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Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps

January 01, 1970

The settlement of the Eastern Alps region by early Slavs took place during the 6th to 8th centuries. It is part of the southward expansion of the early Slavs which would result in the characterization of the South Slavic group, and would ultimately result in the ethnogenesis of present-day Slovenes. The Eastern Alpine territories concerned comprise modern-day Slovenia, Eastern Friuli, in modern-day Northeast Italy, and large parts of modern-day Austria (Carinthia, Styria, East Tyrol, Lower Austria and Upper Austria).

Historical background edit

Main articles: Early Slavs and Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe

The migration of Slavic peoples from their homeland began in roughly the late 6th to early 7th century,[1] as Germanic peoples started moving into the territory of the Roman Empire. The migrations were stimulated by the arrival of Huns into Eastern Europe. The Germanic peoples subsequently fought for control over territories in the eastern part of the disintegrating Roman Empire. Slavic tribes were part of various tribal alliances with the Germanic (Lombards, Gepids) and Eurasian (Avar, Bulgar) peoples.[2]

Evidence edit

The prevailing view on the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps is based mostly on evidence deduced from archeological remains (many of which have been discovered due to the extensive highway constructions in post-1991 Slovenia),[3] ethnographic traces (patterns of rural settlement and land cultivation), as well as on the ascertainments of historical linguistics (including toponymy). Besides, it is fully confirmed by the relatively few available contemporary mentionings and early historical sources (such as Historia Langobardorum by Paulus Diaconus[4] or letters from Pope Gregory I[5]). Another important evidence of Slavic advances is the progressive decline of ancient Christian dioceses in the respective areas. Alpine Slavs, including Carantanians, mainly originate from Slavs of Prague-Korchak culture.[6] In the 10th century were significantly influenced by Bijelo Brdo culture of the Pannonian Slavs.[7]

Phases of the settlement edit

 
Borders of the Slav territories under the King Samo's rule in 631

The first phase of Slavic settlement in the Eastern Alps region is dated around the year 550 and originated in the area of modern-day Moravia (i.e., the West Slavic speaking branch).[8] From there, Slavic peoples moved southward into the territory of the former Roman province of Noricum (modern-day Upper and Lower Austria regions). Subsequently, they progressed along the valleys of Alpine rivers towards the Karawanks range and towards the settlement of Poetovio (modern-day Ptuj), where the decline of the local diocese is recorded before 577.

The second phase of Slavic settlement came from the south and took place after the retreat of Lombards into Northern Italy in 568. The Lombards agreed to cede the relinquished territory to their new allies, the Avars, who at that time were the overlords of Slavs. Avars first appeared in Europe around 560 when they reached lower Danube. In 567 the Avars and Lombards jointly defeated the Gepids. After the Lombards moved to Italy in 568, the Avars became the nominal rulers of both the Pannonian plain (which they had conquered by 582) and the adjacent Eastern Alps region. The Slavic-Avar progress towards the Eastern Alps is traceable on the basis of synodal records of the Aquileian metropolitan church which speak of the decline of ancient dioceses (Emona, Celeia, Poetovio, Aguntum, Teurnia, Virunum, Scarabantia) in the respective area.[3][8][9] In 588 the Slavs reached the area of the Upper Sava River and in 591 they arrived to the Upper Drava region where they soon fought with the Bavarians who were led by king Tassilo I. In 592 the Bavarians won, but in 595 the Slavic-Avar army gained victory and thus consolidated the boundary between the Frankish and Avar territories. Between 599 and 600 the Slavs pushed through Istria and the Karst region towards Italy.[2]

Driven by German colonization of Austria, Slavs settled the entire Kras and the Gail valley between 600 and the 8th century. From there, they penetrated Friuli in Val Canale and in the secondary valleys (Dogna, Val Raccolana, Val Resia), going even in the valleys of rivers Degano, But and Tagliamento. Other areas from which Slavs penetrated were the valleys of rivers Isonzo and Vipava, where they entered in the eighth century. In this area they had already appeared during the Slavic-Avar raids of early 600. Finally there were raids and clashes caused by Slavic bands in the valleys of rivers Torre and Natisone up to 720.[10] The attempt by Slavs to penetrate violently westward probably ended after they had been defeated by the Lombards at Lauriana, in 720. Subsequently, Slavic settlers were invited by the patriarchs of Aquileia to repopulate the areas of Middle and Lower Friuli to the river Livenza, devastated by the Magyar incursions.[10]

Avar domination over the Slavs persisted until mid 620s. In 623 the Slavs, led by Frankish merchant Samo, rebelled against the Avars. In 626 the Avars were ultimately defeated at Constantinople, after which Samo became the ruler of the first historically known Slavic polity, Samo's Tribal Union, which persisted until his death in 658. Subsequently, a smaller Slavic principality emerged around 660, known as Carantania, and was absorbed into the Frankish Empire in 745.

Slavs and the original population edit

After settling in the Eastern Alps region, Slavs subsequently subjugated the original Romanised population, which had dwelt in the territory of the former Noricum province and in its cities. In late Antiquity, the original population evaded Slavic settlers by moving into remote and elevated places, usually hills, where they built fortifications; such examples are Ajdna in the Karawanks mountain ridge and Rifnik near modern-day Celje. However, recent archeological research shows that even certain well-fortified cities in the lower lying areas managed to protect themselves from the invaders. Part of the native population escaped into Italy and to the cities along the Adriatic coast, among them Civitas Nova (modern-day Novigrad). Many natives were enslaved by the Slavs (an old Slavic term for slaves was krščenik, meaning a Christian, as the natives were Christians), some, however, assimilated with Slavs.[8]

Slavs referred to the Romanised aborigines as Vlahi or Lahi. Certain place names in modern-day Slovenia, such as Laško, Laški rovt, Lahovče, and others, bear witness to this. Also, a number of river names in modern-day Slovenia, like Sava, Drava, Soča, as well as the geographic name Carniola (Slovenian Kranjska) were adopted from the Romanised aborigines.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Kazanski, Michel (2020). "Archaeology of the Slavic Migrations". Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online. BRILL. p. 13
  2. ^ a b Friedrich Lotter, Rajko Bratož, Helmut Castritius, "Völkerverschiebungen im Ostalpen-Mitteldonau-Raum zwischen Antike und Mittelalter (375-600)". Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2003. COBISS 23545442
  3. ^ a b Mitja Guštin, "Začetki slovanskega naseljevanja na Slovenskem" [The beginnings of Slavic settlement of the Slovene lands], Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje = Review for History and Ethnography 75 (2004), p. 253-265. COBISS 774611
  4. ^ Paulus Diaconus, "Historia Langobardorum," IV 7, 10.
  5. ^ Gregorius Registrum Epistolarum 2, IX, 154; X, 15.
  6. ^ Sedov 2013, p. 388.
  7. ^ Sedov 2013, p. 389.
  8. ^ a b c Peter Štih. "Ozemlje Slovenije v zgodnjem srednjem veku: osnovne poteze zgodovinskega razvoja od začetka 6. stoletja do konca 9. stoletja" [The territory of Slovenia during early Middle Ages: a basic outline of historical development from early 6th century to late 9th century], Ljubljana, 2001. COBISS 111715072
  9. ^ Peter Štih. "Slovenska zgodovina: Od prazgodovinskih kultur do konca srednjega veka. [Slovenian history: From prehistoric cultures to late Middle Ages] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2008-06-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ a b "Il popolamento slavo a cura di Giuseppe Paludo (PDF)" (PDF).

Sources edit

  • G. Barbina, E. Bartolini, G. Bergamini, C. C. Desinan, G. Frau, G. C. Menis, V. Zoratti, Codroipo, Codroipo, Il ponte, 1981
  • Rajko Bratož, "Gli inizi dell'etnogenesi slovena : fatti, tesi e ipotesi relativi al periodo di transizione dall'eta antica al medioevo nel territorio situato tra l'Adriatico e il Danubio". In publication: La cristianizzazione degli Slavi nell'arco alpino orientale, ur. Andrea Tilatti. Nuovi studi storici, 69. Roma, Gorizia, 2005, str. 145–188. COBISS 24472109
  • G. G. Corbanese, Il Friuli, Trieste e l’Istria: dalla Preistoria alla caduta del Patriarcato d’Aquileia, Grande Atlante Cronologico, Udine, Del Bianco, 1983
  • Bogo Grafenauer, "Naselitev Slovanov v Vzhodnih Alpah in vprašanje kontinuitete" [Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps and the issue of continuity], Arheološki vestnik 21-22 (1970–71), p. 17–32;
  • Mitja Guštin, ed., "Zgodnji Slovani: zgodnjesrednjeveška lončenina na obrobju vzhodnih Alp = Die frühen Slawen: frühmittelalterliche Keramik am Rand der Ostalpen". Ljubljana, 2002. COBISS 3411552
  • Hans-Dietrich Kahl, "Der Staat der Karantanen: Fakten, Thesen und Fragen zu einer frühen slawischen Machtbildung im Ostalpenraum". Ljubljana, 2002. COBISS 3568736
  • Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. "Alpski Slaveni" [Alpine Slavs]. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 382–393. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1.
  • Peter Štih, "Ob naselitvi Slovanov vse pobito?" [Did Slavic settlement result in the killing of the entire population?]. In publication: Množične smrti na Slovenskem: 29. zborovanje slovenskih zgodovinarjev [Massive killings in Slovenia: 29th conference of Slovenian historians], Ljubljana, 1999, p. 79–93. COBISS 10024290
  • Peter Štih, Janez Peršič, "Problem langobardske vzhodne meje" [The issue of the Lombard eastern frontier], Zgodovinski časopis = Historical Review 35 (1981), p. 333–341. COBISS 14735714
  • Aleš Žužek, "Naselitev Slovanov v vzhodnoalpski prostor" [Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps area], Zgodovinski časopis = Historical Review 61 (2007), p. 261–287.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
slavic, settlement, eastern, alps, settlement, eastern, alps, region, early, slavs, took, place, during, centuries, part, southward, expansion, early, slavs, which, would, result, characterization, south, slavic, group, would, ultimately, result, ethnogenesis,. The settlement of the Eastern Alps region by early Slavs took place during the 6th to 8th centuries It is part of the southward expansion of the early Slavs which would result in the characterization of the South Slavic group and would ultimately result in the ethnogenesis of present day Slovenes The Eastern Alpine territories concerned comprise modern day Slovenia Eastern Friuli in modern day Northeast Italy and large parts of modern day Austria Carinthia Styria East Tyrol Lower Austria and Upper Austria Contents 1 Historical background 2 Evidence 3 Phases of the settlement 4 Slavs and the original population 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksHistorical background editMain articles Early Slavs and Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe The migration of Slavic peoples from their homeland began in roughly the late 6th to early 7th century 1 as Germanic peoples started moving into the territory of the Roman Empire The migrations were stimulated by the arrival of Huns into Eastern Europe The Germanic peoples subsequently fought for control over territories in the eastern part of the disintegrating Roman Empire Slavic tribes were part of various tribal alliances with the Germanic Lombards Gepids and Eurasian Avar Bulgar peoples 2 Evidence editThe prevailing view on the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps is based mostly on evidence deduced from archeological remains many of which have been discovered due to the extensive highway constructions in post 1991 Slovenia 3 ethnographic traces patterns of rural settlement and land cultivation as well as on the ascertainments of historical linguistics including toponymy Besides it is fully confirmed by the relatively few available contemporary mentionings and early historical sources such as Historia Langobardorum by Paulus Diaconus 4 or letters from Pope Gregory I 5 Another important evidence of Slavic advances is the progressive decline of ancient Christian dioceses in the respective areas Alpine Slavs including Carantanians mainly originate from Slavs of Prague Korchak culture 6 In the 10th century were significantly influenced by Bijelo Brdo culture of the Pannonian Slavs 7 Phases of the settlement edit nbsp Borders of the Slav territories under the King Samo s rule in 631 The first phase of Slavic settlement in the Eastern Alps region is dated around the year 550 and originated in the area of modern day Moravia i e the West Slavic speaking branch 8 From there Slavic peoples moved southward into the territory of the former Roman province of Noricum modern day Upper and Lower Austria regions Subsequently they progressed along the valleys of Alpine rivers towards the Karawanks range and towards the settlement of Poetovio modern day Ptuj where the decline of the local diocese is recorded before 577 The second phase of Slavic settlement came from the south and took place after the retreat of Lombards into Northern Italy in 568 The Lombards agreed to cede the relinquished territory to their new allies the Avars who at that time were the overlords of Slavs Avars first appeared in Europe around 560 when they reached lower Danube In 567 the Avars and Lombards jointly defeated the Gepids After the Lombards moved to Italy in 568 the Avars became the nominal rulers of both the Pannonian plain which they had conquered by 582 and the adjacent Eastern Alps region The Slavic Avar progress towards the Eastern Alps is traceable on the basis of synodal records of the Aquileian metropolitan church which speak of the decline of ancient dioceses Emona Celeia Poetovio Aguntum Teurnia Virunum Scarabantia in the respective area 3 8 9 In 588 the Slavs reached the area of the Upper Sava River and in 591 they arrived to the Upper Drava region where they soon fought with the Bavarians who were led by king Tassilo I In 592 the Bavarians won but in 595 the Slavic Avar army gained victory and thus consolidated the boundary between the Frankish and Avar territories Between 599 and 600 the Slavs pushed through Istria and the Karst region towards Italy 2 Driven by German colonization of Austria Slavs settled the entire Kras and the Gail valley between 600 and the 8th century From there they penetrated Friuli in Val Canale and in the secondary valleys Dogna Val Raccolana Val Resia going even in the valleys of rivers Degano But and Tagliamento Other areas from which Slavs penetrated were the valleys of rivers Isonzo and Vipava where they entered in the eighth century In this area they had already appeared during the Slavic Avar raids of early 600 Finally there were raids and clashes caused by Slavic bands in the valleys of rivers Torre and Natisone up to 720 10 The attempt by Slavs to penetrate violently westward probably ended after they had been defeated by the Lombards at Lauriana in 720 Subsequently Slavic settlers were invited by the patriarchs of Aquileia to repopulate the areas of Middle and Lower Friuli to the river Livenza devastated by the Magyar incursions 10 Avar domination over the Slavs persisted until mid 620s In 623 the Slavs led by Frankish merchant Samo rebelled against the Avars In 626 the Avars were ultimately defeated at Constantinople after which Samo became the ruler of the first historically known Slavic polity Samo s Tribal Union which persisted until his death in 658 Subsequently a smaller Slavic principality emerged around 660 known as Carantania and was absorbed into the Frankish Empire in 745 Slavs and the original population editAfter settling in the Eastern Alps region Slavs subsequently subjugated the original Romanised population which had dwelt in the territory of the former Noricum province and in its cities In late Antiquity the original population evaded Slavic settlers by moving into remote and elevated places usually hills where they built fortifications such examples are Ajdna in the Karawanks mountain ridge and Rifnik near modern day Celje However recent archeological research shows that even certain well fortified cities in the lower lying areas managed to protect themselves from the invaders Part of the native population escaped into Italy and to the cities along the Adriatic coast among them Civitas Nova modern day Novigrad Many natives were enslaved by the Slavs an old Slavic term for slaves was krscenik meaning a Christian as the natives were Christians some however assimilated with Slavs 8 Slavs referred to the Romanised aborigines as Vlahi or Lahi Certain place names in modern day Slovenia such as Lasko Laski rovt Lahovce and others bear witness to this Also a number of river names in modern day Slovenia like Sava Drava Soca as well as the geographic name Carniola Slovenian Kranjska were adopted from the Romanised aborigines See also editSclaveni Antes Paganism in the Eastern Alps Venetic theory Eastern AlpsReferences edit Kazanski Michel 2020 Archaeology of the Slavic Migrations Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online BRILL p 13 a b Friedrich Lotter Rajko Bratoz Helmut Castritius Volkerverschiebungen im Ostalpen Mitteldonau Raum zwischen Antike und Mittelalter 375 600 Berlin New York De Gruyter 2003 COBISS 23545442 a b Mitja Gustin Zacetki slovanskega naseljevanja na Slovenskem The beginnings of Slavic settlement of the Slovene lands Casopis za zgodovino in narodopisje Review for History and Ethnography 75 2004 p 253 265 COBISS 774611 Paulus Diaconus Historia Langobardorum IV 7 10 Gregorius Registrum Epistolarum 2 IX 154 X 15 Sedov 2013 p 388 Sedov 2013 p 389 a b c Peter Stih Ozemlje Slovenije v zgodnjem srednjem veku osnovne poteze zgodovinskega razvoja od zacetka 6 stoletja do konca 9 stoletja The territory of Slovenia during early Middle Ages a basic outline of historical development from early 6th century to late 9th century Ljubljana 2001 COBISS 111715072 Peter Stih Slovenska zgodovina Od prazgodovinskih kultur do konca srednjega veka Slovenian history From prehistoric cultures to late Middle Ages Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2009 03 19 Retrieved 2008 06 26 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Il popolamento slavo a cura di Giuseppe Paludo PDF PDF Sources editG Barbina E Bartolini G Bergamini C C Desinan G Frau G C Menis V Zoratti Codroipo Codroipo Il ponte 1981 Rajko Bratoz Gli inizi dell etnogenesi slovena fatti tesi e ipotesi relativi al periodo di transizione dall eta antica al medioevo nel territorio situato tra l Adriatico e il Danubio In publication La cristianizzazione degli Slavi nell arco alpino orientale ur Andrea Tilatti Nuovi studi storici 69 Roma Gorizia 2005 str 145 188 COBISS 24472109 G G Corbanese Il Friuli Trieste e l Istria dalla Preistoria alla caduta del Patriarcato d Aquileia Grande Atlante Cronologico Udine Del Bianco 1983 Bogo Grafenauer Naselitev Slovanov v Vzhodnih Alpah in vprasanje kontinuitete Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps and the issue of continuity Arheoloski vestnik 21 22 1970 71 p 17 32 Mitja Gustin ed Zgodnji Slovani zgodnjesrednjeveska loncenina na obrobju vzhodnih Alp Die fruhen Slawen fruhmittelalterliche Keramik am Rand der Ostalpen Ljubljana 2002 COBISS 3411552 Hans Dietrich Kahl Der Staat der Karantanen Fakten Thesen und Fragen zu einer fruhen slawischen Machtbildung im Ostalpenraum Ljubljana 2002 COBISS 3568736 Sedov Valentin Vasilyevich 2013 1995 Alpski Slaveni Alpine Slavs Slavyane v rannem Srednevekove Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku Slavs in Early Middle Ages Novi Sad Akademska knjiga pp 382 393 ISBN 978 86 6263 026 1 Peter Stih Ob naselitvi Slovanov vse pobito Did Slavic settlement result in the killing of the entire population In publication Mnozicne smrti na Slovenskem 29 zborovanje slovenskih zgodovinarjev Massive killings in Slovenia 29th conference of Slovenian historians Ljubljana 1999 p 79 93 COBISS 10024290 Peter Stih Janez Persic Problem langobardske vzhodne meje The issue of the Lombard eastern frontier Zgodovinski casopis Historical Review 35 1981 p 333 341 COBISS 14735714 Ales Zuzek Naselitev Slovanov v vzhodnoalpski prostor Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps area Zgodovinski casopis Historical Review 61 2007 p 261 287 External links editPortal nbsp Slovenia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps amp oldid 1193477532, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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