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Valencia

February 08, 2023

This article is about the city in Spain. For other uses, see Valencia (disambiguation).

Valencia[a] (Valencian: València)[b][5] is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. The wider urban area also comprising the neighbouring municipalities has a population of around 1.6 million,[3][6] constituting one of the major urban areas on the European side of the Mediterranean Sea. It is located on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, at the Gulf of Valencia, north of the Albufera lagoon.

Valencia
València (Valencian)
Municipality
From left to right and from top to bottom: the tower of the church of Santa Catalina, the City of Arts and Sciences, the Town Hall square, a barrack in l'Albufera, a falla in the Town Hall square, the Turia garden, La Seda, the Serrans towers, the Palace of the Generalitat Valenciana, the Oceanogràfic, the cathedral, the port, Malva-rosa beach and the Colón market
Flag
Coat of arms
Valencia
Location of Valencia within Spain / Valencian Community
Valencia
Valencia (Valencian Community)
Coordinates: 39°28′00″N 0°22′30″W / 39.46667°N 0.37500°W / 39.46667; -0.37500
Country Spain
Autonomous Community Valencian Community
ProvinceValencia
ComarcaHorta of Valencia
Founded138 BC
Districts
17 districtes
  • Ciutat Vella
  • Eixample
  • Extramurs
  • Campanar
  • Saïdia
  • Pla del Real
  • Olivereta
  • Patraix
  • Jesús
  • Quatre Carreres
  • Poblats Marítims
  • Camins al Grau
  • Algirós
  • Benimaclet
  • Pobles del Nord
  • Pobles de l'Oest
  • Pobles del Sud
Government
 • TypeAjuntament
 • BodyAjuntament de València
 • MayorJoan Ribó (since 2015) (Compromís)
Area
 • Municipality134.65 km2 (51.99 sq mi)
 • Urban
628.81 km2 (242.78 sq mi)
Elevation
15 m (49 ft)
Population
 (2021)[4]
 • Municipality789,744[1]
 • Density5,865.1/km2 (15,191/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,595,000[3]
 • Metro
2,522,383[2]
Demonym(s)Valencian
•valencià, -ana (va)
•valenciano, -na (es)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET (GMT))
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST (GMT))
Postcode
46000-46080
ISO 3166-2ES-V
Websitewww.valencia.es
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. Islamic rule and acculturation ensued in the 8th century, together with the introduction of new irrigation systems and crops. Aragonese Christian conquest took place in 1238, and so the city became the capital of the Kingdom of Valencia. The city's population thrived in the 15th century, owing to trade with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, Italian ports and other locations in the Mediterranean sea, becoming one of the largest European cities by the end of the century. Already harmed by the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean in detriment of the Mediterranean in the global trade networks and the insecurity created by Barbary piracy throughout the 16th century, the city's economic activity experienced a crisis upon the expulsion of the moriscos in 1609. The city became a major silk-manufacturing centre in the 18th century. The city served as the accidental seat of the Spanish Government from 1936 to 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.

The city's port is the 5th-busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea. The city is ranked as a Gamma-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[7] Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 ha (420 acres).[8] Due to its long history, Valencia has numerous celebrations and traditions, such as the Falles, which were declared Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain in 1965[9] and an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in November 2016. In 2022, the city was voted the world’s top destination for expats, based on criteria such as quality of life and affordability.[10][11]

Joan Ribó from Compromís has been the mayor of Valencia since 2015.

Name

 
Roman cornucopia, symbol of Valentia, found on the floor of a Roman building excavated in the Plaça de la Mare de Déu

The Latin name of the city was Valentia (IPA: [waˈlɛntɪ.a]), meaning "strength" or "valour", due to the Roman practice of recognising the valour of former Roman soldiers after a war. The Roman historian Livy explains that the founding of Valentia in the 2nd century BC was due to the settling of the Roman soldiers who fought against a Lusitanian rebel, Viriatus, during the Third Lusitanian Raid of the Lusitanian War.[12]

During the rule of the Muslim kingdoms in Spain, it had the title Medina at-Tarab ('City of Joy') according to one transliteration, or Medina at-Turab ('City of Sands') according to another, since it was located on the banks of the River Turia. It is not clear if the term Balansiyya was reserved for the entire Taifa of Valencia or also designated the city.[13]

By gradual sound changes, Valentia has become Valencia [baˈlenθja] (i.e. before a pausa or nasal sound) or [- βaˈlenθja] (after a continuant) in Castilian and València [vaˈlensia] in Valencian. In Valencian, e with grave accent (è) indicates /ɛ/ in contrast to /e/, but the word València is an exception to this rule, since è is pronounced /e/. The spelling "València" was approved by the AVL based on tradition after a debate on the matter. The name "València" has been the only official name of the city since 2017.[14]

Geography

Location

 
Valencia and surroundings as seen by the ESA's Sentinel-2 satellite

Located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia, Valencia lies on the highly fertile alluvial silts accumulated on the floodplain formed in the lower course of the Turia River.[15] At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) from the sea.

The Albufera lagoon, located about 12 km (7 mi) south of the city proper (and part of the municipality), was originally a saltwater lagoon, but since the severing of links to the sea, it has eventually become a freshwater lagoon as well as progressively decreasing in size.[16] The albufera and its environment are exploited for the cultivation of rice in paddy fields, and for hunting and fishing purposes.[16]

The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911,[17] and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1976, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, it was declared a natural park.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Valencia

The climate of Valencia is a Mediterranean climate[18] (Köppen: Csa)[19] with mild winters and hot, dry summers.[20][21] According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Valencia has a subtropical climate.[22]

The maximum of precipitation occurs in the Autumn, coinciding with the time of the year when cold drop (gota fría) episodes of heavy rainfall—associated to cut-off low pressure systems at high altitude—[23] are common along the Western mediterranean coast.[24] The year-on-year variability in precipitation may be, however, considerable.[24]

Its average annual temperature is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F); 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) during the day and 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the maximum daily temperature typically ranges from 14 to 20 °C (57 to 68 °F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F). During the warmest months – July and August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F), about 21 to 23 °C (70 to 73 °F) at night. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 8 °C (46 °F) at night. Snowfall is extremely rare; the most recent occasion snow accumulated on the ground was on 11 January 1960.[25] Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon, locally known as ponentà.[26] The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.[citation needed]

The highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the city since 1937 were 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) on 27 August 2010 and −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) on 11 February 1956.[27]

Valencia, on average, has 2,696 sunshine hours per year, from 155 in December (average of 5 hours of sunshine duration a day) to 315 in July (average above 10 hours of sunshine duration a day). The average temperature of the sea is 14–15 °C (57–59 °F) in winter and 25–26 °C (77–79 °F) in summer.[28][29] Average annual relative humidity is 65%.[30]

Climate data for Valencia (4 km [2 mi] from sea, altitude: 11 m.a.s.l., averages 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		42.0
(107.6) 		39.3
(102.7) 		41.8
(107.2) 		43.0
(109.4) 		38.4
(101.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		43.0
(109.4)
Average high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		22.8
(73.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.3
(59.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.3
(64.9)
Average low °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		13.8
(56.8)
Record low °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		1.2
(34.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−2.6
(27.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37
(1.5) 		36
(1.4) 		33
(1.3) 		38
(1.5) 		39
(1.5) 		22
(0.9) 		8
(0.3) 		20
(0.8) 		70
(2.8) 		77
(3.0) 		47
(1.9) 		48
(1.9) 		475
(18.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4.4 3.9 3.6 4.8 4.3 2.6 1.1 2.4 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.8 46.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 171 171 215 234 259 276 315 288 235 202 167 155 2,696
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[31]

History

Main article: History of Valencia
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Valencia.

Roman colony

 
Detail of 2nd-century Roman mosaic found in the city

Valencia is one of the oldest cities in Spain, founded in the Roman period, c. 138 BC, under the name "Valentia Edetanorum". A few centuries later, with the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the Catholic Church assumed the reins of power in the city, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths).

Middle Ages

The city surrendered to the invading Moors (Arabs) about 714 AD.[32] Abd al-Rahman I laid waste to old Valencia by 788–789.[33] From then on, the name of Valencia (Arabised as Balansiya) appears more related to the wider area than to the city, which is primarily cited as Madînat al-Turâb (city of 'earth', 'sand' or possibly 'dirt') and presumably had a diminished importance throughout the period.[34] During the emiral period, the surrounding territory, under the ascendancy of Berber chieftains, was prone to unruliness.[35] In the wake of the start of the fitna of al-Andalus, Valencia became the head of an independent emirate,[36] initially controlled by eunuchs,[36] and then, after 1021, by Abd al-Azîz (a grandson of Almanzor).[37] Valencia experienced a notable urban development in this period.[38] Many Jews lived in Valencia, including the accomplished Jewish poet Solomon ibn Gabirol, who spent his last years in the city.[39] After a damaging offensive by Castilian–Leonese forces towards 1065, the territory became a satellite of the Taifa of Toledo, and following the fall of the latter in 1085, a protectorate of "El Cid". A revolt erupted in 1092, handing the city to the Almoravids and forcing El Cid to take the city by force in 1094, henceforth establishing his own principality.[40]

Following the evacuation of the city in 1102, Almoravids took control. As the Almoravid empire crumbled in the mid 12th-century, ibn Mardanīsh took control of eastern al-Andalus, creating a Murcia-centered independent emirate to which Valencia belonged, resisting Almohads until 1172.[41] During the Almohad rule the city perhaps had a population of about 20,000.[42] When the city fell to James I of Aragon, the Jewish population constituted about 7 percent of the total population.[39]

 
12th-century Arab dish

In 1238,[43] King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender.[44] Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave.[citation needed]

The city endured serious troubles in the mid-14th century, including the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics — as well as a series of wars and riots that followed. In 1391, the Jewish quarter was destroyed in a pogrom.[39]

Genoese traders promoted the expansion of the cultivation of white mulberry in the area by the late 14th century, and later introducing innovative silk manufacturing techniques. The city became a centre of production of mulberry and was, at least for a time, a major silk-making centre.[45] The Genoese community in Valencia—merchants, artisans and workers—became, along with Seville's, one of the most important in the Iberian Peninsula.[46]

In 1407, following the model of the Barcelona's institution created some years before, a Taula de canvi (a sort of municipal public bank) was created in Valencia, although its first iteration yielded limited success.[47]

The 15th century was a time of economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, during which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Some of the landmark buildings of the city were built during the Late Middle Ages, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Silk Exchange (1482), the Micalet [es], and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Sant Domènec. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on Valencian artists.

Valencia became a major slave trade centre in the 15th century, second only to Lisbon in the West,[48] prompting a Lisbon–Seville–Valencia axis by the second half of the century, powered by the incipient Portuguese slave trade originating in Western Africa.[49] By the end of the 15th century Valencia was one of the largest European cities, being the most populated city in the Hispanic Monarchy and second to Lisbon in the Iberian Peninsula.[50]

Modern history

Following the death of Ferdinand II in 1516, the nobiliary estate challenged the Crown amid the relative void of power.[51] In 1519, the Taula de Canvis was recreated again, known as Nova Taula.[52] The nobles earned the rejection from the people of Valencia, and the whole kingdom was plunged into armed revolt—the Revolt of the Brotherhoods—and full blown civil war between 1521 and 1522.[51] Muslims vassals were forced to convert in 1526 at behest of Charles V.[51]

Urban and rural delinquency—linked to phenomena such as vagrancy, gambling, larceny, pimping and false begging—as well as the nobiliary banditry consisting of the revenges and rivalries between the aristocratic families flourished in Valencia during the 16th century.[53]

Also during the 16th century, the North-African piracy targeted the whole coastline of the kingdom of Valencia, forcing the fortification of sites.[54] By the late 1520s, the intensification of the activity of the Barbary corsairs along the conflictive domestic situation and the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean in detriment of the Mediterranean in the global trade networks put an end to the economic splendor of the city.[55] The piracy also paved the way for the ensuing development of Christian piracy, that had Valencia as one of its main bases in the Iberian Mediterranean.[54] The Berber threat—initially with Ottoman support—generated great insecurity on the coast, and it would not be substantially reduced until the 1580s.[54]

 
View of Valencia by Anton van den Wyngaerde (1563)
 
Expulsion of the Moriscos from Valencia Grau by Pere Oromig (1616)

The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that had converted to Christianity. The Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Crown of Aragon, and in the Kingdom of Valencia specifically, they constituted roughly a third of the total population.[56] The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the Valencian nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de canvi financial institution in 1613.

The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709), marking the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with the Habsburg ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles of Austria. King Charles of Austria vowed to protect the laws of the Kingdom of Valencia (Furs), which gained him the sympathy of a wide sector of the Valencian population. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, captured the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffed the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the Furs of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria.[57] By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter, similarly to other places in the Crown of Aragon.

The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The silk industry boomed during this century, with the city replacing Toledo as the main silk-manufacturing centre in Spain.[45] The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Pérez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time.

The 19th century began with Spain embroiled in wars with France, Portugal, and England—but the War of Independence most affected the Valencian territories and the capital city. The repercussions of the French Revolution were still felt when Napoleon's armies invaded the Iberian Peninsula. The Valencian people rose up in arms against them on 23 May 1808, inspired by leaders such as Vicent Doménech el Palleter.

The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the middle of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

 
Valencia in 1832 by French lithographer Alfred Guesdon

Ferdinand VII became king after the victorious end of the Peninsular War, which freed Spain from Napoleonic domination. When he returned on 24 March 1814 from exile in France, the Cortes requested that he respect the liberal Constitution of 1812, which seriously limited royal powers. Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812 and dissolved the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820 to 1823.

On the death of King Ferdinand VII in 1833, Baldomero Espartero became one of the most ardent defenders of the hereditary rights of the king's daughter, the future Isabella II. During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans.

 
The start of demolition work on the walls of the city in 1865

The reign of Isabella II as an adult (1843–1868) was a period of relative stability and growth for Valencia. During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V.

Works to demolish the walls of the old city started on 20 February 1865.[58] The demolition works of the citadel ended after the 1868 Glorious Revolution.[58]

Following the introduction of the universal manhood suffrage in the late 19th century, the political landscape in Valencia—until then consisting of the bipartisanship characteristic of the early Restoration period—experienced a change, leading to a growth of republican forces, gathered around the emerging figure of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez.[59] Not unlike the equally republican lerrouxism, the Populist blasquism [es] came to mobilize the Valencian masses by promoting anticlericalism.[60] Meanwhile, in reaction, the right-wing coalesced around several initiatives such as the Catholic League or the re-formulation of the Valencian Carlism and the Valencianism did similarly with organizations such as Valencia Nova or the Unió Valencianista.[61]

 
Women working at the Albufera (c. 1915)
 
Bombing of the city by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria (1937) during the Spanish Civil War

In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialised city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals and foodstuffs, this last with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanisation of industry larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda (Paseo de la Alameda), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as the North Station (Estació del Nord) and the Central and Columbus markets.

World War I (1914–1918) greatly affected the Valencian economy, causing the collapse of its citrus exports. The Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) opened the way for democratic participation and the increased politicisation of citizens, especially in response to the rise of Conservative Front power in 1933. The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia.

After the continuous unsuccessful Francoist offensive on besieged Madrid during the Spanish Civil War, Valencia temporarily became the capital of Republican Spain on 6 November 1936. It hosted the government until 31 October 1937.[62]

The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, mainly by the fascist Italian airforce, as well as the Francoist airforce with German Nazi support. By the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher. The Republican government moved to Barcelona on 31 October of that year. On 30 March 1939, Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes led by the Catholic Church. Franco's regime also executed some of the main Valencian intellectuals, such as Juan Peset, rector of University of Valencia. Large groups of them, including Josep Renau and Max Aub, went into exile.

 
Image of the 1957 flood

In 1943 Franco decreed the exclusivity of Valencia and Barcelona for the celebration of international fairs in Spain.[63] These two cities would hold the monopoly on international fairs for more than three decades, until its abolishment in 1979 by the government of Adolfo Suárez.[63] In October 1957, the 1957 Valencia flood, a major flood of the Turia river, left 81 casualties and notable property damage.[64] The disaster led to the remodelling of the city and the creation of a new river bed for the Turia, with the old one becoming one of the city's "green lungs".[64]

The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the advent of democracy in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, the Valencian Community, the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital.

Valencia has since then experienced a surge in its cultural development, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Institut Valencià d'Art Modern). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

21st century

 
Modern developments in the Penya-Roja neighborhood

On 3 July 2006, a major mass transit disaster, the Valencia Metro derailment, left 43 dead and 47 wounded.[65] Days later, on 9 July, the World Day of Families, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used the Sant Calze, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail.[n. 1]

Valencia was selected in 2003 to host the historic America's Cup yacht race, the first European city ever to do so. The America's Cup matches took place from April to July 2007. On 3 July 2007, Alinghi defeated Team New Zealand to retain the America's Cup. Twenty-two days later, on 25 July 2007, the leaders of the Alinghi syndicate, holder of the America's Cup, officially announced that Valencia would be the host city for the 33rd America's Cup, held in June 2009.[67]

The results of the Valencia municipal elections from 1991 to 2011 delivered a 24-year uninterrupted rule (1991–2015) by the People's Party (PP) and Mayor Rita Barberá, who was invested to office thanks to the support from the Valencian Union. Barberá's rule was ousted by left-leaning forces after the 2015 municipal election with Joan Ribó (Compromís) becoming the new mayor.

Economy

Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth before the economic crisis of 2008, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations.[citation needed] However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 8.5% of the population employed in this sector. Growth has recently improved in the manufacturing sector, mainly automobile assembly; (the large factory of Ford Motor Company lies in a suburb of the city, Almussafes[68]). Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3,973 ha (9,820 acres) planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

Since the onset of the Great Recession (2008), Valencia had experienced a growing unemployment rate, increased government debt, etc. Severe spending cuts had been introduced by the city government.

In 2009, Valencia was designated "the 29th fastest-improving European city".[69] Its influence in commerce, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts contributes to its status as one of the world's "Gamma" rank global cities.[7]

The city is the seat of one of the four stock exchanges in Spain, the Bolsa de Valencia [es], part of Bolsas y Mercados Españoles (BME), owned by SIX Group.[70]

The Valencia metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $52.7 billion, and $28,141 per capita.[71]

Port

Main article: Port of Valencia
 
View of the port and Valencia from the south

Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast,[72] the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008[73] and the second of Spain[74] in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports.[75] The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

Valencia's port underwent radical changes to accommodate the 32nd America's Cup in 2007. It was divided into two parts—one was unchanged while the other section was modified for the America's Cup festivities. The two sections remain divided by a wall that projects far into the water to maintain clean water for the America's Cup side.

Transport

 
Metrovalencia light rail

The public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estació del Nord (North Station) is the major railway terminus in Valencia. A second station, Estació de València-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 133 km (83 mi) south of center of Valencia.

The City of Valencia also makes available a bicycle sharing system named Valenbisi to both visitors and residents. As of 13 October 2012, the system has 2750 bikes distributed over 250 stations all throughout the city.[76]

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Valencia, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 44 minutes. 6% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 minutes, while 9% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5.9 km (3.7 mi), while 8% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[77]

Tourism

 
Malvarrosa Beach

Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (Serrans Towers and Quart Towers), and the Sant Miquel dels Reis monastery (Monasterio de San Miguel de los Reyes), which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The Passeig Marítim, a 4 km (2 mi) long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port (Platja de Les Arenes, Platja del Cabanyal and Platja de la Malva-rosa). The city is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight.[78]

The city has numerous convention centres and venues for trade events, among them the Feria Valencia Convention and Exhibition Centre (Institución Ferial de Valencia) and the Palau de congressos (Conference Palace), and several 5-star hotels to accommodate business travelers.

 
Locals and tourists watching the traditional "mascletà" during Falles

In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Tourist Interest (Festes d'Interés Turístic Internacional) on 25 January 1965 and UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage of humanity list on 30 November 2016, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de les Aigües de València), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimoni Cultural Immaterial de la Humanitat) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports. The final round of the MotoGP Championship is held annually at the Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana.

The 2007 America's Cup yachting races were held at Valencia in June and July 2007 and attracted huge crowds. The Louis Vuitton stage drew 1,044,373 visitors and the America's Cup match drew 466,010 visitors to the event.[79]

In October 2021, Valencia was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Bordeaux, Copenhagen, Dublin, Florence, Ljubljana and Palma de Mallorca.[80]

Government and administration

Valencia is a municipality, the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the municipal government and administration.[81] The Plenary of the ayuntamiento/ajuntament (known as Consell Municipal de València in the case of Valencia) is formed by 33 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor. The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Joan Ribó (Compromís) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election.[82]

See also: Valencia City Council elections

Demographics

The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267[83] within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,564,145[84][85] and 1,595,000.[3] Also according to Spanish Ministry of Development, Greater Urban Area (es. Gran Área Urbana) within Horta of Valencia has a population of 1,551,585 on area of 628.81 km2 (242.78 sq mi), in period of 2001-2011 there was a population increase of 191,842 people, an increase of 14.1%.[6] About 2 million people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. According to the CityPopulation.de, metropolitan area has a population of 1,770,742,[86] according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: 2,300,000,[87] according to the World Gazetteer: 2,513,965[88] and according to the Eurostat: 2,522,383.[2] Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy. This growth in the foreign born population, which rose from 1.5% in the year 2000[89] to 9.1% in 2009,[90] has also occurred in the two larger cities of Madrid and Barcelona.[91] The main countries of origin were Romania, United Kingdom and Bulgaria.[92]

The 10 largest groups of foreign born people in 2018 were[citation needed]:

  Ecuador 13,459
  Colombia 11,863
  Bolivia 9,099
  Romania 8,509
  China 6,308
  Venezuela 6,214
  Argentina 6,039
  Pakistan 5,500
  France 5,399
  Morocco 4,599
See also: List of Valencians

Culture

 
Traditional preparation of paella
 
Glass of orxata de xufa and fartons sweets

Valencia is known internationally for the Falles (Les Falles), a local festival held in March, as well as for paella valenciana, traditional Valencian ceramics, craftsmanship in traditional dress, and the architecture of the City of Arts and Sciences, designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela.

There are also a number of well-preserved traditional Catholic festivities throughout the year. Holy Week celebrations in Valencia are considered some of the most colourful in Spain.[93]

Valencia was once the site of the Formula One European Grand Prix, first hosting the event on 24 August 2008, but was dropped at the beginning of the Grand Prix 2013 season, though still holds the annual Moto GP race at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo, usually that last race of the season in November.

The University of Valencia (officially Universitat de València Estudi General) was founded in 1499, being one of the oldest surviving universities in Spain and the oldest university in the Valencian Community. It was listed as one of the four leading Spanish universities in the 2011 Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.

In 2012, Boston's Berklee College of Music opened a satellite campus at the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia, its first and only international campus outside the U.S.[94] Since 2003, Valencia has also hosted the music courses of Musikeon, the leading musical institution in the Spanish-speaking world.

Food

Main article: Valencian cuisine

Valencia is known for its gastronomic culture. The paella, a simmered rice dish with meat (usually chicken or rabbit) or seafood, was born in Valencia. Other traditional dishes of Valencian gastronomy includes fideuà, arròs a banda, arròs negre (black rice), fartons, bunyols, Spanish omelette, pinchos or tapas and calamares (squid).

Valencia was also the birthplace of the cold xufa beverage known as orxata, popular in many parts of the world, including the Americas.

Languages

 
Carrer de la Pau street sign

Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper.[95] Valencia proper and its surrounding metropolitan area are—along the Alicante area—the traditionally Valencian-speaking territories of the Valencian Community where the Valencian language is less spoken and read.[96] According to a 2019 survey commissioned by the local government, 76% of the population use only Spanish in their daily life, 1.3% only use the Valencian language, while 17.6% of the population use both languages indistinctively.[97] However, vis-à-vis the education system and according to the 1983 regional Law on the Use and Teaching of the Valencian Language, the municipality of Valencia is included within the territory of Valencian linguistic predominance.[98] In 1993, the municipal government agreed to exclusively use Valencian for the signage of new street plaques.[99]

Festivals

Falles
Main article: Falles
 
La cremà (burning of the ninots) during the 2015 falles

Every year, the five days and nights from 15 to 19 March, called Falles, are a continual festival in Valencia; beginning on 1 March, the popular pyrotechnic events called mascletàes start every day at 2:00 pm. The Falles (Fallas in Spanish) is an enduring tradition in Valencia and other towns in the Valencian Community,[100] where it has become an important tourist attraction. The festival began in the 18th century,[101] and came to be celebrated on the night of the feast day of Saint Joseph, the patron saint of carpenters, with the burning of waste planks of wood from their workshops, as well as worn-out wooden objects brought by people in the neighborhood.[102]

This tradition continued to evolve, and eventually the parots were dressed with clothing to look like people—these were the first ninots, with features identifiable as being those of a well-known person from the neighborhood often added as well. In 1901 the city inaugurated the awarding of prizes for the best Falles monuments,[101] and neighborhood groups still vie with each other to make the most impressive and outrageous creations.[103] Their intricate assemblages, placed on top of pedestals for better visibility, depict famous personalities and topical subjects of the past year, presenting humorous and often satirical commentary on them.

On the night of 19 March, Valencians burn all the Falles in an event called "La Cremà".

Holy Week

The Setmana or Semana Santa Marinera [es], as the Holy Week is known in the city, was declared "Festival of National Tourist Interest" by 2012.[104]

Main sights

Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart (ca:Torres de Quart), the Lonja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela.[105] The Museu de Belles Arts de València houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Velázquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi.[106] The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.[107]

Architecture

The ancient winding streets of the Barrio del Carmen contain buildings dating to Roman and Arab times. The Cathedral and its bell tower El Miguelete, built between the 13th and 15th centuries, are primarily of Valencian Gothic style but contains elements of Baroque and Romanesque architecture. Beside the cathedral is the Gothic Basilica of the Virgin (Basílica De La Mare de Déu dels Desamparats). The 15th-century Serrans and Quart towers are part of what was once the wall surrounding the city.

UNESCO has recognised the Silk Exchange market (La Llotja de la Seda), erected in early Valencian Gothic style, as a World Heritage Site.[108] The Central Market (Mercat Central) in Valencian Art Nouveau style, is one of the largest in Europe. The main railway station Estació Del Nord is built in Valencian Art Nouveau (a Spanish version of Art Nouveau) style.

World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Palau de la Música de València (Music Palace) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

Cathedral

 
Northern view of the cathedral: dome, apse, and the Basilica of Our Lady

The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Major in the early days of the Reconquista, then Iglesia de la Seu (Seu is from the Latin sedes, i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called the Basilica Metropolitana. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood.[citation needed] In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour; the Cid dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; King James I of Aragon did likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into a Christian Church by the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andrés de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, called El Miguelete in Castilian Spanish or Torre del Micalet in the Valencian language because it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418.[citation needed] The tower is about 58 metres (190 feet) high and is topped with a belfry (1660–1736).

In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Palau. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars, and redecorated the walls.

The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver reredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by Francisco de Goya in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken (Mare de Déu dels Desemparats).

The Tribunal de les Aigües (Water Court), a court dating from Moorish times that hears and mediates in matters relating to irrigation water, sits at noon every Thursday outside the Porta dels Apostols (Portal of the Apostles).[111]

Hospital

 
Palau de la Generalitat Valenciana

In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa Maria dels Innocents; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of 5 km (3.1 mi) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and achapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. Inside the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

Medieval churches

 
Baroque belfry of the Gothic Santa Catalina church
 
Sant Joan del Mercat church (14th c.-1700)

El Temple (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capitan General, the cloister of which has a Gothic wing and chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

Squares and gardens

 
Plaça de l'Ajuntament

The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaça del Ajuntament; it is home to the City Hall (Ajuntament) on its western side and the central post office (Edifici de Correus) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Mascletà can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end.

The Plaça de la Mare de Déu contains the Basilica of the Virgin and the Turia fountain, and is a popular spot for locals and tourists. Around the corner is the Plaza de la Reina, with the cathedral, orange trees, and many bars and restaurants.

The Turia River was diverted in the 1960s, after severe flooding, and the old riverbed is now the Turia gardens, which contain a children's playground, a fountain, and sports fields. The Palau de la Música is adjacent to the Turia gardens and the City of Arts and Sciences lies at one end. The Valencia Bioparc is a zoo, also located in the Turia riverbed.

Other gardens in Valencia include:

  • The Jardíns de Monfort (es:Jardines de Monforte)
  • The Botanical Garden of Valencia (Jardí Botànic)
  • The Jardins del Real or Jardins de Vivers (Del Real Gardens) are located in the Pla del Real district, on just the former site of the Del Real Palace.[112]

Museums

 
The Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències complex designed by Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava and Madrilenian architect Félix Candela
 
L'Oceanogràfic, located within the complex of the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, is currently the largest aquarium in Europe, housing 45,000 animals of 500 species.[113]

Sport

Club League Sport Venue Established Capacity
Valencia CF La Liga Football Mestalla 1919 49,000
Levante UD La Liga Football Estadi Ciutat de València 1909 25,354
Valencia CF Mestalla Segunda División B Football Estadi Antonio Puchades 1944 4,000
Valencia Basket Club ACB Basketball Pavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís 1986 9,000
Valencia Giants LNFA American football Instalacions polideportives del Saler 2003
Valencia Firebats LNFA American football Estadi Municipal Jardí del Turia 1993
Valencia FS Tercera División Futsal Sant Isidre 1983 500
Valencia Huracanes Euro XIII Rugby League N/A 2019
Les Abelles División de Honor B Rugby Union Poliesportiu Quatre carreres 1971 500
CAU Rugby Valencia División de Honor B Rugby Union Camp del Riu Túria 1973 750
Rugby Club Valencia División de Honor B Rugby Union Poliesportiu Quatre carreres 1966 500

Football

Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia CF, one of the most successful clubs in Europe and La Liga, winning the Spanish league a total of six times including in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The club is currently owned by Peter Lim, a Singaporean businessman who bought the club in 2014. The team's stadium is the Mestalla, which can host up to 49,000 fans. The club's city rival, Levante UD, plays its home games at Estadi Ciutat de València.

American football

Valencia is the only city in Spain with two American football teams in LNFA Serie A, the national first division: Valencia Firebats and Valencia Giants. The Firebats have been national champions four times and have represented Valencia and Spain in the European playoffs since 2005. Both teams share the Jardín del Turia stadium.

Motor sports

Once a year between 2008 and 2012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among (with Barcelona, Porto and Monte Carlo) the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw home driver Fernando Alonso win for Ferrari, in spite of starting halfway down the field. The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de València), held in November in the nearby town of Cheste. Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.

Rugby League

Valencia is also the home of the Asociación Española de Rugby League, who are the governing body for Rugby league in Spain. The city plays host to a number of clubs playing the sport and to date has hosted all of the country's international home matches.[115] In 2015, Valencia hosted their first match in the Rugby league European Federation C competition, which was a qualifier for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. Spain won the fixture 40–30.[116]

Districts

 
Districts of Valencia
  • Ciutat Vella: La Seu, La Xerea, El Carmen, El Pilar, El Mercat, Sant Francesc
  • Eixample: Russafa, El Pla del Remei, Gran Via
  • Extramurs: El Botànic, La Roqueta, La Petxina, Arrancapins
  • Campanar: Campanar, Les Tendetes, El Calvari, Sant Pau
  • La Saïdia: Marxalenes, Morvedre, Trinitat, Tormos, Sant Antoni
  • Pla del Real: Exposició, Mestalla, Jaume Roig, Ciutat Universitària
  • Olivereta: Nou Moles, Soternes, Tres Forques, La Fontsanta, La Llum
  • Patraix: Patraix, Sant Isidre, Vara de Quart, Safranar, Favara
  • Jesús: La Raiosa, L'Hort de Senabre, La Creu Coberta, Sant Marcel·lí, Camí Real
  • Quatre Carreres: Montolivet, En Corts, Malilla, La Font de Sant Lluís, Na Rovella, La Punta, Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
  • Poblats Marítims: El Grau, El Cabanyal, El Canyameral, La Malva-Rosa, Beteró, Natzaret
  • Camins del Grau: Aiora, Albors, Creu del Grau, Camí Fondo, Penya-Roja
  • Algirós: Illa Perduda, Ciutat Jardí, Amistat, Vega Baixa, La Carrasca
  • Benimaclet: Benimaclet, Camí de Vera
  • Rascanya: Els Orriols, Torrefiel, Sant Llorenç
  • Benicalap: Benicalap, Ciutat Fallera

Other towns within the municipality of Valencia

These towns administratively are within districts of Valencia.


Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Valencia is twinned with:[117]

Valencia also has friendly relations with:[117]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Spanish: [baˈlenθja]
  2. ^ Valencian: [vaˈlensi.a], locally [baˈlensi.a]

References

Informational references

  1. ^ It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Sant Calze (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added during the medieval period and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones.[66]

Citations

  1. ^ "Población en Valencia a 1 de enero de 2021.Instituto nacional de estadística". 4 March 2022. from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b „Population by sex and age groups” 22 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Eurostat, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c World Urban Areas 3 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine – Demographia, 04.2018
  4. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
  5. ^ Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  6. ^ a b Áreas urbanas +50, Ministerio de Fomento de España 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ a b "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  8. ^ (PDF). Oficina d'Estadística. Ajuntament de València (in Catalan and Spanish). 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  9. ^ Conselleria de turisme de la Comunitat Valenciana, ed. (2010). "Listado de Fiestas de Interés Turístico de La Comunitat Valenciana Declaradas Por La Conselleria de Turisme" (PDF). Retrieved 11 April 2011.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ "Valencia named top city for expats". The Independent. 5 December 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  11. ^ Liu, Jennifer. "This Spanish city is the No. 1 place to live and work abroad―and it's about to get easier to become a digital nomad there". CNBC. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  12. ^ A. E. Astin (1989). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-521-23448-1. from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  13. ^ Agustí Galbis (19 June 2009). . Del Sit a Jaume I "Bloc en els artículs d'Agustí Galbis (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  14. ^ Generalitat Valenciana (14 February 2017). "DECRET 16/2017, de 10 de febrer, del Consell, pel qual s'aprova el canvi de denominació del municipi de Valencia per la forma exclusiva en valencià de València. [2017/1189]" (PDF) (in Catalan and Spanish). (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  15. ^ Puncel Chornet 1999.
  16. ^ a b Clemente Meoro 2008, p. 1.
  17. ^ Francisco de P. Momblanch y Gonzálbez (1960). Historia de la Albufera de Valencia. Excmo. Anuntamiento. p. 301. ISBN 9788484840701. from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  18. ^ Pérez Cueva, Alejandro J. (1994). Conselleria de Vivienda, Obras Públicas y Vertebración del Territorio (ed.). Atlas climático de la Comunidad Valenciana: 1961-1990 (1ª ed.). Valencia: Generalitat Valenciana. p. 205. ISBN 84-482-0310-0. OCLC 807093628. from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  19. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)". Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (in Spanish). from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  20. ^ Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (10 July 2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  21. ^ "Mapa topográfico de España del Instituto Geográfico Nacional". from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  22. ^ Die Klimatypen der Erde 14 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine - Pädagogische Hochschule in Heidelberg
  23. ^ "La gota fría: dónde, cuándo y cómo se produce". Nueva Tribuna. 13 September 2019. from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
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Bibliography

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  • Amado, Ramón Ruiz (1912). "Archdiocese of Valencia" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Valentia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  • Beltran i Calvo, Vicent; Segura i Llopes, Carles (2018). Els parlars valencians. ISBN 978-84-9134-240-3.
  • Aguiló Lúcia, Lluís (1992). "Notas sobre la historia política de la ciudad de Valencia (1876-1939)" (PDF). Cuadernos Constitucionales de la Cátedra Fadrique Furió Ceriol. Valencia: Universitat de València (1): 59–65. ISSN 1133-7087.
  • Briz, Antonio (2004). "El castellano en la Comunidad Valenciana". Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana. 2 (4): 119–129. JSTOR 41678056.
  • Clemente Meoro, Mario Enrique (2008). Ramón Fernández, Francisca; Altur Grau, Vicent-Jesús (eds.). "Los aprovechamientos pesqueros en La Albufera de Valencia". Estudios Sobre Derecho Civil Foral Valenciano.
  • Franch Benavent, Ricardo (2008). "El comercio en el Mediterráneo español durante la Edad Moderna. El estudio del tráfico a su vinculación con la realidad productiva y el contexto social". Obradoiro de Historia Moderna. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (17): 77–112. doi:10.15304/ohm.17.446. ISSN 1133-0481.
  • García Martínez, Sebastián (1972). "Bandolerismo, piratería y control de moriscos en Valencia durante el reinado de Felipe II". Estudis: Revista de Historia Moderna. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia (1): 85–168. ISSN 0210-9093.
  • González Arévalo (2019). "La esclavitud en la España Medieval. (siglos XIV-XV). Generalidades y rasgos diferenciales". Millars. Espai I Història. Castellón de la Plana: Universitat Jaime I (47): 11–37. doi:10.6035/Millars.2019.47.2. ISSN 1132-9823.
  • Navarro Espinach, Germán (1994). "Los genoveses y el negocio de la seda en Valencia (1457-1512)". Anuario de Estudios Medievales. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 24: 201. doi:10.3989/aem.1994.v24.971. ISSN 0066-5061.
  • Pérez García, Pablo (2019). "La nobleza valenciana del Quinientos: lo social y su nomenclatura". E-Spania. Paris: Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris IV (34). doi:10.4000/e-spania.32914. ISSN 1951-6169.
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  • Santamaría, Álvaro (1992). "La demografía en el contexto de Valencia. Siglo XV". Medievalia. Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 10: 363–386. doi:10.5565/rev/medievalia.291.
  • Suárez Cortina, Manuel (2011). "El republicanismo en la España liberal (1820-1931). Una aproximación historiográfica". Bulletin d'Histoire Contemporaine de l'Espagne. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l'Université de Provence (46): 11–42. ISSN 0987-4135.
  • Torró, Josep (2009). "Maldîna Balansiya. La Valencia andalusí. Siglos VIII-XIII" (PDF). La ciudad de Valencia: historia, geografía y arte de la ciudad de Valencia. Vol. 1. pp. 159–169. ISBN 978-84-370-7665-2.
  • Zabaltza, Xabier (2017). "¿Vías paralelas? Anticatalanismo valenciano y antivasquismo navarro durante la Transición". Dictatorships & Democracies. Journal of History and Culture. Barcelona: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya; Fundació Carles Pi i Sunyer. 5 (5): 53–80. doi:10.7238/dd.v0i5.3134. ISSN 2564-8829.
Attribution
This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Catalan Wikipedia.
This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Spanish Wikipedia.

Further reading

  • "Valencia". Spain and Portugal: handbook for travellers (3rd ed.). Leipsic: Karl Baedeker. 1908. OCLC 1581249.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Valencia (city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 845–846.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Valencia (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 844–845.

External links

  • Official website of the city of Valencia (Valencian) (in Spanish)
  • Official tourism website of the city of Valencia (Valencian) (in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Japanese, and Chinese)
  • Official website of the Community Valenciana tourism
  • Valencia-The City of Arts & Science
  • Postal codes in Valencia
  • spainestate

February 08, 2023
valencia, this, article, about, city, spain, other, uses, disambiguation, valència, capital, autonomous, community, third, most, populated, municipality, spain, with, inhabitants, also, capital, province, same, name, wider, urban, area, also, comprising, neigh. This article is about the city in Spain For other uses see Valencia disambiguation Valencia a Valencian Valencia b 5 is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third most populated municipality in Spain with 791 413 inhabitants It is also the capital of the province of the same name The wider urban area also comprising the neighbouring municipalities has a population of around 1 6 million 3 6 constituting one of the major urban areas on the European side of the Mediterranean Sea It is located on the banks of the Turia on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula at the Gulf of Valencia north of the Albufera lagoon Valencia Valencia Valencian MunicipalityFrom left to right and from top to bottom the tower of the church of Santa Catalina the City of Arts and Sciences the Town Hall square a barrack in l Albufera a falla in the Town Hall square the Turia garden La Seda the Serrans towers the Palace of the Generalitat Valenciana the Oceanografic the cathedral the port Malva rosa beach and the Colon marketFlagCoat of armsValenciaLocation of Valencia within Spain Valencian CommunityShow map of SpainValenciaValencia Valencian Community Show map of Valencian CommunityCoordinates 39 28 00 N 0 22 30 W 39 46667 N 0 37500 W 39 46667 0 37500Country SpainAutonomous Community Valencian CommunityProvinceValenciaComarcaHorta of ValenciaFounded138 BCDistricts17 districtes Ciutat VellaEixampleExtramursCampanarSaidiaPla del RealOliveretaPatraixJesusQuatre CarreresPoblats MaritimsCamins al GrauAlgirosBenimacletPobles del NordPobles de l OestPobles del SudGovernment TypeAjuntament BodyAjuntament de Valencia MayorJoan Ribo since 2015 Compromis Area Municipality134 65 km2 51 99 sq mi Urban628 81 km2 242 78 sq mi Elevation15 m 49 ft Population 2021 4 Municipality789 744 1 Density5 865 1 km2 15 191 sq mi Urban1 595 000 3 Metro2 522 383 2 Demonym s Valencian valencia ana va valenciano na es Time zoneUTC 01 00 CET GMT Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST GMT Postcode46000 46080ISO 3166 2ES VWebsitewww valencia esClick on the map for a fullscreen viewValencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC Islamic rule and acculturation ensued in the 8th century together with the introduction of new irrigation systems and crops Aragonese Christian conquest took place in 1238 and so the city became the capital of the Kingdom of Valencia The city s population thrived in the 15th century owing to trade with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula Italian ports and other locations in the Mediterranean sea becoming one of the largest European cities by the end of the century Already harmed by the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean in detriment of the Mediterranean in the global trade networks and the insecurity created by Barbary piracy throughout the 16th century the city s economic activity experienced a crisis upon the expulsion of the moriscos in 1609 The city became a major silk manufacturing centre in the 18th century The city served as the accidental seat of the Spanish Government from 1936 to 1937 during the Spanish Civil War The city s port is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea The city is ranked as a Gamma level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 7 Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain with approximately 169 ha 420 acres 8 Due to its long history Valencia has numerous celebrations and traditions such as the Falles which were declared Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain in 1965 9 and an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in November 2016 In 2022 the city was voted the world s top destination for expats based on criteria such as quality of life and affordability 10 11 Joan Ribo from Compromis has been the mayor of Valencia since 2015 Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 2 1 Location 2 2 Climate 3 History 3 1 Roman colony 3 2 Middle Ages 3 3 Modern history 3 4 21st century 4 Economy 4 1 Port 4 2 Transport 4 3 Tourism 5 Government and administration 6 Demographics 7 Culture 7 1 Food 7 2 Languages 7 3 Festivals 8 Main sights 8 1 Architecture 8 2 Cathedral 8 3 Hospital 8 4 Medieval churches 8 5 Squares and gardens 8 6 Museums 9 Sport 9 1 Football 9 2 American football 9 3 Motor sports 9 4 Rugby League 10 Districts 10 1 Other towns within the municipality of Valencia 11 Twin towns sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14 1 Informational references 14 2 Citations 14 3 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External linksName Edit Roman cornucopia symbol of Valentia found on the floor of a Roman building excavated in the Placa de la Mare de Deu The Latin name of the city was Valentia IPA waˈlɛntɪ a meaning strength or valour due to the Roman practice of recognising the valour of former Roman soldiers after a war The Roman historian Livy explains that the founding of Valentia in the 2nd century BC was due to the settling of the Roman soldiers who fought against a Lusitanian rebel Viriatus during the Third Lusitanian Raid of the Lusitanian War 12 During the rule of the Muslim kingdoms in Spain it had the title Medina at Tarab City of Joy according to one transliteration or Medina at Turab City of Sands according to another since it was located on the banks of the River Turia It is not clear if the term Balansiyya was reserved for the entire Taifa of Valencia or also designated the city 13 By gradual sound changes Valentia has become Valencia baˈlen8ja i e before a pausa or nasal sound or baˈlen8ja after a continuant in Castilian and Valencia vaˈlensia in Valencian In Valencian e with grave accent e indicates ɛ in contrast to e but the word Valencia is an exception to this rule since e is pronounced e The spelling Valencia was approved by the AVL based on tradition after a debate on the matter The name Valencia has been the only official name of the city since 2017 14 Geography EditLocation Edit Valencia and surroundings as seen by the ESA s Sentinel 2 satellite Located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea fronting the Gulf of Valencia Valencia lies on the highly fertile alluvial silts accumulated on the floodplain formed in the lower course of the Turia River 15 At its founding by the Romans it stood on a river island in the Turia 6 4 kilometres 4 0 mi from the sea The Albufera lagoon located about 12 km 7 mi south of the city proper and part of the municipality was originally a saltwater lagoon but since the severing of links to the sea it has eventually become a freshwater lagoon as well as progressively decreasing in size 16 The albufera and its environment are exploited for the cultivation of rice in paddy fields and for hunting and fishing purposes 16 The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1 072 980 pesetas in 1911 17 and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l Albufera Albufera Nature Reserve with a surface area of 21 120 hectares 52 200 acres In 1976 because of its cultural historical and ecological value it was declared a natural park Climate Edit Main article Climate of Valencia The climate of Valencia is a Mediterranean climate 18 Koppen Csa 19 with mild winters and hot dry summers 20 21 According to the Siegmund Frankenberg climate classification Valencia has a subtropical climate 22 The maximum of precipitation occurs in the Autumn coinciding with the time of the year when cold drop gota fria episodes of heavy rainfall associated to cut off low pressure systems at high altitude 23 are common along the Western mediterranean coast 24 The year on year variability in precipitation may be however considerable 24 Its average annual temperature is 18 3 C 64 9 F 22 8 C 73 0 F during the day and 13 8 C 56 8 F at night In the coldest month January the maximum daily temperature typically ranges from 14 to 20 C 57 to 68 F the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 5 to 10 C 41 to 50 F During the warmest months July and August the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28 to 32 C 82 to 90 F about 21 to 23 C 70 to 73 F at night March is transitional the temperature often exceeds 20 C 68 F with an average temperature of 19 3 C 66 7 F during the day and 10 0 C 50 0 F at night December January and February are the coldest months with average temperatures around 17 C 63 F during the day and 8 C 46 F at night Snowfall is extremely rare the most recent occasion snow accumulated on the ground was on 11 January 1960 25 Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon locally known as ponenta 26 The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe citation needed The highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the city since 1937 were 43 0 C 109 4 F on 27 August 2010 and 7 2 C 19 0 F on 11 February 1956 27 Valencia on average has 2 696 sunshine hours per year from 155 in December average of 5 hours of sunshine duration a day to 315 in July average above 10 hours of sunshine duration a day The average temperature of the sea is 14 15 C 57 59 F in winter and 25 26 C 77 79 F in summer 28 29 Average annual relative humidity is 65 30 Climate data for Valencia 4 km 2 mi from sea altitude 11 m a s l averages 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 25 8 78 4 29 0 84 2 33 2 91 8 33 5 92 3 42 0 107 6 39 3 102 7 41 8 107 2 43 0 109 4 38 4 101 1 35 6 96 1 32 0 89 6 25 2 77 4 43 0 109 4 Average high C F 16 4 61 5 17 1 62 8 19 3 66 7 20 8 69 4 23 4 74 1 27 1 80 8 29 7 85 5 30 2 86 4 27 9 82 2 24 3 75 7 19 8 67 6 17 0 62 6 22 8 73 0 Daily mean C F 11 9 53 4 12 7 54 9 14 6 58 3 16 2 61 2 19 0 66 2 22 9 73 2 25 6 78 1 26 1 79 0 23 5 74 3 19 7 67 5 15 3 59 5 12 6 54 7 18 3 64 9 Average low C F 7 1 44 8 7 8 46 0 9 7 49 5 11 5 52 7 14 6 58 3 18 6 65 5 21 5 70 7 21 9 71 4 19 1 66 4 15 2 59 4 10 8 51 4 8 1 46 6 13 8 56 8 Record low C F 2 6 27 3 1 2 29 8 1 2 34 2 3 0 37 4 6 0 42 8 10 6 51 1 16 0 60 8 16 2 61 2 11 6 52 9 6 3 43 3 1 6 34 9 0 3 31 5 2 6 27 3 Average precipitation mm inches 37 1 5 36 1 4 33 1 3 38 1 5 39 1 5 22 0 9 8 0 3 20 0 8 70 2 8 77 3 0 47 1 9 48 1 9 475 18 7 Average precipitation days 1 mm 4 4 3 9 3 6 4 8 4 3 2 6 1 1 2 4 5 0 5 0 4 3 4 8 46 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 171 171 215 234 259 276 315 288 235 202 167 155 2 696Source Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 31 History EditMain article History of Valencia For a chronological guide see Timeline of Valencia Roman colony Edit Detail of 2nd century Roman mosaic found in the city Valencia is one of the oldest cities in Spain founded in the Roman period c 138 BC under the name Valentia Edetanorum A few centuries later with the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration the Catholic Church assumed the reins of power in the city coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples Suevi Vandals and Alans and later the Visigoths Middle Ages Edit The city surrendered to the invading Moors Arabs about 714 AD 32 Abd al Rahman I laid waste to old Valencia by 788 789 33 From then on the name of Valencia Arabised as Balansiya appears more related to the wider area than to the city which is primarily cited as Madinat al Turab city of earth sand or possibly dirt and presumably had a diminished importance throughout the period 34 During the emiral period the surrounding territory under the ascendancy of Berber chieftains was prone to unruliness 35 In the wake of the start of the fitna of al Andalus Valencia became the head of an independent emirate 36 initially controlled by eunuchs 36 and then after 1021 by Abd al Aziz a grandson of Almanzor 37 Valencia experienced a notable urban development in this period 38 Many Jews lived in Valencia including the accomplished Jewish poet Solomon ibn Gabirol who spent his last years in the city 39 After a damaging offensive by Castilian Leonese forces towards 1065 the territory became a satellite of the Taifa of Toledo and following the fall of the latter in 1085 a protectorate of El Cid A revolt erupted in 1092 handing the city to the Almoravids and forcing El Cid to take the city by force in 1094 henceforth establishing his own principality 40 Following the evacuation of the city in 1102 Almoravids took control As the Almoravid empire crumbled in the mid 12th century ibn Mardanish took control of eastern al Andalus creating a Murcia centered independent emirate to which Valencia belonged resisting Almohads until 1172 41 During the Almohad rule the city perhaps had a population of about 20 000 42 When the city fell to James I of Aragon the Jewish population constituted about 7 percent of the total population 39 12th century Arab dish In 1238 43 King James I of Aragon with an army composed of Aragonese Catalans Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender 44 Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave citation needed The city endured serious troubles in the mid 14th century including the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics as well as a series of wars and riots that followed In 1391 the Jewish quarter was destroyed in a pogrom 39 Genoese traders promoted the expansion of the cultivation of white mulberry in the area by the late 14th century and later introducing innovative silk manufacturing techniques The city became a centre of production of mulberry and was at least for a time a major silk making centre 45 The Genoese community in Valencia merchants artisans and workers became along with Seville s one of the most important in the Iberian Peninsula 46 In 1407 following the model of the Barcelona s institution created some years before a Taula de canvi a sort of municipal public bank was created in Valencia although its first iteration yielded limited success 47 The 15th century was a time of economic expansion known as the Valencian Golden Age during which culture and the arts flourished Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon Some of the landmark buildings of the city were built during the Late Middle Ages including the Serranos Towers 1392 the Silk Exchange 1482 the Micalet es and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Sant Domenec In painting and sculpture Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on Valencian artists Valencia became a major slave trade centre in the 15th century second only to Lisbon in the West 48 prompting a Lisbon Seville Valencia axis by the second half of the century powered by the incipient Portuguese slave trade originating in Western Africa 49 By the end of the 15th century Valencia was one of the largest European cities being the most populated city in the Hispanic Monarchy and second to Lisbon in the Iberian Peninsula 50 Modern history Edit Following the death of Ferdinand II in 1516 the nobiliary estate challenged the Crown amid the relative void of power 51 In 1519 the Taula de Canvis was recreated again known as Nova Taula 52 The nobles earned the rejection from the people of Valencia and the whole kingdom was plunged into armed revolt the Revolt of the Brotherhoods and full blown civil war between 1521 and 1522 51 Muslims vassals were forced to convert in 1526 at behest of Charles V 51 Urban and rural delinquency linked to phenomena such as vagrancy gambling larceny pimping and false begging as well as the nobiliary banditry consisting of the revenges and rivalries between the aristocratic families flourished in Valencia during the 16th century 53 Also during the 16th century the North African piracy targeted the whole coastline of the kingdom of Valencia forcing the fortification of sites 54 By the late 1520s the intensification of the activity of the Barbary corsairs along the conflictive domestic situation and the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean in detriment of the Mediterranean in the global trade networks put an end to the economic splendor of the city 55 The piracy also paved the way for the ensuing development of Christian piracy that had Valencia as one of its main bases in the Iberian Mediterranean 54 The Berber threat initially with Ottoman support generated great insecurity on the coast and it would not be substantially reduced until the 1580s 54 View of Valencia by Anton van den Wyngaerde 1563 Expulsion of the Moriscos from Valencia Grau by Pere Oromig 1616 The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Moriscos descendants of the Muslim population that had converted to Christianity The Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa They were concentrated in the former Crown of Aragon and in the Kingdom of Valencia specifically they constituted roughly a third of the total population 56 The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the Valencian nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de canvi financial institution in 1613 The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession 1702 1709 marking the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia During the War of the Spanish Succession Valencia sided with the Habsburg ruler of the Holy Roman Empire Charles of Austria King Charles of Austria vowed to protect the laws of the Kingdom of Valencia Furs which gained him the sympathy of a wide sector of the Valencian population On 24 January 1706 Charles Mordaunt 3rd Earl of Peterborough 1st Earl of Monmouth led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona captured the nearby fortress at Sagunt and bluffed the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707 the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the Furs of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom s support of Charles of Austria 57 By the Nueva Planta decrees Decretos de Nueva Planta the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter similarly to other places in the Crown of Aragon The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles The silk industry boomed during this century with the city replacing Toledo as the main silk manufacturing centre in Spain 45 The Palau de Justicia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule 1758 1802 during the rule of Charles III The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time The 19th century began with Spain embroiled in wars with France Portugal and England but the War of Independence most affected the Valencian territories and the capital city The repercussions of the French Revolution were still felt when Napoleon s armies invaded the Iberian Peninsula The Valencian people rose up in arms against them on 23 May 1808 inspired by leaders such as Vicent Domenech el Palleter The mutineers seized the Citadel a Supreme Junta government took over and on 26 28 June Napoleon s Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9 000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811 and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812 After the capitulation the French instituted reforms in Valencia which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne Jose I Joseph Bonaparte Napoleon s elder brother moved the Court there in the middle of 1812 The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia and the French troops withdrew in July Valencia in 1832 by French lithographer Alfred Guesdon Ferdinand VII became king after the victorious end of the Peninsular War which freed Spain from Napoleonic domination When he returned on 24 March 1814 from exile in France the Cortes requested that he respect the liberal Constitution of 1812 which seriously limited royal powers Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid Here on 17 April General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King s disposition The king abolished the Constitution of 1812 and dissolved the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May Thus began six years 1814 1820 of absolutist rule but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820 to 1823 On the death of King Ferdinand VII in 1833 Baldomero Espartero became one of the most ardent defenders of the hereditary rights of the king s daughter the future Isabella II During the regency of Maria Cristina Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841 City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans The start of demolition work on the walls of the city in 1865 The reign of Isabella II as an adult 1843 1868 was a period of relative stability and growth for Valencia During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs land owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V Works to demolish the walls of the old city started on 20 February 1865 58 The demolition works of the citadel ended after the 1868 Glorious Revolution 58 Following the introduction of the universal manhood suffrage in the late 19th century the political landscape in Valencia until then consisting of the bipartisanship characteristic of the early Restoration period experienced a change leading to a growth of republican forces gathered around the emerging figure of Vicente Blasco Ibanez 59 Not unlike the equally republican lerrouxism the Populist blasquism es came to mobilize the Valencian masses by promoting anticlericalism 60 Meanwhile in reaction the right wing coalesced around several initiatives such as the Catholic League or the re formulation of the Valencian Carlism and the Valencianism did similarly with organizations such as Valencia Nova or the Unio Valencianista 61 Women working at the Albufera c 1915 Bombing of the city by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria 1937 during the Spanish Civil War In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialised city The silk industry had disappeared but there was a large production of hides and skins wood metals and foodstuffs this last with substantial exports particularly of wine and citrus Small businesses predominated but with the rapid mechanisation of industry larger companies were being formed The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L Albereda Paseo de la Alameda which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style such as the North Station Estacio del Nord and the Central and Columbus markets World War I 1914 1918 greatly affected the Valencian economy causing the collapse of its citrus exports The Second Spanish Republic 1931 1939 opened the way for democratic participation and the increased politicisation of citizens especially in response to the rise of Conservative Front power in 1933 The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia After the continuous unsuccessful Francoist offensive on besieged Madrid during the Spanish Civil War Valencia temporarily became the capital of Republican Spain on 6 November 1936 It hosted the government until 31 October 1937 62 The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea mainly by the fascist Italian airforce as well as the Francoist airforce with German Nazi support By the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments leaving 2 831 dead and 847 wounded although it is estimated that the death toll was higher The Republican government moved to Barcelona on 31 October of that year On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians During Franco s regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes led by the Catholic Church Franco s regime also executed some of the main Valencian intellectuals such as Juan Peset rector of University of Valencia Large groups of them including Josep Renau and Max Aub went into exile Image of the 1957 flood In 1943 Franco decreed the exclusivity of Valencia and Barcelona for the celebration of international fairs in Spain 63 These two cities would hold the monopoly on international fairs for more than three decades until its abolishment in 1979 by the government of Adolfo Suarez 63 In October 1957 the 1957 Valencia flood a major flood of the Turia river left 81 casualties and notable property damage 64 The disaster led to the remodelling of the city and the creation of a new river bed for the Turia with the old one becoming one of the city s green lungs 64 The economy began to recover in the early 1960s and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements With the advent of democracy in Spain the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity the Valencian Community the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital Valencia has since then experienced a surge in its cultural development exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Musica the Palacio de Congresos the Metro the City of Arts and Sciences Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciencies the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad and the Institute of Modern Art Institut Valencia d Art Modern The various productions of Santiago Calatrava a renowned structural engineer architect and sculptor and of the architect Felix Candela have contributed to Valencia s international reputation These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City Ciutat Vella have helped improve the city s livability and tourism is continually increasing 21st century Edit Modern developments in the Penya Roja neighborhood On 3 July 2006 a major mass transit disaster the Valencia Metro derailment left 43 dead and 47 wounded 65 Days later on 9 July the World Day of Families during Mass at Valencia s Cathedral Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica Pope Benedict XVI used the Sant Calze a 1st century Middle Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail n 1 Valencia was selected in 2003 to host the historic America s Cup yacht race the first European city ever to do so The America s Cup matches took place from April to July 2007 On 3 July 2007 Alinghi defeated Team New Zealand to retain the America s Cup Twenty two days later on 25 July 2007 the leaders of the Alinghi syndicate holder of the America s Cup officially announced that Valencia would be the host city for the 33rd America s Cup held in June 2009 67 The results of the Valencia municipal elections from 1991 to 2011 delivered a 24 year uninterrupted rule 1991 2015 by the People s Party PP and Mayor Rita Barbera who was invested to office thanks to the support from the Valencian Union Barbera s rule was ousted by left leaning forces after the 2015 municipal election with Joan Ribo Compromis becoming the new mayor Economy Edit Bank of Valencia Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth before the economic crisis of 2008 much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry citation needed with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport The city s economy is service oriented as nearly 84 of the working population is employed in service sector occupations citation needed However the city still maintains an important industrial base with 8 5 of the population employed in this sector Growth has recently improved in the manufacturing sector mainly automobile assembly the large factory of Ford Motor Company lies in a suburb of the city Almussafes 68 Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality even though of relatively minor importance with only 1 9 of the working population and 3 973 ha 9 820 acres planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves Since the onset of the Great Recession 2008 Valencia had experienced a growing unemployment rate increased government debt etc Severe spending cuts had been introduced by the city government In 2009 Valencia was designated the 29th fastest improving European city 69 Its influence in commerce education entertainment media fashion science and the arts contributes to its status as one of the world s Gamma rank global cities 7 The city is the seat of one of the four stock exchanges in Spain the Bolsa de Valencia es part of Bolsas y Mercados Espanoles BME owned by SIX Group 70 The Valencia metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to 52 7 billion and 28 141 per capita 71 Port Edit Main article Port of Valencia View of the port and Valencia from the south Valencia s port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast 72 the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 update 73 and the second of Spain 74 in total traffic handling 20 of Spain s exports 75 The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages Other exports include oranges furniture ceramic tiles fans textiles and iron products Valencia s manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy chemicals textiles shipbuilding and brewing Small and medium sized industries are an important part of the local economy and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average Valencia s port underwent radical changes to accommodate the 32nd America s Cup in 2007 It was divided into two parts one was unchanged while the other section was modified for the America s Cup festivities The two sections remain divided by a wall that projects far into the water to maintain clean water for the America s Cup side Transport Edit Metrovalencia light rail The public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana FGV which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services The Estacio del Nord North Station is the major railway terminus in Valencia A second station Estacio de Valencia Joaquin Sorolla has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid Barcelona Seville and Alicante Valencia Airport is situated 9 km 5 6 mi west of Valencia city centre Alicante Airport is situated about 133 km 83 mi south of center of Valencia The City of Valencia also makes available a bicycle sharing system named Valenbisi to both visitors and residents As of 13 October 2012 the system has 2750 bikes distributed over 250 stations all throughout the city 76 The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Valencia for example to and from work on a weekday is 44 minutes 6 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 minutes while 9 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5 9 km 3 7 mi while 8 travel for over 12 km 7 5 mi in a single direction 77 Tourism Edit Malvarrosa Beach Starting in the mid 1990s Valencia formerly an industrial centre saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities and transformed it into a newly vibrant city Many local landmarks were restored including the ancient Towers of the medieval city Serrans Towers and Quart Towers and the Sant Miquel dels Reis monastery Monasterio de San Miguel de los Reyes which now holds a conservation library Whole sections of the old city for example the Carmen Quarter have been extensively renovated The Passeig Maritim a 4 km 2 mi long palm tree lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port Platja de Les Arenes Platja del Cabanyal and Platja de la Malva rosa The city is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight 78 The city has numerous convention centres and venues for trade events among them the Feria Valencia Convention and Exhibition Centre Institucion Ferial de Valencia and the Palau de congressos Conference Palace and several 5 star hotels to accommodate business travelers Locals and tourists watching the traditional mascleta during Falles In its long history Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals among them the Falles which were declared Celebrations of International Tourist Interest Festes d Interes Turistic Internacional on 25 January 1965 and UNESCO s intangible cultural heritage of humanity list on 30 November 2016 and the Water Tribunal of Valencia Tribunal de les Aigues de Valencia which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity Patrimoni Cultural Immaterial de la Humanitat in 2009 In addition to these Valencia has hosted world class events that helped shape the city s reputation and put it in the international spotlight e g the Regional Exhibition of 1909 the 32nd and the 33rd America s Cup competitions the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports The final round of the MotoGP Championship is held annually at the Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana The 2007 America s Cup yachting races were held at Valencia in June and July 2007 and attracted huge crowds The Louis Vuitton stage drew 1 044 373 visitors and the America s Cup match drew 466 010 visitors to the event 79 In October 2021 Valencia was shortlisted for the European Commission s 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Bordeaux Copenhagen Dublin Florence Ljubljana and Palma de Mallorca 80 Government and administration Edit View of Valencia City Hall Valencia is a municipality the basic local administrative division in Spain The Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the municipal government and administration 81 The Plenary of the ayuntamiento ajuntament known as Consell Municipal de Valencia in the case of Valencia is formed by 33 elected municipal councillors who in turn invest the mayor The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019 Since 2015 Joan Ribo Compromis serves as Mayor He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election 82 See also Valencia City Council electionsDemographics EditThe third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union Valencia has a population of 809 267 83 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134 6 km2 52 sq mi The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1 564 145 84 85 and 1 595 000 3 Also according to Spanish Ministry of Development Greater Urban Area es Gran Area Urbana within Horta of Valencia has a population of 1 551 585 on area of 628 81 km2 242 78 sq mi in period of 2001 2011 there was a population increase of 191 842 people an increase of 14 1 6 About 2 million people live in the Valencia metropolitan area According to the CityPopulation de metropolitan area has a population of 1 770 742 86 according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2 300 000 87 according to the World Gazetteer 2 513 965 88 and according to the Eurostat 2 522 383 2 Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14 increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia Romania and Italy This growth in the foreign born population which rose from 1 5 in the year 2000 89 to 9 1 in 2009 90 has also occurred in the two larger cities of Madrid and Barcelona 91 The main countries of origin were Romania United Kingdom and Bulgaria 92 The 10 largest groups of foreign born people in 2018 were citation needed Ecuador 13 459 Colombia 11 863 Bolivia 9 099 Romania 8 509 China 6 308 Venezuela 6 214 Argentina 6 039 Pakistan 5 500 France 5 399 Morocco 4 599See also List of ValenciansCulture Edit Traditional preparation of paella Glass of orxata de xufa and fartons sweets Valencia is known internationally for the Falles Les Falles a local festival held in March as well as for paella valenciana traditional Valencian ceramics craftsmanship in traditional dress and the architecture of the City of Arts and Sciences designed by Santiago Calatrava and Felix Candela There are also a number of well preserved traditional Catholic festivities throughout the year Holy Week celebrations in Valencia are considered some of the most colourful in Spain 93 Valencia was once the site of the Formula One European Grand Prix first hosting the event on 24 August 2008 but was dropped at the beginning of the Grand Prix 2013 season though still holds the annual Moto GP race at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo usually that last race of the season in November The University of Valencia officially Universitat de Valencia Estudi General was founded in 1499 being one of the oldest surviving universities in Spain and the oldest university in the Valencian Community It was listed as one of the four leading Spanish universities in the 2011 Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities In 2012 Boston s Berklee College of Music opened a satellite campus at the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia its first and only international campus outside the U S 94 Since 2003 Valencia has also hosted the music courses of Musikeon the leading musical institution in the Spanish speaking world Food Edit Main article Valencian cuisine Valencia is known for its gastronomic culture The paella a simmered rice dish with meat usually chicken or rabbit or seafood was born in Valencia Other traditional dishes of Valencian gastronomy includes fideua arros a banda arros negre black rice fartons bunyols Spanish omelette pinchos or tapas and calamares squid Valencia was also the birthplace of the cold xufa beverage known as orxata popular in many parts of the world including the Americas Languages Edit Carrer de la Pau street sign Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper 95 Valencia proper and its surrounding metropolitan area are along the Alicante area the traditionally Valencian speaking territories of the Valencian Community where the Valencian language is less spoken and read 96 According to a 2019 survey commissioned by the local government 76 of the population use only Spanish in their daily life 1 3 only use the Valencian language while 17 6 of the population use both languages indistinctively 97 However vis a vis the education system and according to the 1983 regional Law on the Use and Teaching of the Valencian Language the municipality of Valencia is included within the territory of Valencian linguistic predominance 98 In 1993 the municipal government agreed to exclusively use Valencian for the signage of new street plaques 99 Festivals Edit FallesMain article Falles La crema burning of the ninots during the 2015 falles Every year the five days and nights from 15 to 19 March called Falles are a continual festival in Valencia beginning on 1 March the popular pyrotechnic events called mascletaes start every day at 2 00 pm The Falles Fallas in Spanish is an enduring tradition in Valencia and other towns in the Valencian Community 100 where it has become an important tourist attraction The festival began in the 18th century 101 and came to be celebrated on the night of the feast day of Saint Joseph the patron saint of carpenters with the burning of waste planks of wood from their workshops as well as worn out wooden objects brought by people in the neighborhood 102 This tradition continued to evolve and eventually the parots were dressed with clothing to look like people these were the first ninots with features identifiable as being those of a well known person from the neighborhood often added as well In 1901 the city inaugurated the awarding of prizes for the best Falles monuments 101 and neighborhood groups still vie with each other to make the most impressive and outrageous creations 103 Their intricate assemblages placed on top of pedestals for better visibility depict famous personalities and topical subjects of the past year presenting humorous and often satirical commentary on them On the night of 19 March Valencians burn all the Falles in an event called La Crema Holy WeekThe Setmana or Semana Santa Marinera es as the Holy Week is known in the city was declared Festival of National Tourist Interest by 2012 104 Main sights EditMajor monuments include Valencia Cathedral the Torres de Serrans the Torres de Quart ca Torres de Quart the Lonja de la Seda declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciencies City of Arts and Sciences an entertainment based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and Felix Candela 105 The Museu de Belles Arts de Valencia houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries including works by Velazquez El Greco and Goya as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi 106 The Institut Valencia d Art Modern Valencian Institute of Modern Art houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography 107 Architecture Edit The ancient winding streets of the Barrio del Carmen contain buildings dating to Roman and Arab times The Cathedral and its bell tower El Miguelete built between the 13th and 15th centuries are primarily of Valencian Gothic style but contains elements of Baroque and Romanesque architecture Beside the cathedral is the Gothic Basilica of the Virgin Basilica De La Mare de Deu dels Desamparats The 15th century Serrans and Quart towers are part of what was once the wall surrounding the city UNESCO has recognised the Silk Exchange market La Llotja de la Seda erected in early Valencian Gothic style as a World Heritage Site 108 The Central Market Mercat Central in Valencian Art Nouveau style is one of the largest in Europe The main railway station Estacio Del Nord is built in Valencian Art Nouveau a Spanish version of Art Nouveau style World renowned and city born architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciencies which contains an opera house performing arts centre a science museum an IMAX cinema planetarium an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city The Palau de la Musica de Valencia Music Palace is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia Cathedral of Valencia The gothic courtyard of the Palace of the Admiral of Aragon Palau de l Almirall Convento de Santo Domingo 1300 1640 Llotja de la Seda Silk Exchange interior Mercat de Colon in Valencian Art Nouveau style Palace of the Marques de Dos Aguas Mercat Central Central Market in Valencian Art Nouveau style One of the few arch bridges that links the cathedral with neighboring buildings This one built in 1666 Monastery of San Miguel de los Reyes built between 1548 and 1763 L Hemisferic IMAX Dome cinema and Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe Assut de l Or Bridge and L Agora behind Sant Joan de l Hospital church built in 1316 except for a Baroque chapel Mudejar Christian baths Banys de l Almirall 1313 1320 The Museum of Fine Arts of Valencia is the museum with the second largest amount of paintings in Spain 109 110 after Prado Museum Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus ChristiCathedral Edit Northern view of the cathedral dome apse and the Basilica of Our Lady The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Major in the early days of the Reconquista then Iglesia de la Seu Seu is from the Latin sedes i e archiepiscopal See and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866 it was called the Basilica Metropolitana It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood citation needed In Gothic times it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour the Cid dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin King James I of Aragon did likewise leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy The Moorish mosque which had been converted into a Christian Church by the conqueror was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia and in 1262 Bishop Andres de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building with three naves these reach only to the choir of the present building Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall and James I added the tower called El Miguelete in Castilian Spanish or Torre del Micalet in the Valencian language because it was blessed on St Michael s day in 1418 citation needed The tower is about 58 metres 190 feet high and is topped with a belfry 1660 1736 In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674 the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the facade of the main entrance The other two doors lead into the transept one that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic dates from the 14th century the other is that of the Palau The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height The 18th century restoration rounded the pointed arches covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars and redecorated the walls The dome has no lantern its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows There are four chapels on either side besides that at the end and those that open into the choir the transept and the sanctuary It contains many paintings by eminent artists A silver reredos which was behind the altar was carried away in the war of 1808 and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign There are two paintings by Francisco de Goya in the San Francesco chapel Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken Mare de Deu dels Desemparats The Tribunal de les Aigues Water Court a court dating from Moorish times that hears and mediates in matters relating to irrigation water sits at noon every Thursday outside the Porta dels Apostols Portal of the Apostles 111 Hospital Edit Palau de la Generalitat Valenciana In 1409 a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa Maria dels Innocents to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of 5 km 3 1 mi around it At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital and continued its work under the name of Cofradia para el amparo de los desamparados King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel and in 1647 the Viceroy Conde de Oropesa who had been preserved from the bubonic plague insisted on carrying out their project The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados Virgin of the Forsaken and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina on 31 June 1652 laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name The archiepiscopal palace a grain market in the time of the Moors is simple in design with an inside cloister and achapel In 1357 the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built Inside the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia Medieval churches Edit Baroque belfry of the Gothic Santa Catalina church Sant Joan del Mercat church 14th c 1700 Sant Joan del Mercat Gothic parish church dedicated to John the Baptist and Evangelist rebuilt in the Baroque style after a 1598 fire The interior ceilings were frescoed by Palomino Sant Nicolau Santa Catalina Sant EsteveEl Temple the Temple the ancient church of the Knights Templar which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III the former convent of the Dominicans at one time the headquarters of the Capitan General the cloister of which has a Gothic wing and chapter room large columns imitating palm trees the Colegio del Corpus Christi which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament and in which perpetual adoration is carried on the Jesuit college which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front but later rebuilt and the Colegio de San Juan also of the Society the former college of the nobles now a provincial institute for secondary instruction Squares and gardens Edit Placa de l Ajuntament The largest plaza in Valencia is the Placa del Ajuntament it is home to the City Hall Ajuntament on its western side and the central post office Edifici de Correus on its eastern side a cinema that shows classic movies and many restaurants and bars The plaza is triangular in shape with a large cement lot at the southern end normally surrounded by flower vendors It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Mascleta can be heard every afternoon There is a large fountain at the northern end The Placa de la Mare de Deu contains the Basilica of the Virgin and the Turia fountain and is a popular spot for locals and tourists Around the corner is the Plaza de la Reina with the cathedral orange trees and many bars and restaurants The Turia River was diverted in the 1960s after severe flooding and the old riverbed is now the Turia gardens which contain a children s playground a fountain and sports fields The Palau de la Musica is adjacent to the Turia gardens and the City of Arts and Sciences lies at one end The Valencia Bioparc is a zoo also located in the Turia riverbed Other gardens in Valencia include The Jardins de Monfort es Jardines de Monforte The Botanical Garden of Valencia Jardi Botanic The Jardins del Real or Jardins de Vivers Del Real Gardens are located in the Pla del Real district on just the former site of the Del Real Palace 112 Museums Edit The Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciencies complex designed by Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava and Madrilenian architect Felix Candela L Oceanografic located within the complex of the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciencies is currently the largest aquarium in Europe housing 45 000 animals of 500 species 113 Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciencies City of Arts and Sciences Designed by the Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava it is situated in the former Turia river bed and comprises the following monuments Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia a flamboyant opera and music palace with four halls and a total area of 37 000 m2 398 000 sq ft L Oceanografic the largest aquarium in Europe with a variety of ocean beings from different environments from the Mediterranean fishes from the ocean and reef inhabitants sharks mackerel swarms dolphinarium inhabitants of the polar regions belugas walruses penguins coast inhabitants sea lions etc L Oceanografic exhibits also smaller animals as coral jellyfish sea anemones etc El Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe an interactive museum of science but resembling the skeleton of a whale It has an area of around 40 000 square metres 430 556 square feet across three floors L Hemisferic an IMAX cinema es L Hemisferic Museu de Prehistoria de Valencia Prehistory Museum of Valencia Museu Valencia d Etnologia Valencian Museum of Ethnology Blasco Ibanez House Museum Institut Valencia d Art Modern IVAM Centre Julio Gonzalez Valencian Institute of Modern Art Museu de Belles Arts de Valencia Museum of Fine Arts of Valencia Museu Faller Falles Museum Museu d Historia de Valencia Valencia History Museum L Almoina Museum Centre Arqueologic de l Almoina located near the Cathedral Natural Science Museum of Valencia located at Jardins del Real Museu Tauri de Valencia Bullfighting Museum MuVIM Museu Valencia de la Il lustracio i la Modernitat Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity Gonzalez Marti National Museum of Ceramics and Decorative Arts housed in the Palace of the Marques de Dos Aguas Computer Museum located within Technical School of Computer Engineering in Technical University of Valencia 114 Sport Edit Mestalla Estadi Ciutat de Valencia Pavello Municipal Font de Sant Lluis Club League Sport Venue Established CapacityValencia CF La Liga Football Mestalla 1919 49 000Levante UD La Liga Football Estadi Ciutat de Valencia 1909 25 354Valencia CF Mestalla Segunda Division B Football Estadi Antonio Puchades 1944 4 000Valencia Basket Club ACB Basketball Pavello Municipal Font de Sant Lluis 1986 9 000Valencia Giants LNFA American football Instalacions polideportives del Saler 2003Valencia Firebats LNFA American football Estadi Municipal Jardi del Turia 1993Valencia FS Tercera Division Futsal Sant Isidre 1983 500Valencia Huracanes Euro XIII Rugby League N A 2019Les Abelles Division de Honor B Rugby Union Poliesportiu Quatre carreres 1971 500CAU Rugby Valencia Division de Honor B Rugby Union Camp del Riu Turia 1973 750Rugby Club Valencia Division de Honor B Rugby Union Poliesportiu Quatre carreres 1966 500Football Edit Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club Valencia CF one of the most successful clubs in Europe and La Liga winning the Spanish league a total of six times including in 2002 and 2004 the year it also won the UEFA Cup and was a UEFA Champions League runner up in 2000 and 2001 The club is currently owned by Peter Lim a Singaporean businessman who bought the club in 2014 The team s stadium is the Mestalla which can host up to 49 000 fans The club s city rival Levante UD plays its home games at Estadi Ciutat de Valencia American football Edit Valencia is the only city in Spain with two American football teams in LNFA Serie A the national first division Valencia Firebats and Valencia Giants The Firebats have been national champions four times and have represented Valencia and Spain in the European playoffs since 2005 Both teams share the Jardin del Turia stadium Valencia Street Circuit Motor sports Edit Once a year between 2008 and 2012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit Valencia is among with Barcelona Porto and Monte Carlo the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw home driver Fernando Alonso win for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo also known as Circuit de Valencia held in November in the nearby town of Cheste Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship DTM is held in Valencia Rugby League Edit Valencia is also the home of the Asociacion Espanola de Rugby League who are the governing body for Rugby league in Spain The city plays host to a number of clubs playing the sport and to date has hosted all of the country s international home matches 115 In 2015 Valencia hosted their first match in the Rugby league European Federation C competition which was a qualifier for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup Spain won the fixture 40 30 116 Districts Edit Districts of Valencia Ciutat Vella La Seu La Xerea El Carmen El Pilar El Mercat Sant Francesc Eixample Russafa El Pla del Remei Gran Via Extramurs El Botanic La Roqueta La Petxina Arrancapins Campanar Campanar Les Tendetes El Calvari Sant Pau La Saidia Marxalenes Morvedre Trinitat Tormos Sant Antoni Pla del Real Exposicio Mestalla Jaume Roig Ciutat Universitaria Olivereta Nou Moles Soternes Tres Forques La Fontsanta La Llum Patraix Patraix Sant Isidre Vara de Quart Safranar Favara Jesus La Raiosa L Hort de Senabre La Creu Coberta Sant Marcel li Cami Real Quatre Carreres Montolivet En Corts Malilla La Font de Sant Lluis Na Rovella La Punta Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciencies Poblats Maritims El Grau El Cabanyal El Canyameral La Malva Rosa Betero Natzaret Camins del Grau Aiora Albors Creu del Grau Cami Fondo Penya Roja Algiros Illa Perduda Ciutat Jardi Amistat Vega Baixa La Carrasca Benimaclet Benimaclet Cami de Vera Rascanya Els Orriols Torrefiel Sant Llorenc Benicalap Benicalap Ciutat FalleraOther towns within the municipality of Valencia Edit These towns administratively are within districts of Valencia Towns north of Valencia city Benifaraig Poble Nou Carpesa Cases de Barcena Mauella Massarrojos Borboto Towns west of Valencia city Benimamet Beniferri Towns south of Valencia city Forn d Alcedo Castellar l Oliveral Pinedo El Saler El Palmar El Perellonet La TorreTwin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain Valencia is twinned with 117 Mainz Germany 1978 Bologna Italy 1980 Valencia Venezuela 1985 Veracruz Mexico 1985 Guangzhou China 2012 Xi an China as of 2020 declaration of intent Valencia also has friendly relations with 117 Odesa Ukraine 1981 Chengdu China 2017 See also Edit Spain portalArchdiocese of Valencia List of tallest buildings in Valencia Nou Mestalla Prehistory of the Valencian CommunityNotes Edit Spanish baˈlen8ja Valencian vaˈlensi a locally baˈlensi a References EditInformational references Edit It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century after having been brought by St Peter to Rome from Jerusalem The Sant Calze Holy Chalice is a simple small stone cup Its base was added during the medieval period and consists of fine gold alabaster and gem stones 66 Citations Edit Poblacion en Valencia a 1 de enero de 2021 Instituto nacional de estadistica 4 March 2022 Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 Retrieved 4 March 2022 a b Population by sex and age groups Archived 22 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Eurostat 2017 a b c World Urban Areas Archived 3 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Demographia 04 2018 Municipal Register of Spain 2018 National Statistics Institute Academia Valenciana de la Llengua Els gentilicis valencians PDF Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2016 a b Areas urbanas 50 Ministerio de Fomento de Espana Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine a b The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Archived from the original on 24 August 2020 Retrieved 31 August 2020 Districte 1 Ciutat Vella PDF Oficina d Estadistica Ajuntament de Valencia in 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2017 de 10 de febrer del Consell pel qual s aprova el canvi de denominacio del municipi de Valencia per la forma exclusiva en valencia de Valencia 2017 1189 PDF in Catalan and Spanish Archived PDF from the original on 21 January 2021 Retrieved 29 June 2020 Puncel Chornet 1999 a b Clemente Meoro 2008 p 1 Francisco de P Momblanch y Gonzalbez 1960 Historia de la Albufera de Valencia Excmo Anuntamiento p 301 ISBN 9788484840701 Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 Retrieved 5 February 2013 Perez Cueva Alejandro J 1994 Conselleria de Vivienda Obras Publicas y Vertebracion del Territorio ed Atlas climatico de la Comunidad Valenciana 1961 1990 1ª ed Valencia Generalitat Valenciana p 205 ISBN 84 482 0310 0 OCLC 807093628 Archived from the original on 10 March 2021 Retrieved 13 September 2020 Guia resumida del clima en Espana 1981 2010 Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia in Spanish Archived from the original on 9 April 2016 Retrieved 7 November 2016 Kottek M Grieser J Beck C Rudolf B Rubel F 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29 May 2015 Retrieved 29 May 2015 www webmandesign eu WebMan Informacion Oceanografic de Valencia oceanograficvalencia com Archived from the original on 13 October 2016 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Museo de Informatica Web del Museo de Informatica de la UPV Museo inf upv es Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 Retrieved 24 October 2015 Equipos Espanoles de Rugby League Espana Rugby League Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 Retrieved 6 October 2015 European Championship C Game 1 RLEF 26 September 2015 Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 Retrieved 6 October 2015 a b Ciutats agermanades amb Valencia valencia es in Catalan Valencia Archived from the original on 19 May 2021 Retrieved 19 May 2021 Bibliography Edit Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 James I of Aragon Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 141 142 Martinez Diez Gonzalo 1999 El Cid historico un estudio exhaustivo sobre el verdadero Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar Barcelona Editorial Planeta Amado Ramon Ruiz 1912 Archdiocese of Valencia In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 15 New York Robert Appleton Company This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Smith William ed 1854 1857 Valentia Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography London John Murray Beltran i Calvo Vicent Segura i Llopes Carles 2018 Els parlars valencians ISBN 978 84 9134 240 3 Aguilo Lucia Lluis 1992 Notas sobre la historia politica de la ciudad de Valencia 1876 1939 PDF Cuadernos Constitucionales de la Catedra Fadrique Furio Ceriol Valencia Universitat de Valencia 1 59 65 ISSN 1133 7087 Briz Antonio 2004 El castellano en la Comunidad Valenciana Revista Internacional de Linguistica Iberoamericana 2 4 119 129 JSTOR 41678056 Clemente Meoro Mario Enrique 2008 Ramon Fernandez Francisca Altur Grau Vicent Jesus eds Los aprovechamientos pesqueros en La Albufera de Valencia Estudios Sobre Derecho Civil Foral Valenciano Franch Benavent Ricardo 2008 El comercio en el Mediterraneo espanol durante la Edad Moderna El estudio del trafico a su vinculacion con la realidad productiva y el contexto social Obradoiro de Historia Moderna Santiago de Compostela Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 17 77 112 doi 10 15304 ohm 17 446 ISSN 1133 0481 Garcia Martinez Sebastian 1972 Bandolerismo pirateria y control de moriscos en Valencia durante el reinado de Felipe II Estudis Revista de Historia Moderna Valencia Universidad de Valencia 1 85 168 ISSN 0210 9093 Gonzalez Arevalo 2019 La esclavitud en la Espana Medieval siglos XIV XV Generalidades y rasgos diferenciales Millars Espai I Historia Castellon de la Plana Universitat Jaime I 47 11 37 doi 10 6035 Millars 2019 47 2 ISSN 1132 9823 Navarro Espinach German 1994 Los genoveses y el negocio de la seda en Valencia 1457 1512 Anuario de Estudios Medievales Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas 24 201 doi 10 3989 aem 1994 v24 971 ISSN 0066 5061 Perez Garcia Pablo 2019 La nobleza valenciana del Quinientos lo social y su nomenclatura E Spania Paris Universite Paris Sorbonne Paris IV 34 doi 10 4000 e spania 32914 ISSN 1951 6169 Puncel Chornet Alfonso 1999 Valencia opciones desorden y modernidad o la ciudad que se devora a si misma Scripta Nova Revista Electronica de Geografia y Ciencias Sociales Barcelona Universidad de Barcelona 3 47 ISSN 1138 9788 Santamaria Alvaro 1992 La demografia en el contexto de Valencia Siglo XV Medievalia Bellaterra Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 10 363 386 doi 10 5565 rev medievalia 291 Suarez Cortina Manuel 2011 El republicanismo en la Espana liberal 1820 1931 Una aproximacion historiografica Bulletin d Histoire Contemporaine de l Espagne Aix en Provence Publications de l Universite de Provence 46 11 42 ISSN 0987 4135 Torro Josep 2009 Maldina Balansiya La Valencia andalusi Siglos VIII XIII PDF La ciudad de Valencia historia geografia y arte de la ciudad de Valencia Vol 1 pp 159 169 ISBN 978 84 370 7665 2 Zabaltza Xabier 2017 Vias paralelas Anticatalanismo valenciano y antivasquismo navarro durante la Transicion Dictatorships amp Democracies Journal of History and Culture Barcelona Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Fundacio Carles Pi i Sunyer 5 5 53 80 doi 10 7238 dd v0i5 3134 ISSN 2564 8829 Attribution This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Catalan Wikipedia This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Spanish Wikipedia Further reading Edit Valencia Spain and Portugal handbook for travellers 3rd ed Leipsic Karl Baedeker 1908 OCLC 1581249 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Valencia city Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 845 846 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Valencia province Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 844 845 External links EditValencia at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website of the city of Valencia Valencian in Spanish Official tourism website of the city of Valencia Valencian in English German French Spanish Portuguese Italian Japanese and Chinese Official website of the Community Valenciana tourism Valencia The City of Arts amp Science Postal codes in Valencia spainestate Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Valencia amp oldid 1136858083, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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