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Finnic peoples

April 26, 2024

Not to be confused with Finns or Baltic Finnic peoples.

The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic[1] (now commonly Finno-Permic) language family,[disputed – discuss] and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River. The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns (6 million), the Estonians (1 million), the Mordvins (800,000), the Mari (570,000), the Udmurts (550,000), the Komis (330,000) and the Sami (100,000).[2]

The Finnic nations identified by language (west to east):
Pinks: Sami
Blues: Baltic Finns
Yellows and red: Volga Finns
Browns: Perm Finns

The scope of the terms "Finn" and "Finnic" varies by context. They can refer to the Baltic Finns of Finland, Scandinavia, Estonia and Northwest Russia. The broadest sense in the contemporary usage includes four groups:[3] the Baltic Finns, the Sami of northern Fennoscandia, and the Volga Finns and Perm Finns of Russia.[4] The last two include the Finnic peoples of the Komi-Permyak Okrug and the four Russian republics of Komi, Mari El, Mordovia and Udmurtia.[5] Until the early 20th century, the Ugrians were also considered to be a branch of Finns (as "Ugrian Finns"),[6][7][8] but such terminology is not in use anymore.

The Finnic peoples are sometimes called Finno-Ugric, uniting them with the Hungarians, or Uralic, uniting them also with the Samoyeds. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.[9]

Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the Kama and Vychegda rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the Volga basin began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.[citation needed]

Etymology edit

Main article: Finn (ethnonym)

The name "Finn(ic)" is an ancient exonym with scarce historical references and therefore rather questionable etymology. Its probable cognates, like Fenni, Phinnoi, Finnum, and Skrithfinni / Scridefinnum appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples of northern Europe. The first known use of this name to refer to the people of what is now Finland is in the 10th-century Old English poem "Widsith". Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the "land of Finns" are also two rune stones in Sweden: one in Norrtälje Municipality, with the inscription finlont (U 582), and the other in Gotland, with the inscription finlandi (G 319 M), dating from the 11th century.[10]

It has been suggested that the non-Uralic ethnonym "Finn" is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as finthan (Old High German) 'find', 'notice'; fanthian (Old High German) 'check', 'try'; and fendo (Old High German) and vende (Middle High German) 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'.[11] It may thus have originated from an Old Norse word for hunter-gatherer, finn (plural finnar), which is believed to have been applied during the first millennium CE to the (pre–reindeer herding) Sami, and perhaps to other hunter-gatherers of Scandinavia.[12] It was still used with this meaning in Norway in the early 20th century, but is now considered derogatory.[13] Thus there is Finnmark in Norway, which can be understood as "Sami country", but also Finnveden in Sweden, in an area that is not known to have been Finnic-speaking. The name was also applied to what is now Finland, which at the time was inhabited by "Sami" hunter-gatherers.[14]

The Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like finnr and finnas inconsistently. However, most of the time they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style.[15]

Other etymological interpretations associate the ethnonym "Finns" with fen in a more toponymical approach. Yet another theory postulates that the words finn and kven are cognates.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Finno-Ugric languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013.
  2. ^ "Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  3. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1994) [1990]. "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521243049.
  4. ^ Goldina, Ekaterina; Goldina, Rimma (2018). "On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 22 (2): 163–180. doi:10.3176/arch.2018.2.04. S2CID 166188106.
  5. ^ Lallukka, Seppo (1990). The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. ISBN 951-41-0616-4.
  6. ^ Keltie, John Scott (1879). "Finland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. IX (9th ed.). pp. 216–220. see page 219, para Ethnology and Language.—The term Finns has a wider application than Finland, being, with its adjective Finnic or Finno-Ugric or Ugro-Finnic......&.... (5) The Ugrian Finns include the Voguls.....
  7. ^ Art Leete, Ways of Describing Nenets and Khanty "Character" in 19th Century Russian Ethnographic Literature, Folklore vol. 12., December 1999
  8. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Russia" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ "Uralic peoples". www.suri.ee. from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  10. ^ . vesta.narc.fi. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ "Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura". Sgr.fi. from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  12. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1924). Norske gaardnavne: Finmarkens amt (in Norwegian) (18 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 1–7.
  13. ^ Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel (26 January 2023), "finner (samer)", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 24 January 2024
  14. ^ Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Majander, Kerttu; Jeong, Choongwon; Salmela, Elina; Wessman, Anna; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Balanovsky, Oleg; Ongyerth, Matthias; Weihmann, Antje; Sajantila, Antti; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante; Onkamo, Päivi; Haak, Wolfgang (27 November 2018). "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5018. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5018L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6258758. PMID 30479341.
  15. ^ Kallio, Petri (4 January 1998). "Suomi(ttavia etymologioita)". Virittäjä (in Finnish). 102 (4): 613. ISSN 2242-8828.

April 26, 2024
finnic, peoples, confused, with, finns, baltic, finnic, fennic, peoples, sometimes, simply, called, finns, nations, speak, languages, traditionally, classified, finnic, commonly, finno, permic, language, family, disputed, discuss, which, thought, have, origina. Not to be confused with Finns or Baltic Finnic peoples The Finnic or Fennic peoples sometimes simply called Finns are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic 1 now commonly Finno Permic language family disputed discuss and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns 6 million the Estonians 1 million the Mordvins 800 000 the Mari 570 000 the Udmurts 550 000 the Komis 330 000 and the Sami 100 000 2 The Finnic nations identified by language west to east Pinks Sami Blues Baltic Finns Yellows and red Volga Finns Browns Perm Finns The scope of the terms Finn and Finnic varies by context They can refer to the Baltic Finns of Finland Scandinavia Estonia and Northwest Russia The broadest sense in the contemporary usage includes four groups 3 the Baltic Finns the Sami of northern Fennoscandia and the Volga Finns and Perm Finns of Russia 4 The last two include the Finnic peoples of the Komi Permyak Okrug and the four Russian republics of Komi Mari El Mordovia and Udmurtia 5 Until the early 20th century the Ugrians were also considered to be a branch of Finns as Ugrian Finns 6 7 8 but such terminology is not in use anymore The Finnic peoples are sometimes called Finno Ugric uniting them with the Hungarians or Uralic uniting them also with the Samoyeds These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries 9 Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns into Scandinavia though scholars dispute the timing The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the Kama and Vychegda rivers Those Finnic peoples who remained in the Volga basin began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth citation needed Etymology editMain article Finn ethnonym The name Finn ic is an ancient exonym with scarce historical references and therefore rather questionable etymology Its probable cognates like Fenni Phinnoi Finnum and Skrithfinni Scridefinnum appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples of northern Europe The first known use of this name to refer to the people of what is now Finland is in the 10th century Old English poem Widsith Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the land of Finns are also two rune stones in Sweden one in Norrtalje Municipality with the inscription finlont U 582 and the other in Gotland with the inscription finlandi G 319 M dating from the 11th century 10 It has been suggested that the non Uralic ethnonym Finn is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as finthan Old High German find notice fanthian Old High German check try and fendo Old High German and vende Middle High German pedestrian wanderer 11 It may thus have originated from an Old Norse word for hunter gatherer finn plural finnar which is believed to have been applied during the first millennium CE to the pre reindeer herding Sami and perhaps to other hunter gatherers of Scandinavia 12 It was still used with this meaning in Norway in the early 20th century but is now considered derogatory 13 Thus there is Finnmark in Norway which can be understood as Sami country but also Finnveden in Sweden in an area that is not known to have been Finnic speaking The name was also applied to what is now Finland which at the time was inhabited by Sami hunter gatherers 14 The Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas 11th to 14th centuries some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity use words like finnr and finnas inconsistently However most of the time they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style 15 Other etymological interpretations associate the ethnonym Finns with fen in a more toponymical approach Yet another theory postulates that the words finn and kven are cognates See also editChud Fenni Fennoscandia Finnic mythologies Finno Ugric languagesReferences edit Finno Ugric languages Encyclopaedia Britannica Online 2013 Nacionalnyj sostav naseleniya po subektam Rossijskoj Federacii Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Golden Peter B 1994 1990 The peoples of the Russian forest belt In Sinor Denis ed The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia Vol 1 Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 230 ISBN 9780521243049 Goldina Ekaterina Goldina Rimma 2018 On North Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII VIII Centuries Estonian Journal of Archaeology 22 2 163 180 doi 10 3176 arch 2018 2 04 S2CID 166188106 Lallukka Seppo 1990 The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia ISBN 951 41 0616 4 Keltie John Scott 1879 Finland Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol IX 9th ed pp 216 220 see page 219 para Ethnology and Language The term Finns has a wider application than Finland being with its adjective Finnic or Finno Ugric or Ugro Finnic amp 5 The Ugrian Finns include the Voguls Art Leete Ways of Describing Nenets and Khanty Character in 19th Century Russian Ethnographic Literature Folklore vol 12 December 1999 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Russia Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Uralic peoples www suri ee Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 Retrieved 9 September 2021 Archived copy vesta narc fi Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 Retrieved 15 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Suomalais Ugrilainen Seura Sgr fi Archived from the original on 8 July 2004 Retrieved 17 March 2015 Rygh Oluf 1924 Norske gaardnavne Finmarkens amt in Norwegian 18 ed Kristiania Norge W C Fabritius amp sonners bogtrikkeri pp 1 7 Berg Nordlie Mikkel 26 January 2023 finner samer Store norske leksikon in Norwegian retrieved 24 January 2024 Lamnidis Thiseas C Majander Kerttu Jeong Choongwon Salmela Elina Wessman Anna Moiseyev Vyacheslav Khartanovich Valery Balanovsky Oleg Ongyerth Matthias Weihmann Antje Sajantila Antti Kelso Janet Paabo Svante Onkamo Paivi Haak Wolfgang 27 November 2018 Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe Nature Communications 9 1 5018 Bibcode 2018NatCo 9 5018L doi 10 1038 s41467 018 07483 5 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 6258758 PMID 30479341 Kallio Petri 4 January 1998 Suomi ttavia etymologioita Virittaja in Finnish 102 4 613 ISSN 2242 8828 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Finnic peoples amp oldid 1214575824, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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