fbpx
Wikipedia

Charrúa

January 19, 2024

For other uses, see Charrua (disambiguation).

The Charrúa were an indigenous people or Indigenous Nation of the Southern Cone in present-day Uruguay[4] and the adjacent areas in Argentina (Entre Ríos) and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).[5][6] They were a semi-nomadic people who sustained themselves mainly through hunting and gathering. Since resources were not permanent in every region, they would constantly be on the move.[7] Rain, drought, and other environmental factors determined their movement. For this reason they are often classified as seasonal nomads.[7]

Charrúa
Regions with significant populations
 Uruguay 159,319 (2011)[1]
 Argentina 14,649 (2010)[2]
 Brazil 42 (2014)[3]
Languages
Charruan languages
Religion
Animism
Related ethnic groups
Chaná, Guaraní

The Charrúa people were massacred in a campaign in 1831 by the colonial forces in Uruguay known as the Massacre of Salsipuedes. Though largely erased from modern histories, some communities of the Charrúa survived outside of Uruguay in Argentina and Brazil. It is believed that there are approximately between 160,000 and 300,000 individuals in Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil today who are descendants of surviving Charrúa.[8] Contemporary descendants of the Charrúa have created organizations and advocate for the memory of the indigenous people.

History edit

 
A Charrúa warrior.
 
Charrua distribution

The life of the Charrúas before contact with the Spanish Colonists remains to a large extent a mystery since most knowledge about the Charrúas comes from Spanish contact with them.

Chroniclers such as the Jesuit Pedro Lozano accused the Charrúan people of killing the Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís during his 1515 voyage up the Río de la Plata. This was a crucial moment since it shows that the Charrúas were prepared to resist the Spanish invaders.[9] Following the arrival of European settlers, the Charrúa, along with the Chana, strongly resisted the territorial invasion. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Charrúa were confronted by cattle exploitation that strongly altered their way of life, causing famine and forcing them to rely on cows and sheep. However, these were in that epoch increasingly privatized[further explanation needed]. Malones (raids) were resisted by settlers who freely shot any indigenous people who were in their way.[citation needed] Charrúas would move to the shore in summer to fish and gather clams, fruits, and roots and moved inland in winter to hunt deer, rheas, and smaller game with bolas (stones connected by short ropes that are thrown to ensnare prey) and bows and arrows.

Genocide edit

See also: Massacre of Salsipuedes

The drastic demographic reduction of the Charrúas did not occur until the administration of the first president of Uruguay, Fructuoso Rivera. Although Rivera initially maintained a good relationship with the Charrúas, the increasing dominance of the white people and desires for expansion led to hostilities.[8] He therefore organized a genocide campaign known as La Campaña de Salsipuedes in 1831. This campaign was composed of three different attacks in three different places: "El Paso del Sauce del Queguay", "El Salsipuedes", and a passage known as "La Cueva del Tigre".[7] Legend has it that the first attack was a betrayal. Rivera knew the tribal leaders and called them to his barracks by the river, later named "Salsipuedes". He claimed that he needed their help to defend territory and that they should join him, however, once the Charrúas were drunk and off their guard, the Uruguayan soldiers attacked them. The following two attacks were carried out to eliminate the Charrúas that had escaped or had not been present. It is said that since 11 April 1831, when the Salsipuedes (meaning "Get-out-if-you-can") campaign was launched by a group led by Bernabé Rivera, nephew of Fructuoso Rivera, the Charrúas were then officially claimed to be extinct.

Four surviving Charrúas were captured at Salsipuedes. The directory of the Oriental School of Montevideo thought a nearly extinct race would spark the interest of French scientists and the public.[10] They were Senacua Sénaqué, a medicine man; Vaimaca-Pirú Sira, a warrior; and a young couple, Laureano Tacuavé Martínez and María Micaëla Guyunusa. All four were taken to Paris in 1833, where they were exhibited to the public. The display was not a success and they all soon died in France, including a baby daughter born to Sira and Guyunusa, and adopted by Tacuavé.[5] The child was named María Mónica Micaëla Igualdad Libertad by the Charrúa, yet she was filed by the French as Caroliné Tacouavé.[11][12] A monumental sculpture, Los Últimos Charrúas was built in their memory in Montevideo, Uruguay.[13]

After Salsipuedes, the Charrúa were gradually dispossessed of their sovereignty while the new state was affirming its jurisdiction over the whole territory. According to the Argentine census of 2001, there were 676 Charrúas living in the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina.

Legacy edit

 
Charrúa people in 1833.

Following the end of Uruguay's last dictatorship in 1985, a group of people has been affirming and vindicating their Charrúan ancestry.

In August 1989, the Association of the Descendants of the Charrúa Nation (ADENCH, Asociación de Descendientes de la Nación Charrúa) was created to rescue, conserve, and promulgate the knowledge and presence of indigenous peoples in Uruguay. In 2005, another organisation was formed – CONACHA (Consejo de la Nación Charrúa)[14] – where families came out of clandestinity and publicly self-recognized themselves as Charrúa.

Not much is known about the Charrúa due to their cognitive erasure at an early time in Uruguayan history. The only surviving documents that concern the Charrúa are those of Spanish explorers, archaeologists, and anthropologists. A new body of literature is currently emerging about their oral history, contemporary ethnogenesis and activism.

It is believed that there are approximately between 160,000 and 300,000 individuals in Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil today who are descendants of surviving Charrúa.[8]

On November 9, 2007 the Câmara dos Vereadores of Porto Alegre held a Solemn Act to recognize the Charruas as an existing native Brazilian people. The event was jointly organized by the Human Rights Commission of the Câmara dos Vereadores of Porto Alegre and the Human Rights Commission of the National Congress of Brazil. During the Act, Senators Paulo Paim and Sérgio Zambiasi congratulated the indigenous people for their "conquest and effort in a struggle that has lasted 172 years".[15] The life of cacica-geral Acuab, the most notable Charrua chief of Rio Grande do Sul and the first female cacique of the Charruas, was the subject of the documentary Perambulantes (Brazil, 2009), by Giancarla Brunnetto e Karine Emerich.[16] Acuab, cacique of Aldeia Polidoro, is credited with going to Brasilia and handing over to then-President Lula a document that asked for the recognition of her people by Fundação National do Índio. Acuab reached the President after evading his security detail. This recognition would come in September, 2007.[17] By 2008 the city of Porto Alegre would grant Aldeia Polidoro (a 9-ha area) the status of municipal indigenous territory.[17]

Uruguayans refer to themselves as "charrúa" when in the context of a competition or battle against a foreign contingent.[clarification needed] In situations in which Uruguayans display bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, the expression "garra charrúa" (charrúan tenacity) is used to refer to victory in the face of certain defeat.

Other uses edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Uruguay en crigras" (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 November 2017.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ (PDF) (in Spanish). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Quadro Geral dos Povos - Povos Indígenas no Brasil". pib.socioambiental.org (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  4. ^ Renzo Pi Hugarte. "Aboriginal blood in Uruguay" (in Spanish). Raíces Uruguay. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  5. ^ a b Burford 2011, p. 16.
  6. ^ Alayón, Wilfredo (28 March 2011). . The Prisma. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 20 Dec 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Acosta y Lara, Eduardo, F. El Pais Charrua. Fundacion BankBoston, 2002.
  8. ^ a b c Alayón, Wilfredo (28 March 2011). "Uruguay and the memory of the Charrúa tribe". The Prisma. Retrieved 20 Dec 2011.
  9. ^ Historia de la conquista del Paraguay, Rio de la Plata y Tucuman, Volumen 1, pág. 27. Autor: Pedro Lozano, 1755. Editor: Andrés Lamas. Casa Editora "Imprenta Popular", 1874
  10. ^ Darío Arce. «Nuevos datos sobre el destino de Tacuavé y la hija de Guyunusa». Consultado el 1 de julio de 2013.
  11. ^ Charrua Hapkido y Tkd Paysandu (May 21, 2012). "El Parto de María Micaëla Guyunusa". chancharrua.wordpress.com (in Spanish). Charrúas del Uruguay, La nación Charrúa. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  12. ^ "El Parto de María Micaëla Guyunusa". indiauy.tripod.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  13. ^ Burford 2011, p. 119.
  14. ^ "Consejo de la Nación Charrúa". consejonacioncharrua.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  15. ^ "Câmara realiza ato de reconhecimento dos charruas". Câmara Municipal de Porto Alegre (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  16. ^ "Documentário destaca luta da cacique charrua Acuab". Câmara Municipal de Porto Alegre (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  17. ^ a b "Tidos como extintos, índios charrua sobreviveram 'invisíveis' por décadas e hoje lutam por melhores condições de vida". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  18. ^ Burford 2011, p. 173.
  19. ^ "Prefeitura de Charrua". www.charrua.rs.gov.br. Retrieved 2022-08-22.

References edit

  • Burford, Tim (2011). The Bradt Travel Guide Uruguay. Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-316-0.
  • Arce, Dario (2018). L'URUGUAY, UNE NATION D'EXTRÊME-OCCIDENT AU MIROIR DE SON HISTOIRE INDIENNE. Editions l'Harmattan, Paris.
  • Víctora, Ceres Gomes; Ruas-Neto, Antonio Leite (2012-08-31). . Revista Anthropológicas. 22 (1). ISSN 2525-5223. Archived from the original on 2019-05-05. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  • Rodríguez, Mariela Eva (2018). "DEVENIR CHARRÚA EN EL URUGUAY". Abya-yala: Revista sobre Acesso à Justiça e Direitos nas Américas. 2 (2): 408–420. doi:10.26512/abyayala.v2i2.23004. ISSN 2526-6675. S2CID 240321754. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  • Pedroso, Anayara Fantinel; Brito, Antonio José Guimarães (2016-12-31). "Vidas do sul: Identidade, Direito e Resistência na América Latina". Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos em Cultura e Sociedade. 2 (4): 556–575. doi:10.23899/relacult.v2i4.352. ISSN 2525-7870. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  • Ely, Lara. "Uruguai. Espiritualmente ligados à Terra, Charruas querem reconhecimento". Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  • Arn, Iván (2009). Más allá de la relación entre Identidad-Alteridad. La particularidad latinoamericana y la función del Estado. V Jornadas de Jóvenes Investigadores. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  • Lucas, Lara Ely. "O país sem índios. Entrevista com Nicolás Soto e Leonardo Rodríguez". Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  • Corte, Gomez; Gomeza, Jose Ignacio (2016). . XXX Reunião da Associação Brasileira de Antropologia: 21. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  • Olivera, Andrea (2014). "Etnografía decolonial con colectivos charrúas: reflexionando sobre interconocimientos" (PDF). Anuario de Antropología Social y Cultural en Uruguay (in Spanish). 12: 139–153.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charrúas.
  • Renzo Pi Hugarte (1969). "El Uruguay indígena" (PDF) (in Spanish). Nuestra Tierra. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  • Charrúa artwork, National Museum of the American Indian

January 19, 2024
charrúa, other, uses, charrua, disambiguation, were, indigenous, people, indigenous, nation, southern, cone, present, uruguay, adjacent, areas, argentina, entre, ríos, brazil, grande, they, were, semi, nomadic, people, sustained, themselves, mainly, through, h. For other uses see Charrua disambiguation The Charrua were an indigenous people or Indigenous Nation of the Southern Cone in present day Uruguay 4 and the adjacent areas in Argentina Entre Rios and Brazil Rio Grande do Sul 5 6 They were a semi nomadic people who sustained themselves mainly through hunting and gathering Since resources were not permanent in every region they would constantly be on the move 7 Rain drought and other environmental factors determined their movement For this reason they are often classified as seasonal nomads 7 CharruaRegions with significant populations Uruguay 159 319 2011 1 Argentina 14 649 2010 2 Brazil 42 2014 3 LanguagesCharruan languagesReligionAnimismRelated ethnic groupsChana GuaraniThe Charrua people were massacred in a campaign in 1831 by the colonial forces in Uruguay known as the Massacre of Salsipuedes Though largely erased from modern histories some communities of the Charrua survived outside of Uruguay in Argentina and Brazil It is believed that there are approximately between 160 000 and 300 000 individuals in Uruguay Argentina and Brazil today who are descendants of surviving Charrua 8 Contemporary descendants of the Charrua have created organizations and advocate for the memory of the indigenous people Contents 1 History 2 Genocide 3 Legacy 3 1 Other uses 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksHistory edit nbsp A Charrua warrior nbsp Charrua distributionThe life of the Charruas before contact with the Spanish Colonists remains to a large extent a mystery since most knowledge about the Charruas comes from Spanish contact with them Chroniclers such as the Jesuit Pedro Lozano accused the Charruan people of killing the Spanish explorer Juan Diaz de Solis during his 1515 voyage up the Rio de la Plata This was a crucial moment since it shows that the Charruas were prepared to resist the Spanish invaders 9 Following the arrival of European settlers the Charrua along with the Chana strongly resisted the territorial invasion In the 18th and 19th centuries the Charrua were confronted by cattle exploitation that strongly altered their way of life causing famine and forcing them to rely on cows and sheep However these were in that epoch increasingly privatized further explanation needed Malones raids were resisted by settlers who freely shot any indigenous people who were in their way citation needed Charruas would move to the shore in summer to fish and gather clams fruits and roots and moved inland in winter to hunt deer rheas and smaller game with bolas stones connected by short ropes that are thrown to ensnare prey and bows and arrows Genocide editSee also Massacre of Salsipuedes The drastic demographic reduction of the Charruas did not occur until the administration of the first president of Uruguay Fructuoso Rivera Although Rivera initially maintained a good relationship with the Charruas the increasing dominance of the white people and desires for expansion led to hostilities 8 He therefore organized a genocide campaign known as La Campana de Salsipuedes in 1831 This campaign was composed of three different attacks in three different places El Paso del Sauce del Queguay El Salsipuedes and a passage known as La Cueva del Tigre 7 Legend has it that the first attack was a betrayal Rivera knew the tribal leaders and called them to his barracks by the river later named Salsipuedes He claimed that he needed their help to defend territory and that they should join him however once the Charruas were drunk and off their guard the Uruguayan soldiers attacked them The following two attacks were carried out to eliminate the Charruas that had escaped or had not been present It is said that since 11 April 1831 when the Salsipuedes meaning Get out if you can campaign was launched by a group led by Bernabe Rivera nephew of Fructuoso Rivera the Charruas were then officially claimed to be extinct Four surviving Charruas were captured at Salsipuedes The directory of the Oriental School of Montevideo thought a nearly extinct race would spark the interest of French scientists and the public 10 They were Senacua Senaque a medicine man Vaimaca Piru Sira a warrior and a young couple Laureano Tacuave Martinez and Maria Micaela Guyunusa All four were taken to Paris in 1833 where they were exhibited to the public The display was not a success and they all soon died in France including a baby daughter born to Sira and Guyunusa and adopted by Tacuave 5 The child was named Maria Monica Micaela Igualdad Libertad by the Charrua yet she was filed by the French as Caroline Tacouave 11 12 A monumental sculpture Los Ultimos Charruas was built in their memory in Montevideo Uruguay 13 After Salsipuedes the Charrua were gradually dispossessed of their sovereignty while the new state was affirming its jurisdiction over the whole territory According to the Argentine census of 2001 there were 676 Charruas living in the province of Entre Rios Argentina Legacy edit nbsp Charrua people in 1833 Following the end of Uruguay s last dictatorship in 1985 a group of people has been affirming and vindicating their Charruan ancestry In August 1989 the Association of the Descendants of the Charrua Nation ADENCH Asociacion de Descendientes de la Nacion Charrua was created to rescue conserve and promulgate the knowledge and presence of indigenous peoples in Uruguay In 2005 another organisation was formed CONACHA Consejo de la Nacion Charrua 14 where families came out of clandestinity and publicly self recognized themselves as Charrua Not much is known about the Charrua due to their cognitive erasure at an early time in Uruguayan history The only surviving documents that concern the Charrua are those of Spanish explorers archaeologists and anthropologists A new body of literature is currently emerging about their oral history contemporary ethnogenesis and activism It is believed that there are approximately between 160 000 and 300 000 individuals in Uruguay Argentina and Brazil today who are descendants of surviving Charrua 8 On November 9 2007 the Camara dos Vereadores of Porto Alegre held a Solemn Act to recognize the Charruas as an existing native Brazilian people The event was jointly organized by the Human Rights Commission of the Camara dos Vereadores of Porto Alegre and the Human Rights Commission of the National Congress of Brazil During the Act Senators Paulo Paim and Sergio Zambiasi congratulated the indigenous people for their conquest and effort in a struggle that has lasted 172 years 15 The life of cacica geral Acuab the most notable Charrua chief of Rio Grande do Sul and the first female cacique of the Charruas was the subject of the documentary Perambulantes Brazil 2009 by Giancarla Brunnetto e Karine Emerich 16 Acuab cacique of Aldeia Polidoro is credited with going to Brasilia and handing over to then President Lula a document that asked for the recognition of her people by Fundacao National do Indio Acuab reached the President after evading his security detail This recognition would come in September 2007 17 By 2008 the city of Porto Alegre would grant Aldeia Polidoro a 9 ha area the status of municipal indigenous territory 17 Uruguayans refer to themselves as charrua when in the context of a competition or battle against a foreign contingent clarification needed In situations in which Uruguayans display bravery in the face of overwhelming odds the expression garra charrua charruan tenacity is used to refer to victory in the face of certain defeat Other uses edit There is a Charrua cemetery located in Piriapolis in the Maldonado Department 18 The Uruguay national football team is nicknamed Los Charruas and a local rugby team in Porto Alegre is also named after the nation Charrua is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul 19 Charrua is also the name of a Brazilian military tank used for troop transportation Tabare was published in 1888 it is an epic poem by Juan Zorrilla de San Martin about a Charrua and his love for a Spanish woman The rivuline Austrolebias charrua was named after them A street in Montevideo in the neighbourhoods of Pocitos and Cordon is named Charrua See also editIndigenous peoples in Uruguay Minuane peopleNotes edit Uruguay en crigras in Spanish Retrieved 19 November 2017 permanent dead link Censo Nacional de Poblacion Hogares y Viviendas 2010 PDF in Spanish 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 9 April 2016 Retrieved 23 May 2017 Quadro Geral dos Povos Povos Indigenas no Brasil pib socioambiental org in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 2018 11 26 Renzo Pi Hugarte Aboriginal blood in Uruguay in Spanish Raices Uruguay Retrieved 2 February 2015 a b Burford 2011 p 16 Alayon Wilfredo 28 March 2011 Uruguay and the memory of the Charrua tribe The Prisma Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 Retrieved 20 Dec 2011 a b c Acosta y Lara Eduardo F El Pais Charrua Fundacion BankBoston 2002 a b c Alayon Wilfredo 28 March 2011 Uruguay and the memory of the Charrua tribe The Prisma Retrieved 20 Dec 2011 Historia de la conquista del Paraguay Rio de la Plata y Tucuman Volumen 1 pag 27 Autor Pedro Lozano 1755 Editor Andres Lamas Casa Editora Imprenta Popular 1874 Dario Arce Nuevos datos sobre el destino de Tacuave y la hija de Guyunusa Consultado el 1 de julio de 2013 Charrua Hapkido y Tkd Paysandu May 21 2012 El Parto de Maria Micaela Guyunusa chancharrua wordpress com in Spanish Charruas del Uruguay La nacion Charrua Retrieved 16 December 2012 El Parto de Maria Micaela Guyunusa indiauy tripod com in Spanish Retrieved 23 May 2017 Burford 2011 p 119 Consejo de la Nacion Charrua consejonacioncharrua blogspot com Retrieved 2 September 2020 Camara realiza ato de reconhecimento dos charruas Camara Municipal de Porto Alegre in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 2022 08 21 Documentario destaca luta da cacique charrua Acuab Camara Municipal de Porto Alegre in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 2022 08 22 a b Tidos como extintos indios charrua sobreviveram invisiveis por decadas e hoje lutam por melhores condicoes de vida BBC News Brasil in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 2022 08 22 Burford 2011 p 173 Prefeitura de Charrua www charrua rs gov br Retrieved 2022 08 22 References editBurford Tim 2011 The Bradt Travel Guide Uruguay Bucks UK Bradt Travel Guides ISBN 978 1 84162 316 0 Arce Dario 2018 L URUGUAY UNE NATION D EXTREME OCCIDENT AU MIROIR DE SON HISTOIRE INDIENNE Editions l Harmattan Paris Victora Ceres Gomes Ruas Neto Antonio Leite 2012 08 31 Querem matar os ultimos Charruas Sofrimento social e luta dos indigenas que vivem nas cidades Revista Anthropologicas 22 1 ISSN 2525 5223 Archived from the original on 2019 05 05 Retrieved 2019 05 06 Rodriguez Mariela Eva 2018 DEVENIR CHARRUA EN EL URUGUAY Abya yala Revista sobre Acesso a Justica e Direitos nas Americas 2 2 408 420 doi 10 26512 abyayala v2i2 23004 ISSN 2526 6675 S2CID 240321754 Retrieved 2019 05 06 Pedroso Anayara Fantinel Brito Antonio Jose Guimaraes 2016 12 31 Vidas do sul Identidade Direito e Resistencia na America Latina Revista Latino Americana de Estudos em Cultura e Sociedade 2 4 556 575 doi 10 23899 relacult v2i4 352 ISSN 2525 7870 Retrieved 2019 05 06 Ely Lara Uruguai Espiritualmente ligados a Terra Charruas querem reconhecimento Retrieved 2019 05 06 Arn Ivan 2009 Mas alla de la relacion entre Identidad Alteridad La particularidad latinoamericana y la funcion del Estado V Jornadas de Jovenes Investigadores Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Buenos Aires Retrieved 2019 05 06 Lucas Lara Ely O pais sem indios Entrevista com Nicolas Soto e Leonardo Rodriguez Retrieved 2019 05 06 Corte Gomez Gomeza Jose Ignacio 2016 EM BUSCA DA MEMoRIA E DA IDENTIDADE A RESISTENCIA DO POVO CHARRUA NO URUGUAI XXX Reuniao da Associacao Brasileira de Antropologia 21 Archived from the original on 2019 05 06 Retrieved 2019 05 06 Olivera Andrea 2014 Etnografia decolonial con colectivos charruas reflexionando sobre interconocimientos PDF Anuario de Antropologia Social y Cultural en Uruguay in Spanish 12 139 153 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charruas Renzo Pi Hugarte 1969 El Uruguay indigena PDF in Spanish Nuestra Tierra Retrieved 12 May 2015 Charrua artwork National Museum of the American Indian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charrua amp oldid 1197191209, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.