Edit

This region includes Amazonas in Brazil; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia; Cotopaxi, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador; and the Loreto Region in Peru.

Eastern Amazon Edit

This region includes Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil.

Southern Amazon Edit

This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, parts of Pará, and Rondônia) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department).

Southwestern Amazon Edit

This region includes the Cuzco, Huánuco Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia, Brazil, and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia.

Gran Chaco Edit

 
Approximate region of the Gran Chaco
Main article: Gran Chaco

Southern Cone Edit

 
Patagonian languages at the time of European/African contact
Main article: Southern Cone

Fjords and channels of Patagonia Edit

Languages Edit

Main article: Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.[74]

Genetic classification Edit

Main article: Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Further information: Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA).[75] Y-DNA, like (mtDNA), differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied.[76] The pattern indicates Indigenous peoples of the Americas experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial-peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas.[77][78] The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American populations.[77]

Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population.[79][80] The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.[81] The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations.[82][83][84] This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.[85]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  2. ^ "Dena'ina." 2016-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Alaska Native Language Center. Accessed December 10, 2016.
  3. ^ "Slavey". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  4. ^ Indian Claims Commission (1978). Indian Claims Commission Decisions, Volume 11, Part 1. Washington, DC: Native American Rights Fund. pp. 332–33.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Sturtevant and Trigger ix
  6. ^ a b c d "Preamble." Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Cultural Thesaurus" 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. National Museum of the American Indian. Accessed 8 April 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger 241
  9. ^ a b c d Sturtevant and Trigger 198
  10. ^ a b c d e Goddard 72
  11. ^ Goddard 72 and 237
  12. ^ a b c d e Goddard 237
  13. ^ Goddard 72, 237–38
  14. ^ a b c Goddard 238
  15. ^ Goddard 72 and 238
  16. ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Trigger 161
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81–82
  20. ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
  21. ^ Sturtevant and Trigger 96
  22. ^ Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. "Native American Tribes in Massachusetts". History of Massachusetts. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  23. ^ Sturtevant and Trigger 255
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
  25. ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
  27. ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617
  31. ^ Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315
  32. ^ a b c d Frank, Andrew K. Indian Removal. 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  33. ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
  34. ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–99
  35. ^ a b c d e Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee. University Press of Florida. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5.
  36. ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
  37. ^ Haliwa-Saponi Tribe. 2009-04-22 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  38. ^ Hann 1993
  39. ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hann 1996, 5–13
  41. ^ Milanich 1999, p. 49.
  42. ^ Milanich 1996, p. 46.
  43. ^ Hann 2003:11
  44. ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
  45. ^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, ix
  46. ^ a b c d e f g Pritzker, 230
  47. ^ D'Azevedo, 161–62
  48. ^ a b c Loether, Christopher. "Shoshones" 2014-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
  49. ^ a b c Shimkin 335
  50. ^ a b c d e f Murphy and Murphy 306
  51. ^ a b c Murphy and Murphy 287
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–83
  53. ^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, 339
  54. ^ a b c d D'Azevedo, 340
  55. ^ Nicholas, Walter S. . RRanch.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  56. ^ Pritzker 112
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Heizer ix
  58. ^ Heizer 205–07
  59. ^ Heizer 190
  60. ^ Heizer 593
  61. ^ Heizer 769
  62. ^ Heizer 249
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mexico: Map". Ethnologue. from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  64. ^ "Paipai Language (Akwa'ala)" 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 10 Sept 2010.
  65. ^ a b c d Steward, Julian H. (1948) Editor. Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 4 The Circum-Caribbean Tribes. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.
  66. ^ "Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture" 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
  67. ^ a b c d "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area" 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. Southeast Archaeological Center. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
  68. ^ "Cacaopera" 2019-09-13 at the Wayback Machine. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Languages of Bolivia" 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 Oct 2012.
  70. ^ "Apiaká: Introduction" 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine. Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 28 March 2012
  71. ^ "Huachipaeri" 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 Feb 2012.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Cultural Thesaurus" 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. National Museum of the American Indian. (retrieved 18 Feb 2011)
  73. ^ "Puelche". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  74. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com)[permanent dead link].
  75. ^ (PDF). Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Gene´tica Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Gene´tica Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellı´n, Colombia; Université de Montréal. University College London 73:524–539. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  76. ^ Orgel L (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world" (PDF). Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 39 (2): 99–123. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.537.7679. doi:10.1080/10409230490460765. PMID 15217990. (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  77. ^ a b Wendy Tymchuk, Senior Technical Editor (2008). . Genebase Systems. Archived from the original (Verbal tutorial possible) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2009-11-21. Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendants of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  78. ^ Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). The Journey of Man – A Genetic Odyssey (Digitised online by Google books). Random House. ISBN 0-8129-7146-9. from the original on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  79. ^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2009-11-18. Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken page 2 March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^ Than, Ker (2008). "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop". National Geographic Society. from the original on 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2010-01-23. Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas
  81. ^ . Genebase Systems. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
  82. ^ Ruhlen M (November 1998). "The origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (23): 13994–96. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9513994R. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994. PMC 25007. PMID 9811914.
  83. ^ Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004). "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.
  84. ^ Juliette Saillard; Peter Forster; Niels Lynnerup; Hans-Jürgen Bandelt; Søren Nørby (2000). "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion". Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg. from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2009-11-22. The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America.
  85. ^ A. Torroni; T. G. Schurr; C. C. Yang; EJE. Szathmary; R. C. Williams; M. S. Schanfield; G. A. Troup; W. C. Knowler; D. N. Lawrence; K. M. Weiss; D. C. Wallace (January 1992). "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations". Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Genetics Society of America. 130 (1): 153–62. from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-11-28. The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000–10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the Amerinds

References Edit

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  • Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
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  • Steward, Julian H., editor. Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes. Smithsonian Institution, 1948.
  • Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast. Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ASIN B000NOYRRA.
  • Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.

October 18, 2023
classification, indigenous, peoples, americas, classification, indigenous, peoples, americas, based, upon, cultural, regions, geography, linguistics, anthropologists, have, named, various, cultural, regions, with, fluid, boundaries, that, generally, agreed, up. The classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions geography and linguistics Anthropologists have named various cultural regions with fluid boundaries that are generally agreed upon with some variation These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation states they retain their original geographic classification Some groups span multiple cultural regions The Americas Western HemisphereCultural regions of North American people at the time of contactEarly Indigenous languages in the US Contents 1 Canada Greenland United States and northern Mexico 1 1 Arctic 1 2 Subarctic 1 3 Pacific Northwest coast 1 4 Northwest Plateau 1 4 1 Chinook peoples 1 4 2 Interior Salish 1 4 3 Sahaptin people 1 4 4 Other or both 1 5 Great Plains 1 6 Eastern Woodlands 1 6 1 Northeastern Woodlands 1 6 2 Southeastern Woodlands 1 7 Great Basin 1 8 California 1 9 Southwest 2 Mexico and Mesoamerica 2 1 Aridoamerica 2 2 Mesoamerica 3 Circum Caribbean 3 1 Caribbean 3 2 Central America 3 3 Colombia and Venezuela 4 Guianas 5 Eastern Brazil 6 Andes 6 1 Pacific lowlands 7 Amazon 7 1 Northwestern Amazon 7 2 Eastern Amazon 7 3 Southern Amazon 7 4 Southwestern Amazon 8 Gran Chaco 9 Southern Cone 9 1 Fjords and channels of Patagonia 10 Languages 11 Genetic classification 12 See also 13 Notes 14 ReferencesCanada Greenland United States and northern Mexico EditIn the United States and Canada ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits called cultural areas 1 Greenland is part of the Arctic region Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands Arctic Edit nbsp Inuktitut dialect map nbsp Early Indigenous languages in AlaskaPaleo Eskimo prehistoric cultures Russia Alaska Canada Greenland 2500 BCE 1500 CE Arctic small tool tradition prehistoric culture 2500 BCE Bering Strait Pre Dorset eastern Arctic 2500 500 BCE Saqqaq culture Greenland 2500 800 BCE Independence I northeastern Canada and Greenland 2400 1800 BCE Independence II culture northeastern Canada and Greenland 800 1 BCE Groswater Labrador and Nunavik Canada Dorset culture 500 BCE 1500 CE Alaska Canada Aleut Unangan Aleutian Islands of Alaska and Kamchatka Krai Russia Inuit Russia Alaska Canada Greenland Thule proto Inuit Alaska Canada Greenland 900 1500 CE Birnirk culture prehistoric Inuit culture Alaska 500 CE 900 CE Greenlandic Inuit Greenland Kalaallit west Greenland Avanersuarmiut Inughuit north Greenland Tunumiit east Greenland Inuvialuit western Canadian Arctic Inupiat north and northwest Alaska Yupik peoples Yup ik Alaska and Russia Alutiiq Sugpiaq Pacific Yupik Alaska Peninsula coastal and island areas of south central Alaska Central Alaskan Yup ik people west central Alaska Cup ik Hooper Bay and Chevak Alaska Nunivak Cup ig people Cup ig Nunivak Island Alaska Siberian Yupik Russian Far East and St Lawrence Island Alaska Chaplino Naukan Sirenik Siberia Subarctic Edit Main article Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic Ahtna Ahtena Nabesna Anishinaabe see also Northeastern Woodlands Oji Cree Anishinini Severn Ojibwa Ontario Manitoba Ojibwa Chippewa Ojibwe Ontario Manitoba Minnesota Atikamekw Quebec Chipewyan Alaskan interior Western Canada Cree Central and Eastern Canada North Dakota Dakelh Carrier British Columbia Babine British Columbia Wet suwet en British Columbia Deg Hit an Deg Xinag Degexit an Kaiyuhkhotana Alaska 2 Dena ina Tanaina Alaska Dane zaa Beaver Dunneza Alberta British Columbia Gwich in Kutchin Loucheaux Alaska Yukon Han Alaska Yukon Holikachuk Alaska Innu Montagnais Labrador Quebec Kaska Nahane Kolchan Upper Kuskokwim Koyukon Alaska Naskapi Sekani Sahtu North Slavey Bearlake Hare Mountain Northwest Territories Slavey Awokanak Slave Deh Gah Got ine Deh Cho Alberta British Columbia 3 Tagish Tahltan Lower Tanana Middle Tanana Upper Tanana Tanacross Tasttine Beaver Tli Cho Inland Tlingit Tsetsaut extinct Tsilhqot in Chilcotin Northern Tutchone Southern Tutchone Yellowknives Pacific Northwest coast Edit Main article Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast Alsea Oregon Heiltsuk Nuxalk Tsleil Waututh First Nation Chehalis Upper and Lower Washington Chehalis BC Fraser Valley Chemakum Washington extinct Chetco see Tolowa Chinook Dialects Lower Chinook Upper Chinook Clackamas Wasco Clallam see Klallam Clatsop Comox Vancouver Island BC Georgia Strait Coos Hanis Oregon Lower Coquille Miluk Oregon Upper Coquille Cowichan Southern Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait Quwutsun Somena Quamichan Lower Cowlitz Washington Duwamish Washington Eyak Alaska Galice Gitxsan British Columbia Haida Dialects Kaigani Skidegate Masset BC amp Alaska Haisla BC North Central Coast Haihai Kimsquit Kitimaat Heiltsuk BC Central Coast Hoh Washington Kalapuya Calapooia Calapuya Tfalatim Yamel Yaquina Yoncalla Oregon Central Kalapuya Oregon Ahantchuyuk Mary s River Lakmiut Mohawk Oregon Santiam North Kalapuya Oregon Tfalati Atfalati Tualatin Yamhill Yamel South Kalapuya Yonkalla Yoncalla Oregon Klallam Clallam Dialects Klallam Lower Elwha S Klallam Jamestown S Klallam Port Gamble Klickitat Kwalhioqua Kwakwaka wakw British Columbia Koskimo Namgis Laich kwil tach Euclataws or Yuculta Lummi Washington Makah Washington Muckleshoot Washington Musqueam BC Lower Mainland Vancouver Nisga a British Columbia Nisqually Washington Nooksack Washington Nuu chah nulth West Coast of Vancouver Island Nuxalk Bella Coola BC Central Coast Oowekeno see Wuikinuxv Pentlatch Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait extinct Puyallup Washington Quileute Washington Quinault Washington Rivers Inlet see Wuikinuxv Rogue River or Upper Illinois Chasta Costa Oregon California Saanich Southern Vancouver Island Georgia Strait Samish Washington Sauk Suiattle Washington Sechelt BC Sunshine Coast Georgia Strait Shishalh Shoalwater Bay Tribe Washington Siletz Oregon Siuslaw Oregon Skagit Skokomish Washington Sliammon BC Sunshine Coast Georgia Strait Mainland Comox Snohomish Snoqualmie Snuneymuxw Nanaimo Vancouver Island Songhees Songish Southern Vancouver Island Strait of Juan de Fuca Sooke Southern Vancouver Island Strait of Juan de Fuca Squamish Skwxwu7mesh British Columbia Squaxin Island Tribe Washington Spokane Washington Stillaguamish Washington Sto lo BC Lower Mainland Fraser Valley Kwantlen Katzie Steilacoom Coast Salish Puget Sound Washington extinct 4 Suquamish Washington Swinomish Washington Tait Takelma Oregon Talio Tillamook Nehalem Oregon Tlatlasikoala Tlingit Alaska Tolowa Tututni Northern California Tsimshian Tsleil waututh Burrard British Columbia Tulalip Washington Twana Washington Tzouk e Sooke Vancouver Island Lower Umpqua Oregon Upper Umpqua Oregon Upper Skagit Washington Wuikinuxv Owekeeno BC Central Coast Northwest Plateau Edit Main article Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau Chinook peoples Edit Clackamas OR Clatsop OR Kathlamet Cathlamet Washington Multnomah Wasco Wishram OR and WA Watlata WAInterior Salish Edit Chelan Coeur d Alene Tribe ID MT WA Entiat WA Flathead Selisch or Salish ID MT Bitterroot Salish Kalispel Pend d Oreilles MT WA Lower Kalispel WA Upper Kalispel MT In SHUCK ch BC Lower Lillooet Lil wat BC Lower Lillooet Methow WA Nespelem WA Nlaka pamux Thompson people BC Nicola people Thompson Okanagan confederacy Sanpoil WA Secwepemc BC Shuswap people Sinixt Lakes BC ID and WA Sinkayuse Sinkiuse Columbia WA extinct Spokane people WA Syilx Okanagan BC WA St at imc BC Upper Lillooet Wenatchi Wenatchee WASahaptin people Edit Cowlitz Upper Cowlitz Taidnapam Washington Klickitat Washington Nez Perce Idaho Tenino Tygh Warm Springs Oregon Umatilla Idaho Oregon Walla Walla WA Wanapum WA Wauyukma Wyam Lower Deschutes Yakama WAOther or both Edit Cayuse Oregon Washington Celilo Wayampam Oregon Cowlitz Washington Kalapuya northwest Oregon Atfalati Tualatin northwest OregonR Mohawk River northwest Oregon Santiam northwest Oregon Yaquina northwest Oregon Klamath Oregon Kutenai Kootenai Ktunaxa British Columbia ID and MT Lower Snake people Chamnapam Wauyukma Naxiyampam Modoc formerly California now Oklahoma and Oregon Molala Molale Oregon Nicola Athapaskans extinct British Columbia Palus Palouse Idaho Oregon and Washington Upper Nisqually Mishalpan Washington Great Plains Edit Main article Plains Indians Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes Anishinaabeg Anishinape Anicinape Neshnabe Nishnaabe see also Subarctic Northeastern Woodlands Saulteaux Nakawe Manitoba Minnesota and Ontario later Alberta British Columbia Montana Saskatchewan Odawa people Ottawa Ontario 5 Michigan later Oklahoma Potawatomi Michigan 5 Ontario Indiana Wisconsin later Oklahoma Apache see also Southwest Lipan Apache New Mexico Texas Plains Apache Kiowa Apache Oklahoma Querecho Apache Texas Arapaho Arapahoe formerly Colorado currently Oklahoma and Wyoming Besawunena Nawathinehena Arikara Arikaree Arikari Ree North Dakota Atsina Gros Ventre Montana Blackfoot Kainai Nation Kainaa Blood Alberta Northern Peigan Aapatohsipikani Alberta Blackfeet Southern Piegan Aamsskaapipikani Montana Siksika Siksikawa Alberta Cheyenne Montana Oklahoma Suhtai Montana Oklahoma Comanche Oklahoma Texas Plains Cree Montana Crow Absaroka Apsaalooke Montana Escanjaques Oklahoma Hidatsa North Dakota Iowa Ioway Kansas Nebraska Oklahoma Kaw Kansa Kanza Oklahoma Kiowa Oklahoma Mandan North Dakota Metis people Canada North Dakota Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta Missouri Missouria Oklahoma Omaha Nebraska Osage Oklahoma formerly Arkansas Missouri Otoe Oto Oklahoma Pawnee Oklahoma Chaui Oklahoma 6 Kitkehakhi Oklahoma 6 Pitahawirata Oklahoma 6 Skidi Oklahoma 6 Ponca Nebraska Oklahoma Quapaw formerly Arkansas Oklahoma Sioux Dakota Minnesota Montana Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota Manitoba Saskatchewan Santee Nebraska Yankton South Dakota Yanktonai formerly Minnesota currently Montana North Dakota and South Dakota Lakota Teton Montana North Dakota South Dakota Saskatchewan Sichaŋǧu Brule Burned Thighs Oglala Scatters Their Own Itazipcho Sans Arc No Bows Huŋkpapȟa Hunkpapa Mnikȟowozu Miniconjou Sihasapa Blackfoot Sioux Oohenuŋpa Two Kettles Nakoda Stoney Alberta Nakota Assiniboine Assiniboin Montana Saskatchewan Teyas Texas Tonkawa Oklahoma Tsuu T ina Sarcee Sarsi Tsuut ina Alberta Wichita and Affiliated Tribes Kitikiti sh Oklahoma formerly Texas and Kansas Kichai also related to the Caddo Oklahoma formerly Texas and Kansas Taovayas Tawehash Oklahoma formerly Texas and Kansas Tawakoni Oklahoma formerly Texas and Kansas Waco Iscani Yscani Oklahoma formerly Texas Wichita proper Guichita Rayados Oklahoma formerly Texas and Kansas Eastern Woodlands Edit Main article Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands Northeastern Woodlands Edit Main article Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands Abenaki Tarrantine Quebec Maine New Brunswick New Hampshire and Vermont Eastern Abenaki Quebec Maine and New Hampshire 5 Kennebec Caniba Maine Western Abenaki Quebec Massachusetts New Hampshire and Vermont 5 Annamessex Annemessex formerly Eastern Shore of Maryland Anishinaabeg Anishinape Anicinape Neshnabe Nishnaabe see also Subarctic Plains Accomac people formerly Eastern Shore of VirginiaAccohannock formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia Gingaskin formerly Eastern Shore of VirginiaAdena culture 1000 200 BCE formerly Ohio Indiana West Virginia Kentucky New York Pennsylvania and Maryland Algonquin 7 Quebec Ontario Nipissing 7 Ontario 5 Ojibwe Chippewa Ojibwa Ojibway Ontario Michigan Minnesota Wisconsin 5 and North Dakota Mississaugas Ontario Saulteaux Nakawe Ontario Odawa people Ottawa Indiana Michigan Ohio Ontario 5 later Oklahoma Potawatomi Illinois Indiana Michigan 5 Ontario Wisconsin later Kansas and Oklahoma Assateague formerly Maryland 8 Attawandaron Neutral Confederacy formerly Ontario 5 Beothuk formerly Newfoundland 5 Chowanoke formerly North Carolina Choptank people formerly Maryland 8 Conoy Virginia 8 Maryland Fort Ancient culture 1000 1750 CE formerly Ohio Kentucky Indiana and West Virginia Erie formerly Pennsylvania New York 5 Etchemin formerly Maine Ho Chunk Winnebago southern Wisconsin and Nebraska formerly northern Illinois 5 Iowa and Nebraska Honniasont formerly Pennsylvania Ohio and West Virginia Hopewell tradition formerly Ohio Illinois and Kentucky and Black River region 200 BCE 500 CE Housatonic formerly Massachusetts and New York 9 Illinois Confederacy Illiniwek formerly Illinois Iowa and Missouri 5 Cahokia formerly Illinois Iowa Missouri Arkansas now Oklahoma Kaskaskia formerly Wisconsin now Oklahoma Miami formerly Illinois Indiana and Michigan 5 now Oklahoma Iroquois Confederacy 7 Haudenosaunee Ontario Quebec and New York 5 Cayuga New York 5 Oklahoma Mohawk New York 5 and Kahnawake Quebec Oneida New York 5 Onondaga New York 5 Seneca New York 5 and Oklahoma Mingo formerly Pennsylvania Ohio West Virginia Tuscarora formerly North Carolina now New York Kickapoo formerly Michigan 5 Illinois and Missouri now Kansas Oklahoma Texas Mexico Laurentian St Lawrence Iroquoians formerly New York Ontario and Quebec ca 1300 1580 CE Lenni Lenape Delaware formerly Pennsylvania Delaware New Jersey now Ontario Wisconsin and Oklahoma Munsee speaking subgroups formerly Long Island and southeastern New York 10 now Wisconsin Canarsie Canarsee formerly Long Island New York 11 Esopus formerly New York 10 later Ontario and Wisconsin Hackensack formerly New York 10 Haverstraw Rumachenanck New York 12 Kitchawank Kichtawanks Kichtawank New York 12 Minisink formerly New York 10 Navasink 12 formerly north shore of New Jersey Sanhican Raritan formerly Monmouth County New Jersey Sinsink Sintsink formerly Westchester County New York 12 Siwanoy formerly New York and Connecticut Tappan formerly New York 13 Waoranecks 14 Wappinger Wecquaesgeek Nochpeem formerly New York 9 15 Warranawankongs 14 Wiechquaeskeck formerly New York 10 Wisquaskeck Raritan formerly Westchester County New York 12 Unami speaking subgroups Acquackanonk formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey Okehocking formerly southeast Pennsylvania 14 Unalachtigo formerly Delaware New Jersey Mahican Stockbridge Mahican 7 formerly Connecticut Massachusetts New York and Vermont 5 9 Manahoac Virginia 16 Mascouten formerly Michigan 5 Massachusett formerly Massachusetts 7 17 Ponkapoag formerly Massachusetts Meherrin Virginia 18 North Carolina Menominee Wisconsin 5 Meskwaki Fox formerly Michigan 5 now Iowa Mi kmaq Micmac New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Quebec 5 and Maine Mohegan 7 Connecticut Monacan Virginia 19 Montaukett Montauk 7 New York Monyton Monetons Monekot Moheton Siouan West Virginia and Virginia Nansemond Virginia Nanticoke Delaware and Maryland 5 Narragansett Rhode Island 7 Niantic coastal Connecticut 7 17 Nipmuc Nipmuck Connecticut Massachusetts and Rhode Island 17 Nottaway Virginia 18 Occaneechi Occaneechee Virginia 18 20 21 Passamaquoddy New Brunswick and Maine 5 Patuxent Maryland 8 Paugussett Connecticut 7 Potatuck New York 17 Peoria Illinois now Oklahoma Mitchigamea formerly Illinois now Oklahoma Moingona formerly Illinois now Oklahoma Tamaroa formerly Illinois now Oklahoma Wea formerly Indiana now Oklahoma Pennacook tribe formerly Massachusetts New Hampshire 22 Penobscot Maine Pequot Connecticut 7 Petun Tionontate Ontario 5 Piscataway Maryland 8 Pocumtuc western Massachusetts 17 Podunk formerly New York 17 eastern Hartford County Connecticut Powhatan Confederacy Virginia 8 Appomattoc Virginia Arrohateck Virginia Chesapeake Virginia Chesepian Virginia Chickahominy Virginia 18 Kiskiack Virginia Mattaponi Virginia Nansemond Virginia 18 Paspahegh Virginia Potomac Patawomeck Virginia Powhatan Virginia Pamunkey Virginia 18 Quinnipiac Connecticut 7 eastern New York northern New Jersey Rappahannock Virginia Sauk Sac formerly Michigan 5 now Iowa Oklahoma Schaghticoke western Connecticut 7 Shawnee formerly Ohio 5 Virginia West Virginia Pennsylvania now Oklahoma Shinnecock 7 Long Island New York 17 Stegarake formerly Virginia 16 Stuckanox Stukanox Virginia 18 Conestoga Susquehannock Maryland Pennsylvania New York West Virginia 5 Tauxenent Doeg Virginia 23 Tunxis Massaco Connecticut 7 Tuscarora formerly North Carolina Virginia currently New York Tutelo Nahyssan Virginia 18 20 Unquachog Poospatuck Long Island New York 17 Wabanaki Maine New Brunswick Nova Scotia Quebec 7 Wampanoag Massachusetts 7 Nauset Massachusetts Patuxet Massachusetts Pokanoket formerly Massachusetts Rhode Island 17 Wangunk Mattabeset formerly Connecticut 7 Wawyachtonoc formerly Connecticut New York 9 Weapemeoc formerly northern North Carolina Wenro formerly New York 5 7 Wicocomico formerly Maryland Virginia Wolastoqiyik Maliseet Maine New Brunswick Nova Scotia and Quebec 5 Wyandot Huron Ontario south of Georgian Bay now Oklahoma Kansas Michigan and Wendake Quebec Southeastern Woodlands Edit Further information Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands and Indigenous peoples of Florida Acolapissa Colapissa Louisiana and Mississippi 24 Ais eastern coastal Florida 25 Alafay Alafia Pojoy Pohoy Costas Alafeyes Alafaya Costas Florida 26 Amacano Florida west coast 27 Apalachee northwestern Florida 28 Atakapa Attacapa Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast 28 Akokisa Texas southeast coast 29 Bidai Texas southeast coast 29 Deadose eastern Texas Eastern Atakapa western coastal Louisiana Orcoquiza southeast Texas Patiri eastern Texas Tlacopsel southeast Texas Avoyel little Natchez Louisiana 19 24 Bayogoula southeastern Louisiana 19 24 Biloxi Mississippi 24 28 Caddo Confederacy Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas 28 30 Adai Adaizan Adaizi Adaise Adahi Adaes Adees Atayos Louisiana and Texas 24 Cahinnio southern Arkansas 30 Doustioni north central Louisiana 30 Eyeish Hais eastern Texas 30 Hainai eastern Texas 30 Hasinai eastern Texas 30 Kadohadacho northeastern Texas southwestern Arkansas northwestern Louisiana 30 Nabedache eastern Texas 30 Nabiti eastern Texas 30 Nacogdoche eastern Texas 30 Nacono eastern Texas 30 Nadaco eastern Texas 30 Nanatsoho northeastern Texas 30 Nasoni eastern Texas 30 Natchitoches Lower central Louisiana Upper northeastern Texas 30 Neche eastern Texas 30 Nechaui eastern Texas 30 Ouachita northern Louisiana 30 Tula western Arkansas 30 Yatasi northwestern Louisiana 30 Calusa southwestern Florida 26 28 Cape Fear Indians North Carolina southern coast 24 Catawba Esaw Usheree Ushery Yssa 31 North Carolina South Carolina 28 Chacato Florida panhandle and southern Alabama 24 Chakchiuma Alabama and Mississippi 28 Chatot people Chacato Chactoo west Florida Chawasha Washa Louisiana 24 Cheraw Chara Charah North Carolina Cherokee western North Carolina eastern Tennessee later Georgia northwestern South Carolina northern Alabama Arkansas Texas Mexico and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma 32 Chickanee Chiquini North Carolina Chickasaw Alabama and Mississippi 28 later Oklahoma 32 Chicora coastal South Carolina 19 Chine Florida Chisca Cisca southwestern Virginia 19 Chitimacha Louisiana 28 Choctaw Mississippi Alabama 28 and parts of Louisiana later Oklahoma 32 Chowanoc Chowanoke North Carolina Congaree Canggaree South Carolina 24 33 Coree North Carolina 19 Croatan North Carolina Cusabo coastal South Carolina 28 Eno North Carolina 24 Grigra Gris Mississippi 34 Guacata Santaluces eastern coastal Florida 26 Guacozo Florida Guale Cusabo Iguaja Ybaja coastal Georgia 24 28 Guazoco southwestern Florida coast 26 Houma Louisiana and Mississippi 28 Jaega Jobe eastern coastal Florida 25 Jaupin Weapemoc North Carolina Jororo Florida interior 26 Keyauwee North Carolina 24 Koasati Coushatta formerly eastern Tennessee 28 currently Louisiana Oklahoma and Texas Koroa Mississippi 24 Luca southwestern Florida coast 26 Lumbee North Carolina Machapunga North Carolina Matecumbe Matacumbeses Matacumbe Matacombe Florida Keys 26 Mayaca Florida 26 Mayaimi Mayami interior Florida 25 Mayajuaca Florida Mikasuki Miccosukee Florida Mobila Mobile Movila northwestern Florida and southern Alabama 28 Mocoso western Florida 25 26 Mougoulacha Mississippi 19 Muscogee Creek Tennessee Georgia Alabama Mississippi Florida later Oklahoma Abihka Alabama 29 later Oklahoma Alabama formerly Alabama 29 southwestern Tennessee and northwestern Mississippi 24 28 now Oklahoma and Texas Pakana Pacani Pagna Pasquenan Pak ka na Pacanas central Alabama 24 later Texas 19 Apalachicola Province Lower Towns of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy Alabama and Georgia 35 Apalachicola town Alabama Georgia and South Carolina 35 Hitchiti Alabama and Georgia 35 Oconi Alabama and Georgia 35 Sabacola Sawakola Sabacola Savacola Sawokli Alabama and Georgia 35 Chiaha Creek Confederacy Alabama 29 Eufaula tribe Georgia later Oklahoma Kialegee Tribal Town Alabama later Oklahoma Osochee Osochi Oswichee Usachi Oosecha Creek Confederacy Alabama 24 29 Talapoosa Creek Confederacy Alabama 29 Thlopthlocco Tribal Town Alabama Georgia later Oklahoma Tukabatchee Muscogee Creek Confederacy Alabama 29 Naniaba northwestern Florida and southern Alabama 28 Natchez Louisiana and Mississippi 28 later Oklahoma Neusiok Newasiwac Neuse River Indians North Carolina 24 Norwood culture Apalachee region Florida c 12 000 4500 BCE Ofo Arkansas and Mississippi 28 eastern Tennessee 24 Okchai Ogchay central Alabama 24 Okelousa Louisiana 24 Opelousas Louisiana 24 Pacara Florida Pamlico formerly North Carolina Pascagoula Mississippi coast 19 Pee Dee Pedee South Carolina 24 36 and North Carolina Pensacola Florida panhandle and southern Alabama 28 Potoskeet North Carolina Quinipissa southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi 29 Roanoke North Carolina Saluda Saludee Saruti South Carolina 24 Santee Seretee Sarati Sati Sattees South Carolina no relation to Santee Sioux South Carolina 24 Santa Luces Florida Saponi North Carolina 37 Virginia 18 Saura North Carolina Saxapahaw Sissipahaw Sissipahua Shacioes North Carolina 24 Secotan North Carolina Seminole Florida and Oklahoma 32 Sewee Suye Joye Xoye Soya South Carolina coast 24 Shakori North Carolina Shoccoree Haw North Carolina 24 possibly Virginia Sissipahaw North Carolina Sugeree Sagarees Sugaws Sugar Succa North Carolina and South Carolina 24 Surruque east central Florida 38 Suteree Sitteree Sutarees Sataree North Carolina Taensa Mississippi 34 Taposa Mississippi Tawasa Alabama 39 Tequesta southeastern coastal Florida 24 26 Timucua Florida and Georgia 24 26 28 Acuera central Florida 40 Agua Fresca or Agua Dulce or Freshwater interior northeast Florida 40 Arapaha north central Florida and south central Georgia 40 Cascangue coastal southeast Georgia 40 Icafui or Icafi coastal southeast Georgia 40 Mocama or Tacatacuru coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia 40 Northern Utina north central Florida 40 Ocale central Florida 40 Oconi interior southeast Georgia 40 Potano north central Florida 40 Saturiwa northeast Florida 40 Tacatacuru coastal southeast Georgia 41 Tucururu or Tucuru central Florida 40 Utina or Eastern Utina northeast central Florida 42 Yufera coastal southeast Georgia 40 Yui Ibi coastal southeast Georgia 40 Yustaga north central Florida 40 Tiou Tioux Mississippi 33 Tocaste Florida 26 Tocobaga Florida 24 26 Tohome northwestern Florida and southern Alabama 28 Tomahitan eastern Tennessee Topachula Florida Tunica Arkansas and Mississippi 28 Utiza Florida 25 Uzita Tampa Bay Florida 43 Vicela Florida 25 Viscaynos Florida Waccamaw South Carolina Waccamaw Siouan North Carolina Wateree Guatari Watterees North Carolina 24 Waxhaw Waxsaws Wisack Wisacky Weesock Flathead North Carolina and South Carolina 24 36 Westo Virginia and South Carolina 19 extinct Winyaw South Carolina coast 24 Woccon North Carolina 24 36 Yamasee Florida Georgia 19 Yazoo southeastern tip of Arkansas eastern Louisiana Mississippi 24 44 Yuchi Euchee central Tennessee 24 28 then northwest Georgia now Oklahoma Great Basin Edit Main article Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin Ahwahnechee Yosemite Valley California Bannock Idaho 45 Southern Paiute Arizona Nevada Utah Chemehuevi southeastern California Kaibab northwestern Arizona 46 Kaiparowtis southwestern Utah 46 Moapa southern Nevada 46 Panaca 46 Panguitch Utah 46 Paranigets southern Nevada 46 Shivwits southwestern Utah 46 Coso People of Coso Rock Art District in the Coso Range Mojave Desert California Fremont culture 400 CE 1300 CE formerly Utah 47 Kawaiisu southern inland California 45 Mono southeastern California Eastern Mono southeastern California Western Mono or Owens Valley Paiute eastern California and Nevada 45 Northern Paiute eastern California Nevada Oregon southwestern Idaho 45 Kucadikadi Mono Lake Paiute Mono Lake CaliforniaShoshone Shoshoni California Idaho Nevada Utah Wyoming Eastern Shoshone people Guchundeka Kuccuntikka Buffalo Eaters 48 49 Tukkutikka Tukudeka Mountain Sheep Eaters joined the Northern Shoshone 49 Boho inee Pohoini Pohogwe Sage Grass people Sagebrush Butte People 48 49 50 Northern Shoshone Idaho 45 Agaideka Salmon Eaters Lemhi Snake River and Lemhi River Valley 50 51 Doyahinee Mountain people 48 Kammedeka Kammitikka Jack Rabbit Eaters Snake River Great Salt Lake 50 Hukunduka Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters Wild Wheat Eaters possibly synonymous with Kammitikka 50 52 Tukudeka Dukundeka Sheep Eaters Mountain Sheep Eaters Sawtooth Range Idaho 50 51 Yahandeka Yakandika Groundhog Eaters lower Boise Payette and Wiser Rivers 50 51 Western Shoshone people Kusiutta Goshute Gosiute Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake Utah 52 Cedar Valley Goshute Deep Creek Goshute Rush Valley Goshute Skull Valley Goshute Wipayutta Weber Ute 52 Tooele Valley Goshute Trout Creek Goshute 52 Kuyatikka Kuyudikka Bitterroot Eaters Halleck Mary s River Clover Valley Smith Creek Valley Nevada 52 Mahaguaduka Mentzelia Seed Eaters Ruby Valley Nevada 52 Painkwitikka Penkwitikka Fish Eaters Cache Valley Idaho and Utah 52 Pasiatikka Redtop Grass Eaters Deep Creek Gosiute Deep Creek Valley Antelope Valley 52 Tipatikka Pinenut Eaters northernmost band 52 Tsaiduka Tule Eaters Railroad Valley Nevada 52 Tsogwiyuyugi Elko Nevada 52 Waitikka Ricegrass Eaters Ione Valley Nevada 52 Watatikka Ryegrass Seed Eaters Ruby Valley Nevada 52 Wiyimpihtikka Buffalo Berry Eaters 52 dd dd Timbisha aka Panamint or Koso southeastern California Ute Colorado Utah northern New Mexico 45 Capote southeastern Colorado and New Mexico 53 Moanunts Salina Utah 54 Muache south and central Colorado 53 Pahvant western Utah 54 Sanpits central Utah 54 Timpanogots north central Utah 54 Uintah Utah 53 Uncompahgre or Taviwach central and northern Colorado 53 Weeminuche western Colorado eastern Utah northwestern New Mexico 53 White River Utes Parusanuch and Yampa Colorado and eastern Utah 53 Washo Nevada and California 55 Palagewan Pahkanapil California Edit Main article Indigenous peoples of California Nota bene The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California s boundaries and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes 56 Achomawi Achumawi Pit River tribe northeastern California 57 Atsugewi northeastern California 57 Cahuilla southern California 57 Chumash coastal southern California 57 Barbareno Cruzeno Island Chumash Inezeno Ineseno Obispeno Northern Chumash Purisimeno Ventureno Chilula northwestern California 57 Chimariko extinct northwestern California 58 Cupeno southern California 57 Eel River Athapaskan peoples Lassik northwestern California 57 Mattole Bear River northwestern California 57 Nongatl northwestern California 59 Sinkyone northwestern California 57 Wailaki Wai lakki northwestern California 57 Esselen west central California 57 Hupa northwestern California 57 Tsnungwe Juaneno Acjachemem southwestern California Karok northwestern California 57 Kato Cahto northwestern California 57 Kitanemuk south central California 57 Konkow northern central California 57 Kumeyaay Diegueno Kumiai Ipai southwestern California 57 Jamul southwestern California 60 Tipai southwestern California and northwestern Mexico 57 La Jolla complex southern California c 6050 1000 BCE Luiseno southwestern California 57 Maidu northeastern California 57 Konkow northern California Mechoopda northern California Nisenan Southern Maidu northern California Miwok Me wuk central California 57 Coast Miwok west central California 57 Lake Miwok west central California 57 Valley and Sierra Miwok Monache Western Mono central California 57 Nisenan eastern central California 57 Nomlaki northwestern California 57 Ohlone Costanoan west central California 57 Awaswas Chalon Chochenyo Karkin Mutsun Ramaytush Rumsen Tamyen Yelamu Patwin central California 57 Suisun Southern Patwin central California Pauma Complex southern California c 6050 1000 BCE Pomo northwestern and central western California 57 Salinan coastal central California 57 Antoniano 61 Migueleno Serrano southern California 57 Shasta northwestern California 57 Konomihu northwestern California Okwanuchu northwestern California Tataviam Allilik Fernandeno southern California 57 Tolowa northwestern California 57 Tongva Gabrieleno Fernandeno San Clemente tribe coastal southern California 57 Tubatulabal south central California 57 Wappo north central California 57 Whilkut northwestern California 57 Wintu northwestern California 57 Wiyot northwestern California 57 Yana northern central California 57 Yahi Yokuts central and southern California 57 Chukchansi Foothill Yokuts central California 57 Northern Valley Yokuts central California 57 Tachi tribe Southern Valley Yokuts south central California 57 Yuki Ukomno m northwestern California 57 Huchnom northwestern California 62 Yurok northwestern California 57 Southwest Edit Main articles Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest and Oasisamerica This region is also called Oasisamerica and includes parts of what is now Arizona Southern Colorado New Mexico Western Texas Southern Utah Chihuahua and Sonora Southern Athabaskan Chiricahua Apache New Mexico and Oklahoma Jicarilla Apache New Mexico Lipan Apache New Mexico formerly Texas Mescalero Apache New Mexico Navajo Dine Arizona and New Mexico San Carlos Apache Arizona Tonto Apache Arizona Western Apache Coyotero Apache Arizona White Mountain Apache Arizona Comecrudo Tamaulipas Cotoname Carrizo de Camargo Genizaro detribalized Apache Navajo and Ute descendants Arizona New Mexico Halchidhoma Arizona and California Hualapai Arizona Havasupai Arizona Hohokam formerly Arizona Karankawa formerly Texas Copano formerly Texas La Junta Texas Chihuahua Mamulique Texas Nuevo Leon Manso Texas Chihuahua Mojave Arizona California and Nevada O odham Arizona Sonora Ak Chin Arizona Akimel O odham formerly Pima Arizona Tohono O odham Arizona and Mexico Qahatika Arizona Piipaash Maricopa Arizona Pima Bajo Pueblo peoples Arizona New Mexico Western Texas Ancestral Pueblo formerly Arizona Colorado New Mexico Utah Hopi Tewa Arizona Tewa Hano Arizona joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt Hopi Arizona Keres people New Mexico Acoma Pueblo New Mexico Cochiti Pueblo New Mexico Kewa Pueblo formerly Santo Domingo Pueblo New Mexico Laguna Pueblo New Mexico San Felipe Pueblo New Mexico Santa Ana Pueblo New Mexico Zia Pueblo New Mexico Tewa people New Mexico Nambe Pueblo New Mexico Ohkay Owingeh formerly San Juan Pueblo New Mexico Pojoaque Pueblo New Mexico San Ildefonso Pueblo New Mexico Tesuque Pueblo New Mexico Santa Clara Pueblo New Mexico Tiwa people New Mexico Isleta Pueblo New Mexico Picuris Pueblo New Mexico Sandia Pueblo New Mexico Taos Pueblo New Mexico Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Tigua Pueblo Texas Piro Pueblo New Mexico Tompiro formerly New Mexico Towa people Jemez Pueblo Walatowa New Mexico Pecos Ciquique Pueblo New Mexico Zuni people Ashiwi New Mexico Quechan Yuma Arizona and California Quems formerly Coahuila and Texas Solano Coahuila Texas Tamique Aranama formerly Texas Toboso Chihuahua and Coahuila Walapai Arizona Yaqui Yoreme Arizona Sonora Yavapai Arizona Tolkapaya Western Yavapai Arizona Yavape Northwestern Yavapai Arizona Kwevkapaya Southeastern Yavapai Arizona Wipukpa Northeastern Yavapai ArizonaMexico and Mesoamerica EditThe regions of Oasisamerica Aridoamerica and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap Aridoamerica Edit nbsp Aridoamerica region of North AmericaMain article Aridoamerica Acaxee Aranama Hanama Haname Chaimame Chariname Xaraname Taraname southeast Texas Coahuiltecan Texas northern Mexico Chichimeca Caxcan Caxcane Guachichil Guamare Pame Tecuexe Zacatec Cochimi Baja California 63 Cocopa Arizona northern Mexico Garza Texas northern Mexico Guachimontone Guamare Guaycura Baja California Guarijio Huarijio Chihuahua Sonora 63 Huichol 63 Wixaritari Nayarit Jalisco Zacatecas and Durango Kiliwa Baja California Mayo 63 Sonora and Sinaloa Monqui Baja California Paipai Akwa ala Kw al Baja California 64 Opata Otomi central Mexico Patiri southeastern Texas Pericue Baja California Pima Bajo 63 Seri 63 Tarahumara 63 Tepecano Tepehuan 63 Terocodame Texas and Mexico Codam Hieroquodame Oodame Perocodame Teroodame Teuchitlan tradition Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition Yaqui 63 Sonora and now southern Arizona Zacateco Mesoamerica Edit nbsp Map of MesoamericaNahua Guatemala and Mexico Alaguilac Guatemala Cora people Huastec Huave Wabi Juchitan District Oaxaca Lenca Maya Belize El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Mexico Itza Peten Department Guatemala Lacandon Mopan Belize Guatemala Yucatec Maya proper Achi Guatemala Akatek Guatemala Ch ol Ch orti southeastern Guatemala northwestern Honduras and northern El Salvador Ixil El Quiche Guatemala Jacaltec Jakaltek northwestern Guatemala K iche Quiche El Salvador and Guatemala Kaqchikel Kekchi Mam Poqomam Tojolabales Tzotzil Tzeltal Tz utujil Mazatec Mixtec Olmec Otomi Pipil Purepecha also known as Tarascan Tlapanec Xinca Zapotec Toltec 900 1168 CE Tula HildagoCircum Caribbean EditFurther information Isthmo Colombian Area Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians 65 Caribbean Edit Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas except for Trinidad and Tobago 65 Arawak Taino Greater Antilles northern Lesser Antilles Lucayan Bahamas Igneri Lesser Antilles 400 1000 CE Nepoya Trinidad Suppoya Trinidad Caquetio Aruba Bonaire Curacao and Venezuela Carib Lesser Antilles Garifuna Black Carib Originally Dominica and Saint Vincent currently Belize Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua Ciboney Greater Antilles c 1000 300 BCE 66 Guanahatabey Guanajatabey Cuba 1000 BCE Ciguayo Hispaniola Garifuna Black Carib Originally Dominica and Saint Vincent currently Belize Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua Ortoiroid c 5500 200 BCE 67 Coroso culture Puerto Rico 1000 BCE 200 CE 67 Krum Bay culture Virgin Islands St Thomas 1500 200 BCE 67 Saladoid culture 500 BCE 545 CE 67 Central America Edit The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador most of Honduras all of Nicaragua Costa Rica and Panama and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador 65 Bagaces Costa Rica Bokota Panama Boruca Costa Rica Bribri Costa Rica Cabecar Costa Rica Cacaopera Matagalpa Ulua formerly El Salvador 68 Cayada Ecuador Changuena Panama Embera Wounaan Choco Wounaan Colombia Panama Choluteca Honduras Coiba Costa Rica Coito Costa Rica Corobici Costa Rica Desaguadero Costa Rica Dorasque Panama Guatuso Costa Rica Guaymi Panama Movere Panama Murire Panama Guetar Costa Rica Kuna Guna Panama and Colombia Lenca Honduras and El Salvador Mangue Nicaragua Maribichocoa Honduras and Nicaragua Miskito Hondrus Nicaragua Miskito Sambu Tawira Miskito Nagrandah Nicaragua Ngobe Bugle Bocas del Toro Panama Nicarao Nicaragua Nicoya Costa Rica Orotina Costa Rica Paparo Panama Paya Honduras Pech northeastern Honduras Piria Nicaragua Poton Honduras and El Salvador Quepo Costa Rica Rama Nicaragua Sigua Panama Subtiaba Nicaragua Suerre Costa Rica Sumo Mayagna Honduras and Nicaragua Terraba Naso Teribe Tjer Di Panama Tojar Panama Tolupan Jicaque Honduras Ulva El Salvador Honduras and Nicaragua Voto Costa Rica Yasika Nicaragua Colombia and Venezuela Edit The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area 65 Abibe northwestern Colombia Aburra central Colombia Achagua Axagua eastern Colombia western Venezuela Agual western Colombia Amani central Colombia Ancerma western Colombia Andaqui Andaki Huila Department Colombia Andoque Andoke southeastern Colombia Antiochia Colombia Arbi western Colombia Arma western Colombia Atunceta western Colombia Auracana northeastern Colombia Buritica western Colombia Caquetio western Venezuela Calamari northwestern Colombia Calima culture western Colombia 200 BCE 400 CE Caramanta western Columbia Carate northeastern Colombia Carare northeastern Colombia Carex northwestern Colombia Cari western Colombia Carrapa western Colombia Cartama western Colombia Cauca western Colombia Corbago northeastern Colombia Cosina northeastern Colombia Catio northwestern Colombia Cenu northwestern Colombia Cenufana northwestern Colombia Chanco western Colombia Coanoa northeastern Colombia Cuiba east Colombia west Venezuela Cuica western Venezuela Cumanagoto eastern Venezuela Evejito western Colombia Fincenu northwestern Colombia Gorron western Colombia Guahibo Guajibo eastern Colombia southern Venezuela Guambia western Colombia Guanes Colombia pre Columbian culture Guanebucan northeastern Colombia Guazuzu northwestern Colombia Hiwi western Colombia eastern Venezuela Jamundi western Colombia Kari na eastern Venezuela Kogi northern Colombia Lile western Colombia Lache central Colombia Mariche central Venezuela Maco Mako Itoto Wotuja or Jojod northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela Mompox northwestern Colombia Motilone northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela Naura central Colombia Nauracota central Colombia Noanama Waunana Huaunana Woun Meu northwestern Colombia and Panama Nutabe northwestern Colombia Opon northeastern Colombia Pacabueye northwestern Colombia Pancenu northwestern Colombia Patangoro central Colombia Paucura western Colombia Pemed northwestern Colombia Pequi people western Colombia Picara western Colombia Pozo western Colombia Pume Yaruro Venezuela Quimbaya central Colombia 4th 7th centuries CE Quinchia western Colombia Sutagao central Colombian Tahami northwestern Colombia Tairona northern Colombia pre Columbian culture 1st 11th centuries CE Tamalameque northwestern Colombia Mariche central Venezuela Timba western Colombia Timote western Venezuela Tinigua Caqueta Department Colombia Tolu northwestern Colombia Toro western Colombia Tupe northeastern Colombia Turbaco people northwestern Colombia Uraba northwestern Colombia Urezo northwestern Colombia U wa eastern Colombia western Venezuela Waikeri eastern Venezuela Wayuu Wayu Wayuu Guajiro Wahiro northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela Xiriguana northeastern Colombia Yamici northwestern Colombia Yapel northwestern Colombia Yarigui northeastern Colombia Yukpa Yuko northeastern Colombia Zamyrua northeastern Colombia Zendagua northwestern Colombia Zenu northwestern Colombia pre Columbian culture 200 BCE 1600 CE Zopia western ColombiaGuianas Edit nbsp The Guianas in northern South America nbsp The position of the Guianas in the Neotropical realm in northern South AmericaThis region includes northern parts Colombia French Guiana Guyana Suriname Venezuela and parts of the Amazonas Amapa Para and Roraima States in Brazil Acawai 6N 60W Acokwa 3N 53W Acuria Akurio Akuriyo 5N 55W Suriname Akawaio Roraima Brazil Guyana and Venezuela Amariba 2N 60W Amicuana 2N 53W Apalai Apalai Amapa Brazil Apirua 3N 53W Apurui 3N 53W Aracaret 4N 53W Aramagoto 2N 54W Aramisho 2N 54W Arebato 7N 65W Arekena 2N 67W Arhuaco northeastern Colombia Arigua Arinagoto 4N 63W Arua 1N 50W Aruacay Venezuela Atorai 2N 59W Atroahy 1S 62W Auake Brazil and Guyana Baniwa Baniva 3N 68W Brazil Colombia and Venezuela Barauana 1N 65W Bonari 3S 58W Bare 3N 67W Caberre 4N 71 W Cadupinago Cariaya 1S 63 W Carib Kalinago Venezuela Carinepagoto Trinidad Chaguan Venezuela Chaima Venezuela Cuaga Venezuela Cuacua Venezuela Cumanagoto Venezuela Guayano Venezuela Guinau 4N 65W Hixkaryana Amazonas Brazil Hodi Venezuela Inao 4N 65W Ingariko Brazil Guyana and Venezuela Jaoi Yao Guyana Trinidad and Venezuela Kali na Brazil Guyana French Guiana Suriname Venezuela Lokono Arawak Locono Guyana Trinidad Venezuela Macapa 2N 59W Macushi Brazil and Guyana Maipure 4N 67W Maopityan 2N 59W Mapoyo Mapoye Venezuela Marawan 3N 52W Mariusa Venezuela Marourioux 3N 53W Nepuyo Nepoye Guyana Trinidad and Venezuela Orealla Guyana Palengue Venezuela Palikur Brazil French Guiana Parauana 2N 63W Parauien 3S 60W Pareco Venezuela Paria Venezuela Patamona Roraima Brazil Pauishana 2N 62W Pemon Arecuna Brazil Guyana and Venezuela Piapoco 3N 70W Piaroa Venezuela Pino 3N 54W Piritu Venezuela Purui 2N 52W Saliba Saliva Venezuela Sanuma Venezuela Brazil Shebayo Trinidad Sikiana Chikena Xikiyana Brazil Suriname Tagare Venezuela Tamanaco Venezuela Taruma 3S 60W Tibitibi Venezuela Tiriyo Tareno Brazil Suriname Tocoyen 3N 53W Tumuza Venezuela Wai Wai Amazonas Brazil and Guyana Wapishana Brazil and Guyana Warao Warrau Guyana and Venezuela Wayana Oyana Para Brazil Ya nomamo Yanomami Venezuela and Amazonas Brazil Ye kuana Venezuela BrazilEastern Brazil EditThis region includes parts of the Ceara Goias Espirito Santo Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Para and Santa Catarina states of Brazil Apinaje Apinaye Caroyo 7 Rio Araguiaia Arara Para Atikum Bahia and Pernambuco Bororo 7 Mato Grosso Botocudo Lakiano Carijo Guarani 7 East Brazilian tradition Precolumbian culture 7 Guato Guato Mato Grosso Kadiweu Guaicuru 7 Mato Grosso do Sul Kaingang Karaja Iny Javae 7 Goias Mato Grosso Para and Tocantins Kaxixo Minas Gerais Kayapo Cayapo Mebengokre 7 Mato Grosso and Para Laklano 7 Santa Catarina Mehim Kraho Crahao 7 Rio Tocantins Ofaye Mato Grosso do Sul Parakateje Gaviao 7 Para Pataxo Bahia Potiguara Pitigoares 7 Ceara Tabajara Ceara Tapirape Tapirape Terena Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil Tupiniquim Espirito Santo Umutina Barbados 7 Xakriaba Chakriaba Chikriaba or Shacriaba Minas Gerais Xavante Shavante 7 Mato Grosso Xerente Sherente 7 Goias Xucuru PernambucoAndes Edit nbsp The Tawantinsuyu or fullest extent of the Inca Empire which includes much of the Andean cultural regionMain article Andes Human activity Andean Hunting Collecting tradition Argentina 11 000 4 000 CE Awa Kwaiker northern Ecuador southern Colombia Aymara Bolivia 69 Chile Peru Callawalla Callahuaya Bolivia 69 Canari Ecuador Capuli culture Ecuador 800 1500 CE Cerro Narrio Chaullabamba Precolumbian culture Chachapoyas Amazonas Peru Chachilla Cayapas Chanka Chanca Peru Chavin northern Peru 900 200 BCE Chincha people Peru Precolumbian culture Chipaya Oruro Department Bolivia 69 Chuquibamba culture Precolumbian culture Conchucos Diaguita Amaicha Argentina Calchaqui Argentina Chicoana Salta Argentina Quilmes Precolumbian culture Argentina Guangaia Precolumbian culture Ichuna microlithic tradition Precolumbian culture Inca Empire Inka based in Peru Jama Coaque Precolumbian culture Killke culture Peru 900 1200 CE Kogi Kolla Colla Argentina Bolivia Chile La Tolita Precolumbian culture Las Vegas culture coastal Ecuador 8000 BCE 4600 BCE Lauricocha culture Peru 8000 2500 BCE Lima culture Peru 100 650 CE Maina Ecuador Peru Manteno Huancavilca Precolumbian culture Milagro Precolumbian culture Mollo culture Bolivia 1000 1500 CE Muisca Colombian highlands Precolumbian culture Pachacama Precolumbian culture Paez Nasa culture Colombian highlands Precolumbian culture Panzaleo Precolumbian culture Pasto Pijao Colombia Quechua Kichua Kichwa Bolivia 69 Chankas Huancas Quitu culture 2000 BCE 1550 CE Salinar Precolumbian culture Saraguro Tiwanaku culture Tiahuanaco 400 1000 CE Bolivia Tsachila Colorado Ecuador Tuza Piartal Precolumbian culture Uru Bolivia 69 Peru Uru Murato Bolivia Wari culture central coast and highlands of Peru 500 1000 CE Pocra culture Ayacucho Province Peru 500 1000 CE Pacific lowlands Edit Amotape complex northern coastal Peru 9 000 7 100 BCE Atacameno Atacama Likan Antai Chile Awa Colombia and Ecuador Bara Colombia Cara culture coastal Ecuador 500 BCE 1550 CE Bahia Ecuador 500 BCE 500 CE Casma culture coastal Peru 1000 1400 CE Chancay central coastal Peru 1000 1450 CE Chango coastal Peru northern Chile Chimu north coastal Peru 1000 1450 CE Cupisnique Precolumbian culture 1000 200 BCE coastal Peru Lambayeque Sican culture north coastal Peru 750 1375 CE Machalilla culture coastal Ecuador 1500 1100 BCE Manteno civilization western Ecuador 850 1600 CE Moche Mochica north coastal Peru 1 750 CE Nazca culture Nasca south coastal Peru 1 700 CE Norte Chico civilization Precolumbian culture coastal Peru Paijan culture northern coastal Peru 8 700 5 900 BCE Paracas south coastal Peru 600 175 BCE Recuay culture Peru Precolumbian culture Tallan Precolumbian culture north coastal Peru Valdivia culture Ecuador 3500 1800 BCE Viru culture Piura Region Peru 200 BCE 300 CE Wari culture Huari culture Peru 500 1000 CE Yukpa Yuko Colombia Yuruti ColombiaAmazon EditMain article Amazon basin Northwestern Amazon Edit This region includes Amazonas in Brazil the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia Cotopaxi Los Rios Morona Santiago Napo and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador and the Loreto Region in Peru Arabela Loreto Region Peru Arapaso Arapaco Amazonas Brazil Baniwa Barbudo Loreto Region Peru Bora Loreto Region Peru Candoshi Shapra Chapras Loreto Region Peru Carutana Arara Amazonas Brazil Chayahuita Chaywita Loreto Region Peru Cocama Loreto Region Peru Cofan Cofan Putumayo Department Colombia and Ecuador Cubeo Kobeua Amazonas Brazil and Colombia Daw Rio Negro Brazil Flecheiro Huaorani Waorani Waodani Waos Ecuador Hupda Hup Brazil Colombia Jibito Loreto Region Peru Jivaroan peoples Ecuador and Peru Achuar Morona Santiago Province and Oriente Region Ecuador and Loreto Region Peru Aguaruna Aguarana Ecuador Peru Huambisa Peru Shuar Morona Santiago Province and Oriente Region Ecuador and Loreto Region Peru Kacha Shimaco Urarina Loreto Region Peru Kamsa Sebondoy Putumayo Department Colombia Kanamari Amazonas Brazil Kichua Quichua Canari Kichua Canari Canelo Kichua Canelos Quichua Pataza Province Ecuador Chimborazo Kichua Cholos cuencanos Napo Runa Napo Kichua Quijos Quichua Napo Quichua Ecuador and Peru Saraguro Sarayacu Kichua Pastaza Province Ecuador Korubu Amazonas Brazil Kugapakori Nahua Macaguaje Majaguaje Rio Caqueta Colombia Machiguenga Peru Marubo Matses Mayoruna Maxuruna Brazil and Peru Mayoruna Maxuruna Miriti Amazonas Department Colombia Murato Loreto Region Peru Mura Amazonas Brazil Piraha Mura pirarra Amazonas Brazil Nukak Nukak Maku eastern Colombia Ocaina Loreto Region Peru Omagua Cambeba Kambeba Umana Amazonas Brazil Orejon Orejon Napo Province Ecuador Panoan western Brazil Bolivia Peru Sharpas Siona Sioni Amazonas Department Colombia Siriano Brazil Colombia Siusi Amazonas Brazil Tariano Tariana Amazonas Brazil Tsohom Djapa Tukano Tucano Brazil Colombia Barasana Pareroa Taiwano Amazonas Brazil and Vaupes Colombia Eastern Tukanoan Tucanoan Makuna Buhagana Macuna Amazonas Brazil and Vaupes Colombia Waikino Vaikino Amazonas Brazil Waimiri Atroari Kinja Uaimiri Atroari Amazonas and Roraima Brazil Wanano Unana Vanana Amazonas Brazil Witoto Murui Witoto Loreto Region Peru Yagua Yahua Loreta Region Peru Yaminahua Jaminawa Yamanawa Yaminawa Pando Department Bolivia 69 Yora Zaparo Zaparo Pastaza Province Ecuador Zuruaha Suruaha Suruwaha Amazonas Brazil Eastern Amazon Edit This region includes Amazonas Maranhao and parts of Para States in Brazil Amanaye Ararandeura Brazil Arawete Arauete Bide Para Brazil Awa Guaja Brazil Ch unchu Peru Ge Guajajara Guajajara Maranhao Brazil Guarani Paraguay Ka apor Maranhao Brazil Kuruaya Para Brazil Marajoara Precolumbian culture Para Brazil Panara Mato Grosso and Para Brazil Parakana Paracana Surui do Para Para Brazil Tembe Turiwara Wayampi Zo e people Para Brazil Southern Amazon Edit This region includes southern Brazil Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul parts of Para and Rondonia and Eastern Bolivia Beni Department Aikana Rondonia Brazil Akuntsu Rondonia Brazil Apiaca Apiaka Mato Grosso and Para Brazil 70 Assurini do Toncantins Tocantins Aweti Aueto Mato Grosso Brazil Bakairi Bakairi Chacobo Chacobo northwest Beni Department Bolivia 69 Chiquitano Chiquito Tarapecosi Brazil and Santa Cruz Bolivia 69 Cinta Larga Mato Grosso Brazil Enawene Nawe Mato Grosso Brazil Gaviao of Rondonia Guarayu Guarayo Bolivia 69 Ikpeng Xicao Mato Grosso Brazil Itene Beni Department Bolivia 69 Irantxe Iranche Juma Kagwahiva Rondonia Brazil Juruna Yaruna Juruna Yudja Mato Grosso Brazil Kaiabi Caiabi Cajabi Kajabi Kayabi Mato Grosso Brazil Kalapalo Kalapalo Mato Grosso Brazil Kamayura Camayura Mato Grosso Brazil Kanoe Kapixana Rondonia Brazil Karipuna Caripuna Karitiana Caritiana Brazil Kayapo Mato Grosso Brazil Kuikuro Mato Grosso Brazil Matipu Mato Grosso Brazil Mehinaku Mehinacu Mehinako Mato Grosso Brazil Moxo Mojo Bolivia Nahukua Nahuqua Mato Grosso Brazil Nambikuara Nambicuara Nambikwara Mato Grosso Brazil Pacahuara Pacaguara Pacawara northwest Beni Department Bolivia 69 Pacaja Pacaja Panara Mato Grosso and Para Brazil Parecis Paressi Rikbaktsa Erikbaksa Mato Grosso Brazil Rio Pardo people Mato Grosso Brazil Satere Mawe Maue Brazil Suya Kisedje Mato Grosso Brazil Tacana Takana Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers Bolivia 69 Tapajo Tapajo Tenharim Trumai Mato Grosso Brazil Tsimane Chimane Moseten Pano Beni Department Bolivia 69 Uru Eu Wau Wau Rondonia Brazil Wari Pacanawa Waricaca Rondonia Brazil Wauja Waura Waura Mato Grosso Brazil Wuy jugu Mundurucu Munduruku Yawalapiti Iaualapiti Mato Grosso Brazil Southwestern Amazon Edit This region includes the Cuzco Huanuco Junin Loreto Madre de Dios and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru parts of Acre Amazonas and Rondonia Brazil and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia Aguano Santacrucino Uguano Peru Amahuaca Brazil Peru Apurina Popũkare Amazonas and Acre Ashaninka Campa Chuncha Acre Brazil and Junin Pasco Huanuco and Ucayali Peru Banawa Jafi Kitiya Amazonas Brazil Cashibo Carapache Huanuco Region Peru Conibo Shipibo Conibo Peru and Amazonas Brazil Ese Ejja Chama Beni Department Bolivia 69 Harakmbut Madre de Dios Peru Amarakaeri Madre de Dios Region Peru Kareneri Madre de Dios Region Peru Huachipaeri Madre de Dios Region Peru Arasairi Madre de Dios Region Peru Manuquiari Madre de Dios Region Peru Puikiri Puncuri Madre de Dios Region Peru Sapiteri Madre de Dios Region Peru Toyeri Madre de Dios Region Peru 71 Hi Merima Himarima Amazonas Brazil Jamamadi Acre and Amazonas Brazil Kaxinawa Cashinahua Huni Kuin Peru and Acre Brazil Kulina Culina Peru Kwaza Coaia Koaia Rondonia Brazil Latunde Rondonia Brazil Machinere Bolivia 69 and Peru Mashco Piro Peru Matis Matis Brazil Matses Mayoruna Maxuruna Brazil Peru Parintintin Kagwahiva nga Brazil Shipibo Loreto Region Peru Siriono Chori Mia Beni and Santa Cruz Departments Bolivia Ticuna Tucuna Brazil Colombia Peru Toromono Toromona La Paz Department Bolivia 69 Yanesha Amuesha Cusco Region Peru Yawanawa Jaminawa Marinawa Xixinawa Acre Brazil Madre de Dios Peru and Bolivia Yine Contaquiro Simiranch Simirinche Cuzco Region Peru Yuqui Bia Yuki Cochabamba Department Bolivia 69 Yuracare Yura Beni and Cochabamba Departments Bolivia 69 Gran Chaco Edit nbsp Approximate region of the Gran ChacoMain article Gran Chaco Abipon Argentina historic group Angaite Angate northwestern Paraguay Ayoreo 72 Ayore Moro Morotoco Pyeta Yovia 69 Zamuco Bolivia and Paraguay Chamacoco Zamuko 72 Paraguay Chane Argentina and Bolivia Chiquitano Chiquito Tarapecosi eastern Bolivia Chorote Choroti 72 Iyo wujwa 69 Iyojwa ja Chorote Manjuy Argentina Bolivia and Paraguay Guana 72 Kaskiha Paraguay Guarani 72 Argentina Bolivia Brazil and Paraguay Bolivian Guarani 69 Chiriguano Bolivia Guarayo East Bolivian Guarani Chiripa Tsiripa Ava Bolivia Pai Tavytera Pai Montese Ava Bolivia Tapiete Guarani Nandeva Yanaigua 72 eastern Bolivia 69 Yuqui Bia Bolivia Guaycuru peoples Argentina Bolivia Brazil and Paraguay Mbaya Caduveo historic Kadiweu Brazil Mocovi Mocobi Argentina Pilaga Pilage Toba Toba 72 Qom Frentones Argentina Bolivia 69 and Paraguay Kaiwa 72 Argentina and Brazil Lengua people Enxet 72 Paraguay North Lengua Eenthlit Enlhet Maskoy Paraguay South Lengua Paraguay Lule Pele Tonocote Argentina Maka 72 Towolhi Paraguay Nivacle Ashlushlay 72 Chulupi Chulupe Guentuse Argentina and Paraguay Sanapana 72 Quiativis Paraguay Vilela Argentina Wichi Mataco 72 Argentina and Tarija Department Bolivia 69 Southern Cone Edit nbsp Patagonian languages at the time of European African contactMain article Southern Cone Ache southeastern Paraguay Chana extinct formerly Uruguay Chandule Chandri Charrua southern Brazil and Uruguay Comechingon Henia Camiare Argentina Haush Manek enk Manekenk Aush Tierra del Fuego Het Querandi extinct formerly Argentinian Pampas Chechehet Didiuhet Taluhet Huarpe Warpes Argentina Chile Allentiac Alyentiyak Millcayac Milykayak Oico Chiquillanes Pehuenche later Araucanized Mapuche Araucanian southwestern Argentina and Chile Huilliche Huillice Hulliche Guilliche Chile Cunco Veliche Lafquenche Mapuche southwestern Argentina and Chile Pehuenche south central Chile and Argentina Picunche formerly Chile Promaucae formerly Chile Mbegua extinct formerly Parana River Argentina Minuane extinct formerly Uruguay Puelche Guennaken Pamba extinct Argentinian and Chilean Andes 73 Tehuelche Patagonia Kunun a Guna Gennakenk Gennaken Kuwach a Guna Mecharnuekenk Aonikenk Zuidelijke Tehuelche Teushen Tehues extinct formerly Tierra del Fuego Selk nam Ona Tierra del Fuego Yaro Jaro Fjords and channels of Patagonia Edit Alacaluf Kaweshkar Halakwulup Chile Chono Guaiteco formerly Chiloe Archipelago Chile Yaghan Yamana Tierra del Fuego Caucahue poorly known possibly a partiality of Kaweshkar or Chono Languages EditMain article Indigenous languages of the Americas Indigenous languages of the Americas or Amerindian Languages are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages Many proposals to group these into higher level families have been made According to UNESCO most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct 74 Genetic classification EditMain article Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas Further information Y DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a Y DNA 75 Y DNA like mtDNA differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied 76 The pattern indicates Indigenous peoples of the Americas experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes first with the initial peopling of the Americas and secondly with European colonization of the Americas 77 78 The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today s Indigenous American populations 77 Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line with an initial 20 000 year layover on Beringia for the founding population 79 80 The micro satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region 81 The Na Dene Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q Y DNA mutations however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations 82 83 84 This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations 85 See also EditClassification of the Indigenous languages of the Americas Indigenous languages of the Americas List of pre Columbian cultures List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas Smithsonian Handbook of South American IndiansPortal nbsp Indigenous peoples of the AmericasNotes Edit Culture Areas Index the Canadian Museum of Civilization Archived from the original on 2013 11 04 Retrieved 2009 08 18 Dena ina Archived 2016 11 15 at the Wayback Machine Alaska Native Language Center Accessed December 10 2016 Slavey The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica Canada Archived from the original on 13 January 2017 Retrieved 10 December 2016 Indian Claims Commission 1978 Indian Claims Commission Decisions Volume 11 Part 1 Washington DC Native American Rights Fund pp 332 33 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Sturtevant and Trigger ix a b c d Preamble Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma Archived 2013 10 07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 Dec 2012 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Cultural Thesaurus Archived 2010 06 24 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the American Indian Accessed 8 April 2014 a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger 241 a b c d Sturtevant and Trigger 198 a b c d e Goddard 72 Goddard 72 and 237 a b c d e Goddard 237 Goddard 72 237 38 a b c Goddard 238 Goddard 72 and 238 a b Sturtevant and Fogelson 290 a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Trigger 161 a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson 293 a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson 81 82 a b Sturtevant and Fogelson 291 Sturtevant and Trigger 96 Brooks Rebecca Beatrice Native American Tribes in Massachusetts History of Massachusetts Retrieved 15 November 2021 Sturtevant and Trigger 255 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Sturtevant and Fogelson 69 a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson 205 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sturtevant and Fogelson 214 Sturtevant and Fogelson 673 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Sturtevant and Fogelson ix a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson 374 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant 617 Folgelson ed 2004 p 315 a b c d Frank Andrew K Indian Removal Archived 2009 09 30 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Historical Society s Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Retrieved 10 July 2009 a b Sturtevant and Fogelson 188 a b Sturtevant and Fogelson 598 99 a b c d e Hann John H 2006 The Native American World Beyond Apalachee University Press of Florida p 87 ISBN 978 0 8130 2982 5 a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson 302 Haliwa Saponi Tribe Archived 2009 04 22 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 July 2009 Hann 1993 Sturtevant and Fogelson 78 668 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hann 1996 5 13 Milanich 1999 p 49 Milanich 1996 p 46 Hann 2003 11 Sturtevant and Fogelson 190 a b c d e f D Azevedo ix a b c d e f g Pritzker 230 D Azevedo 161 62 a b c Loether Christopher Shoshones Archived 2014 11 10 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Retrieved 20 Oct 2013 a b c Shimkin 335 a b c d e f Murphy and Murphy 306 a b c Murphy and Murphy 287 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thomas Pendleton and Cappannari 280 83 a b c d e f D Azevedo 339 a b c d D Azevedo 340 Nicholas Walter S A Short History of Johnsondale RRanch org Archived from the original on 2010 10 31 Retrieved 2010 06 04 Pritzker 112 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Heizer ix Heizer 205 07 Heizer 190 Heizer 593 Heizer 769 Heizer 249 a b c d e f g h i Mexico Map Ethnologue Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 16 November 2015 Paipai Language Akwa ala Archived 2010 09 26 at the Wayback Machine Native Languages of the Americas Retrieved 10 Sept 2010 a b c d Steward Julian H 1948 Editor Handbook of South American Indians Volume 4 The Circum Caribbean Tribes Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture Archived 2012 03 26 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 9 July 2011 a b c d Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area Archived 2011 08 05 at the Wayback Machine Southeast Archaeological Center retrieved 9 July 2011 Cacaopera Archived 2019 09 13 at the Wayback Machine UNESCO World Heritage Centre retrieved 1 Dec 2011 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Languages of Bolivia Archived 2012 10 02 at the Wayback Machine Ethnologue Retrieved 23 Oct 2012 Apiaka Introduction Archived 2012 03 30 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Socioambiental Povos Indigenas no Brasil Retrieved 28 March 2012 Huachipaeri Archived 2011 11 16 at the Wayback Machine Ethnologue Retrieved 18 Feb 2012 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cultural Thesaurus Archived 2011 04 29 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the American Indian retrieved 18 Feb 2011 Puelche Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 1 December 2016 Retrieved 1 December 2016 Gordon Raymond G Jr Ed 2005 Ethnologue Languages of the world 15th ed Dallas TX SIL International ISBN 1 55671 159 X Online version http www ethnologue com permanent dead link Y Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas PDF Department of Biology University College London Departamento de Gene tica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cienti ficas Caracas Venezuela Departamento de Gene tica Universidade Federal do Parana Curitiba Brazil 5Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico Albuquerque 6Laboratorio de Gene tica Humana Universidad de los Andes Bogota Victoria Hospital Prince Albert Canada Subassembly of Medical Sciences Mongolian Academy of Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia Laboratorio de Gene tica Molecular Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Antioquia Medelli n Colombia Universite de Montreal University College London 73 524 539 2003 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 04 30 Retrieved 2010 01 22 Orgel L 2004 Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world PDF Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 39 2 99 123 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 537 7679 doi 10 1080 10409230490460765 PMID 15217990 Archived PDF from the original on 2018 11 13 Retrieved 2010 01 19 a b Wendy Tymchuk Senior Technical Editor 2008 Learn about Y DNA Haplogroup Q Genebase Systems Archived from the original Verbal tutorial possible on 2010 06 22 Retrieved 2009 11 21 Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup and indicate that all descendants of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor The Y DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years Over time additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup leading to new lineages These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup Each time a new mutation occurs there is a new branch in the haplogroup and therefore a new subclade Haplogroup Q possibly the youngest of the 20 Y chromosome haplogroups originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15 000 to 20 000 years before present a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help Wells Spencer Read Mark 2002 The Journey of Man A Genetic Odyssey Digitised online by Google books Random House ISBN 0 8129 7146 9 Archived from the original on 2016 05 18 Retrieved 2009 11 21 First Americans Endured 20 000 Year Layover Jennifer Viegas Discovery News Archived from the original on 2012 10 10 Retrieved 2009 11 18 Archaeological evidence in fact recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40 000 years ago but rapid expansion into North America didn t occur until about 15 000 years ago when the ice had literally broken page 2 Archived March 13 2012 at the Wayback Machine Than Ker 2008 New World Settlers Took 20 000 Year Pit Stop National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 2011 01 19 Retrieved 2010 01 23 Over time descendants developed a unique culture one that was different from the original migrants way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q Genebase Systems 2009 Archived from the original on 2011 05 10 Retrieved 2009 11 22 Ruhlen M November 1998 The origin of the Na Dene Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 23 13994 96 Bibcode 1998PNAS 9513994R doi 10 1073 pnas 95 23 13994 PMC 25007 PMID 9811914 Zegura SL Karafet TM Zhivotovsky LA Hammer MF January 2004 High resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 1 164 75 doi 10 1093 molbev msh009 PMID 14595095 Juliette Saillard Peter Forster Niels Lynnerup Hans Jurgen Bandelt Soren Norby 2000 mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos The Edge of the Beringian Expansion Laboratory of Biological Anthropology Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge University of Hamburg Hamburg Archived from the original on 2011 08 11 Retrieved 2009 11 22 The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub arctic branches A2b Siberians and Inuit and A2a Eskimos and Na Dene is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America A Torroni T G Schurr C C Yang EJE Szathmary R C Williams M S Schanfield G A Troup W C Knowler D N Lawrence K M Weiss D C Wallace January 1992 Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia Genetics Society of America 130 1 153 62 Archived from the original on 2009 02 20 Retrieved 2009 11 28 The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6 000 10 000 years Hence the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the AmerindsReferences EditD Azevedo Warren L volume editor Handbook of North American Indians Volume 11 Great Basin Washington DC Smithsonian Institution 1986 ISBN 978 0 16 004581 3 Hann John H The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them in McEwan Bonnie G ed The Spanish Missions of La Florida Gainesville Florida University Press of Florida 1993 ISBN 0 8130 1232 5 Hann John H A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions Gainesville Florida University Press of Florida 1996 ISBN 0 8130 1424 7 Hann John H 2003 Indians of Central and South Florida 1513 1763 University Press of Florida ISBN 0 8130 2645 8 Heizer Robert F volume editor Handbook of North American Indians Volume 8 California Washington DC Smithsonian Institution 1978 ISBN 978 0 16 004574 5 Milanich Jerald 1999 The Timucua Wiley Blackwell ISBN 0 631 21864 5 Retrieved June 11 2010 Pritzker Barry M A Native American Encyclopedia History Culture and Peoples Oxford Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 19 513877 1 Steward Julian H editor Handbook of South American Indians Volume 4 The Circum Caribbean Tribes Smithsonian Institution 1948 Sturtevant William C general editor and Bruce G Trigger volume editor Handbook of North American Indians Northeast Volume 15 Washington DC Smithsonian Institution 1978 ASIN B000NOYRRA Sturtevant William C general editor and Raymond D Fogelson volume editor Handbook of North American Indians Southeast Volume 14 Washington DC Smithsonian Institution 2004 ISBN 0 16 072300 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas amp oldid 1179354004, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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