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Wenatchi

January 01, 1970

The Wenatchi people or Šnp̍əšqʷáw̉šəxʷi / Np̓əšqʷáw̓səxʷ ("People in the between") are Native Americans who originally lived near the confluence of the Columbia and Wenatchee Rivers in Central Washington state. Their language is Interior Salish (a variant of Salish). Traditionally, they ate salmon, starchy roots like camas and biscuitroot, berries, deer, sheep and whatever else they could hunt or catch. The river that they lived on, the Wenatchee River, had one of the greatest runs of salmon in the world prior to numerous hydroelectric dams being put in on the downstream Columbia, pollution and other issues, and was their main food source.

Wenatchi
np̓əšqʷáw̓səxʷ
Regions with significant populations
 United States (Washington)
Languages
English, Salishan, Interior Salish
Related ethnic groups
Colville, Sanpoil, Nespelem, Palus, Sinixt, Entiat, Methow, Southern Okanagan, Sinkiuse-Columbia, and the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph's band

History edit

 
Historical photograph by Collier, B.C. Man holding spear stands on rocks in the river above a fish trap

The tribal name "Wenatchi" is of Yakama-Sahaptin origin, the neighboring Yakama named the "Wenatchapam Fishery" Winátsha and the particular Wenatchi Band at this place Winátshapam ("People at Winátsha"), the Wenatchi called this Band Sinpusqôisoh. Therefore they were called in historic times also "P'squosa/Pisquouse". The individually distinct Wenatchi bands, are the following:

  • the Stsilámuh ("People at the Deep Water, i.e. Lake Chelan") at the outlet of Lake Chelan (Tsilán - "Deep Water")
  • the Sintiátqkumuh ("People from the place of grassy water") along Entiat River (Ntiátq/Nt'yátkw/Nt'iátkw - "place of grassy water")
  • the Siniálkumuh on the Columbia between Entiat River and Wenatchee River
  • the Sinkumchímulh ("People at the mouth of [Wenatchee] River") at the mouth of the Wenatchee;
  • the Sinhahamchímuh higher up on the Wenatchee; and
  • the Sinpusqôisoh (already mentioned) at the forks of the Wenatchee, where the town of Leavenworth, Washington, now stands.

They are closely related by language with the Entiat and Chelan peoples and through marriage and culture with Upper Yakima bands.

Sometimes the Chelan (Ščəl̕ámxəxʷ - "People at the Deep Water, i.e. Lake Chelan") and Entiat were considered simply as another Wenatchi Bands; the Entiat (also known as: Inti-etook, Intietooks) - which called themselves Šntiyátkʷəxʷ (Sintia'tkumuk/Sintiatqkumuh) ("People from the place of grassy water/Gras in Water, i.e. Entiat River") and the Sinialkumuh Band of Entiat were often classed as "Wenatchi" or "P'squosa". Moreover, the Chelan people also described themselves as Šntiyátkʷəxʷ ("People from the place of grassy water/Gras in Water, i.e. Entiat River").[1]

The Wenatchi tribe was far more isolated prior to the arrival of the horse, but afterward they adopted many of the traditions and style of dress of the Plains Indians and were closely allied with the Spokane tribes by the time white settlers arrived. It is also estimated that 90% of the indigenous population died prior to white contact, infectious diseases spreading with the horse far in advance.[citation needed]

The Wenatchis (or "P'squosa") were not given reservation land by the federal government—though they had actually signed a treaty, it was never recognized, and fell by the wayside as new settlers moved into their territory. The Wenatchi Indians unlike many other tribes did not engage in war with the new arrivals and were even friends with the first white settlers and their families. Janie Hollingsworth, an early settler born in 1911, remembers fondly growing up with the daughter of the Wenatchi Chief in the Nahahum Canyon area, riding horses together happily until the government decided to round up all the Indians and put them in existing reservations. Subsequently, most modern day Wenatchis are found living on the Colville Indian Reservation, with a small number living on the Yakama Reservation.

Wenatchapam Fishery edit

The Wenatchapam Fishery is an important cultural site for the Wenatchi people. The land is currently incorporated into Wenatchee National Forest at the confluence of the Wenatchee River and Icicle Creek near Leavenworth. The fishery was named as a reservation site in the Yakama treaty from the Walla Walla Council (1855), and the boundaries were surveyed and designated by Army personnel in subsequent years. Following the establishment and reallocation of lands of the Colville Indian Reservation, Wenatchi Chief John Harmelt was supported by Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce people in lobbying for federal protection of Wenatchi rights to the fishery. More white settlers moved to the area, infringing on the Wenatchi's claim to the land, and the Great Northern Railway was approved to build a route through the reserved land.[2]

Another survey was commissioned in 1893, but federal agent L.T. Erwin, who was aligned with the settlers and railroad company, intervened in the process. He attempted to offer Chief Harmelt individual allotments in the mountains to the remaining Wenatchi people, however Harmelt insisted on consulting with his people before entering into a decision. In his absence, Erwin told the Yakama tribal leaders that the Wenatchi had sold their land rights, and the Yakama sold their share for $20,000.[3][2]

References edit

  1. ^ Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation - A Brief History
  2. ^ a b Shutler, Nolan (2011). . Environmental Law. 41 (3): 987–1026. ISSN 0046-2276. JSTOR 26499656. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  3. ^ de Leon, Virginia (September 8, 2003). "Tribe longs for home Twice cheated by the federal government, the Wenatchi fight to reclaim ancestral lands;". Spokesman Review.

Further reading edit

  • Chalfant, Stuart A. Ethnohistorical Reports on Aboriginal Land Use and Occupancy: Spokan Indians, Palus Indians, Columbia Salish, Wenatchi Salish. Interior Salish and eastern Washington Indians, 4. New York: Garland Pub. Inc, 1974. ISBN 0-8240-0782-4
  • Gardner, Grace Christiansen. Life Among North Central Washington First Families - the Red Men. [Wenatchee: The Daily World, 1935.
  • Marshall, Maureen E. Wenatchee's Dark Past. Wenatchee, Wash: The Wenatchee World, 2008.
  • Scheuerman, Richard D. The Wenatchi Indians: Guardians of the Valley. Fairfield, Wash: Ye Galleon Press, 1982. ISBN 0-87770-287-X
  • Scheuerman, Richard D., John Clement, and Clifford E. Trafzer. The Wenatchee Valley and Its First Peoples: Thrilling Grandeur, Unfulfilled Promise. Wenatchee, Wash: Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center, 2005. ISBN 0-9763591-0-3
  • Smythe, Charles W., and Priya Helweg. Summary of Ethnological Objects in the National Museum of Natural History Associated with the Wenatchi Culture. Washington, D.C.: Repatriation Office, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1996.

External links edit

  • False Promises: The Story of the Wenatchi Indians
  • E. Richard Hart papers, 1664-2014

January 01, 1970
wenatchi, people, Šnp, əšqʷáw, šəxʷi, əšqʷáw, səxʷ, people, between, native, americans, originally, lived, near, confluence, columbia, wenatchee, rivers, central, washington, state, their, language, interior, salish, variant, salish, traditionally, they, salmo. The Wenatchi people or Snp esqʷaw sexʷi Np esqʷaw sexʷ People in the between are Native Americans who originally lived near the confluence of the Columbia and Wenatchee Rivers in Central Washington state Their language is Interior Salish a variant of Salish Traditionally they ate salmon starchy roots like camas and biscuitroot berries deer sheep and whatever else they could hunt or catch The river that they lived on the Wenatchee River had one of the greatest runs of salmon in the world prior to numerous hydroelectric dams being put in on the downstream Columbia pollution and other issues and was their main food source Wenatchinp esqʷaw sexʷRegions with significant populations United States Washington LanguagesEnglish Salishan Interior SalishRelated ethnic groupsColville Sanpoil Nespelem Palus Sinixt Entiat Methow Southern Okanagan Sinkiuse Columbia and the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph s band Contents 1 History 2 Wenatchapam Fishery 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistory edit nbsp Historical photograph by Collier B C Man holding spear stands on rocks in the river above a fish trap The tribal name Wenatchi is of Yakama Sahaptin origin the neighboring Yakama named the Wenatchapam Fishery Winatsha and the particular Wenatchi Band at this place Winatshapam People at Winatsha the Wenatchi called this Band Sinpusqoisoh Therefore they were called in historic times also P squosa Pisquouse The individually distinct Wenatchi bands are the following the Stsilamuh People at the Deep Water i e Lake Chelan at the outlet of Lake Chelan Tsilan Deep Water the Sintiatqkumuh People from the place of grassy water along Entiat River Ntiatq Nt yatkw Nt iatkw place of grassy water the Sinialkumuh on the Columbia between Entiat River and Wenatchee River the Sinkumchimulh People at the mouth of Wenatchee River at the mouth of the Wenatchee the Sinhahamchimuh higher up on the Wenatchee and the Sinpusqoisoh already mentioned at the forks of the Wenatchee where the town of Leavenworth Washington now stands They are closely related by language with the Entiat and Chelan peoples and through marriage and culture with Upper Yakima bands Sometimes the Chelan Scel amxexʷ People at the Deep Water i e Lake Chelan and Entiat were considered simply as another Wenatchi Bands the Entiat also known as Inti etook Intietooks which called themselves Sntiyatkʷexʷ Sintia tkumuk Sintiatqkumuh People from the place of grassy water Gras in Water i e Entiat River and the Sinialkumuh Band of Entiat were often classed as Wenatchi or P squosa Moreover the Chelan people also described themselves as Sntiyatkʷexʷ People from the place of grassy water Gras in Water i e Entiat River 1 The Wenatchi tribe was far more isolated prior to the arrival of the horse but afterward they adopted many of the traditions and style of dress of the Plains Indians and were closely allied with the Spokane tribes by the time white settlers arrived It is also estimated that 90 of the indigenous population died prior to white contact infectious diseases spreading with the horse far in advance citation needed The Wenatchis or P squosa were not given reservation land by the federal government though they had actually signed a treaty it was never recognized and fell by the wayside as new settlers moved into their territory The Wenatchi Indians unlike many other tribes did not engage in war with the new arrivals and were even friends with the first white settlers and their families Janie Hollingsworth an early settler born in 1911 remembers fondly growing up with the daughter of the Wenatchi Chief in the Nahahum Canyon area riding horses together happily until the government decided to round up all the Indians and put them in existing reservations Subsequently most modern day Wenatchis are found living on the Colville Indian Reservation with a small number living on the Yakama Reservation Wenatchapam Fishery editThe Wenatchapam Fishery is an important cultural site for the Wenatchi people The land is currently incorporated into Wenatchee National Forest at the confluence of the Wenatchee River and Icicle Creek near Leavenworth The fishery was named as a reservation site in the Yakama treaty from the Walla Walla Council 1855 and the boundaries were surveyed and designated by Army personnel in subsequent years Following the establishment and reallocation of lands of the Colville Indian Reservation Wenatchi Chief John Harmelt was supported by Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce people in lobbying for federal protection of Wenatchi rights to the fishery More white settlers moved to the area infringing on the Wenatchi s claim to the land and the Great Northern Railway was approved to build a route through the reserved land 2 Another survey was commissioned in 1893 but federal agent L T Erwin who was aligned with the settlers and railroad company intervened in the process He attempted to offer Chief Harmelt individual allotments in the mountains to the remaining Wenatchi people however Harmelt insisted on consulting with his people before entering into a decision In his absence Erwin told the Yakama tribal leaders that the Wenatchi had sold their land rights and the Yakama sold their share for 20 000 3 2 References edit Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation A Brief History a b Shutler Nolan 2011 Taking the Bitter with the Sweet Environmental Law 41 3 987 1026 ISSN 0046 2276 JSTOR 26499656 Archived from the original on July 23 2019 de Leon Virginia September 8 2003 Tribe longs for home Twice cheated by the federal government the Wenatchi fight to reclaim ancestral lands Spokesman Review Further reading editChalfant Stuart A Ethnohistorical Reports on Aboriginal Land Use and Occupancy Spokan Indians Palus Indians Columbia Salish Wenatchi Salish Interior Salish and eastern Washington Indians 4 New York Garland Pub Inc 1974 ISBN 0 8240 0782 4 Gardner Grace Christiansen Life Among North Central Washington First Families the Red Men Wenatchee The Daily World 1935 Marshall Maureen E Wenatchee s Dark Past Wenatchee Wash The Wenatchee World 2008 Scheuerman Richard D The Wenatchi Indians Guardians of the Valley Fairfield Wash Ye Galleon Press 1982 ISBN 0 87770 287 X Scheuerman Richard D John Clement and Clifford E Trafzer The Wenatchee Valley and Its First Peoples Thrilling Grandeur Unfulfilled Promise Wenatchee Wash Wenatchee Valley Museum amp Cultural Center 2005 ISBN 0 9763591 0 3 Smythe Charles W and Priya Helweg Summary of Ethnological Objects in the National Museum of Natural History Associated with the Wenatchi Culture Washington D C Repatriation Office National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution 1996 External links editFalse Promises The Story of the Wenatchi Indians E Richard Hart papers 1664 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wenatchi amp oldid 1193135086, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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