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Bordeaux

Bordeaux (/bɔːrˈd/ bor-DOH, French: [bɔʁdo] ; Gascon Occitan: Bordèu [buɾˈðɛw]; Basque: Bordele) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called "Bordelais" (masculine) or "Bordelaises" (feminine). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.

Bordeaux
From top to bottom, left to right: Place de la Bourse, Cité du Vin, Monument aux Girondins, Tour Pey-Berland, Grosse Cloche, Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, Saint-André Cathedral and Pont de pierre on the Garonne
Motto(s): 
Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem.
"The fleur-de-lis alone rules over the moon, the waves, the castle, and the lion" (in French: "Les lys règnent seuls sur la lune, les ondes, la forteresse et le lion.")[1]
Location of Bordeaux
Bordeaux
Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′N 0°35′W / 44.84°N 0.58°W / 44.84; -0.58
CountryFrance
RegionNouvelle-Aquitaine
DepartmentGironde
ArrondissementBordeaux
Canton5 cantons
IntercommunalityBordeaux Métropole
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Pierre Hurmic[2] (The Greens)
Area
1
49.36 km2 (19.06 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2020[3])
1,287.3 km2 (497.0 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2020[4])
6,315.6 km2 (2,438.5 sq mi)
Population
 (Jan. 2020)[5]
259,809
 • Rank9th in France
 • Density5,300/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (Jan. 2020[6])
994,920
 • Urban density770/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (Jan. 2020[7])
1,376,375
 • Metro density220/km2 (560/sq mi)
DemonymBordelais
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
33063 /
Websitewww.bordeaux.fr
Official nameBordeaux, Port of the Moon
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv
Reference1256
Inscription2007 (31st Session)
Area1,731 ha
Buffer zone11,974 ha
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of 49 km2 (19 sq mi),[8] but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census),[7] the sixth-most populated in France after Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Toulouse.

Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census,[9] is the fifth most populated metropolitan council in France after those of Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Lille.

Bordeaux is a world capital of wine:[10] many castles and vineyards stand on the hillsides of the Gironde, and the city is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo. Bordeaux is also one of the centers of gastronomy[11] and business tourism for the organization of international congresses. It is a central and strategic hub for the aeronautics, military and space sector, home to international companies such as Dassault Aviation, Ariane Group, Safran and Thalès. The link with aviation dates back to 1910, the year the first airplane flew over the city. A crossroads of knowledge through university research, it is home to one of the only two megajoule lasers in the world, as well as a university population of more than 130,000 students within the Bordeaux Metropolis.[12]

Bordeaux is an international tourist destination for its architectural and cultural heritage with more than 350 historic monuments,[13] making it, after Paris, the city with the most listed or registered monuments in France. The "Pearl of Aquitaine" has been voted European Destination of the year in a 2015 online poll.[14] The metropolis has also received awards and rankings by international organizations such as in 1957, Bordeaux was awarded the Europe Prize for its efforts in transmitting the European ideal. In June 2007, the Port of the Moon in historic Bordeaux was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, for its outstanding architecture and urban ensemble and in recognition of Bordeaux's international importance over the last 2000 years.[15] Bordeaux is also ranked as a Sufficiency city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

History Edit

Historical affiliations

Roman Republic c. 60–27 BC
Roman Empire 27 BC–AD 395
Gallic Empire 260–274
Western Roman Empire 395–418
Visigothic Kingdom 395–6th century
Francia 6th century–843
West Francia 843–987
  Kingdom of France 987–1154
Angevin Empire 1154–1214
  Kingdom of England 1214–1453
  Kingdom of France 1453–1792
  French First Republic 1792–1804
  First French Empire 1804–1814
  Kingdom of France 1814–1815
  First French Empire 1815
  Kingdom of France 1815–1830
  July Monarchy 1830–1848
  French Second Republic 1848–1852
  Second French Empire 1852–1870
  French Third Republic 1870–1940
  Military Administration in France 1940–1944
part of German-occupied Europe from 1940 to 1944
  Provisional Government of the French Republic 1944–1946
  French Fourth Republic 1946–1958
  French Fifth Republic 1958–present

5th century BC to 11th century AD Edit

 
Coins of the Bituriges Vivisci, fifth–1st century BC, derived from the coin designs of Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul. Cabinet des Médailles.

Around 300 BC, the region was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitanian origin.

In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, and the Tigurini led by Divico. The Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, was killed in battle.[16]

The city came under Roman rule around 60 BC, and it became an important commercial centre for tin and lead.[17] During this period were built the amphitheatre and the monument Les Piliers de Tutelle.

In 276, it was sacked by the Vandals. The Vandals attacked again in 409, followed by the Visigoths in 414, and the Franks in 498, and afterwards the city fell into a period of relative obscurity.

 
Merovingian tremisses minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint-Étienne, late sixth century. British Museum.

In the late sixth century the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Around 585 Gallactorius was made Count of Bordeaux and fought the Basques.

In 732, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman who stormed the fortifications and overwhelmed the Aquitanian garrison. Duke Eudes mustered a force to engage the Umayyads, eventually engaging them in the Battle of the River Garonne somewhere near the river Dordogne. The battle had a high death toll, and although Eudes was defeated he had enough troops to engage in the Battle of Poitiers and so retain his grip on Aquitaine.

In 737, following his father Eudes's death, the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion to which Charles responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux. However, it was not retained for long, during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles's sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald's power and defeated him. Hunald's son Waifer replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city (along with Bourges in the north).

During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine (760–768), it was one of Waifer's last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King Pepin the Short. Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac (Frontiacus, Franciacus) near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques (Wascones), where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty (769).

In 778, Seguin (or Sihimin) was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. In 814, Seguin was made Duke of Vasconia, but was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress a Basque rebellion. Under the Carolingians, sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia. They were to keep the Basques in check and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when they appeared in c. 844. In Autumn 845, the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux and Saintes, count Seguin II marched on them but was captured and executed.

Although the port of Bordeaux was a buzzing trade center, the stability and success of the city was threatened by Viking and Norman incursions and political instability. The restoration of the Ramnulfid Dukes of Aquitaine under William IV and his successors (known as the House of Poitiers) brought continuity of government.[18]

12th century to 15th century, the English era Edit

 
First Arms of the city, in the time of Richard I of England

From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux flourished once more following the marriage of Eléonore, Duchess of Aquitaine and the last of the House of Poitiers, to Henry II Plantagenêt, Count of Anjou and the grandson of Henry I of England, who succeeded to the English crown months after their wedding, bringing into being the vast Angevin Empire, which stretched from the Pyrenees to Ireland.[19] After granting a tax-free trade status with England, Henry was adored by the locals as they could be even more profitable in the wine trade, their main source of income, and the city benefited from imports of cloth and wheat.[20] The belfry (Grosse Cloche) and city cathedral St-André were built, the latter in 1227, incorporating the artisan quarter of Saint-Paul.[21] Under the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny it became briefly the capital of an independent state (1362–1372) under Edward, the Black Prince, but after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it was annexed by France.

 
Current Coat of arms since the French Reconquest

15th century to 17th century Edit

In 1462, Bordeaux created a local parliament.

Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde, being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.

18th century, the golden era Edit

The 18th century saw another golden age of Bordeaux.[22] The Port of the Moon supplied the majority of Europe with coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton and indigo, becoming France's busiest port and the second busiest port in the world after London.[20] Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period.

Bordeaux was also a major trading centre for slaves.[23] In total, the Bordeaux shipowners deported 150,000 Africans in some 500 expeditions.[24]

 
Port of the Moon in 1759

French Revolution: political disruption and loss of the most profitable colony Edit

At the beginning of the French Revolution (1789), many local revolutionaries were members of the Girondists. This Party represented the provincial bourgeoisie, favorable towards abolishing aristocracy privileges, but opposed to the Revolution's social dimension. In 1793, the Montagnards led by Robespierre and Marat came to power. Fearing a bourgeois misappropriation of the Revolution, they executed a great number of Girondists. During the purge, the local Montagnard Section renamed the city of Bordeaux "Commune-Franklin" (Franklin-municipality) in homage to Benjamin Franklin.

At the same time, in 1791, a slave revolt broke out at Saint-Domingue (current Haiti), the most profitable of the French colonies. Three years later, the Montagnard Convention abolished slavery. In 1802, Napoleon revoked the manumission law but lost the war against the army of former slaves. In 1804, Haiti became independent. The loss of this "Pearl" of the West Indies generated the collapse of Bordeaux's port economy, which was dependent on the colonial trade and trade in slaves.

Towards the end of the Peninsular War of 1814, the Duke of Wellington sent William Beresford with two divisions and seized Bordeaux, encountering little resistance. Bordeaux was largely anti-Bonapartist and the majority supported the Bourbons. The British troops were treated as liberators.

19th century, rebirth of the economy Edit

From the Bourbon Restoration, the economy of Bordeaux was rebuilt by traders and shipowners. They engaged to construct the first bridge of Bordeaux, and customs warehouses. The shipping traffic grew through the new African colonies.

Georges-Eugène Haussmann, a longtime prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th-century large-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform the quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud. Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he said: "Take Versailles, add Antwerp, and you have Bordeaux".

In 1870, at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia, the French government temporarily relocated to Bordeaux from Paris.[18] That recurred during World War I and again very briefly during World War II, when it became clear that Paris would fall into German hands.

 
Aerial view of the Port of the Moon in 1899

20th century Edit

 
The square of the Comedy during Occupation

During World War II, Bordeaux fell under German occupation.

In May and June 1940, Bordeaux was the site of the life-saving actions of the Portuguese consul-general, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, who illegally granted thousands of Portuguese visas, which were needed to pass the Spanish border, to refugees fleeing the German occupation.

From 1941 to 1943, the Italian Royal Navy established BETASOM, a submarine base at Bordeaux. Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic from that base, which was also a major base for German U-boats as headquarters of 12th U-boat Flotilla. The massive, reinforced concrete U-boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as a cultural center for exhibitions.[25]

21st century, listed as World heritage Edit

In 2007, 40% of the city surface area, located around the Port of the Moon, was listed as World heritage sites. Unesco inscribed Bordeaux as "an inhabited historic city, an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble, created in the age of the Enlightenment, whose values continued up to the first half of the 20th century, with more protected buildings than any other French city except Paris".[26]

Geography Edit

Bordeaux is located close to the European Atlantic coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. It is around 500 km (310 mi) southwest of Paris. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne, and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the east and left bank in the west. Historically the left bank is more developed because when flowing outside the bend, the water makes a furrow of the required depth to allow the passing of merchant ships, which used to offload on this side of the river. But, today, the right bank is developing, including new urban projects. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to ocean liners through the Gironde estuary. The right bank of the Garonne is a low-lying, often marshy plain.

Climate Edit

Bordeaux's climate can be classified as oceanic (Köppen climate classification Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).[27] However, the Trewartha climate classification system classifies the city as solely humid subtropical, due to a recent rise in temperatures related - to some degree or another - to climate change and the city's urban heat island.

The city enjoys cool to mild, wet winters, due to its relatively southerly latitude, and the prevalence of mild, westerly winds from the Atlantic. Its summers are warm and somewhat drier, although wet enough to avoid a Mediterranean classification. Frosts occur annually, but snowfall is quite infrequent, occurring for no more than 3-4 days a year. The summer of 2003 set a record with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F),[28] while February 1956 was the coldest month on record with an average temperature of −2.00 °C at Bordeaux Mérignac-Airport.[29]

Climate data for Bordeaux (BOD), elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4)
26.2
(79.2)
27.7
(81.9)
31.1
(88.0)
35.4
(95.7)
40.5
(104.9)
41.2
(106.2)
40.7
(105.3)
37.0
(98.6)
32.2
(90.0)
26.7
(80.1)
22.5
(72.5)
41.2
(106.2)
Average high °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9)
12.0
(53.6)
15.5
(59.9)
18.0
(64.4)
21.7
(71.1)
25.0
(77.0)
27.1
(80.8)
27.6
(81.7)
24.2
(75.6)
19.6
(67.3)
14.1
(57.4)
11.0
(51.8)
18.9
(66.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8)
7.8
(46.0)
10.7
(51.3)
13.0
(55.4)
16.6
(61.9)
19.8
(67.6)
21.7
(71.1)
21.9
(71.4)
18.8
(65.8)
15.2
(59.4)
10.4
(50.7)
7.7
(45.9)
14.2
(57.6)
Average low °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7)
3.6
(38.5)
5.8
(42.4)
8.0
(46.4)
11.4
(52.5)
14.6
(58.3)
16.2
(61.2)
16.3
(61.3)
13.3
(55.9)
10.7
(51.3)
6.7
(44.1)
4.4
(39.9)
9.6
(49.3)
Record low °C (°F) −16.4
(2.5)
−14.8
(5.4)
−9.9
(14.2)
−5.3
(22.5)
−1.8
(28.8)
2.5
(36.5)
5.2
(41.4)
4.7
(40.5)
−1.8
(28.8)
−5.3
(22.5)
−7.3
(18.9)
−13.4
(7.9)
−16.4
(2.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 86.9
(3.42)
66.9
(2.63)
63.3
(2.49)
75.6
(2.98)
71.1
(2.80)
70.4
(2.77)
48.6
(1.91)
56.7
(2.23)
81.2
(3.20)
83.3
(3.28)
114.5
(4.51)
106.4
(4.19)
924.9
(36.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.2 10.1 10.7 11.2 10.0 8.3 7.1 7.0 9.3 10.7 13.3 12.7 122.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 89.8 117.4 170.2 186.0 220.8 237.7 256.0 248.8 208.8 150.3 100.0 84.1 2,069.8
Source: Meteo France[30]
Climate data for Bordeaux (Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport), elevation: 47 m or 154 ft, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4)
25.0
(77.0)
27.7
(81.9)
28.6
(83.5)
32.6
(90.7)
37.0
(98.6)
38.8
(101.8)
38.3
(100.9)
37.0
(98.6)
31.5
(88.7)
24.7
(76.5)
22.5
(72.5)
38.8
(101.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7)
16.3
(61.3)
17.1
(62.8)
19.5
(67.1)
25.3
(77.5)
29.3
(84.7)
29.2
(84.6)
29.4
(84.9)
27.0
(80.6)
21.4
(70.5)
16.1
(61.0)
14.4
(57.9)
29.4
(84.9)
Average high °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8)
11.1
(52.0)
13.4
(56.1)
16.1
(61.0)
19.4
(66.9)
23.2
(73.8)
25.9
(78.6)
25.5
(77.9)
24.0
(75.2)
19.3
(66.7)
13.2
(55.8)
10.0
(50.0)
17.6
(63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2)
7.5
(45.5)
8.7
(47.7)
11.2
(52.2)
14.2
(57.6)
17.7
(63.9)
20.2
(68.4)
19.6
(67.3)
17.9
(64.2)
14.3
(57.7)
9.1
(48.4)
6.6
(43.9)
12.8
(55.0)
Average low °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5)
3.6
(38.5)
4.2
(39.6)
6.3
(43.3)
9.1
(48.4)
12.4
(54.3)
14.3
(57.7)
13.9
(57.0)
12.2
(54.0)
9.2
(48.6)
4.7
(40.5)
3.2
(37.8)
8.0
(46.3)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4)
−1.8
(28.8)
−0.1
(31.8)
3.7
(38.7)
7.8
(46.0)
9.4
(48.9)
12.4
(54.3)
12.6
(54.7)
9.2
(48.6)
5.3
(41.5)
2.0
(35.6)
−0.4
(31.3)
−3.1
(26.4)
Record low °C (°F) −16.4
(2.5)
−13.2
(8.2)
−9.9
(14.2)
−3.0
(26.6)
−0.5
(31.1)
4.0
(39.2)
6.9
(44.4)
6.0
(42.8)
2.2
(36.0)
−1.7
(28.9)
−7.3
(18.9)
−13.0
(8.6)
−16.4
(2.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 92.4
(3.64)
86.9
(3.42)
74.0
(2.91)
69.4
(2.73)
67.4
(2.65)
51.3
(2.02)
41.2
(1.62)
45.3
(1.78)
72.0
(2.83)
67.8
(2.67)
96.7
(3.81)
79.7
(3.14)
844.1
(33.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.1 11.5 11.7 11.2 11.1 8.5 6.7 8.3 9.0 10.1 11.9 12.3 125.4
Average snowy days 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 3.9
Average relative humidity (%) 88 84 78 76 77 76 75 76 79 85 87 88 80.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 86.3 108.8 161.9 189.6 211.1 242.2 276.3 248.7 207.1 165.4 103.2 83.0 2,083.6
Percent possible sunshine 31 38 45 47 47 53 59 58 56 49 36 31 46
Source 1: NOAA[31]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity)[32]

Economy Edit

Bordeaux is a major centre for business in France as it has the sixth largest metropolitan population in France. It serves as a major regional center for trade, administration, services and industry.

Wine Edit

 
Château Haut-Brion

The vine was introduced to the Bordeaux region by the Romans, probably in the mid-first century, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since.[33]

 
Saint-Émilion aerial view

Bordeaux wine growing area has about 116,160 hectares (287,000 acres) of vineyards, 57 appellations, 10,000 wine-producing estates (châteaux) and 13,000 grape growers. With an annual production of approximately 960 million bottles,[34] the Bordeaux area produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area's five premier cru (First Growth) red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855:

Both red and white wines are made in the Bordeaux region. Red Bordeaux wine is called claret in the United Kingdom. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit verdot, Malbec, and, less commonly in recent years, Carménère.

White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, and Muscadelle. Sauternes is a sub-region of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wines such as Château d'Yquem.

Because of a wine glut (wine lake) in the generic production, the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes, the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly. In the meantime, the global demand for first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed.[citation needed]

The Cité du Vin, a museum as well as a place of exhibitions, shows, movie projections and academic seminars on the theme of wine opened its doors in June 2016.[35]

Others Edit

The Laser Mégajoule will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the laser and plasma technologies.

Some 20,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux.[citation needed] The city has some of the biggest companies including Dassault, EADS Sogerma, Snecma, Thales, SNPE, and others. The Dassault Falcon private jets are built there as well as the military aircraft Rafale and Mirage 2000, the Airbus A380 cockpit, the boosters of Ariane 5, and the M51 SLBM missile.

Tourism, especially wine tourism, is a major industry. Globelink.co.uk mentioned Bordeaux as the best tourist destination in Europe in 2015.[36] Gourmet Touring is a tourism company operating in the Bordeaux wine region.

Access to the port from the Atlantic is via the Gironde estuary. Almost nine million tonnes of goods arrive and leave each year.[37]

Major companies Edit

This list includes indigenous Bordeaux-based companies and companies that have major presence in Bordeaux, but are not necessarily headquartered there.

 
Dassault Falcon 7X assembly line at Merignac

Population Edit

Largest groups of immigrants[a] living in the Bordeaux metropolitan area
Country of birth Population (2019)[38]
  Portugal 15,551
  Morocco 15,207
  Algeria 10,006
  Spain 7,756
  Turkey 4,231
  Tunisia 2,875
  Italy 2,683
  Senegal 2,373
  Romania 2,197
  Madagascar 1,784
  Cameroon 1,759
  China 1,724
  United Kingdom 1,603
  Côte d'Ivoire 1,589

In January 2020, there were 259,809 inhabitants in the city proper (commune) of Bordeaux.[8] The commune (including Caudéran which was annexed by Bordeaux in 1965) had its largest population of 284,494 at the 1954 census.[8] The majority of the population is French, but there are sizable groups of Italians, Spaniards (Up to 20% of the Bordeaux population claim some degree of Spanish heritage), Portuguese, Turks, Germans.[39]

The built-up area has grown for more than a century beyond the municipal borders of Bordeaux due to the small size of the commune (49 km2 (19 sq mi)) and urban sprawl, so that by January 2020 there were 1,376,375 people living in the overall 6,316 km2 (2,439 sq mi) metropolitan area (aire d'attraction) of Bordeaux,[7] only a fifth of whom lived in the city proper.

Population of Bordeaux (commune)
(incl. Caudéran annexed in 1965)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 107,198—    
1800 93,570−1.92%
1806 94,214+0.11%
1821 91,161−0.22%
1831 101,965+1.13%
1836 101,769−0.04%
1841 108,176+1.23%
1846 129,217+3.56%
1851 135,308+0.93%
1856 154,394+2.81%
1861 168,422+1.73%
1866 198,112+3.30%
1872 199,174+0.09%
1876 220,446+2.28%
1881 227,736+0.63%
1886 248,545+1.94%
1891 261,085+1.02%
1896 267,369+0.48%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 268,186+0.06%
1906 264,835−0.25%
1911 275,468+0.79%
1921 283,394+0.28%
1926 273,840−0.68%
1931 283,374+0.69%
1936 281,338−0.14%
1946 279,128−0.08%
1954 284,494+0.23%
1962 278,403−0.28%
1968 266,662−0.72%
1975 223,131−2.53%
1982 208,159−0.98%
1990 210,336+0.13%
1999 215,363+0.26%
2009 236,725+0.97%
2014 246,586+0.82%
2020 259,809+0.87%
Source: EHESS[40] and INSEE[8]

Politics Edit

Municipal administration Edit

 
The current mayor Pierre Hurmic

The Mayor of the city is the environmentalist Pierre Hurmic.

Bordeaux is the capital of five cantons and the Prefecture of the Gironde and Aquitaine.

The town is divided into three districts, the first three of Gironde. The headquarters of Urban Community of Bordeaux Mériadeck is located in the neighbourhood and the city is at the head of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry that bears his name.

The number of inhabitants of Bordeaux is greater than 250,000 and less than 299,999 so the number of municipal councilors is 65.[41] They are divided according to the following composition:

Party Political line President Seats Status
EELVPSPCFPRGG.sNDPP Ecologist and left Pierre Hurmic 48 majority
LRMRModemAgirUDILREM Right and centre-right Nicolas Florian 14 opposition
NPALFIPGE ! Anticapitalist left Philippe Poutou 3 opposition

Mayors of Bordeaux Edit

Since the Liberation (1944), there have been six mayors of Bordeaux:

Mayor Term start Term end   Party
Fernand Audeguil August 1944 19 October 1947 SFIO
Jacques Chaban-Delmas 19 October 1947 19 June 1995 RPR
Alain Juppé 19 June 1995 13 December 2004 RPR / UMP
Hugues Martin 13 December 2004 8 October 2006 UMP
Alain Juppé 8 October 2006 7 March 2019 UMP / LR
Nicolas Florian 7 March 2019 3 July 2020 LR
Pierre Hurmic 3 July 2020 Incumbent EELV
  • RPR was renamed to UMP in 2002 which was later renamed to LR in 2015.

Elections Edit

Presidential elections of 2007 Edit

At the 2007 presidential election, the Bordelais gave 31.37% of their votes to Ségolène Royal of the Socialist Party against 30.84% to Nicolas Sarkozy, president of the UMP. Then came François Bayrou with 22.01%, followed by Jean-Marie Le Pen who recorded 5.42%. None of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. Nationally, Nicolas Sarkozy led with 31.18%, then Ségolène Royal with 25.87%, followed by François Bayrou with 18.57%. After these came Jean-Marie Le Pen with 10.44%, none of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. In the second round, the city of Bordeaux gave Ségolène Royal 52.44% against 47.56% for Nicolas Sarkozy, the latter being elected President of the Republic with 53.06% against 46.94% for Ségolène Royal. The abstention rates for Bordeaux were 14.52% in the first round and 15.90% in the second round.

Parliamentary elections of 2007 Edit

In the parliamentary elections of 2007, the left won eight constituencies against only three for the right. It should be added that after the partial 2008 elections, the eighth district of Gironde switched to the left, bringing the count to nine. In Bordeaux, the left was for the first time in its history the majority as it held two of three constituencies following the elections. In the first division of the Gironde, the outgoing UMP MP Chantal Bourragué was well ahead with 44.81% against 25.39% for the Socialist candidate Beatrice Desaigues. In the second round, it was Chantal Bourragué who was re-elected with 54.45% against 45.55% for his socialist opponent. In the second district of Gironde the UMP mayor and all new Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea Alain Juppé confronted the General Counsel PS Michèle Delaunay. In the first round, Alain Juppé was well ahead with 43.73% against 31.36% for Michèle Delaunay. In the second round, it was finally Michèle Delaunay who won the election with 50.93% of the votes against 49.07% for Alain Juppé, the margin being only 670 votes. The defeat of the so-called constituency "Mayor" showed that Bordeaux was rocking increasingly left. Finally, in the third constituency of the Gironde, Noël Mamère was well ahead with 39.82% against 28.42% for the UMP candidate Elizabeth Vine. In the second round, Noël Mamère was re-elected with 62.82% against 37.18% for his right-wing rival.

Municipal elections of 2008 Edit

In 2008 municipal elections saw the clash between mayor of Bordeaux, Alain Juppé and the President of the Regional Council of Aquitaine Socialist Alain Rousset. The PS had put up a Socialist heavyweight in the Gironde and had put great hopes in this election after the victory of Ségolène Royal and Michèle Delaunay in 2007. However, after a rather exciting campaign it was Alain Juppé who was widely elected in the first round with 56.62%, far ahead of Alain Rousset who has managed to get 34.14%. At present, of the eight cantons that has Bordeaux, five are held by the PS and three by the UMP, the left eating a little each time into the right's numbers.

European elections of 2009 Edit

In the European elections of 2009, Bordeaux voters largely voted for the UMP candidate Dominique Baudis, who won 31.54% against 15.00% for PS candidate Kader Arif. The candidate of Europe Ecology José Bové came second with 22.34%. None of the other candidates reached the 10% mark. The 2009 European elections were like the previous ones in eight constituencies. Bordeaux is located in the district "Southwest", here are the results:

UMP candidate Dominique Baudis: 26.89%. His party gained four seats. PS candidate Kader Arif: 17.79%, gaining two seats in the European Parliament. Europe Ecology candidate Bove: 15.83%, obtaining two seats. MoDem candidate Robert Rochefort: 8.61%, winning a seat. Left Front candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon: 8.16%, gaining the last seat. At regional elections in 2010, the Socialist incumbent president Alain Rousset won the first round by totaling 35.19% in Bordeaux, but this score was lower than the plan for Gironde and Aquitaine. Xavier Darcos, Minister of Labour followed with 28.40% of the votes, scoring above the regional and departmental average. Then came Monique De Marco, Green candidate with 13.40%, followed by the member of Pyrenees-Atlantiques and candidate of the MoDem Jean Lassalle who registered a low 6.78% while qualifying to the second round on the whole Aquitaine, closely followed by Jacques Colombier, candidate of the National Front, who gained 6.48%. Finally the candidate of the Left Front Gérard Boulanger with 5.64%, no other candidate above the 5% mark. In the second round, Alain Rousset had a tidal wave win as national totals rose to 55.83%. If Xavier Darcos largely lost the election, he nevertheless achieved a score above the regional and departmental average obtaining 33.40%. Jean Lassalle, who qualified for the second round, passed the 10% mark by totaling 10.77%. The ballot was marked by abstention amounting to 55.51% in the first round and 53.59% in the second round.

Only candidates obtaining more than 5% are listed

2007 Presidential Election[42]
Candidate 1st round 2nd round
Bordeaux National Bordeaux National
Nicolas Sarkozy 30.84% 31.18% 47.56% 53.06%
Ségolène Royal 31.37% 25.87% 52.44% 46.94%
François Bayrou 22.01% 18.57%
Jean-Marie Le Pen 5.42% 10.44%
Total votes 85.48% 83.77% 84.10% 83.97%
2012 Presidential Election[43]
Candidate 1st round 2nd round
Bordeaux National Bordeaux National
François Hollande 33.05% 28.63% 57.18% 51.64%
Nicolas Sarkozy 28.68% 27.18% 42.82% 48.36%
Jean-Luc Mélenchon 12.16% 11.10%
François Bayrou 10.91% 9.13%
Marine Le Pen 8.22% 17.90%
Total votes 79.25% 79.48% 80.44% 80.35%

2017 elections Edit

Bordeaux voted for Emmanuel Macron in the presidential election. In the 2017 parliamentary election, La République En Marche! won most of the constituencies in Bordeaux.

2019 European elections Edit

Bordeaux voted in the 2019 European Parliament election in France.

Municipal elections of 2020 Edit

After 73 years of right-of-centre rule, the ecologist Pierre Hurmic (EELV) came in ahead of Nicolas Florian (LR/LaREM).[44]

Parliamentary representation Edit

The city area is represented by the following constituencies: Gironde's 1st, Gironde's 2nd, Gironde's 3rd, Gironde's 4th, Gironde's 5th, Gironde's 6th, Gironde's 7th.

Education Edit

University Edit

 
University Bordeaux 2, former faculty of medicine, now faculty of sociology

During Antiquity, a first university had been created by the Romans in 286.[45] The city was an important administrative centre and the new university had to train administrators. Only rhetoric and grammar were taught. Ausonius and Sulpicius Severus were two of the teachers.

In 1441, when Bordeaux was an English town, the Pope Eugene IV created a university by demand of the archbishop Pey Berland. In 1793, during the French Revolution, the National Convention abolished the university, and replace them with the École centrale in 1796. In Bordeaux, this one was located in the former buildings of the college of Guyenne. In 1808, the university reappeared with Napoleon. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235 ha).[46]

Schools Edit

Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

Engineering schools:

Business and management schools:

 
KEDGE Business School

Other:

 
École nationale de la magistrature
  • École nationale de la magistrature (National school for the judiciary)
  • École d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux
  • École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux
  • École française des attachés de presse et des professionnels de la communication (EFAP)
  • Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d'Aquitaine (CNAM)
  • École des Avocats ALIENOR de Bordeaux (law school)

Weekend education Edit

The École Compleméntaire Japonaise de Bordeaux (ボルドー日本語補習授業校, Borudō Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the Salle de L'Athénée Municipal in Bordeaux.[47]

Main sights Edit

 
Place de la Bourse at night with the Miroir d'eau and tram

Heritage and architecture Edit

Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques (only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux, Port of the Moon, has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble".

Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th-century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after Nancy, to have entered an era of urbanism and metropolitan big scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King Louis XV, under the supervision of two intendants (Governors), first Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur then the Marquis de Tourny.

Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France. The organ in Saint-Louis-des-Chartrons is registered on the French monuments historiques.[48]

Buildings Edit

Main sights include:

  • Place de la Bourse (1735–1755), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV, now replaced by the Fountain of the Three Graces.
  • Grand Théâtre (1780), a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century.
  • Allées de Tourny
  • Cours de l'Intendance
  • Place du Chapelet
  • Place du Parlement
  • Place des Quinconces, the largest square in France.
  • Monument aux Girondins
  • Place Saint-Pierre
  • Pont de pierre (1822)
  • Bordeaux Cathedral (Saint André), consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096 and dedicated to the Apostle Saint Andrew. Of the original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remains. The Royal Door is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th and 15th centuries.
  • Tour Pey-Berland (1440–1450), a massive, quadrangular Gothic tower annexed to the cathedral.
  • Sainte-Croix church This church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, stands on the site of a seventh-century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. The present building was erected and was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The façade is in Romanesque style
  • The Gothic Saint Michel Basilica, constructed between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century.
  • Basilica of Saint Severinus, the oldest church in Bordeaux, built in the early sixth century on the site of a palaeo-Christian necropolis. It has an 11th-century portico, while the apse and transept are from the 12th. The 13th-century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses tombs of the Merovingian family.
  • Église Saint-Pierre, Gothic church
  • Église Saint-Éloi, Gothic church
  • Église Saint-Bruno, baroque church decorated with frescoes
  • Église Notre-Dame, baroque church
  • Église Saint-Paul-Saint-François-Xavier, baroque church
  • Palais Rohan, once the archbishop's residence, now city hall
  • Palais Gallien [fr], the remains of a late second-century Roman amphitheatre
  • Porte Cailhau, a medieval gatehouse in the old city walls.
  • La Grosse Cloche (15th century), the second remaining gate in the medieval walls. It was the belfry of the old Town Hall. It consists of two 40-metre-high (131-foot) circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell weighing 7,800 kilograms (17,200 lb). The clock is from 1759.
  • Grande Synagogue, completed 1882
  • Rue Sainte-Catherine, the longest pedestrian street in France
  • Darwin ecosystem, alternative place into former military barracks
  • The BETASOM submarine base

Contemporary architecture Edit

  • Cité Frugès, district of Pessac, built by Le Corbusier, 1924–1926, listed as UNESCO heritage
  • Fire Station, la Benauge, Claude Ferret/Adrien Courtois/Yves Salier, 1951–1954
  • Mériadeck district, 1960-70's
  • Court of first instance, Richard Rogers, 1998
  • CTBA, wood and furniture research center, A. Loisier, 1998
  • Hangar 14 on the Quai des Chartrons, 1999
  • The Management Science faculty on the Bastide, Anne Lacaton/Jean-Philippe Vassal, 2006
  • The Jardin botanique de la Bastide, Catherine Mosbach/Françoise Hélène Jourda/Pascal Convert, 2007
  • The Nuyens School complex on the Bastide, Yves Ballot/Nathalie Franck, 2007
  • Seeko'o Hotel on the Quai de Bacalan, King Kong architects, 2007
  • Matmut Atlantique stadium, Herzog & de Meuron, 2015
  • Cité du Vin, XTU architects, Anouk Legendre & Nicolas Desmazières, 2016
  • MECA, Maison de l'Économie Créative et de la culture de la Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bjarke Ingels, 2019

Museums Edit

Memory of slavery Edit

Slavery was part of a growing drive for the city. Firstly, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Bordeaux was an important slave port, which saw some 500 slave expeditions that cause the deportation of 150,000 Africans by Bordeaux shipowners.[50] Secondly, even though the "Triangular trade" represented only 5% of Bordeaux's wealth, the city's direct trade with the Caribbean, that accounted for the other 95%, concerns the colonial stuffs made by the slave (sugar, coffee, cocoa).[51] And thirdly, in that same period, a major migratory movement by Aquitanians took place to the Caribbean colonies, with Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) being the most popular destination. 40% of the white population of the island came from Aquitaine.[52] They prospered with plantations incomes, until the first slave revolts which concluded in 1848 in the final abolition of slavery in France.[53]

A statue of Modeste Testas, an Ethiopian woman who was enslaved by the Bordeaux-based Testas brothers was unveiled in 2019. She was trafficked by them from West Africa, to Philadelphia (where one of the brother coerced her to have two children by him) and was ultimately freed and lived in Haiti. The bronze sculpture was created by the Haitian artists Woodly Caymitte.[54]

A number of traces and memorial sites are visible in the city. Moreover, in May 2009, the Museum of Aquitaine opened the spaces dedicated to "Bordeaux in the 18th century, trans-Atlantic trading and slavery". This work, richly illustrated with original documents, contributes to disseminate the state of knowledge on this question, presenting above all the facts and their chronology.[53]

The region of Bordeaux was also the land of several prominent abolitionists, as Montesquieu, Laffon de Ladébat and Elisée Reclus. Others were members of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks as the revolutionaries Boyer-Fonfrède, Gensonné, Guadet and Ducos.

Parks and gardens Edit

Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas Edit

 
Chaban Delmas bridge

Europe's longest-span vertical-lift bridge, the Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas, was opened in 2013 in Bordeaux, spanning the River Garonne. The central lift span is 117-metre-long (384-foot), weighs 4,600 tons and can be lifted vertically up to 53 metres (174 feet) to let tall ships pass underneath. The €160 million bridge was inaugurated by President François Hollande and Mayor Alain Juppé on 16 March 2013. The bridge was named after the late Jacques Chaban-Delmas, who was a former Prime Minister and Mayor of Bordeaux.

Shopping Edit

 
Rue Sainte-Catherine

Bordeaux has many shopping options. In the heart of Bordeaux is Rue Sainte-Catherine. This pedestrian-only shopping street has 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) of shops, restaurants and cafés; it is also one of the longest shopping streets in Europe. Rue Sainte-Catherine starts at Place de la Victoire and ends at Place de la Comédie by the Grand Théâtre. The shops become progressively more upmarket as one moves towards Place de la Comédie and the nearby Cours de l'Intendance is where one finds the more exclusive shops and boutiques.

Culture Edit

Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research centre, Arc en rêve.[citation needed] Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas, theatres, and is the home of the Opéra national de Bordeaux. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year. In October 2021, Bordeaux was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Copenhagen, Dublin, Florence, Ljubljana, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia.[55]

Transport Edit

Road Edit

Bordeaux is an important road and motorway junction. The city is connected to Paris by the A10 motorway, with Lyon by the A89, with Toulouse by the A62, and with Spain by the A63. There is a 45 km (28 mi) ring road called the "Rocade" which is often very busy. Another ring road is under consideration.

 
Pont d'Aquitaine

Bordeaux has five road bridges that cross the Garonne, the Pont de pierre built in the 1820s and three modern bridges built after 1960: the Pont Saint Jean, just south of the Pont de pierre (both located downtown), the Pont d'Aquitaine, a suspension bridge downstream from downtown, and the Pont François Mitterrand, located upstream of downtown. These two bridges are part of the ring-road around Bordeaux. A fifth bridge, the Pont Jacques-Chaban-Delmas, was constructed in 2009–2012 and opened to traffic in March 2013. Located halfway between the Pont de pierre and the Pont d'Aquitaine and serving downtown rather than highway traffic, it is a vertical-lift bridge with a height in closed position comparable to that of Pont de pierre, and to the Pont d'Aquitaine when open. All five road bridges, including the two highway bridges, are open to cyclists and pedestrians as well. Another bridge, the Pont Jean-Jacques Bosc, is to be built in 2018.[56]

Lacking any steep hills, Bordeaux is relatively friendly to cyclists. Cycle paths (separate from the roadways) exist on the highway bridges, along the riverfront, on the university campuses, and incidentally elsewhere in the city. Cycle lanes and bus lanes that explicitly allow cyclists exist on many of the city's boulevards. A paid bicycle-sharing system with automated stations was established in 2010.

Rail Edit

 
Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean

The main railway station, Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean, near the center of the city, has 12 million passengers a year. It is served by the French national (SNCF) railway's high speed train, the TGV, that gets to Paris in two hours, with connections to major European centers such as Lille, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne, Geneva and London. The TGV also serves Toulouse and Irun (Spain) from Bordeaux. A regular train service is provided to Nantes, Nice, Marseille and Lyon. The Gare Saint-Jean is the major hub for regional trains (TER) operated by the SNCF to Arcachon, Limoges, Agen, Périgueux, Langon, Pau, Le Médoc, Angoulême and Bayonne.

Historically the train line used to terminate at a station on the right bank of the river Garonne near the Pont de Pierre, and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city. Subsequently, a double-track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s, by Gustave Eiffel, to bring trains across the river direct into Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean. The old station was later converted and in 2010 comprised a cinema and restaurants.

The two-track Eiffel bridge with a speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph) became a bottleneck and a new bridge was built, opening in 2009. The new bridge has four tracks and allows trains to pass at 60 km/h (37 mph).[57] During the planning there was much lobbying by the Eiffel family and other supporters to preserve the old bridge as a footbridge across the Garonne, with possibly a museum to document the history of the bridge and Gustave Eiffel's contribution. The decision was taken to save the bridge, but by early 2010 no plans had been announced as to its future use. The bridge remains intact, but unused and without any means of access.

Since July 2017, the LGV Sud Europe Atlantique is fully operational and makes Bordeaux city 2h04 from Paris.

Air Edit

 
Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport

Bordeaux is served by Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport, located 8 km (5.0 mi) from the city centre in the suburban city of Mérignac.

Trams, buses and boats Edit

 
Tramway de Bordeaux

Bordeaux has an important public transport system called Transports Bordeaux Métropole (TBM). This company is run by the Keolis group. The network consists of:

  • Four tram lines (A, B, C and D)
  • 75 bus routes, all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)
  • 13 night bus routes (from 1 to 16)
  • An electric bus shuttle in the city centre
  • A boat shuttle on the Garonne river

This network is operated from 5 am to 2 am.

There had been several plans for a subway network to be set up, but they stalled for both geological and financial reasons. Work on the Tramway de Bordeaux system was started in the autumn of 2000, and services started in December 2003 connecting Bordeaux with its suburban areas. The tram system uses Alstom APS a form of ground-level power supply technology developed by French company Alstom and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment by eliminating overhead cables in the historic city. Conventional overhead cables are used outside the city. The system was controversial for its considerable cost of installation, maintenance and also for the numerous initial technical problems that paralysed the network. Many streets and squares along the tramway route became pedestrian areas, with limited access for cars.

The planned Bordeaux tramway system is to link with the airport to the city centre towards the end of 2019.[58]

Taxis Edit

There are more than 400 taxicabs in Bordeaux.[citation needed]

Public transportation statistics Edit

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bordeaux, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 51 min. 12.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min, while 15.5% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km (4.3 mi), while 8% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[59]

Sport Edit

 
Entrance to the Stade Chaban-Delmas
 
Matmut Atlantique stadium

The 41,458-capacity Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux is the largest stadium in Bordeaux. The stadium was opened in 2015 and replaced the Stade Chaban-Delmas, which was a venue for the FIFA World Cup in 1938 and 1998, as well as the 2007 Rugby World Cup. In the 1938 FIFA World Cup, it hosted a violent quarter-final known as the Battle of Bordeaux. The ground was formerly known as the Stade du Parc Lescure until 2001, when it was renamed in honour of the city's long-time mayor, Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux, Girondins de Bordeaux is the football team, playing in Ligue 2, the second tier of French football. Union Bordeaux Bègles is a rugby team in the Top 14 in the Ligue Nationale de Rugby. Skateboarding, rollerblading, and BMX biking are activities enjoyed by many young inhabitants of the city. Bordeaux is home to a quay which runs along the Garonne river. On the quay there is a skate-park divided into three sections. One section is for Vert tricks, one for street style tricks, and one for little action sports athletes with easier features and softer materials. The skate-park is very well maintained by the municipality.

Bordeaux is also the home to one of the strongest cricket teams in France and are champions of the South West League.

There is a 250 m (820 ft) wooden velodrome, Vélodrome du Lac, in Bordeaux which hosts international cycling competition in the form of UCI Track Cycling World Cup events.

The 2015 Trophee Eric Bompard was in Bordeaux. But the Free Skate was cancelled in all of the divisions due to the Paris bombing(s) and aftermath. The Short Program occurred hours before the bombing. French skaters Chafik Besseghier (68.36) in tenth place, Romain Ponsart (62.86) in 11th. Mae-Berenice-Meite (46.82) in 11th and Laurine Lecavelier (46.53) in 12th. Vanessa James/Morgan Cipres (65.75) in second.

Between 1951 and 1955, an annual Formula 1 motor race was held on a 2.5-kilometre circuit which looped around the Esplanade des Quinconces and along the waterfront, attracting drivers such as Juan Manuel Fangio, Stirling Moss, Jean Behra and Maurice Trintignant.[60]

Notable people Edit

International relationships Edit

 
Alain Juppé, Mayor of Bordeaux, visiting the twin town of Ashdod
 
Wuhan pavilion at the Parc floral de Bordeaux

Twin towns – sister cities Edit

Bordeaux is twinned with:[61][62][63]

Partnerships Edit

See also Edit

Explanatory notes Edit

  1. ^ An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

References Edit

  1. ^ . 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013.
  2. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  3. ^ "Comparateur de territoire - Unité urbaine 2020 de Bordeaux (33701)". INSEE. from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  4. ^ "Comparateur de territoire - Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Bordeaux (006)". INSEE. from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  5. ^ "Populations légales 2020". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2022.
  6. ^ INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Bordeaux : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale 2020". from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
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Further reading Edit

  • Chantal Callais and Thierry Jeanmonod (2019). Bordeaux: a history of architecture. La Crèche: La Geste. ISBN 979-10-353-0188-0.
  • François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna (2018). Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery (2nd ed.). Bordeaux: Le Festin. ISBN 978-2-36062-009-8.

External links Edit

  • – Official French website (in English)
  • Bordeaux city council website

bordeaux, this, article, about, city, france, wine, wine, other, uses, disambiguation, burdigala, redirects, here, ocean, liner, burdigala, bordelaise, redirects, here, sauce, bordelaise, sauce, ɔːr, french, bɔʁdo, gascon, occitan, bordèu, buɾˈðɛw, basque, bor. This article is about the city in France For the wine see Bordeaux wine For other uses see Bordeaux disambiguation Burdigala redirects here For the ocean liner see SS Burdigala Bordelaise redirects here For the sauce see Bordelaise sauce Bordeaux b ɔːr ˈ d oʊ bor DOH French bɔʁdo Gascon Occitan Bordeu buɾˈdɛw Basque Bordele is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department southwestern France A port city it is the capital of the Nouvelle Aquitaine region as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department Its inhabitants are called Bordelais masculine or Bordelaises feminine The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region BordeauxPrefecture and communeFrom top to bottom left to right Place de la Bourse Cite du Vin Monument aux Girondins Tour Pey Berland Grosse Cloche Grand Theatre de Bordeaux Saint Andre Cathedral and Pont de pierre on the GaronneFlagCoat of armsMotto s Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem The fleur de lis alone rules over the moon the waves the castle and the lion in French Les lys regnent seuls sur la lune les ondes la forteresse et le lion 1 Location of BordeauxBordeauxShow map of FranceBordeauxShow map of Nouvelle AquitaineCoordinates 44 50 N 0 35 W 44 84 N 0 58 W 44 84 0 58CountryFranceRegionNouvelle AquitaineDepartmentGirondeArrondissementBordeauxCanton5 cantonsIntercommunalityBordeaux MetropoleGovernment Mayor 2020 2026 Pierre Hurmic 2 The Greens Area149 36 km2 19 06 sq mi Urban 2020 3 1 287 3 km2 497 0 sq mi Metro 2020 4 6 315 6 km2 2 438 5 sq mi Population Jan 2020 5 259 809 Rank9th in France Density5 300 km2 14 000 sq mi Urban Jan 2020 6 994 920 Urban density770 km2 2 000 sq mi Metro Jan 2020 7 1 376 375 Metro density220 km2 560 sq mi DemonymBordelaisTime zoneUTC 01 00 CET Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST INSEE Postal code33063 Websitewww wbr bordeaux wbr frUNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameBordeaux Port of the MoonCriteriaCultural ii ivReference1256Inscription2007 31st Session Area1 731 haBuffer zone11 974 ha1 French Land Register data which excludes lakes ponds glaciers gt 1 km2 0 386 sq mi or 247 acres and river estuaries The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259 809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of 49 km2 19 sq mi 8 but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1 376 375 that same year Jan 2020 census 7 the sixth most populated in France after Paris Lyon Marseille Lille and Toulouse Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues The Bordeaux Metropolis with a population of 819 604 at the January 2020 census 9 is the fifth most populated metropolitan council in France after those of Paris Marseille Lyon and Lille Bordeaux is a world capital of wine 10 many castles and vineyards stand on the hillsides of the Gironde and the city is home to the world s main wine fair Vinexpo Bordeaux is also one of the centers of gastronomy 11 and business tourism for the organization of international congresses It is a central and strategic hub for the aeronautics military and space sector home to international companies such as Dassault Aviation Ariane Group Safran and Thales The link with aviation dates back to 1910 the year the first airplane flew over the city A crossroads of knowledge through university research it is home to one of the only two megajoule lasers in the world as well as a university population of more than 130 000 students within the Bordeaux Metropolis 12 Bordeaux is an international tourist destination for its architectural and cultural heritage with more than 350 historic monuments 13 making it after Paris the city with the most listed or registered monuments in France The Pearl of Aquitaine has been voted European Destination of the year in a 2015 online poll 14 The metropolis has also received awards and rankings by international organizations such as in 1957 Bordeaux was awarded the Europe Prize for its efforts in transmitting the European ideal In June 2007 the Port of the Moon in historic Bordeaux was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its outstanding architecture and urban ensemble and in recognition of Bordeaux s international importance over the last 2000 years 15 Bordeaux is also ranked as a Sufficiency city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network Contents 1 History 1 1 5th century BC to 11th century AD 1 2 12th century to 15th century the English era 1 3 15th century to 17th century 1 4 18th century the golden era 1 5 French Revolution political disruption and loss of the most profitable colony 1 6 19th century rebirth of the economy 1 7 20th century 1 8 21st century listed as World heritage 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Economy 3 1 Wine 3 2 Others 3 3 Major companies 4 Population 5 Politics 5 1 Municipal administration 5 2 Mayors of Bordeaux 5 3 Elections 5 3 1 Presidential elections of 2007 5 3 2 Parliamentary elections of 2007 5 3 3 Municipal elections of 2008 5 3 4 European elections of 2009 5 3 5 2017 elections 5 3 6 2019 European elections 5 3 7 Municipal elections of 2020 5 4 Parliamentary representation 6 Education 6 1 University 6 2 Schools 6 3 Weekend education 7 Main sights 7 1 Heritage and architecture 7 2 Buildings 7 3 Contemporary architecture 7 4 Museums 7 5 Memory of slavery 7 6 Parks and gardens 7 7 Pont Jacques Chaban Delmas 7 8 Shopping 7 9 Culture 8 Transport 8 1 Road 8 2 Rail 8 3 Air 8 4 Trams buses and boats 8 5 Taxis 8 6 Public transportation statistics 9 Sport 10 Notable people 11 International relationships 11 1 Twin towns sister cities 11 2 Partnerships 12 See also 13 Explanatory notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistory EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Bordeaux Historical affiliations Roman Republic c 60 27 BCRoman Empire 27 BC AD 395Gallic Empire 260 274Western Roman Empire 395 418Visigothic Kingdom 395 6th centuryFrancia 6th century 843West Francia 843 987 nbsp Kingdom of France 987 1154Angevin Empire 1154 1214 nbsp Kingdom of England 1214 1453 nbsp Kingdom of France 1453 1792 nbsp French First Republic 1792 1804 nbsp First French Empire 1804 1814 nbsp Kingdom of France 1814 1815 nbsp First French Empire 1815 nbsp Kingdom of France 1815 1830 nbsp July Monarchy 1830 1848 nbsp French Second Republic 1848 1852 nbsp Second French Empire 1852 1870 nbsp French Third Republic 1870 1940 nbsp Military Administration in France 1940 1944 part of German occupied Europe from 1940 to 1944 nbsp Provisional Government of the French Republic 1944 1946 nbsp French Fourth Republic 1946 1958 nbsp French Fifth Republic 1958 present 5th century BC to 11th century AD Edit nbsp Coins of the Bituriges Vivisci fifth 1st century BC derived from the coin designs of Greeks in pre Roman Gaul Cabinet des Medailles Around 300 BC the region was the settlement of a Celtic tribe the Bituriges Vivisci named the town Burdigala probably of Aquitanian origin In 107 BC the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges a Gallic tribe allied to Rome and the Tigurini led by Divico The Romans were defeated and their commander the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus was killed in battle 16 The city came under Roman rule around 60 BC and it became an important commercial centre for tin and lead 17 During this period were built the amphitheatre and the monument Les Piliers de Tutelle nbsp Les Piliers de Tutelle nbsp The Roman amphitheatreIn 276 it was sacked by the Vandals The Vandals attacked again in 409 followed by the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498 and afterwards the city fell into a period of relative obscurity nbsp Merovingian tremisses minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint Etienne late sixth century British Museum In the late sixth century the city re emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks but royal Frankish power was never strong The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia Around 585 Gallactorius was made Count of Bordeaux and fought the Basques In 732 the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman who stormed the fortifications and overwhelmed the Aquitanian garrison Duke Eudes mustered a force to engage the Umayyads eventually engaging them in the Battle of the River Garonne somewhere near the river Dordogne The battle had a high death toll and although Eudes was defeated he had enough troops to engage in the Battle of Poitiers and so retain his grip on Aquitaine In 737 following his father Eudes s death the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion to which Charles responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux However it was not retained for long during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles s sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald s power and defeated him Hunald s son Waifer replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city along with Bourges in the north During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine 760 768 it was one of Waifer s last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King Pepin the Short Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac Frontiacus Franciacus near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques Wascones where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty 769 In 778 Seguin or Sihimin was appointed count of Bordeaux probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass In 814 Seguin was made Duke of Vasconia but was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress a Basque rebellion Under the Carolingians sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia They were to keep the Basques in check and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when they appeared in c 844 In Autumn 845 the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux and Saintes count Seguin II marched on them but was captured and executed Although the port of Bordeaux was a buzzing trade center the stability and success of the city was threatened by Viking and Norman incursions and political instability The restoration of the Ramnulfid Dukes of Aquitaine under William IV and his successors known as the House of Poitiers brought continuity of government 18 12th century to 15th century the English era Edit nbsp First Arms of the city in the time of Richard I of EnglandFrom the 12th to the 15th century Bordeaux flourished once more following the marriage of Eleonore Duchess of Aquitaine and the last of the House of Poitiers to Henry II Plantagenet Count of Anjou and the grandson of Henry I of England who succeeded to the English crown months after their wedding bringing into being the vast Angevin Empire which stretched from the Pyrenees to Ireland 19 After granting a tax free trade status with England Henry was adored by the locals as they could be even more profitable in the wine trade their main source of income and the city benefited from imports of cloth and wheat 20 The belfry Grosse Cloche and city cathedral St Andre were built the latter in 1227 incorporating the artisan quarter of Saint Paul 21 Under the terms of the Treaty of Bretigny it became briefly the capital of an independent state 1362 1372 under Edward the Black Prince but after the Battle of Castillon 1453 it was annexed by France nbsp Current Coat of arms since the French Reconquest15th century to 17th century Edit In 1462 Bordeaux created a local parliament Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653 when the army of Louis XIV entered the city 18th century the golden era Edit The 18th century saw another golden age of Bordeaux 22 The Port of the Moon supplied the majority of Europe with coffee cocoa sugar cotton and indigo becoming France s busiest port and the second busiest port in the world after London 20 Many downtown buildings about 5 000 including those on the quays are from this period Bordeaux was also a major trading centre for slaves 23 In total the Bordeaux shipowners deported 150 000 Africans in some 500 expeditions 24 nbsp Port of the Moon in 1759French Revolution political disruption and loss of the most profitable colony Edit At the beginning of the French Revolution 1789 many local revolutionaries were members of the Girondists This Party represented the provincial bourgeoisie favorable towards abolishing aristocracy privileges but opposed to the Revolution s social dimension In 1793 the Montagnards led by Robespierre and Marat came to power Fearing a bourgeois misappropriation of the Revolution they executed a great number of Girondists During the purge the local Montagnard Section renamed the city of Bordeaux Commune Franklin Franklin municipality in homage to Benjamin Franklin At the same time in 1791 a slave revolt broke out at Saint Domingue current Haiti the most profitable of the French colonies Three years later the Montagnard Convention abolished slavery In 1802 Napoleon revoked the manumission law but lost the war against the army of former slaves In 1804 Haiti became independent The loss of this Pearl of the West Indies generated the collapse of Bordeaux s port economy which was dependent on the colonial trade and trade in slaves Towards the end of the Peninsular War of 1814 the Duke of Wellington sent William Beresford with two divisions and seized Bordeaux encountering little resistance Bordeaux was largely anti Bonapartist and the majority supported the Bourbons The British troops were treated as liberators 19th century rebirth of the economy Edit From the Bourbon Restoration the economy of Bordeaux was rebuilt by traders and shipowners They engaged to construct the first bridge of Bordeaux and customs warehouses The shipping traffic grew through the new African colonies Georges Eugene Haussmann a longtime prefect of Bordeaux used Bordeaux s 18th century large scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform the quasi medieval Paris into a modern capital that would make France proud Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he said Take Versailles add Antwerp and you have Bordeaux In 1870 at the beginning of the Franco Prussian war against Prussia the French government temporarily relocated to Bordeaux from Paris 18 That recurred during World War I and again very briefly during World War II when it became clear that Paris would fall into German hands nbsp Aerial view of the Port of the Moon in 189920th century Edit nbsp The square of the Comedy during OccupationDuring World War II Bordeaux fell under German occupation In May and June 1940 Bordeaux was the site of the life saving actions of the Portuguese consul general Aristides de Sousa Mendes who illegally granted thousands of Portuguese visas which were needed to pass the Spanish border to refugees fleeing the German occupation From 1941 to 1943 the Italian Royal Navy established BETASOM a submarine base at Bordeaux Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic from that base which was also a major base for German U boats as headquarters of 12th U boat Flotilla The massive reinforced concrete U boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as a cultural center for exhibitions 25 21st century listed as World heritage Edit In 2007 40 of the city surface area located around the Port of the Moon was listed as World heritage sites Unesco inscribed Bordeaux as an inhabited historic city an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble created in the age of the Enlightenment whose values continued up to the first half of the 20th century with more protected buildings than any other French city except Paris 26 Geography EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bordeaux is located close to the European Atlantic coast in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region It is around 500 km 310 mi southwest of Paris The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne and is divided into two parts the right bank to the east and left bank in the west Historically the left bank is more developed because when flowing outside the bend the water makes a furrow of the required depth to allow the passing of merchant ships which used to offload on this side of the river But today the right bank is developing including new urban projects In Bordeaux the Garonne River is accessible to ocean liners through the Gironde estuary The right bank of the Garonne is a low lying often marshy plain Climate Edit Bordeaux s climate can be classified as oceanic Koppen climate classification Cfb bordering on a humid subtropical climate Cfa 27 However the Trewartha climate classification system classifies the city as solely humid subtropical due to a recent rise in temperatures related to some degree or another to climate change and the city s urban heat island The city enjoys cool to mild wet winters due to its relatively southerly latitude and the prevalence of mild westerly winds from the Atlantic Its summers are warm and somewhat drier although wet enough to avoid a Mediterranean classification Frosts occur annually but snowfall is quite infrequent occurring for no more than 3 4 days a year The summer of 2003 set a record with an average temperature of 23 3 C 73 9 F 28 while February 1956 was the coldest month on record with an average temperature of 2 00 C at Bordeaux Merignac Airport 29 Climate data for Bordeaux BOD elevation 47 m 154 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1920 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 20 8 69 4 26 2 79 2 27 7 81 9 31 1 88 0 35 4 95 7 40 5 104 9 41 2 106 2 40 7 105 3 37 0 98 6 32 2 90 0 26 7 80 1 22 5 72 5 41 2 106 2 Average high C F 10 5 50 9 12 0 53 6 15 5 59 9 18 0 64 4 21 7 71 1 25 0 77 0 27 1 80 8 27 6 81 7 24 2 75 6 19 6 67 3 14 1 57 4 11 0 51 8 18 9 66 0 Daily mean C F 7 1 44 8 7 8 46 0 10 7 51 3 13 0 55 4 16 6 61 9 19 8 67 6 21 7 71 1 21 9 71 4 18 8 65 8 15 2 59 4 10 4 50 7 7 7 45 9 14 2 57 6 Average low C F 3 7 38 7 3 6 38 5 5 8 42 4 8 0 46 4 11 4 52 5 14 6 58 3 16 2 61 2 16 3 61 3 13 3 55 9 10 7 51 3 6 7 44 1 4 4 39 9 9 6 49 3 Record low C F 16 4 2 5 14 8 5 4 9 9 14 2 5 3 22 5 1 8 28 8 2 5 36 5 5 2 41 4 4 7 40 5 1 8 28 8 5 3 22 5 7 3 18 9 13 4 7 9 16 4 2 5 Average precipitation mm inches 86 9 3 42 66 9 2 63 63 3 2 49 75 6 2 98 71 1 2 80 70 4 2 77 48 6 1 91 56 7 2 23 81 2 3 20 83 3 3 28 114 5 4 51 106 4 4 19 924 9 36 41 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 12 2 10 1 10 7 11 2 10 0 8 3 7 1 7 0 9 3 10 7 13 3 12 7 122 5Mean monthly sunshine hours 89 8 117 4 170 2 186 0 220 8 237 7 256 0 248 8 208 8 150 3 100 0 84 1 2 069 8Source Meteo France 30 Climate data for Bordeaux Bordeaux Merignac Airport elevation 47 m or 154 ft 1961 1990 normals and extremesMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 19 1 66 4 25 0 77 0 27 7 81 9 28 6 83 5 32 6 90 7 37 0 98 6 38 8 101 8 38 3 100 9 37 0 98 6 31 5 88 7 24 7 76 5 22 5 72 5 38 8 101 8 Mean maximum C F 12 6 54 7 16 3 61 3 17 1 62 8 19 5 67 1 25 3 77 5 29 3 84 7 29 2 84 6 29 4 84 9 27 0 80 6 21 4 70 5 16 1 61 0 14 4 57 9 29 4 84 9 Average high C F 9 9 49 8 11 1 52 0 13 4 56 1 16 1 61 0 19 4 66 9 23 2 73 8 25 9 78 6 25 5 77 9 24 0 75 2 19 3 66 7 13 2 55 8 10 0 50 0 17 6 63 7 Daily mean C F 6 2 43 2 7 5 45 5 8 7 47 7 11 2 52 2 14 2 57 6 17 7 63 9 20 2 68 4 19 6 67 3 17 9 64 2 14 3 57 7 9 1 48 4 6 6 43 9 12 8 55 0 Average low C F 2 5 36 5 3 6 38 5 4 2 39 6 6 3 43 3 9 1 48 4 12 4 54 3 14 3 57 7 13 9 57 0 12 2 54 0 9 2 48 6 4 7 40 5 3 2 37 8 8 0 46 3 Mean minimum C F 3 1 26 4 1 8 28 8 0 1 31 8 3 7 38 7 7 8 46 0 9 4 48 9 12 4 54 3 12 6 54 7 9 2 48 6 5 3 41 5 2 0 35 6 0 4 31 3 3 1 26 4 Record low C F 16 4 2 5 13 2 8 2 9 9 14 2 3 0 26 6 0 5 31 1 4 0 39 2 6 9 44 4 6 0 42 8 2 2 36 0 1 7 28 9 7 3 18 9 13 0 8 6 16 4 2 5 Average precipitation mm inches 92 4 3 64 86 9 3 42 74 0 2 91 69 4 2 73 67 4 2 65 51 3 2 02 41 2 1 62 45 3 1 78 72 0 2 83 67 8 2 67 96 7 3 81 79 7 3 14 844 1 33 22 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 13 1 11 5 11 7 11 2 11 1 8 5 6 7 8 3 9 0 10 1 11 9 12 3 125 4Average snowy days 1 1 1 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 3 9Average relative humidity 88 84 78 76 77 76 75 76 79 85 87 88 80 8Mean monthly sunshine hours 86 3 108 8 161 9 189 6 211 1 242 2 276 3 248 7 207 1 165 4 103 2 83 0 2 083 6Percent possible sunshine 31 38 45 47 47 53 59 58 56 49 36 31 46Source 1 NOAA 31 Source 2 Infoclimat fr humidity 32 Economy EditBordeaux is a major centre for business in France as it has the sixth largest metropolitan population in France It serves as a major regional center for trade administration services and industry Wine Edit Main article Bordeaux wine nbsp Chateau Haut BrionThe vine was introduced to the Bordeaux region by the Romans probably in the mid first century to provide wine for local consumption and wine production has been continuous in the region since 33 nbsp Saint Emilion aerial viewBordeaux wine growing area has about 116 160 hectares 287 000 acres of vineyards 57 appellations 10 000 wine producing estates chateaux and 13 000 grape growers With an annual production of approximately 960 million bottles 34 the Bordeaux area produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world Included among the latter are the area s five premier cru First Growth red wines four from Medoc and one Chateau Haut Brion from Graves established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 Both red and white wines are made in the Bordeaux region Red Bordeaux wine is called claret in the United Kingdom Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Cabernet Franc Petit verdot Malbec and less commonly in recent years Carmenere White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon blanc Semillon and Muscadelle Sauternes is a sub region of Graves known for its intensely sweet white dessert wines such as Chateau d Yquem Because of a wine glut wine lake in the generic production the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition and vine pull schemes the number of growers has recently dropped from 14 000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly In the meantime the global demand for first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed citation needed The Cite du Vin a museum as well as a place of exhibitions shows movie projections and academic seminars on the theme of wine opened its doors in June 2016 35 Others Edit The Laser Megajoule will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world allowing fundamental research and the development of the laser and plasma technologies Some 20 000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux citation needed The city has some of the biggest companies including Dassault EADS Sogerma Snecma Thales SNPE and others The Dassault Falcon private jets are built there as well as the military aircraft Rafale and Mirage 2000 the Airbus A380 cockpit the boosters of Ariane 5 and the M51 SLBM missile Tourism especially wine tourism is a major industry Globelink co uk mentioned Bordeaux as the best tourist destination in Europe in 2015 36 Gourmet Touring is a tourism company operating in the Bordeaux wine region Access to the port from the Atlantic is via the Gironde estuary Almost nine million tonnes of goods arrive and leave each year 37 Major companies Edit This list includes indigenous Bordeaux based companies and companies that have major presence in Bordeaux but are not necessarily headquartered there nbsp Dassault Falcon 7X assembly line at MerignacArena Groupe Bernard Groupe Castel Cdiscount Dassault Jock Marie Brizard McKesson Corporation Oxbow Ricard Sanofi Aventis Smurfit Kappa Snecma Solectron Thales GroupPopulation EditLargest groups of immigrants a living in the Bordeaux metropolitan areaCountry of birth Population 2019 38 nbsp Portugal 15 551 nbsp Morocco 15 207 nbsp Algeria 10 006 nbsp Spain 7 756 nbsp Turkey 4 231 nbsp Tunisia 2 875 nbsp Italy 2 683 nbsp Senegal 2 373 nbsp Romania 2 197 nbsp Madagascar 1 784 nbsp Cameroon 1 759 nbsp China 1 724 nbsp United Kingdom 1 603 nbsp Cote d Ivoire 1 589In January 2020 there were 259 809 inhabitants in the city proper commune of Bordeaux 8 The commune including Cauderan which was annexed by Bordeaux in 1965 had its largest population of 284 494 at the 1954 census 8 The majority of the population is French but there are sizable groups of Italians Spaniards Up to 20 of the Bordeaux population claim some degree of Spanish heritage Portuguese Turks Germans 39 The built up area has grown for more than a century beyond the municipal borders of Bordeaux due to the small size of the commune 49 km2 19 sq mi and urban sprawl so that by January 2020 there were 1 376 375 people living in the overall 6 316 km2 2 439 sq mi metropolitan area aire d attraction of Bordeaux 7 only a fifth of whom lived in the city proper Population of Bordeaux commune incl Cauderan annexed in 1965 YearPop p a 1793107 198 180093 570 1 92 180694 214 0 11 182191 161 0 22 1831101 965 1 13 1836101 769 0 04 1841108 176 1 23 1846129 217 3 56 1851135 308 0 93 1856154 394 2 81 1861168 422 1 73 1866198 112 3 30 1872199 174 0 09 1876220 446 2 28 1881227 736 0 63 1886248 545 1 94 1891261 085 1 02 1896267 369 0 48 YearPop p a 1901268 186 0 06 1906264 835 0 25 1911275 468 0 79 1921283 394 0 28 1926273 840 0 68 1931283 374 0 69 1936281 338 0 14 1946279 128 0 08 1954284 494 0 23 1962278 403 0 28 1968266 662 0 72 1975223 131 2 53 1982208 159 0 98 1990210 336 0 13 1999215 363 0 26 2009236 725 0 97 2014246 586 0 82 2020259 809 0 87 Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Source EHESS 40 and INSEE 8 Politics EditMunicipal administration Edit nbsp The current mayor Pierre HurmicThe Mayor of the city is the environmentalist Pierre Hurmic Bordeaux is the capital of five cantons and the Prefecture of the Gironde and Aquitaine The town is divided into three districts the first three of Gironde The headquarters of Urban Community of Bordeaux Meriadeck is located in the neighbourhood and the city is at the head of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry that bears his name The number of inhabitants of Bordeaux is greater than 250 000 and less than 299 999 so the number of municipal councilors is 65 41 They are divided according to the following composition Party Political line President Seats StatusEELV PS PCF PRG G s ND PP Ecologist and left Pierre Hurmic 48 majorityLR MR Modem Agir UDI LREM Right and centre right Nicolas Florian 14 oppositionNPA LFI PG E Anticapitalist left Philippe Poutou 3 oppositionMayors of Bordeaux Edit Since the Liberation 1944 there have been six mayors of Bordeaux Mayor Term start Term end PartyFernand Audeguil August 1944 19 October 1947 SFIOJacques Chaban Delmas 19 October 1947 19 June 1995 RPRAlain Juppe 19 June 1995 13 December 2004 RPR UMPHugues Martin 13 December 2004 8 October 2006 UMPAlain Juppe 8 October 2006 7 March 2019 UMP LRNicolas Florian 7 March 2019 3 July 2020 LRPierre Hurmic 3 July 2020 Incumbent EELVRPR was renamed to UMP in 2002 which was later renamed to LR in 2015 Elections Edit Presidential elections of 2007 Edit At the 2007 presidential election the Bordelais gave 31 37 of their votes to Segolene Royal of the Socialist Party against 30 84 to Nicolas Sarkozy president of the UMP Then came Francois Bayrou with 22 01 followed by Jean Marie Le Pen who recorded 5 42 None of the other candidates exceeded the 5 mark Nationally Nicolas Sarkozy led with 31 18 then Segolene Royal with 25 87 followed by Francois Bayrou with 18 57 After these came Jean Marie Le Pen with 10 44 none of the other candidates exceeded the 5 mark In the second round the city of Bordeaux gave Segolene Royal 52 44 against 47 56 for Nicolas Sarkozy the latter being elected President of the Republic with 53 06 against 46 94 for Segolene Royal The abstention rates for Bordeaux were 14 52 in the first round and 15 90 in the second round Parliamentary elections of 2007 Edit In the parliamentary elections of 2007 the left won eight constituencies against only three for the right It should be added that after the partial 2008 elections the eighth district of Gironde switched to the left bringing the count to nine In Bordeaux the left was for the first time in its history the majority as it held two of three constituencies following the elections In the first division of the Gironde the outgoing UMP MP Chantal Bourrague was well ahead with 44 81 against 25 39 for the Socialist candidate Beatrice Desaigues In the second round it was Chantal Bourrague who was re elected with 54 45 against 45 55 for his socialist opponent In the second district of Gironde the UMP mayor and all new Minister of Ecology Energy Sustainable Development and the Sea Alain Juppe confronted the General Counsel PS Michele Delaunay In the first round Alain Juppe was well ahead with 43 73 against 31 36 for Michele Delaunay In the second round it was finally Michele Delaunay who won the election with 50 93 of the votes against 49 07 for Alain Juppe the margin being only 670 votes The defeat of the so called constituency Mayor showed that Bordeaux was rocking increasingly left Finally in the third constituency of the Gironde Noel Mamere was well ahead with 39 82 against 28 42 for the UMP candidate Elizabeth Vine In the second round Noel Mamere was re elected with 62 82 against 37 18 for his right wing rival Municipal elections of 2008 Edit In 2008 municipal elections saw the clash between mayor of Bordeaux Alain Juppe and the President of the Regional Council of Aquitaine Socialist Alain Rousset The PS had put up a Socialist heavyweight in the Gironde and had put great hopes in this election after the victory of Segolene Royal and Michele Delaunay in 2007 However after a rather exciting campaign it was Alain Juppe who was widely elected in the first round with 56 62 far ahead of Alain Rousset who has managed to get 34 14 At present of the eight cantons that has Bordeaux five are held by the PS and three by the UMP the left eating a little each time into the right s numbers European elections of 2009 Edit In the European elections of 2009 Bordeaux voters largely voted for the UMP candidate Dominique Baudis who won 31 54 against 15 00 for PS candidate Kader Arif The candidate of Europe Ecology Jose Bove came second with 22 34 None of the other candidates reached the 10 mark The 2009 European elections were like the previous ones in eight constituencies Bordeaux is located in the district Southwest here are the results UMP candidate Dominique Baudis 26 89 His party gained four seats PS candidate Kader Arif 17 79 gaining two seats in the European Parliament Europe Ecology candidate Bove 15 83 obtaining two seats MoDem candidate Robert Rochefort 8 61 winning a seat Left Front candidate Jean Luc Melenchon 8 16 gaining the last seat At regional elections in 2010 the Socialist incumbent president Alain Rousset won the first round by totaling 35 19 in Bordeaux but this score was lower than the plan for Gironde and Aquitaine Xavier Darcos Minister of Labour followed with 28 40 of the votes scoring above the regional and departmental average Then came Monique De Marco Green candidate with 13 40 followed by the member of Pyrenees Atlantiques and candidate of the MoDem Jean Lassalle who registered a low 6 78 while qualifying to the second round on the whole Aquitaine closely followed by Jacques Colombier candidate of the National Front who gained 6 48 Finally the candidate of the Left Front Gerard Boulanger with 5 64 no other candidate above the 5 mark In the second round Alain Rousset had a tidal wave win as national totals rose to 55 83 If Xavier Darcos largely lost the election he nevertheless achieved a score above the regional and departmental average obtaining 33 40 Jean Lassalle who qualified for the second round passed the 10 mark by totaling 10 77 The ballot was marked by abstention amounting to 55 51 in the first round and 53 59 in the second round Only candidates obtaining more than 5 are listed 2007 Presidential Election 42 Candidate 1st round 2nd roundBordeaux National Bordeaux NationalNicolas Sarkozy 30 84 31 18 47 56 53 06 Segolene Royal 31 37 25 87 52 44 46 94 Francois Bayrou 22 01 18 57 Jean Marie Le Pen 5 42 10 44 Total votes 85 48 83 77 84 10 83 97 2012 Presidential Election 43 Candidate 1st round 2nd roundBordeaux National Bordeaux NationalFrancois Hollande 33 05 28 63 57 18 51 64 Nicolas Sarkozy 28 68 27 18 42 82 48 36 Jean Luc Melenchon 12 16 11 10 Francois Bayrou 10 91 9 13 Marine Le Pen 8 22 17 90 Total votes 79 25 79 48 80 44 80 35 2017 elections Edit Bordeaux voted for Emmanuel Macron in the presidential election In the 2017 parliamentary election La Republique En Marche won most of the constituencies in Bordeaux 2019 European elections Edit Bordeaux voted in the 2019 European Parliament election in France Municipal elections of 2020 Edit After 73 years of right of centre rule the ecologist Pierre Hurmic EELV came in ahead of Nicolas Florian LR LaREM 44 Parliamentary representation Edit The city area is represented by the following constituencies Gironde s 1st Gironde s 2nd Gironde s 3rd Gironde s 4th Gironde s 5th Gironde s 6th Gironde s 7th Education EditUniversity Edit Main article University of Bordeaux nbsp University Bordeaux 2 former faculty of medicine now faculty of sociologyDuring Antiquity a first university had been created by the Romans in 286 45 The city was an important administrative centre and the new university had to train administrators Only rhetoric and grammar were taught Ausonius and Sulpicius Severus were two of the teachers In 1441 when Bordeaux was an English town the Pope Eugene IV created a university by demand of the archbishop Pey Berland In 1793 during the French Revolution the National Convention abolished the university and replace them with the Ecole centrale in 1796 In Bordeaux this one was located in the former buildings of the college of Guyenne In 1808 the university reappeared with Napoleon Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70 000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe 235 ha 46 Schools Edit Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs Engineering schools Arts et Metiers ParisTech graduate school of industrial and mechanical engineering ESME Sudria graduate school of engineering Ecole nationale superieure d electronique informatique telecommunications mathematique et mecanique de Bordeaux ENSEIRB MATMECA Ecole superieure de technologie des biomolecules de Bordeaux Ecole nationale superieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine Ecole nationale superieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux Ecole pour l informatique et les nouvelles technologies Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux Institut de cognitique Ecole superieure d informatique Ecole privee des sciences informatiquesBusiness and management schools nbsp KEDGE Business SchoolThe Bordeaux MBA International College of Bordeaux IUT Techniques de Commercialisation of Bordeaux business school INSEEC Business School Institut des hautes etudes economiques et commerciales KEDGE Business School former BEM Bordeaux Management School Vatel Bordeaux International Business School E Artsup Institut superieur europeen de gestion group Institut superieur europeen de formation par l actionOther nbsp Ecole nationale de la magistratureEcole nationale de la magistrature National school for the judiciary Ecole d architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux Ecole des beaux arts de Bordeaux Ecole francaise des attaches de presse et des professionnels de la communication EFAP Conservatoire national des arts et metiers d Aquitaine CNAM Ecole des Avocats ALIENOR de Bordeaux law school Weekend education Edit The Ecole Complementaire Japonaise de Bordeaux ボルドー日本語補習授業校 Borudō Nihongo Hoshu Jugyō Kō a part time Japanese supplementary school is held in the Salle de L Athenee Municipal in Bordeaux 47 Main sights Edit nbsp Place de la Bourse at night with the Miroir d eau and tramHeritage and architecture Edit Bordeaux is classified City of Art and History The city is home to 362 monuments historiques only Paris has more in France with some buildings dating back to Roman times Bordeaux Port of the Moon has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble Bordeaux is home to one of Europe s biggest 18th century architectural urban areas making it a sought after destination for tourists and cinema production crews It stands out as one of the first French cities after Nancy to have entered an era of urbanism and metropolitan big scale projects with the team Gabriel father and son architects for King Louis XV under the supervision of two intendants Governors first Nicolas Francois Dupre de Saint Maur then the Marquis de Tourny Saint Andre Cathedral Saint Michel Basilica and Saint Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France The organ in Saint Louis des Chartrons is registered on the French monuments historiques 48 Buildings Edit Main sights include Place de la Bourse 1735 1755 designed by the Royal architect Jacques Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV now replaced by the Fountain of the Three Graces Grand Theatre 1780 a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century Allees de Tourny Cours de l Intendance Place du Chapelet Place du Parlement Place des Quinconces the largest square in France Monument aux Girondins Place Saint Pierre Pont de pierre 1822 Bordeaux Cathedral Saint Andre consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096 and dedicated to the Apostle Saint Andrew Of the original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remains The Royal Door is from the early 13th century while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th and 15th centuries Tour Pey Berland 1440 1450 a massive quadrangular Gothic tower annexed to the cathedral Sainte Croix church This church dedicated to the Holy Cross stands on the site of a seventh century abbey destroyed by the Saracens Rebuilt under the Carolingians it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864 The present building was erected and was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries The facade is in Romanesque style The Gothic Saint Michel Basilica constructed between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century Basilica of Saint Severinus the oldest church in Bordeaux built in the early sixth century on the site of a palaeo Christian necropolis It has an 11th century portico while the apse and transept are from the 12th The 13th century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries The ancient crypt houses tombs of the Merovingian family Eglise Saint Pierre Gothic church Eglise Saint Eloi Gothic church Eglise Saint Bruno baroque church decorated with frescoes Eglise Notre Dame baroque church Eglise Saint Paul Saint Francois Xavier baroque church Palais Rohan once the archbishop s residence now city hall Palais Gallien fr the remains of a late second century Roman amphitheatre Porte Cailhau a medieval gatehouse in the old city walls La Grosse Cloche 15th century the second remaining gate in the medieval walls It was the belfry of the old Town Hall It consists of two 40 metre high 131 foot circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell weighing 7 800 kilograms 17 200 lb The clock is from 1759 Grande Synagogue completed 1882 Rue Sainte Catherine the longest pedestrian street in France Darwin ecosystem alternative place into former military barracks The BETASOM submarine base nbsp Palais Gallien nbsp Bordeaux Cathedral Saint Andre nbsp Porte Cailhau nbsp Grand Theatre nbsp The Notre Dame church nbsp Pont de Pierre nbsp Basilica of Saint Michel nbsp Grosse cloche nbsp Palais Rohan town hall nbsp Sainte Croix church nbsp Place du Parlement nbsp The Grand Synagogue nbsp Facades of the Art deco district nbsp Darwin district nbsp Submarine PenContemporary architecture Edit Cite Fruges district of Pessac built by Le Corbusier 1924 1926 listed as UNESCO heritage Fire Station la Benauge Claude Ferret Adrien Courtois Yves Salier 1951 1954 Meriadeck district 1960 70 s Court of first instance Richard Rogers 1998 CTBA wood and furniture research center A Loisier 1998 Hangar 14 on the Quai des Chartrons 1999 The Management Science faculty on the Bastide Anne Lacaton Jean Philippe Vassal 2006 The Jardin botanique de la Bastide Catherine Mosbach Francoise Helene Jourda Pascal Convert 2007 The Nuyens School complex on the Bastide Yves Ballot Nathalie Franck 2007 Seeko o Hotel on the Quai de Bacalan King Kong architects 2007 Matmut Atlantique stadium Herzog amp de Meuron 2015 Cite du Vin XTU architects Anouk Legendre amp Nicolas Desmazieres 2016 MECA Maison de l Economie Creative et de la culture de la Region Nouvelle Aquitaine Bjarke Ingels 2019 nbsp Meriadeck district nbsp Court of first instance nbsp Seeko o hotel nbsp Cite du Vin nbsp MECAMuseums Edit Musee des Beaux Arts Fine arts museum one of the finest painting galleries in France with paintings by painter such as Tiziano Veronese Rubens Van Dyck Frans Hals Claude Chardin Delacroix Renoir Seurat Redon Matisse and Picasso Musee d Aquitaine archeological and history museum Musee du Vin et du Negoce museum of the wine trade Musee des Arts Decoratifs et du Design museum of decorative arts and design Musee d Histoire Naturelle natural history museum Musee Mer Marine Sea and Navy museum Cite du Vin CAPC musee d art contemporain de Bordeaux modern art museum Musee national des douanes history of French customs Bordeaux Patrimoine Mondial architectural and heritage interpretation centre 49 Musee d ethnologie ethnology museum Institut culturel Bernard Magrez modern and streetart museum into an 18th century mansion Cervantez Institute into the house of Goya Cap Sciences Centre Jean Moulin nbsp Musee des Beaux Arts nbsp Musee d Aquitaine nbsp Musee des Arts Decoratifs et du Design nbsp CAPC musee d art contemporain de Bordeaux nbsp Musee du vin et du negoce de BordeauxMemory of slavery Edit Slavery was part of a growing drive for the city Firstly during the 18th and 19th centuries Bordeaux was an important slave port which saw some 500 slave expeditions that cause the deportation of 150 000 Africans by Bordeaux shipowners 50 Secondly even though the Triangular trade represented only 5 of Bordeaux s wealth the city s direct trade with the Caribbean that accounted for the other 95 concerns the colonial stuffs made by the slave sugar coffee cocoa 51 And thirdly in that same period a major migratory movement by Aquitanians took place to the Caribbean colonies with Saint Domingue now Haiti being the most popular destination 40 of the white population of the island came from Aquitaine 52 They prospered with plantations incomes until the first slave revolts which concluded in 1848 in the final abolition of slavery in France 53 A statue of Modeste Testas an Ethiopian woman who was enslaved by the Bordeaux based Testas brothers was unveiled in 2019 She was trafficked by them from West Africa to Philadelphia where one of the brother coerced her to have two children by him and was ultimately freed and lived in Haiti The bronze sculpture was created by the Haitian artists Woodly Caymitte 54 A number of traces and memorial sites are visible in the city Moreover in May 2009 the Museum of Aquitaine opened the spaces dedicated to Bordeaux in the 18th century trans Atlantic trading and slavery This work richly illustrated with original documents contributes to disseminate the state of knowledge on this question presenting above all the facts and their chronology 53 The region of Bordeaux was also the land of several prominent abolitionists as Montesquieu Laffon de Ladebat and Elisee Reclus Others were members of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks as the revolutionaries Boyer Fonfrede Gensonne Guadet and Ducos nbsp African face mascaron on the place de la Bourse nbsp Allegory of Bordeaux and her wealth including two African slaves ceiling of the Grand Theatre de Bordeaux nbsp Spaces dedicated to slave trade Musee d Aquitaine nbsp Fon fetish Musee d Aquitaine nbsp Bronze bust of Toussaint Louverture nbsp Bronze Statue of Modeste Testas Ethiopian woman enslaved by two Bordeaux plantation ownersParks and gardens Edit Jardin public de Bordeaux with inside the Jardin botanique de Bordeaux Jardin botanique de la Bastide Parc bordelais Parc aux Angeliques Jardin des Lumieres Parc Riviere Parc Floral nbsp Jardin public nbsp Jardin botanique nbsp Jardin des Lumieres nbsp Parc floral Casablanca pavilionPont Jacques Chaban Delmas Edit nbsp Chaban Delmas bridgeEurope s longest span vertical lift bridge the Pont Jacques Chaban Delmas was opened in 2013 in Bordeaux spanning the River Garonne The central lift span is 117 metre long 384 foot weighs 4 600 tons and can be lifted vertically up to 53 metres 174 feet to let tall ships pass underneath The 160 million bridge was inaugurated by President Francois Hollande and Mayor Alain Juppe on 16 March 2013 The bridge was named after the late Jacques Chaban Delmas who was a former Prime Minister and Mayor of Bordeaux Shopping Edit nbsp Rue Sainte CatherineBordeaux has many shopping options In the heart of Bordeaux is Rue Sainte Catherine This pedestrian only shopping street has 1 2 kilometers 0 75 mi of shops restaurants and cafes it is also one of the longest shopping streets in Europe Rue Sainte Catherine starts at Place de la Victoire and ends at Place de la Comedie by the Grand Theatre The shops become progressively more upmarket as one moves towards Place de la Comedie and the nearby Cours de l Intendance is where one finds the more exclusive shops and boutiques Culture Edit Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created in the 1980s an architecture exhibition and research centre Arc en reve citation needed Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas theatres and is the home of the Opera national de Bordeaux There are many music venues of varying capacity The city also offers several festivals throughout the year In October 2021 Bordeaux was shortlisted for the European Commission s 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Copenhagen Dublin Florence Ljubljana Palma de Mallorca and Valencia 55 nbsp Grand Theatre de Bordeaux nbsp Theatre Femina nbsp MECA Maison de l Economie Creative et de la Culture en AquitaineTransport EditRoad Edit Bordeaux is an important road and motorway junction The city is connected to Paris by the A10 motorway with Lyon by the A89 with Toulouse by the A62 and with Spain by the A63 There is a 45 km 28 mi ring road called the Rocade which is often very busy Another ring road is under consideration nbsp Pont d AquitaineBordeaux has five road bridges that cross the Garonne the Pont de pierre built in the 1820s and three modern bridges built after 1960 the Pont Saint Jean just south of the Pont de pierre both located downtown the Pont d Aquitaine a suspension bridge downstream from downtown and the Pont Francois Mitterrand located upstream of downtown These two bridges are part of the ring road around Bordeaux A fifth bridge the Pont Jacques Chaban Delmas was constructed in 2009 2012 and opened to traffic in March 2013 Located halfway between the Pont de pierre and the Pont d Aquitaine and serving downtown rather than highway traffic it is a vertical lift bridge with a height in closed position comparable to that of Pont de pierre and to the Pont d Aquitaine when open All five road bridges including the two highway bridges are open to cyclists and pedestrians as well Another bridge the Pont Jean Jacques Bosc is to be built in 2018 56 Lacking any steep hills Bordeaux is relatively friendly to cyclists Cycle paths separate from the roadways exist on the highway bridges along the riverfront on the university campuses and incidentally elsewhere in the city Cycle lanes and bus lanes that explicitly allow cyclists exist on many of the city s boulevards A paid bicycle sharing system with automated stations was established in 2010 Rail Edit nbsp Gare de Bordeaux Saint JeanThe main railway station Gare de Bordeaux Saint Jean near the center of the city has 12 million passengers a year It is served by the French national SNCF railway s high speed train the TGV that gets to Paris in two hours with connections to major European centers such as Lille Brussels Amsterdam Cologne Geneva and London The TGV also serves Toulouse and Irun Spain from Bordeaux A regular train service is provided to Nantes Nice Marseille and Lyon The Gare Saint Jean is the major hub for regional trains TER operated by the SNCF to Arcachon Limoges Agen Perigueux Langon Pau Le Medoc Angouleme and Bayonne Historically the train line used to terminate at a station on the right bank of the river Garonne near the Pont de Pierre and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city Subsequently a double track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s by Gustave Eiffel to bring trains across the river direct into Gare de Bordeaux Saint Jean The old station was later converted and in 2010 comprised a cinema and restaurants The two track Eiffel bridge with a speed limit of 30 km h 19 mph became a bottleneck and a new bridge was built opening in 2009 The new bridge has four tracks and allows trains to pass at 60 km h 37 mph 57 During the planning there was much lobbying by the Eiffel family and other supporters to preserve the old bridge as a footbridge across the Garonne with possibly a museum to document the history of the bridge and Gustave Eiffel s contribution The decision was taken to save the bridge but by early 2010 no plans had been announced as to its future use The bridge remains intact but unused and without any means of access Since July 2017 the LGV Sud Europe Atlantique is fully operational and makes Bordeaux city 2h04 from Paris Air Edit nbsp Bordeaux Merignac AirportBordeaux is served by Bordeaux Merignac Airport located 8 km 5 0 mi from the city centre in the suburban city of Merignac Trams buses and boats Edit nbsp Tramway de BordeauxBordeaux has an important public transport system called Transports Bordeaux Metropole TBM This company is run by the Keolis group The network consists of Four tram lines A B C and D 75 bus routes all connected to the tramway network from 1 to 96 13 night bus routes from 1 to 16 An electric bus shuttle in the city centre A boat shuttle on the Garonne riverThis network is operated from 5 am to 2 am There had been several plans for a subway network to be set up but they stalled for both geological and financial reasons Work on the Tramway de Bordeaux system was started in the autumn of 2000 and services started in December 2003 connecting Bordeaux with its suburban areas The tram system uses Alstom APS a form of ground level power supply technology developed by French company Alstom and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment by eliminating overhead cables in the historic city Conventional overhead cables are used outside the city The system was controversial for its considerable cost of installation maintenance and also for the numerous initial technical problems that paralysed the network Many streets and squares along the tramway route became pedestrian areas with limited access for cars The planned Bordeaux tramway system is to link with the airport to the city centre towards the end of 2019 58 Taxis Edit There are more than 400 taxicabs in Bordeaux citation needed Public transportation statistics Edit The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bordeaux for example to and from work on a weekday is 51 min 12 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min while 15 5 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km 4 3 mi while 8 travel for over 12 km 7 5 mi in a single direction 59 Sport Edit nbsp Entrance to the Stade Chaban DelmasThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Matmut Atlantique stadiumThe 41 458 capacity Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux is the largest stadium in Bordeaux The stadium was opened in 2015 and replaced the Stade Chaban Delmas which was a venue for the FIFA World Cup in 1938 and 1998 as well as the 2007 Rugby World Cup In the 1938 FIFA World Cup it hosted a violent quarter final known as the Battle of Bordeaux The ground was formerly known as the Stade du Parc Lescure until 2001 when it was renamed in honour of the city s long time mayor Jacques Chaban Delmas There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux Girondins de Bordeaux is the football team playing in Ligue 2 the second tier of French football Union Bordeaux Begles is a rugby team in the Top 14 in the Ligue Nationale de Rugby Skateboarding rollerblading and BMX biking are activities enjoyed by many young inhabitants of the city Bordeaux is home to a quay which runs along the Garonne river On the quay there is a skate park divided into three sections One section is for Vert tricks one for street style tricks and one for little action sports athletes with easier features and softer materials The skate park is very well maintained by the municipality Bordeaux is also the home to one of the strongest cricket teams in France and are champions of the South West League There is a 250 m 820 ft wooden velodrome Velodrome du Lac in Bordeaux which hosts international cycling competition in the form of UCI Track Cycling World Cup events The 2015 Trophee Eric Bompard was in Bordeaux But the Free Skate was cancelled in all of the divisions due to the Paris bombing s and aftermath The Short Program occurred hours before the bombing French skaters Chafik Besseghier 68 36 in tenth place Romain Ponsart 62 86 in 11th Mae Berenice Meite 46 82 in 11th and Laurine Lecavelier 46 53 in 12th Vanessa James Morgan Cipres 65 75 in second Between 1951 and 1955 an annual Formula 1 motor race was held on a 2 5 kilometre circuit which looped around the Esplanade des Quinconces and along the waterfront attracting drivers such as Juan Manuel Fangio Stirling Moss Jean Behra and Maurice Trintignant 60 Notable people Edit nbsp Ausonius nbsp Eleanor of Aquitaine nbsp Richard II of England nbsp Michel de Montaigne nbsp Sainte Jeanne de Lestonnac nbsp Montesquieu nbsp Rosa Bonheur nbsp Odilon Redon nbsp Albert MarquetAusonius 310 395 Roman poet and teacher of rhetoric Jean Alaux 1786 1864 painter Bertrand Andrieu 1761 1822 engraver Jean Anouilh 1910 1987 dramatist Lucien Arman 1811 1873 shipbuilder and politician Yvonne Arnaud 1892 1958 pianist singer and actress Xavier Arnozan 1852 1928 physician Floyd Ayite born 1988 Togolese footballer Jonathan Ayite born 1985 Togolese footballer Christine Barbe winemaker Jean Baptiste Barriere 1707 1747 cellist composer Gerard Bayo born 1936 writer and poet Francois Bigot 1703 1778 last Intendant of New France Arnaud Binard born 1971 actor and producer Rosa Bonheur 1822 1899 animal painter and sculptor Gregory Bourdy born 1982 golfer Samuel Boutal born 1969 footballer Edmond de Caillou died c February 1316 Gascon knight fighting in Scotland Gerald Causse Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Rene Clement 1913 1996 actor director writer Jean Rene Cruchet 1875 1959 pathologist Boris Cyrulnik born 1937 psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Damia 1899 1978 singer and actress Etienne Noel Damilaville 1723 1768 encyclopediste Lili Damita 1901 1994 actress Frederic Daquin born 1978 footballer Danielle Darrieux 1917 2017 actress Bernard Delvaille 1931 2006 poet essayist David Diop 1927 1960 poet Jean Francois Domergue footballer Eleanor of Aquitaine 1122 1204 duchess of Aquitaine queen of France and queen of England Jacques Ellul 1912 1994 sociologist theologian Christian anarchist Jean Eustache 1938 1981 Nouvelle Vague director Marie Fel 1713 1794 opera singer Jean Luc Fournet 1965 papyrologist Pierre Jean Garat 1762 1823 singer Armand Gensonne 1758 1793 politician Sebastien Gervais born 1976 professional footballer Stephen Girard 1750 1831 merchant banker and Philadelphia philanthropist Jerome Gnako born 1968 footballer Randolphe Gohi born 1969 former professional footballer Eugene Goossens 1867 1958 conductor violinist Anna Hamilton 1864 1935 doctor superintendent of the Protestant Hospital at Bordeaux 1901 1934 Adolphe Jacquies c 1798 1860 Canadian shopkeeper printer trade unionist and newspaper publisher Pierre Lacour 1745 1814 painter Leopold Lafleurance 1865 1953 flautist Joseph Henri Joachim Laine 1767 1835 statesman Sainte Jeanne de Lestonnac 1556 1640 Roman Catholic saint and foundress of the Sisters of the Company of Mary Our Lady Christophe Lestrade born 1969 former professional footballer Andre Lhote 1885 1962 cubist painter Jeanne Henriette Louis 1938 professor of North American civilization Jean Baptiste Lynch 1749 1835 politician Lucenzo born 1983 singer Jean Jacques Magendie 1766 1835 officer Francois Magendie 1783 1855 physiologist Bruno Marie Rose born 1965 athlete sprinter Albert Marquet 1875 1947 painter Francois Mauriac 1885 1970 writer Nobel laureate 1952 Benjamin Millepied born 1977 dancer and choreographer Edouard Molinaro 1928 2013 film director screenwriter Pierre Molinier 1900 1976 painter photographer Michel de Montaigne 1533 1592 essayist Montesquieu 1689 1755 man of letters and political philosopher Olivier Mony 1966 writer and literary critic Etienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty 1768 1815 general Elie Okobo basketball player Pierre Palmade born 1968 actor and comedian St Paulinus of Nola 354 431 educator religious figure Emile Pereire 1800 1875 banker and industrialist Sophie Petronin born 1945 aid worker and humanitarian Albert Pitres 1848 1928 neurologist Hippolyte Pradelles 1824 1913 naturalist painter Georges Antoine Pons Rayet 1839 1906 astronomer discoverer of the Wolf Rayet stars amp founder of the Bordeaux Observatory Odilon Redon 1840 1916 painter Richard II of England 1367 1400 king Pierre Rode 1774 1830 violinist Olinde Rodrigues 1795 1851 mathematician banker and social reformer Marie Sabine Roger born 1957 writer Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget 1827 1895 composer pianist and singer Bernard Sarrette 1765 1858 conductor and music pedagogue Jean Jacques Sempe 1932 2022 cartoonist Florent Serra born 1981 tennis player Alfred Smith 1854 1932 painter Soko born 1985 singer Philippe Sollers born 1936 writer Wilfried Tekovi born 1989 Togolese footballer Elie Vinet 1509 1587 historian and humanist of the RenaissanceInternational relationships EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in France nbsp Alain Juppe Mayor of Bordeaux visiting the twin town of Ashdod nbsp Wuhan pavilion at the Parc floral de BordeauxTwin towns sister cities Edit Bordeaux is twinned with 61 62 63 nbsp Ashdod Israel since 1984 61 62 nbsp Bilbao Spain 61 62 nbsp Baku Azerbaijan since 1985 62 64 nbsp Bristol United Kingdom since 1947 61 62 65 66 nbsp Casablanca Morocco since 1988 61 62 nbsp Fukuoka Japan since 1982 61 62 nbsp Krakow Poland since 1993 61 62 67 nbsp Lima Peru since 1957 61 62 nbsp Los Angeles California United States since 1968 61 62 68 nbsp Madrid Spain since 1984 61 62 nbsp Munich Germany since 1964 61 62 69 nbsp Oran Algeria since 2003 61 62 nbsp Porto Portugal since 1978 61 62 70 nbsp Quebec City Quebec Canada since 1962 61 62 nbsp Ramallah Palestine 62 nbsp Riga Latvia 61 62 71 nbsp Saint Petersburg Russia since 1993 61 62 72 nbsp Wuhan China since 1998 61 62 Partnerships Edit nbsp Samsun Turkey since 2010 62 73 See also EditAtlantic history Bordeaux wine regions Bordeaux Paris a formerly professional road bicycle racing annual event The Burdigalian Age of the Miocene Epoch is named for Bordeaux Canele a local pastry Communes of the Gironde department Dogue de Bordeaux a breed of dog originally bred for dog fighting French wine Girondins History of slavery List of mayors of Bordeaux Operation Frankton a British Combined Operations raid on shipping in the harbour at Bordeaux in December 1942 during World War II Roman Catholic Archdiocese of BordeauxExplanatory notes Edit An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics On the other hand persons born in France with foreign citizenship the children of immigrants are not listed as immigrants References Edit Bordeaux Decouvrir Bordeaux Histoire de Bordeaux 20 January 2013 Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 Repertoire national des elus les maires in French data gouv fr Plateforme ouverte des donnees publiques francaises 13 September 2022 Archived from the original on 28 June 2020 Retrieved 22 December 2020 Comparateur de territoire Unite urbaine 2020 de Bordeaux 33701 INSEE Archived from the original on 8 October 2021 Retrieved 8 April 2022 Comparateur de territoire Aire d attraction des villes 2020 de Bordeaux 006 INSEE Archived from the original on 7 March 2022 Retrieved 8 April 2022 Populations legales 2020 The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies 29 December 2022 INSEE Statistiques locales Bordeaux Unite urbaine 2020 Population municipale 2020 Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 Retrieved 16 January 2023 a b c INSEE Statistiques locales Bordeaux Aire d attraction des villes 2020 Population municipale 2020 Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 Retrieved 16 January 2023 a b c d INSEE Historique des populations communales Recensements de la population 1876 2020 in French Archived from the original on 21 February 2022 Retrieved 16 January 2023 Statistiques locales Bordeaux Metropole Intercommunalite 2021 Population municipale 2020 INSEE Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 Retrieved 16 January 2023 Shurvell Joanne Five Reasons to Visit the World s Wine Capital Bordeaux Forbes Archived from the original on 6 November 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 New survey ranks France s best cities for restaurants and Paris is not top www thelocal fr 15 June 2017 Archived from the original on 4 November 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Classement 2019 des villes etudiantes les plus importantes en France www investirlmnp fr Archived from the original on 4 April 2022 Retrieved 8 April 2022 Bordeaux Unesco Bordeaux 2030 www bordeaux2030 fr Archived from the original on 3 November 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 AFP Relax News 13 February 2015 Bordeaux named European destination of the year Tatler Malaysia Archived from the original on 4 November 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Bordeaux Port of the Moon UNESCO World Heritage Centre Archived from the original on 5 September 2007 Retrieved 13 November 2021 Sivan H Mathisen R Places 138248 Burdigala Pleiades Archived from the original on 18 September 2020 Retrieved 29 March 2020 Burdigala France Archived from the original on 30 March 2020 Retrieved 29 March 2020 a b Bordeaux Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 28 April 2020 Retrieved 30 March 2020 Le duche de Bretagne et la politique Plantagenet aux XII et XIII siecles Judith Everard in Marin Aurell and Noel Yves Tonnerre editeurs Plantagenets et Capetiens confrontations et heritages Poitiers Brepols 2006 Turnhout Collection Histoires de famille La parente au Moyen Age p 202 a b History Port de Bordeaux www bordeaux port fr Archived from the original on 15 February 2020 Retrieved 15 February 2020 Planet Lonely History in Bordeaux France Lonely Planet Archived from the original on 15 February 2020 Retrieved 15 February 2020 Commanderie www commanderie org Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 Retrieved 2 February 2018 Bordeaux struggles with slave past The Washington Post 28 September 2009 Francois Hubert Block Christian de Cauna Jacques 2018 Bordeaux in the 18th century trans Atlantic trading and slavery 2nd ed Bordeaux Le Festin ISBN 978 2 36062 009 8 World s largest digital arts centre opens in Bordeaux submarine base France 24 9 June 2020 Archived from the original on 17 June 2020 Retrieved 9 July 2020 Centre UNESCO World Heritage Bordeaux Port of the Moon UNESCO World Heritage Centre Archived from the original on 27 October 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Normales et records pour la periode 1981 2010 donnees officielles a Bordeaux Merignac Infoclimat fr Archived from the original on 5 November 2021 Retrieved 8 November 2021 GHCN climate GISS world climate averages 1971 2000 GISS Station Data v4 homogenized Bordeaux Merignac Airport BORDEAUX MERIGNAC 33 PDF Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991 2020 et records in French Meteo France Archived from the original PDF on 1 April 2022 Retrieved 14 July 2022 BORDEAUX MERIGNAC 33 PDF Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991 2020 et records in French Meteo France Archived PDF from the original on 1 April 2022 Retrieved 14 July 2022 Bordeaux 07510 WMO Weather Station NOAA Archived from the original on 21 July 2019 Retrieved 21 July 2019 Normes et records 1961 1990 Bordeaux Merignac 33 altitude 47m in French Infoclimat Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2015 Johnson Hugh 1994 World Atlas of Wine 4th ed London Octopus Publishing Group Ltd p 13 Bordeaux Wine Region in France World s Most Famous Fine Wine Region IntoWine com 16 March 2007 Archived from the original on 19 September 2009 Retrieved 23 October 2009 Bordeaux la Cite du vin cernee par les chantiers in French 19 February 2016 Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 Retrieved 22 February 2016 3 Best Places to Retire in France Globelink co uk Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 Retrieved 2 August 2016 History Port de Bordeaux www bordeaux port fr Archived from the original on 15 February 2020 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Etrangers Immigres en 2019 Aire d attraction des villes 2020 de Bordeaux 006 IMG1B Pays de naissance detaille Sexe Ensemble in French Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiqes INSEE Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 16 January 2023 Gironde France Arrondissements amp Communes Population Statistics Charts and Map www citypopulation de Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Des villages de Cassini aux communes d aujourd hui Commune data sheet Bordeaux EHESS in French l Interieur Ministere de Annexe 4 Nombre de conseillers municipaux selon la population de la commune www interieur gouv fr Archived from the original on 20 June 2020 Retrieved 2 July 2020 Resultat de l election presidentielle de 2007 a Bordeaux Archived 31 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine sur le site du ministere de l interieur Resultat de l election presidentielle de 2012 a Bordeaux Archived 31 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine sur le site du ministere de l interieur Hidalgo re elected as Paris mayor as greens claim key cities RFI 28 June 2020 Archived from the original on 11 January 2021 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Gallo romains 56 4e siecle Site officiel de la ville de Bordeaux Archived from the original on 23 September 2020 Retrieved 5 July 2020 in French Universite de Bordeaux website www univ bordeaux fr Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 7 December 2010 欧州の補習授業校一覧 平成25年4月15日現在 Archive Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology MEXT Retrieved on 10 May 2014 Salle de L Athenee Municipal Place St Christoly 33000 Bordeaux FRANCE Orgue de tribune partie instrumentale de l orgue www pop culture gouv fr Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 Retrieved 26 February 2021 Bordeaux World Heritage cultural heritage centre Bordeaux Tourism amp Conventions www bordeaux tourism co uk Archived from the original on 30 November 2020 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Francois Hubert Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna 2010 Bordeaux in the 18th century trans Atlantic trading and slavery Bordeaux Le Festin ISBN 978 2 36062 009 8 Bordeaux museum working to change narrative on slavery past RFI 24 February 2019 Archived from the original on 29 October 2020 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Jacques de Cauna 1998 L Eldorado des Aquitains Gascons Basques et Bearnais aux Iles d Amerique Biarritz Atlantica ISBN 978 2 84394 073 6 a b Bordeaux in the 18th century trans Atlantic trading and slavery Le site officiel du musee d Aquitaine www musee aquitaine bordeaux fr Archived from the original on 25 September 2020 Retrieved 3 May 2020 Haiti Memory Bordeaux inaugurates the statue of a slave of the Haitian sculptor C Woodly HaitiLibre com Haiti news 7 7 www haitilibre com Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 30 March 2021 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism Competition winners 2022 European Commission 2 October 2021 Archived from the original on 7 November 2022 Retrieved 8 November 2022 Pont Jean Jacques Bosc La CUB 24 October 2013 Archived from the original on 24 October 2013 Pont Ferroviaire de Bordeaux Archived 21 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine on aquitaine fr Bordeaux voici le trace du tramway qui va desservir l aeroport France Bleu 29 April 2016 Archived from the original on 12 April 2019 Retrieved 26 October 2018 Bordeaux Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 Retrieved 19 June 2017 nbsp Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Pike Tim When Bordeaux city centre became a Formula 1 racing track invisiblebordeaux blogspot com Archived from the original on 6 September 2019 Retrieved 6 September 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bordeaux Rayonnement europeen et mondial Mairie de Bordeaux in French Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 Retrieved 29 July 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Bordeaux Atlas francais de la cooperation decentralisee et des autres actions exterieures Delegation pour l Action Exterieure des Collectivites Territoriales Ministere des Affaires etrangeres in French Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 Retrieved 29 July 2013 National Commission for Decentralised cooperation Delegation pour l Action Exterieure des Collectivites Territoriales Ministere des Affaires etrangeres in French Archived from the original on 8 October 2013 Retrieved 26 December 2013 Twin cities of Azerbaijan Azerbaijans com Archived from the original on 16 September 2019 Retrieved 9 August 2013 Bristol City Town twinning Bristol City Council 17 July 2009 Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 15 March 2013 British towns twinned with French towns Archant Community Media Ltd Archived from the original on 5 July 2013 Retrieved 11 July 2013 Krakow Miasta Partnerskie Krakow Partnership Cities Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Krakow in Polish Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 Retrieved 10 August 2013 Sister Cities of Los Angeles sistercities lacity org Archived from the original on 11 April 2020 Retrieved 29 September 2011 Partnerstadte muenchen de in German Archived from the original on 19 April 2020 Retrieved 3 April 2013 International Relations of the City of Porto PDF 2006 2009 Municipal Directorateofthe PresidencyServices InternationalRelationsOffice Archived from the original PDF on 15 February 2010 Retrieved 10 July 2009 Twin cities of Riga Riga City Council Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 Retrieved 15 March 2013 Saint Petersburg in figures International and Interregional Ties Saint Petersburg City Government Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 Retrieved 23 March 2008 Samsun Bordeaux isbirligi sozlesmesini imzalandi in Turkish HaberExen com Retrieved 22 November 2010 dead link Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Bordeaux Chantal Callais and Thierry Jeanmonod 2019 Bordeaux a history of architecture La Creche La Geste ISBN 979 10 353 0188 0 Francois Hubert Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna 2018 Bordeaux in the 18th century trans Atlantic trading and slavery 2nd ed Bordeaux Le Festin ISBN 978 2 36062 009 8 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bordeaux nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bordeaux Bordeaux the world capital of wine Official French website in English Bordeaux city council website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bordeaux amp oldid 1174856057, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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