The Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt) was a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, around Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2500 BC. ASTt groups were the first human occupants of Arctic Canada and Greenland. This was a terrestrial entity that had a highly distinctive toolkit based on microblade technology. Typically tool types include scrapers, burins and side and end blades used in composite arrows or spears made of other materials, such as bone or antler. Many researchers also assume that it was Arctic Small Tool populations who first introduced the bow and arrow to the Arctic, that eventually became the Eskimo archery material culture. ASTt camps are often found along coasts and streams, to take advantage of seal or salmon populations. While some of the groups were fairly nomadic, more permanent, sod-roofed homes have also been identified from Arctic Small Tool tradition sites.
According to Pavel Flegontov, ASTt may have originated in East Siberia about 5,000 years ago,
"Paleo-Eskimo archeological cultures are grouped under the Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt), and include the Denbigh, Choris, Norton, and Ipiutak cultures in Alaska, and the Saqqaq, Independence, Pre-Dorset, and Dorset cultures in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland. The ASTt source has been argued to lie in the Syalakh-Bel’kachi-Ymyakhtakh culture sequence of East Siberia, dated to 6,500 – 2,800 calBP."[1][2]
The earliest form of the Norton tradition of Alaska is known as the Choris Stage (ca. 1600—500 BC).[3] The sites are mostly coastal and contain pottery similar to that of Siberia. This culture expanded as far as the Mackenzie River Delta and Banks Island.[3]
Genetic DNA studies also support the connections.[4]
Referencesedit
^Flegontov, Pavel; Altinişik, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2017-10-13). "Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy across North America". bioRxiv10.1101/203018.
^Flegontov, Pavel; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Adamski, Nicole; Bolnick, Deborah A.; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Culleton, Brendan J.; Flegontova, Olga; Friesen, T. Max; Jeong, Choongwon; Harper, Thomas K.; Keating, Denise; Kennett, Douglas J.; Kim, Alexander M.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Lawson, Ann Marie; Olalde, Iñigo; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Potter, Ben A.; Raff, Jennifer; Sattler, Robert A.; Skoglund, Pontus; Stewardson, Kristin; Vajda, Edward J.; Vasilyev, Sergey; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Hayes, M. Geoffrey; O’Rourke, Dennis H.; Krause, Johannes; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David; Schiffels, Stephan (2019). "Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America" (PDF). Nature. 570 (7760): 236–240. Bibcode:2019Natur.570..236F. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1251-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC6942545. PMID 31168094.
^ abStern, Pamela (2009). The A to Z of the Inuit. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 42. ISBN978-0-8108-6822-9.
^Flegontov, Pavel; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Adamski, Nicole; Bolnick, Deborah A.; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Culleton, Brendan J.; Flegontova, Olga; Friesen, T. Max; Jeong, Choongwon; Harper, Thomas K.; Keating, Denise; Kennett, Douglas J.; Kim, Alexander M.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Lawson, Ann Marie; Olalde, Iñigo; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Potter, Ben A.; Raff, Jennifer; Sattler, Robert A.; Skoglund, Pontus; Stewardson, Kristin; Vajda, Edward J.; Vasilyev, Sergey; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Hayes, M. Geoffrey; O’Rourke, Dennis H.; Krause, Johannes; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David; Schiffels, Stephan (2019). "Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America" (PDF). Nature. 570 (7760): 236–240. Bibcode:2019Natur.570..236F. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1251-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC6942545. PMID 31168094.
Further readingedit
Bielawski, E. (January 1988). "Paleoeskimo Variability: The Early Arctic Small-Tool Tradition in the Central Canadian Arctic". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 53 (1): 52–74. doi:10.2307/281154. JSTOR 281154.
Fagan, Brian. Ancient North America. Thames & Hudson, London. 2005, p. 179-81.
Grønnow, Bjarne (2012). "The Backbone of the Saqqaq Culture: A Study of the Nonmaterial Dimensions of the Early Arctic Small Tool Tradition". Arctic Anthropology. University of Wisconsin Press. 49 (2): 58–71. JSTOR 24475857.
Stewart, Henry (1989). "The Arctic Small Tool tradition and early Canadian Arctic Palaeo-Eskimo cultures". Études Inuit Studies. Université Laval. 13 (2): 69–101. JSTOR 42869667.
External linksedit
Park, Robert. "The Arctic Small Tool tradition". Retrieved October 12, 2012.
January 19, 2024
arctic, small, tool, tradition, arctic, small, tool, tradition, astt, broad, cultural, entity, that, developed, along, alaska, peninsula, around, bristol, eastern, shores, bering, strait, around, 2500, astt, groups, were, first, human, occupants, arctic, canad. The Arctic Small Tool tradition ASTt was a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula around Bristol Bay and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2500 BC ASTt groups were the first human occupants of Arctic Canada and Greenland This was a terrestrial entity that had a highly distinctive toolkit based on microblade technology Typically tool types include scrapers burins and side and end blades used in composite arrows or spears made of other materials such as bone or antler Many researchers also assume that it was Arctic Small Tool populations who first introduced the bow and arrow to the Arctic that eventually became the Eskimo archery material culture ASTt camps are often found along coasts and streams to take advantage of seal or salmon populations While some of the groups were fairly nomadic more permanent sod roofed homes have also been identified from Arctic Small Tool tradition sites The Arctic Small Tool tradition includes a number of cultural groups including the Denbigh Flint Complex in Alaska the Pre Dorset culture in Arctic Canada Independence I culture in the High Arctic and Saqqaq culture in southern Greenland The ASTt was followed by the Norton tradition in Alaska and the Dorset culture in Arctic Canada Contents 1 Siberian connections 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External linksSiberian connections editAccording to Pavel Flegontov ASTt may have originated in East Siberia about 5 000 years ago Paleo Eskimo archeological cultures are grouped under the Arctic Small Tool tradition ASTt and include the Denbigh Choris Norton and Ipiutak cultures in Alaska and the Saqqaq Independence Pre Dorset and Dorset cultures in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland The ASTt source has been argued to lie in the Syalakh Bel kachi Ymyakhtakh culture sequence of East Siberia dated to 6 500 2 800 calBP 1 2 The earliest form of the Norton tradition of Alaska is known as the Choris Stage ca 1600 500 BC 3 The sites are mostly coastal and contain pottery similar to that of Siberia This culture expanded as far as the Mackenzie River Delta and Banks Island 3 Genetic DNA studies also support the connections 4 References edit Flegontov Pavel Altinisik N Ezgi Changmai Piya Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan et al 2017 10 13 Paleo Eskimo genetic legacy across North America bioRxiv 10 1101 203018 Flegontov Pavel Altinisik N Ezgi Changmai Piya Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Adamski Nicole Bolnick Deborah A Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen Candilio Francesca Culleton Brendan J Flegontova Olga Friesen T Max Jeong Choongwon Harper Thomas K Keating Denise Kennett Douglas J Kim Alexander M Lamnidis Thiseas C Lawson Ann Marie Olalde Inigo Oppenheimer Jonas Potter Ben A Raff Jennifer Sattler Robert A Skoglund Pontus Stewardson Kristin Vajda Edward J Vasilyev Sergey Veselovskaya Elizaveta Hayes M Geoffrey O Rourke Dennis H Krause Johannes Pinhasi Ron Reich David Schiffels Stephan 2019 Palaeo Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America PDF Nature 570 7760 236 240 Bibcode 2019Natur 570 236F doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1251 y ISSN 0028 0836 PMC 6942545 PMID 31168094 a b Stern Pamela 2009 The A to Z of the Inuit Lanham Scarecrow Press p 42 ISBN 978 0 8108 6822 9 Flegontov Pavel Altinisik N Ezgi Changmai Piya Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Adamski Nicole Bolnick Deborah A Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen Candilio Francesca Culleton Brendan J Flegontova Olga Friesen T Max Jeong Choongwon Harper Thomas K Keating Denise Kennett Douglas J Kim Alexander M Lamnidis Thiseas C Lawson Ann Marie Olalde Inigo Oppenheimer Jonas Potter Ben A Raff Jennifer Sattler Robert A Skoglund Pontus Stewardson Kristin Vajda Edward J Vasilyev Sergey Veselovskaya Elizaveta Hayes M Geoffrey O Rourke Dennis H Krause Johannes Pinhasi Ron Reich David Schiffels Stephan 2019 Palaeo Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America PDF Nature 570 7760 236 240 Bibcode 2019Natur 570 236F doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1251 y ISSN 0028 0836 PMC 6942545 PMID 31168094 Further reading editBielawski E January 1988 Paleoeskimo Variability The Early Arctic Small Tool Tradition in the Central Canadian Arctic American Antiquity Cambridge University Press 53 1 52 74 doi 10 2307 281154 JSTOR 281154 Fagan Brian Ancient North America Thames amp Hudson London 2005 p 179 81 Gronnow Bjarne 2012 The Backbone of the Saqqaq Culture A Study of the Nonmaterial Dimensions of the Early Arctic Small Tool Tradition Arctic Anthropology University of Wisconsin Press 49 2 58 71 JSTOR 24475857 Stewart Henry 1989 The Arctic Small Tool tradition and early Canadian Arctic Palaeo Eskimo cultures Etudes Inuit Studies Universite Laval 13 2 69 101 JSTOR 42869667 External links editPark Robert The Arctic Small Tool tradition Retrieved October 12 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arctic small tool tradition amp oldid 1131537450, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
