This article is about the Bourbon Restoration in Spain of 1874. For the Bourbon Restoration in Spain of 1814, see Absolutist Restoration. For the Bourbon Restoration in Spain of 1975, see Spanish transition to democracy.
The Restoration (Spanish: Restauración), or Bourbon Restoration (Spanish: Restauración borbónica), is the name given to the period that began on 29 December 1874—after a coup d'état by General Arsenio Martínez Campos ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII—and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
After almost a century of political instability and many civil wars, the aim of the Restoration was to create a new political system, which ensured stability by the practice of turnismo. This was the deliberate rotation of the Liberal and Conservative parties in the government, often achieved through electoral fraud. Opposition to the system came from Republicans, socialists, anarchists, Basque and Catalan nationalists, and Carlists.
These years were marked by economic prosperity. Ever since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Spain's economy had fallen even further behind those of other European countries. During these years the modernization of the country took place on a large scale. On most fronts domestic production was increased, supported by extreme protectionist measures.
The two parties alternated in the government in a controlled process known as el turno pacífico; the Liberal Party was led by Sagasta and the Conservative Party by Canovas del Castillo. The caciques, powerful local figures, were used to manipulate election results, and as a result resentment of the system slowly built up over time and important nationalist movements in Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, as well as unions, started to form.
Reign of Alfonso XIII and crisis of the system (1898–1923)
Alfonso XIII
In 1898, Spain lost its last major overseas colonies (Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines) in the Spanish–American War. The rapid collapse was perceived as a disaster in Spain, undermining the credibility of both the government and its associated ideologies and almost leading to a military coup d'état led by Camilo Polavieja. This was the start of the system's decline, giving energy to all manner of conflicting opposition movements at a local and national level.[1]
The failed attempts to conquer Morocco (Melilla War) caused great discontent at home and ended in a revolt in Barcelona, known as the Semana Tragica, in which the lower classes of Barcelona, backed by the anarchists, communists, and republicans, revolted against what they considered the unjust methods for recruiting soldiers. The government declared a state of war and sent the army to crush the revolt, causing over a hundred deaths and the execution of Francisco Ferrer. The socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) decided to initiate a general strike across the country, but it failed because the unions could only mobilize urban workers.
The problems in Morocco worsened as an army of natives attacked the Spanish army. They achieved surprise and, due to the skill of the Moroccan chieftain, Abd-Al-Krim, virtually annihilated the Spanish army, advancing almost as far as Melilla in the Battle of Annual. This Spanish defeat was due to improper planning and was blamed on the top military officers, causing great discontent among the military, who felt misunderstood, because they had been directed to advance into the interior without adequate resources to occupy the difficult territory.
The military discontent, the fear of anarchist terrorism or a proletarian revolution, and the rise of nationalist movements ultimately caused great agitation amongst the civilians and the military. On 13 September 1923, Miguel Primo de Rivera, Captain General of Catalonia, orchestrated a coup d'état, after issuing a manifesto blaming the problems of Spain on the parliamentary system. Alfonso XIII backed the General and named him Prime Minister. Primo de Rivera proceeded to suspend the Constitution and assume absolute powers as a dictator. He created the Unión Patriótica Española, which was meant to be the sole legal party, abolishing all other parties. During this time, he greatly increased government spending on business and public services, which caused his government to go bankrupt. He lost the support of the military and faced serious health problems. Opposition to his regime was so great that Alfonso XIII stopped supporting him and forced him to resign in January 1930.[7]
Alfonso XIII, in an attempt to return gradually to the previous system and restore his prestige, called on General Dámaso Berenguer to form a government. This failed utterly, as the King was considered a supporter of the dictatorship, and more and more political forces called for the establishment of a republic. Berenguer resigned and the King gave the government to Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar. Aznar called for local elections on 12 April 1931 in order to satisfy the democrats and republicans, to replace the dictatorship's local governments and to gradually re-introduce the restoration.
Although the monarchists had not lost all their support, the republican and socialist parties won some significant victories in major cities. Street riots ensued, calling for the removal of the monarchy. The army declared that they would not defend the King and on 14 April he fled Spain. The Second Spanish Republic was immediately established under a provisional government led by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora.
References
^Earl Ray Beck, Time of Triumph & Sorrow: Spanish Politics during the Reign of Alfonso XII, 1874–1885 (1979)
^Antonio Ñíguez Bernal .p. 94. Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales entre España y los Estados Unidos en los siglos XIX y XX
^McEvoy, William P. (2003). "Spain During the First World War". FirstWorldWar.com. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
^"La gripe del siglo". La opinión de Zamora. 22 December 2012.
^"Cien años de la pandemia de la "gripe española"". La opinión de Zamora. 22 October 2018.
^Shlomo Ben-Ami, "The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: A Political Reassessment," Journal of Contemporary History, Jan 1977, Vol. 12 Issue 1, pp 65–84
Sources
Barton, Simon. A History of Spain (2009) excerpt and text search
Beck, Earl Ray. Time of Triumph & Sorrow: Spanish Politics during the Reign of Alfonso XII, 1874–1885 (1979)
Ben-Ami, Shlomo. "The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: A Political Reassessment," Journal of Contemporary History, Jan 1977, Vol. 12 Issue 1, pp 65–84 in JSTOR
Carr, Raymond, ed. Spain: A History (2001) excerpt and text search
Esdaile, Charles J. Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939 (2000) excerpt and text search
Hall, Morgan C. "Alfonso XIII and the Failure of the Liberal Monarchy in Spain, 1902–1923" Dissertation Abstracts International, 2003, Vol. 64 Issue 6, p2220-2220,
Luengo, Jorge, and Pol Dalmau. "Writing Spanish history in the global age: connections and entanglements in the nineteenth century." Journal of global history 13.3 (2018): 425–445. online[dead link]
Payne, Stanley G. "Spanish Conservatism 1834–1923," Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 4, (Oct. 1978), pp. 765–789 in JSTOR
Winston, Colin M. "The Proletarian Carlist Road to Fascism: Sindicalismo Libre," Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 17, No. 4 (Oct., 1982), pp. 557–585 in JSTOR
February 16, 2023
restoration, spain, this, article, about, bourbon, restoration, spain, 1874, bourbon, restoration, spain, 1814, absolutist, restoration, bourbon, restoration, spain, 1975, spanish, transition, democracy, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lack. This article is about the Bourbon Restoration in Spain of 1874 For the Bourbon Restoration in Spain of 1814 see Absolutist Restoration For the Bourbon Restoration in Spain of 1975 see Spanish transition to democracy This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations December 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Restoration Spanish Restauracion or Bourbon Restoration Spanish Restauracion borbonica is the name given to the period that began on 29 December 1874 after a coup d etat by General Arsenio Martinez Campos ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic Kingdom of SpainReino de Espana1874 1931Flag Coat of armsMotto Plus Ultra Further Beyond Anthem Marcha Real Royal March source source track The Kingdom of Spain and its colonies in 1898CapitalMadridCommon languagesSpanishReligionRoman Catholicism state religion Demonym s Spanish SpaniardGovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship 1923 1925 1930 1931 under a one party military dictatorship 1925 1930 King 1874 1885Alfonso XII 1886 1931Alfonso XIIIRegent 1885 1902Maria ChristinaPrime Minister 1874 1875 first Antonio Canovas 1931 last Juan B AznarLegislatureCortes Generales Upper houseSenate Lower houseCongress of DeputiesHistory Pronunciamiento29 December 1874 Constitution adopted30 June 1876 Spanish American War25 Apr 12 Aug 1898 Melilla War1909 1910 Pact of San Sebastian17 August 1930 Republic proclaimed14 April 1931CurrencySpanish pesetaISO 3166 codeESPreceded by Succeeded byFirst Spanish Republic Second Spanish RepublicPuerto RicoFirst Philippine RepublicGuamRepublic of CubaSecond Occupation of CubaGerman New GuineaAfter almost a century of political instability and many civil wars the aim of the Restoration was to create a new political system which ensured stability by the practice of turnismo This was the deliberate rotation of the Liberal and Conservative parties in the government often achieved through electoral fraud Opposition to the system came from Republicans socialists anarchists Basque and Catalan nationalists and Carlists Contents 1 Alfonso XII and the Regency of Maria Christina 1874 1898 2 Reign of Alfonso XIII and crisis of the system 1898 1923 3 Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 1923 1930 4 Final year 1930 1931 5 References 6 SourcesAlfonso XII and the Regency of Maria Christina 1874 1898 Edit Portrait of Alfonso XII The pronunciamiento by Martinez Campos established Alfonso XII as king marking the end of the First Spanish Republic After this the Constitution of 1876 was written and enforced during the whole restoration This constitution established Spain as a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature Cortes Generales consisting of an upper house Senate and a lower house Congress of Deputies This constitution gave the King the power to name Senators and to revoke laws if he wanted to and he was also given the title of Commander in chief of the army These years were marked by economic prosperity Ever since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 Spain s economy had fallen even further behind those of other European countries During these years the modernization of the country took place on a large scale On most fronts domestic production was increased supported by extreme protectionist measures The two parties alternated in the government in a controlled process known as el turno pacifico the Liberal Party was led by Sagasta and the Conservative Party by Canovas del Castillo The caciques powerful local figures were used to manipulate election results and as a result resentment of the system slowly built up over time and important nationalist movements in Catalonia Galicia and the Basque Country as well as unions started to form Reign of Alfonso XIII and crisis of the system 1898 1923 Edit Alfonso XIII In 1898 Spain lost its last major overseas colonies Cuba Guam Puerto Rico and the Philippines in the Spanish American War The rapid collapse was perceived as a disaster in Spain undermining the credibility of both the government and its associated ideologies and almost leading to a military coup d etat led by Camilo Polavieja This was the start of the system s decline giving energy to all manner of conflicting opposition movements at a local and national level 1 Spain would begin to rehabilitate internationally after the Algeciras Conference of 1906 2 In 1907 it signed a kind of defensive alliance with France and the United Kingdom known as the Pact of Cartagena in case of war against the Triple Alliance 3 Spain improved economically due to its neutrality in the First World War 4 Spanish flu killed 200 000 Spaniards 1 of the population 5 6 The failed attempts to conquer Morocco Melilla War caused great discontent at home and ended in a revolt in Barcelona known as the Semana Tragica in which the lower classes of Barcelona backed by the anarchists communists and republicans revolted against what they considered the unjust methods for recruiting soldiers The government declared a state of war and sent the army to crush the revolt causing over a hundred deaths and the execution of Francisco Ferrer The socialist Union General de Trabajadores UGT and the anarchist Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo CNT decided to initiate a general strike across the country but it failed because the unions could only mobilize urban workers The problems in Morocco worsened as an army of natives attacked the Spanish army They achieved surprise and due to the skill of the Moroccan chieftain Abd Al Krim virtually annihilated the Spanish army advancing almost as far as Melilla in the Battle of Annual This Spanish defeat was due to improper planning and was blamed on the top military officers causing great discontent among the military who felt misunderstood because they had been directed to advance into the interior without adequate resources to occupy the difficult territory Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 1923 1930 EditMain article Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera Miguel Primo de Rivera The military discontent the fear of anarchist terrorism or a proletarian revolution and the rise of nationalist movements ultimately caused great agitation amongst the civilians and the military On 13 September 1923 Miguel Primo de Rivera Captain General of Catalonia orchestrated a coup d etat after issuing a manifesto blaming the problems of Spain on the parliamentary system Alfonso XIII backed the General and named him Prime Minister Primo de Rivera proceeded to suspend the Constitution and assume absolute powers as a dictator He created the Union Patriotica Espanola which was meant to be the sole legal party abolishing all other parties During this time he greatly increased government spending on business and public services which caused his government to go bankrupt He lost the support of the military and faced serious health problems Opposition to his regime was so great that Alfonso XIII stopped supporting him and forced him to resign in January 1930 7 Final year 1930 1931 EditMain articles Dictablanda of Damaso Berenguer and 1931 Spanish local elections Alfonso XIII in an attempt to return gradually to the previous system and restore his prestige called on General Damaso Berenguer to form a government This failed utterly as the King was considered a supporter of the dictatorship and more and more political forces called for the establishment of a republic Berenguer resigned and the King gave the government to Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar Aznar called for local elections on 12 April 1931 in order to satisfy the democrats and republicans to replace the dictatorship s local governments and to gradually re introduce the restoration Although the monarchists had not lost all their support the republican and socialist parties won some significant victories in major cities Street riots ensued calling for the removal of the monarchy The army declared that they would not defend the King and on 14 April he fled Spain The Second Spanish Republic was immediately established under a provisional government led by Niceto Alcala Zamora References Edit Earl Ray Beck Time of Triumph amp Sorrow Spanish Politics during the Reign of Alfonso XII 1874 1885 1979 Antonio Niguez Bernal p 94 Las relaciones politicas economicas y culturales entre Espana y los Estados Unidos en los siglos XIX y XX By which with the transfer of technology from the United Kingdom and France the Spanish government was able to begin to rebuild the fleet and built the Espana class battleship and projected the Reina Victoria Eugenia class battleship that were canceled by the beginning of the First World War When the Great War broke out in 1914 the Italian government declared its neutrality so that the Spanish government had scope to also declare its neutrality in the conflict McEvoy William P 2003 Spain During the First World War FirstWorldWar com Retrieved 16 July 2009 La gripe del siglo La opinion de Zamora 22 December 2012 Cien anos de la pandemia de la gripe espanola La opinion de Zamora 22 October 2018 Shlomo Ben Ami The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera A Political Reassessment Journal of Contemporary History Jan 1977 Vol 12 Issue 1 pp 65 84Sources EditBarton Simon A History of Spain 2009 excerpt and text search Beck Earl Ray Time of Triumph amp Sorrow Spanish Politics during the Reign of Alfonso XII 1874 1885 1979 Ben Ami Shlomo The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera A Political Reassessment Journal of Contemporary History Jan 1977 Vol 12 Issue 1 pp 65 84 in JSTOR Carr Raymond ed Spain A History 2001 excerpt and text search Esdaile Charles J Spain in the Liberal Age From Constitution to Civil War 1808 1939 2000 excerpt and text search Hall Morgan C Alfonso XIII and the Failure of the Liberal Monarchy in Spain 1902 1923 Dissertation Abstracts International 2003 Vol 64 Issue 6 p2220 2220 Luengo Jorge and Pol Dalmau Writing Spanish history in the global age connections and entanglements in the nineteenth century Journal of global history 13 3 2018 425 445 online dead link Payne Stanley G Spanish Conservatism 1834 1923 Journal of Contemporary History Vol 13 No 4 Oct 1978 pp 765 789 in JSTOR Winston Colin M The Proletarian Carlist Road to Fascism Sindicalismo Libre Journal of Contemporary History Vol 17 No 4 Oct 1982 pp 557 585 in JSTOR Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Restoration Spain amp oldid 1137835536, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
