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Race and ethnicity in censuses

October 28, 2023

Many countries and national censuses currently enumerate or have previously enumerated their populations by race, ethnicity, nationality, or a combination of these characteristics.[1][2] Different countries have different classifications and census options for race and ethnicity/nationality which are not comparable with data from other countries.[1][3] In addition, many of the race and ethnicity concepts that appear on national censuses worldwide have their origins in Europe or in the views of Europeans, rather than in the views of the locals of these countries.[4]

Map showing countries where the ethnicity or race of people was enumerated in at least one census since 1991.

Africa edit

Angola edit

 
Ethnic composition of Angola in 1970

The Portuguese asked about race in colonial censuses when they controlled Angola, and they provided three options: White, Mestizo, or African/Black. Africans had to then pick either "Assimilado" (assimilated) or "Indigenato" (indigenous).[5] Angola has not used any racial categories since its independence in 1975.[5] Tribe and language for Africans were recorded only in 1950 and 1960.[5]

Benin edit

The people in Benin were enumerated by ethnicity in 1979, 1992, and 2013 but not in 2002.[6]

Botswana edit

Botswana enumerated people by race in all censuses between 1904 and 1946, and again in the 1964 census (though not in 1956), but in no censuses after 1964.[7] People were enumerated by language use in 1946 and 1956 and again in 2001 and 2011.[7]

Cape Verde edit

Cape Verde enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950.[6]

Central African Republic edit

The Central African Republic enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1959/1960.[6]

Chad edit

Chad enumerated people by ethnicity in 1993 and 2009.[6]

Democratic Republic of Congo edit

The people in the Democratic Republic of Congo were enumerated by ethnicity from 1955 to 1958.[6]

Republic of Congo edit

The people in the Republic of Congo were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960, 1974, and 1984.[6]

Equatorial Guinea edit

The population of Equatorial Guinea was enumerated by ethnicity in 1950.[6]

Ethiopia edit

Ethiopia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1994 and in 2007.[6]

Gabon edit

The population of Gabon was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960–1961 and 1993.[6]

Ghana edit

The population of Ghana was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960, 2000,[6] and 2010.[8]

Guinea edit

The population of Guinea was enumerated by ethnicity in 1955.[6]

Guinea-Bissau edit

The population of Guinea-Bissau was enumerated by ethnicity in 1950 and in 2009.[6]

Ivory Coast edit

 
Ethnic composition of the Ivory Coast (note: the map is in French).

The people of Ivory Coast were enumerated by ethnicity in 1948, 1957–1958, and 1988.[6] The ethnicity data from 1957 to 1958 was only for the rural areas of the country, though.[6]

Kenya edit

Since 1945, Kenya enumerated people by ethnicity from 1948 all the way up to its most recent census in 2009 (however, the 1999 census ethnicity figures were not made public).[6][9][10][11][12][13] There were some concerns about asking an ethnicity equation in the 2009 census since it came just a year after the disputed Kenyan presidential election of 2007 and the riots that followed it, but Kenya went through with asking about ethnicity in 2009 anyway.[14][15]

The number of ethnic categories and sub-categories recorded in the country's census has changed significantly over time, expanding from 42 in 1969 to more than 120 in 2019.[16]

Lesotho edit

People in Lesotho were enumerated by race between 1904 and 1976, but not after 1976.[17] Language was only recorded in 1946 and 1956, tribe and language for Africans were recorded only in 1950 and 1960.[17]

Malawi edit

People in Malawi were enumerated by race between 1911 and 1987, and again in 2018.[18] They were enumerated by language only in 1966, 1998, and 2008.[18] They were enumerated by tribal affiliation only in 1926, 1945, and 2008.[18]

Mali edit

Mali enumerated people in some parts of the country by ethnicity in 1950.[6]

Mauritius edit

Mauritius enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1952, 1962, and 1972.[6]

Morocco edit

 
Ethnolinguistic composition of Morocco.

Morocco enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950 and 1971.[6] The 2014 census enumerated people by nationality.[19]

Mozambique edit

People in Mozambique were counted by race only in 1894, 1970, 1997, 2007, and 2017.[20] The race categories in Mozambique were the same ones as in Angola, due to both being controlled by Portugal before acquiring their independence.[20] People were counted by language in all censuses since 1940.[20]

Namibia edit

People in Namibia were enumerated by race in all 20th century censuses but not in the 2001 census. They were enumerated by language in all censuses since 1951.[21]

Niger edit

Niger enumerated people by ethnicity in 1959/1960 and 2001.[6]

Nigeria edit

 
Ethnic composition of Nigeria.

Nigeria enumerated people by ethnicity in 1963.[6] In addition, Nigeria has announced plans to enumerate its population by ethnicity in its 2016 census.[22]

Rwanda edit

Rwanda enumerated people by ethnicity from 1933/34 until 1991.[6][23] Due to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the ethnic hatred and tensions that caused it, the Rwandan census of 2002 did not enumerate people by ethnicity.[24]

São Tomé and Príncipe edit

São Tomé and Príncipe enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950 and 1960.[6]

Senegal edit

The people of Senegal were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960–1961, 1988, and 2002.[6]

Seychelles edit

The people of the Seychelles were enumerated by ethnicity in 1947, 1987, and 1994.[6]

Somalia edit

In the pre-independence period in Somalia, the colonial administrations in British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland officially classified the ethnic Somali majority within the two territories as "Hamitic".[25][26] The Italian Somaliland census of 1935 reported that the remaining 6.2% of the area's population consisted of "Negroid groups", including the Bantu ethnic minorities inhabiting the southern riverine region.[27] These census designations were at the time pre-assigned rather than based on self-reporting. Following independence in 1960, no official census was taken until 1975. This first post-independence national census only collected information on district of birth.[28] However, the general government literature maintained that the country's ethnic Somali majority was of Hamitic stock, or alternately of Arab heritage.[29] Similarly, Article 3 of the Provision Constitution adopted in 2012 indicates that Somalia is an Arab nation.[30] In 2014, the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation also announced that it would release a new national population census before 2016.[31]

South Africa edit

See also: Population Registration Act, 1950
 
Whites as a percentage of the total South African population in 2011.

South Africa has enumerated people by race in all of its censuses since 1904.[32] Five population group options are provided in response to the question "How would (name) describe him/herself in terms of population group?": "Black African", "Coloured", "Indian or Asian", "White" and "Other".[33] South Africa has also asked about language use since 1921 for white South Africans and since 1936 for all races.[32]

Sudan edit

Sudan enumerated people by ethnicity in 1956.[6]

Swaziland edit

The Swazi census counted people by race in all censuses between 1904 and 1976.[34] People were counted by ethnic group and tribe only in 1966 and 1976.[34]

Tanzania edit

The Tanzanian census enumerated people by race from colonial times until 1967, by ethnicity and tribe from colonial times until 1973. It enumerated people by language only in 1952 and 1958.[35]

Togo edit

The people in Togo were enumerated by ethnicity in 1948, 1958–1960, and 1970.[6]

Tunisia edit

Tunisia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1956.[6]

Uganda edit

The people of Uganda were enumerated by ethnicity from 1948 all the way up to Uganda's most recent census in 2012,[6][36] with the exception of 1980 and possibly 1969.[37]

Zambia edit

People in Zambia were not continuously counted by race before independence, and when they were counted by race it were primarily the non-Africans/non-blacks who were counted.[38] People were counted by language only in 1931, while they were counted for ethnicity at various points since 1969.[38] The 1969 census asked about language but not ethnic group, and the 1974 census asked about ethnic group, but not language. The 1980 census asked about ethnic group, mother tongue, and language of most frequent use, while the 1990 census asked about ethnic group and mother tongue. The 2000 census asked about ethnic group, language of most frequent use, and second language.[38]

Zimbabwe edit

People in Zimbabwe were enumerated by race between 1901 and 2012, but many censuses were done separately for Whites/Europeans and Blacks/Africans before the 1970s.[39] People were enumerated by language only in 1982 (when they were enumerated by "[their] father's dialect").[39]

Asia edit

Abkhazia edit

People in Abkhazia (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] the partially recognized state of Abkhazia also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2003[43] and 2011.[44]

Afghanistan edit

Prior to 2010, Afghanistan had not held a census since 1979 due to the wars and conflicts that have occurred there over those three decades (since the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979).[45]

Armenia edit

People in Armenia (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Armenia also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2001[46] and 2011.[47]

Azerbaijan edit

 
Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan in 2003.

People in Azerbaijan (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Azerbaijan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999[48] and 2009.[49]

Bahrain edit

Bahrain enumerated people by ethnicity in 1965[6] and 2010.[50] The 2010 Bahrain census also enumerated people by their religious beliefs.[50]

Bangladesh edit

British India (which Bangladesh was a part of) enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941.[51]

Brunei edit

Since 1945, Brunei enumerated people by ethnicity in all censuses since 1947.[6][52]

Burma edit

The people in Burma (also known as Myanmar) were enumerated by ethnicity in 1931,[53] and 1953.[6] A new census which plans to enumerate the people of Burma by ethnicity and race is planned to be held in 2014.[53][54] The 1931 Burmese census generated a lot of anger from non-Burmese ethnic groups who were marked as Burmese on the census.[53] There is hope that the scheduled 2014 Burma Census will help empower the various ethnic groups in Burma.[54]

China edit

 
Ethnolinguistic groups in China in 1983

The People's Republic of China counted people by ethnicity since at least 1952 but does not count people by mother tongue.[55]

Cyprus edit

The people of Cyprus were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960.[6]

East Timor edit

East Timor enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950.[6]

Georgia edit

People in Georgia (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Georgia also enumerated people by ethnicity in both post-Soviet censuses in 2002 and 2014.[56]

India edit

When it was a British colony, India enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941.[51]

Indonesia edit

 
Ethnic composition of Indonesia

Indonesia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1930, 2000, and 2010 but not in any other censuses.[57]

Israel edit

 
Arabs in Israel, by natural region, 2018

The census in Israel directly asked people about their ethnicity only in 1983.[6] However, Israel has used the religion question on its census to determine the ethnic composition of its population from 1948 to the present day.[58][59] Israel has enumerated its Jewish population by their continent of birth since 1948.[60]

Kazakhstan edit

 
European ethnicities as a percentage of the total population in Kazakhstan in 2022 (note: map is in Russian).

People in Kazakhstan (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Kazakhstan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999[61] and 2009.[62]

Kyrgyzstan edit

People in Kyrgyzstan (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Kyrgyzstan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999[63] and 2009.[64][65]

Malaysia edit

People in Malaysia were enumerated by ethnicity/race from 1871 to the present day.[66]

Mongolia edit

Mongolia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1963 and 2000.[6]

Nagorno-Karabakh edit

 
Ethnic composition of Nagorno Karabakh in 1989

People in Nagorno-Karabakh (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] the de facto independent state of Nagorno-Karabakh also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post-Soviet census of 2005.[67]

Nepal edit

 
Ethnic composition of Nepal. (note that Kulu Rodu (Kulung) territories are mistakenly marked as Tamu/Gurung territories in this map)

Nepal enumerated people by ethnicity in 1991 and 2001.[6]

Pakistan edit

British India (which Pakistan was a part of) enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941.[51]

Palestine edit

The population in the Palestinian territories was enumerated by ethnicity in 1997.[6]

Philippines edit

 
Ethnic composition of the Philippines in 2000.

The Philippines enumerated their population by ethnicity in 1948, 1970,[6] 2000, and 2010.

Russia/Soviet Union edit

 
Dominant ethnicity in each Russian oblast in 2010

The Russian Empire began counting people by native tongue with its first modern census in 1897.[40] In 1920, the Soviet Union replaced this question with a question about ethnicity.[68] The Soviet government organized lists of ethnicities and wanted to shape these various ethnic groups in the mold of Communism.[69] In the words of Soviet politician Anastas Mikoyan, the Soviet Union was "creating and organising new nations"[69] The government of the U.S.S.R. was eager to get ethnic data for many ethnic groups in order to create republics and autonomous regions for many of these ethnic groups and nationalities, and later on (under Joseph Stalin) in order to deport some of them.[70][71] The Bolsheviks also wanted to get more support from ethnic minority groups within the Soviet Union, many of whom were previously oppressed under Tsarist rule.[71] The Soviet Union continued to ask about ethnicity for the rest of its existence, and Russia also asked about ethnicity in its two post-Soviet censuses of 2002 and 2010.[72] Unlike in 1989, the 2002 census did not require respondents to prove their ethnicity/nationality when they responded to this question.[73] The number of ethnicity/nationality options available on Soviet censuses was enormous—the Soviet Union offered 194 different choices for ethnicity/nationality in its 1926 census.[74] There were 97 options in 1939, 126 options in 1959, 122 options in 1970, 123 options in 1979, and 128 options for the Soviet Union in 1989.[74] There were 192 ethnicity/nationality options for Russia in 2002.[74]

Singapore edit

The people in Singapore were numerated by ethnicity from at least 1947 up to the most recent Singaporean census in 2010.[6][75]

Sri Lanka edit

Sri Lanka enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1971, 1981, and 2012.[6]

Tajikistan edit

 
Ethnic composition of Tajikistan in 1992

People in Tajikistan (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Tajikistan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses in 2000 and 2010.[76]

Thailand edit

 
Ethnic composition of Thailand in 1974

Thailand enumerated people by ethnicity in 1947.[6]

Turkey edit

Between 1881 and 1893 the Ottoman Empire implemented its first census, which enumerated the people in the empire by ethnicity.[77][78] Some other censuses and studies were conducted in the Ottoman Empire for enumerating the population by ethnicity after the first Ottoman census.[77][78]

Turkmenistan edit

People in Turkmenistan (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Turkmenistan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post-Soviet census in 1995.[79]

Uzbekistan edit

People in Uzbekistan (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] The Soviet Union (to which Uzbekistan also belonged) enumerated people by ethnicity for its entire existence.[42] Uzbekistan has not conducted any censuses at all since 1989.[80]

Vietnam edit

Communist North Vietnam enumerated people by ethnicity in 1960, when Vietnam was still divided into two countries.[81] After Vietnamese reunification, Vietnam enumerated its population by ethnicity from 1979 up to the most recent census in 2019.[81][82][83]

Yemen edit

 
Ethnoreligious composition of Yemen in 2002.

Yemen enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1994.[6] The British Colony of Aden (which is within Yemen's current borders) enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1946 and 1955.[6]

Europe edit

Albania edit

Albania enumerated people by ethnicity in 1955,[6] 1989,[84] and 2011.[85][86] The 2011 Albanian census also enumerated people by language used and by their religious beliefs.[85][86]

Belarus edit

 
Belarusians as a percentage of the total population in Belarus in 2009 (note: map is in Ukrainian).

People in Belarus (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Belarus also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999[87] and 2009.[88]

Bosnia and Herzegovina edit

 
Ethnic composition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991.

The population of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been enumerated by ethnicity since at least 1885, including the recent censuses in 1991 and 2013.[89][90]

Bulgaria edit

 
Dominant ethnicities in Bulgaria in 2011

Bulgaria enumerated people by mother tongue in 1880 and 1887 and used this info to determine their ethnicities.[91] Bulgaria directly enumerated people by ethnicity from 1900 all the way up to its most recent census in 2011, with the exception of the 1985 census.[92]

Croatia edit

 
Ethnic composition of Croatia in 2011

The people of Croatia have been enumerated by ethnicity/nationality from at least 1953, including the censuses of 2001 and 2011.[6][93][94]

Czech Republic edit

Czechoslovakia (of which the territory of the Czech Republic was a part) enumerated people by ethnicity in 1921 and 1930, and the Czech Republic did the same thing from 1991 to the present day.[95]

Estonia edit

People in Estonia were enumerated by ethnicity/nationality from 1922 to the present day.[96][97][98] People in Estonia were also enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] During this time period Estonia was under the control of the Russian Empire, then independent, then (excluding World War II) under the control of the Soviet Union, and then independent again since 1991.[99] There were 192 different ethnicity/nationality options in the 2011 Estonian census.[100]

Finland edit

Finland has enumerated its population by language of most frequent use from at least 1990 to the present day.[101]

France edit

France has not counted individuals by race or ethnicity since at least 1978, when a law was passed that prevented individuals from being enumerated by these categories without their consent or a state committee waiver.[102][103] The reasons for this are that many French people consider asking people about race and ethnicity to be a contradiction of their principle of equality and equal treatment for all French people.[42] Also, there is a desire to avoid repeating what Vichy France did in regards to its Jewish population and to prevent the National Front from getting more popularity.[42][102] Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and his administration supported and proposed counting French people by race and ethnicity.[104] Due to criticism, however, this proposal was never implemented, and as of 2013 former French President Francois Hollande opposes enumerating people by race and ethnicity.[105]

Germany edit

Nazi Germany enumerated its citizens of Jewish descent in 1939 based on the percent of Jewish ancestry that they had.[106]

Hungary edit

 
Ethnic composition of the regions of Austria-Hungary in 1910

Hungary enumerated people by ethnicity in 1880, between 1900 and 1941,[107][108] and again from 1980 to the present day[6]

Ireland edit

The 2002 Irish census enumerated people by their place of birth and their country of citizenship.[109] Ireland introduced an ethnicity question to its census in 2006. The 2011 Irish census enumerated people by ethnicity as well, and offered the options White Irish, White Irish Traveller, Other White, Black or Black Irish (with options for African and Other Black), Asian or Asian Irish (with options for Chinese and Other Asian), Other, and Not Stated.[110]

Italy edit

Censuses in Italy do not inquire about race or ethnicity. Only information disposable are those of civil registers, where only the country of birth is noted down.[citation needed]

Kosovo edit

 
Dominant ethnicities in Kosovo in 2005

The population of Kosovo was enumerated by ethnicity from 1990s all the way up to the present day.[111][112]

Latvia edit

 
Ethnic Russians as a percentage of the total population in the Baltic States 2011

People in Latvia (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] Latvia enumerated people by ethnicity between 1920 and 1935.[113] The Soviet Union occupied Latvia in 1940, and it enumerated people there by ethnicity from 1959 to 1989.[42] Latvia also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2000[114] and 2011.[115]

Lithuania edit

People in Lithuania (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] Lithuania enumerated people by ethnicity in its 1923 census and in its 1925 census of its Klaipeda region.[116] The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in 1940, and it enumerated people there by ethnicity from 1959 to 1989.[42] Lithuania also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2001[117] and 2011.[118]

Luxembourg edit

It is illegal to collect statistics about the race, ethnicity, religion or ancestry of Luxembourg citizens.[citation needed]

Moldova edit

 
Ethnic composition of Moldova in 1989

People in Moldova (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Moldova also enumerated people by ethnicity in both its post-Soviet censuses: in 2004,[119] and 2014.[120]

Monaco edit

Monaco enumerated people by ethnicity in 1982.[6]

Montenegro edit

 
Dominant ethnicities in Montenegro in 2011

The population of Montenegro was enumerated by ethnicity from 1909 up to its most recent census in 2011.[121][122][123]

North Macedonia edit

 
Ethnic composition of North Macedonia in 2002.

People in North Macedonia were enumerated by ethnicity/nationality from at least 1921 all the way up to the present day.[124] In the most recent census in 2002, 64.2% of the population declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians. The second-largest ethnic group in the country was the ethnic Albanians with 25.2%. Other major ethnic groups were Turks (3.9%), Romani (2.7%), and Serbs (1.8%).[125]

Norway edit

Norway enumerated the population in the northern part of the country by ethnicity between 1845 and 1930.[126] In the census of 1970, in limited areas in Northern Norway, people were identified by ethnicity and language. Such information has not been included in any census since then.[127]

Poland edit

People in Poland (when the country was still occupied by the Russian Empire) were enumerated allegedly by their native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] Sovereign Poland enumerated people by ethnicity/nationality in 1921.[128] It enumerated people by mother tongue in 1931, and used this data to determine ethnicity/nationality.[129] After World War II, the Communist Polish government did not enumerate people by nationality/ethnicity.[129] The post-Communist 2002 Polish census did enumerate people by nationality/ethnicity and language used at home.[129]

Portugal edit

Census in Portugal do not include a question regarding individuals ethnic or racial background. A question of this kind was recommended to be included for the first time for the 2021 census ("Censos 2021"),[130] which sparked some controversy. The question was ultimately not included, although a question about religion was included.[131] A questionnaire regarding ethnicity was planned by the Instituto Nacional de Estatística for late 2021.[132]

Romania edit

 
Ethnic map of Romania in 2011

Romania enumerated people by ethnicity in 1859–1860,[133] 1887,[134] 1899,[135] and in every census since 1930, with the exception of the 1948 census, which enumerated people only by mother tongue.[136][137][138][139] The World Jewish Congress also carried out a census of Romania's Jewish population in 1947.[140]

Serbia edit

 
Ethnic composition of Serbia in 2002

In addition to Yugoslavia enumerating people by ethnicity/nationality, Serbia enumerated people by ethnicity/nationality in its 2002 and 2011 censuses.[141][142]

Slovakia edit

The population of Slovakia was enumerated by ethnicity/nationality since 1910 all the way up to the present day.[143][144][145]

Slovenia edit

The population of Slovenia was enumerated by ethnicity since 1953 all the way up to the present day.[146]

Transnistria edit

People in Transnistria (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] the de facto independent country of Transnistria also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses in 2004 and 2015.[147] Romania also enumerated people in Transnistria by ethnicity in its 1941 census.[148]

Ukraine edit

 
Ethnic composition of Ukraine in 2001

People in Ukraine (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census.[40][41] In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,[42] Ukraine also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post-Soviet census in 2001.[149]

United Kingdom edit

The United Kingdom began counting people by ethnicity in 1991.[150] There eventually became more of an interest in enumerating ethnic minorities after large-scale racial minority immigration to the United Kingdom began in the post-World War II era.[151] The United Kingdom previously planned to enumerate people by ethnicity in 1981, but changed its mind after the large non-response rate to this question in the 1979 Test Census. In 1979, many ethnic minorities refused to answer this question due to the fear of deportation.[152] In the 2011 census, the ethnic group options for England and Wales were White, Mixed, Asian British, Black British, Chinese or other ethnic group, and Not stated, with ethnic origin sub-group choices for most of these.[153] The census in the United Kingdom also included a question on country of citizenship between 1851 and 1961.[4]

Vatican City edit

Vatican City enumerated people by ethnicity in 1948.[6]

North America edit

Bahamas edit

The population of the Bahamas was enumerated by ethnicity in 1953 and again in 2010.[6]

Barbados edit

The population of Barbados was enumerated by ethnicity in 1946, 1960, 1970, and 1980.[6]

Belize edit

Back when Belize was British Honduras, it enumerated people by ethnicity in 1946. Since gaining independence, Belize has enumerated people by ethnicity from 1980 all the way up to its most recent census in 2010.

Bermuda edit

The people of Bermuda were enumerated by ethnicity since at least 1950 all the way up to the present day.[6][154]

Canada edit

 
A map of the largest ethnic ancestry in different regions of Canada in 2021.

Canada counted people by ethnic origin in 1765 and again from at least 1871 to 2006, with the exception of 1891.[155][156][157][158] The options for ethnicity in the 2006 Canadian census were various kinds of European Canadian, Aboriginal Canadian, and various non-white or non-European groups known officially as "visible minorities".[156] The 2011 Canadian census did not ask about race and ethnicity,[159] but the new voluntary National Household Survey (NHS) for that year did ask about race and ethnicity (as well as many other questions that were previously asked on the Canadian census).[160] Prior to the 1981 Canadian census, respondents could only mark one ethnicity/ethnic ancestry, but the 1981 census and all future ones allowed multiple ethnicity responses.[157] Canada also enumerated its population by place of birth from 1871 to the present day.[161][162]

Costa Rica edit

Costa Rica enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950.[6]

Cuba edit

Cuba enumerated people by race since 1774 to the most recent official census in 2012.[163][164]

Dominica edit

The people in Dominica were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and 1981.[6]

Dominican Republic edit

The people in the Dominican Republic were enumerated by ethnicity in 1950.[6]

Grenada edit

The people of Grenada were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and 1981.[6]

Guatemala edit

Guatemala has enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950, 1964, 2002, and 2018.[6]

Jamaica edit

The population of Jamaica was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and again from 1982 all the way up to the present day.[6][165][166]

Mexico edit

Mexico enumerates people on whether or not they speak Spanish or indigenous languages.[167] Mexico does not enumerate its population by race and ethnicity directly.[167]

Panama edit

Panama has enumerated people by ethnicity from the 1970 census all the way up to its most recent census in 2010.[6][168] People in the then-United States-controlled Panama Canal Zone were numerated by ethnicity in 1950 and 1960.[6]

Puerto Rico edit

Puerto Rico enumerated people by race in its census since at least 1877 with the exception of the period from 1960 to 1990.

United States edit

Further information: Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
 
The plurality (not majority) ethnic ancestry in each county in the United States of America

Before the U.S. acquired independence from Great Britain, many of the Thirteen Colonies conducted censuses of their own where they enumerated their populations by race.[169][170] The United States as a whole enumerated people by race in every census since its first census in 1790.[171] Part of the reason why the United States began counting people by race much sooner than many other countries was due to the Three Fifths Compromise, which determined the amount of representation that Southern states had based on how many slaves they had (slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes, and a new census every ten years was needed to enumerate the current slave population).[172] Initially, the United States Census only counted Americans as either white or black, with blacks classified as either free or slaves until 1860 (slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865).[173] Over time, the United States has also added some other racial categories as well.[173] Asian and Native American categories were added in 1860.[173] However, the first census to enumerate all Native Americans occurred in 1890.[173] Before that point Native Americans living on reservations were not counted, and thus most Native Americans in the U.S. were not counted in census data before 1890.[173] Between 1850 and 1870, and in 1890, 1910, and 1920, the U.S. Census Bureau also enumerated Mulattoes and sometimes other partially black groups (Quadroons and Octoroons) separately.[173]

The U.S. Census Bureau counted Mexicans as a separate race in 1930[174] and tried to retroactively determine the number of Mexicans in the U.S. in 1910 and 1920 as well.[173]

President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a "good neighbor" policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.[175]

Hispanics were counted as whites in 1940, but for the first time ever, the U.S. made an attempt to measure the size of the Hispanic population that year.[173] The U.S. resumed enumerating its Hispanic/Latino population in 1970, with Hispanics being enumerated in every U.S. census since then.[173] The U.S. Census Bureau also began offering Hispanics several sub-group options from which they could identify themselves, such as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, et cetera (these Hispanic sub-group options have changed over time).[176][177] The Other race category was added in 1950, and in 2000 multi-race responses were tabulated for the first time (instructions now explicitly inform respondents that they can choose multiple race boxes).[173] Because multiracial respondents are now allowed, U.S. Census data since 2000 is not directly comparable with that of previous censuses.[173] While people nowadays are enumerated by race based on self-identification, until 1950 their race on the census was mainly determined by their census enumerator.[173] During this time multiracial people who were White and of another race were usually marked down as belonging to the other race due to the One drop rule.[173] The instructions provided to enumerators endorsed this practice.

It is worth noting that some of the definitions of race in the United States changed over time. For instance, Indian Americans were previously marked as Hindu in 1920–1940, Other race in 1950–1960, and White in 1970 before being marked as Asian (Indian) since 1980.[173] The U.S. census counted certain Asian ethnic groups separately since 1870, initially counting only Chinese and Japanese, but having other categories as well since 1910.[173] It only began counting all people by ethnic ancestry since the 1980 census, though.[178] In addition to a Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question that has appeared on the census short form since 1980 (based on the US Office of Management and Budget's official categories specified in 1977). In addition, at various times the Census Bureau has also used an ancestry question. Before 1970, Alaska and Hawaii had different choices for race on their censuses in contrast to the continental United States.[173]

The United States has also used language as a way to classify people by race or ethnicity.[179] From 1910 to 1940, the Census recorded the mother tongue of the foreign-born population and their children.[180] In 1960 and 1970 the Census Bureau also used mother tongue to classify respondents by ethnicity, but the definition of mother tongue was not consistent. Since 1980, the Census Bureau has tabulated language spoken at home for people aged five or older.[181]

The 2020 United States Census might allow Middle Easterners and North Africans to write in their ethnicity/race instead of merely marking them as White.[182][183] Right now, and in the past, Arabs have been marked in the U.S. Census as White.[182] This began in the early twentieth century when Arabs coming to the United States successfully petitioned to be marked as White in order to avoid entry quotas and have a greater chance of achieving success and avoiding discrimination.[182][184]

The United States is one of the countries that uses racial and ethnic census data in order to create minority-majority districts, as is required by the 1965 Voting Rights Act.[185] These districts were created in order to increase minority representation in the United States Congress following the end of legal segregation and racial discrimination in the Southern United States.[185]

Since 1850, the United States enumerated its population by their country of birth of its population.[186] The whole U.S. population was enumerated by country of birth between 1850 and 1930 and again from 1960 to the present day.[186] Meanwhile, only the White population of the United States was enumerated by their country of birth in 1940 and 1950.[186]

Oceania edit

Australia edit

Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966, by racial origin in 1971 and 1976, by ethnic origin in 1981, and by ancestry since 1986.[187]

Fiji edit

The population of Fiji was enumerated by ethnicity from 1881 all the way up to Fiji's most recent census in 2007.[188]

Nauru edit

The population of Nauru was enumerated by ethnicity between 1947 and 1977.[6]

New Zealand edit

 
Maoris as a percentage of the total population of New Zealand in 2006.

New Zealand enumerated people by ethnicity from 1858 to the present day.[189] People were enumerated by tribal affiliation in 1901 and again from 1991 to the present day.[189]

Palau edit

Palau enumerated people by ethnicity in 1995.[6]

Papua New Guinea edit

Papua New Guinea only enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1971.[6]

South America edit

Argentina edit

Argentina enumerated its population by their country of birth from 1869 to the present day.[190]

Bolivia edit

 
Ethnic composition of Bolivia.

Bolivia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950,[6] 2001,[191] and 2012.[6][192] The 2012 census included 40 ethnic group options.[192] However, it did not include Mestizo as an option, which critics of current Bolivian President Evo Morales say was because he wants more Bolivians to identify as one of the indigenous groups in order to lend more legitimacy to his indigenous-friendly policies.[192]

Data from the census in 2012[193]
Ethnic group Total people Male Female
Afroboliviano 16.329 8.785 7.544
Araona 910 452 458
Aymara 1.191.352 592.817 598.535
Ayoreo 1.862 954 908
Baure 2.319 1.219 1.100
Canichana 617 360 257
Cavineño 2.005 1.118 887
Cayubaba 1.424 738 686
Chacobo 826 418 408
Chipaya 786 400 386
Chiquitano 87.885 45.497 42.388
Esse Ejja 695 379 316
Guaraní 58.990 29.918 29.072
Guarasugwe 42 25 17
Guarayo 13.621 6.846 6.775
Itonama 10.275 5.356 4.919
Joaquiniano 2.797 1.510 1.287
Kallawaya 7.389 3.824 3.565
Leco 9.006 4.820 4.186
Machinerí 38 25 13
Maropa 2.857 1.550 1.307
Mojeño 31.078 16.564 14.514
Moré 155 78 77
Mosetén 1.989 1.095 894
Movima 12.213 6.349 5.864
Murato 143 78 65
Pacahuara 161 85 76
Quechua 1.281.116 626.307 654.809
Sirionó 446 245 201
Tacana 11.173 6.060 5.113
Tapiete 99 59 40
Tsimane (Chimán) 6.464 3.399 3.065
Weenayek 3.322 1.686 1.636
Yaminahua 132 54 78
Yuki 202 102 100
Yuracaré 3.394 1.709 1.685
Yuracaré - Mojeño 292 171 121
other 42.188 19.861 22.327
Other not specified 4.419 2.333 2.086
Not belong 4.032.014 1.975.811 2.056.203

Brazil edit

 
Brazilian states according to the percentage of Whites in 2009.

The Brazilian census enumerated people by race in all censuses since 1872 with the exception of 1900, 1920, and 1970.[194] The Brazilian census classifies people by race as either white, black, pardo (brown), yellow (Asian), or indigenous.

Chile edit

Chile enumerated people by ethnicity in 1992.[6] The 2017 census included an option to identify as part of one of the country's indigenous groups.

Guyana edit

Guyana enumerated people by ethnicity from at least 1946 until at least 2002.[6][195]

Peru edit

Peru collected data in the 1940 census. In the 2017 census, questions about culture and ancestors were asked in more detail for the first time for the population of 12 years old and above.[196] Results were Mestizo 60.2%, Quechua 22.3%, White 5.9%, Afro-descendant 3.6%, Aymara 2.4%, Native or indigenous to the Amazon 0.3%, Asháninka 0.2%, Part of another Indigenous 0.2%, Aguaruna/Awajún 0.2%, Shipibo-Conibo/Konibo 0.1%, Japanese (Nikkei) 0.1%, Chinese (Tusan) 0.1%, Other 1.1%.[196]

See also edit

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Works cited edit

  • Karpat, Kemal H. (May 1978). "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82–1893". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 9 (2): 237–274. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000088.
  • Shaw, Standford J. (August 1978). "The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 9 (3): 325–338. doi:10.1017/S0020743800033602.

External links edit

  • Census racial/ethnic/national origin questions from various countries [Link Broken]

Historical data edit

  • Ethnicity and Race Data for every country in the world which had this census category between 1985 and 2003
  • Language Data for every country in the world which had this census category between 1985 and 2003
  • Bulgaria Ethnicity Data for 1900-2011 for the whole country and for urban and rural areas
  • Canada Ethnic Origin Data for 1871-1971 (on page 17)
  • Eastern Europe, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan Ethnicity/Nationality Data for the late 20th century and early 21st century
  • Fiji Ethnicity Data for 1881-2007
  • Ireland Ethnicity Data for 2011
  • Russia, Russian Empire, and USSR Ethnicity/Nationality Data for 1897-2010 by Guberniyas/Oblasts/SSRs
  • United Kingdom Ethnicity Data for 1991-2011
  • United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 1790-2010 for U.S. States and Counties (the 2010 data is only for subscribers)
  • United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 2000 and 2010 for U.S. States and Counties

Future population projections, including by race and/or ethnicity edit

  • Canada Population Projections for 2006-2031
  • Israel Population Projections for 2009-2059
  • Israel Population Projections for 2015-2035
  • New Zealand Population Projections for 2006-2026
  • United States Population Projections for 2015-2060

October 28, 2023
race, ethnicity, censuses, many, countries, national, censuses, currently, enumerate, have, previously, enumerated, their, populations, race, ethnicity, nationality, combination, these, characteristics, different, countries, have, different, classifications, c. Many countries and national censuses currently enumerate or have previously enumerated their populations by race ethnicity nationality or a combination of these characteristics 1 2 Different countries have different classifications and census options for race and ethnicity nationality which are not comparable with data from other countries 1 3 In addition many of the race and ethnicity concepts that appear on national censuses worldwide have their origins in Europe or in the views of Europeans rather than in the views of the locals of these countries 4 Map showing countries where the ethnicity or race of people was enumerated in at least one census since 1991 Contents 1 Africa 1 1 Angola 1 2 Benin 1 3 Botswana 1 4 Cape Verde 1 5 Central African Republic 1 6 Chad 1 7 Democratic Republic of Congo 1 8 Republic of Congo 1 9 Equatorial Guinea 1 10 Ethiopia 1 11 Gabon 1 12 Ghana 1 13 Guinea 1 14 Guinea Bissau 1 15 Ivory Coast 1 16 Kenya 1 17 Lesotho 1 18 Malawi 1 19 Mali 1 20 Mauritius 1 21 Morocco 1 22 Mozambique 1 23 Namibia 1 24 Niger 1 25 Nigeria 1 26 Rwanda 1 27 Sao Tome and Principe 1 28 Senegal 1 29 Seychelles 1 30 Somalia 1 31 South Africa 1 32 Sudan 1 33 Swaziland 1 34 Tanzania 1 35 Togo 1 36 Tunisia 1 37 Uganda 1 38 Zambia 1 39 Zimbabwe 2 Asia 2 1 Abkhazia 2 2 Afghanistan 2 3 Armenia 2 4 Azerbaijan 2 5 Bahrain 2 6 Bangladesh 2 7 Brunei 2 8 Burma 2 9 China 2 10 Cyprus 2 11 East Timor 2 12 Georgia 2 13 India 2 14 Indonesia 2 15 Israel 2 16 Kazakhstan 2 17 Kyrgyzstan 2 18 Malaysia 2 19 Mongolia 2 20 Nagorno Karabakh 2 21 Nepal 2 22 Pakistan 2 23 Palestine 2 24 Philippines 2 25 Russia Soviet Union 2 26 Singapore 2 27 Sri Lanka 2 28 Tajikistan 2 29 Thailand 2 30 Turkey 2 31 Turkmenistan 2 32 Uzbekistan 2 33 Vietnam 2 34 Yemen 3 Europe 3 1 Albania 3 2 Belarus 3 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 4 Bulgaria 3 5 Croatia 3 6 Czech Republic 3 7 Estonia 3 8 Finland 3 9 France 3 10 Germany 3 11 Hungary 3 12 Ireland 3 13 Italy 3 14 Kosovo 3 15 Latvia 3 16 Lithuania 3 17 Luxembourg 3 18 Moldova 3 19 Monaco 3 20 Montenegro 3 21 North Macedonia 3 22 Norway 3 23 Poland 3 24 Portugal 3 25 Romania 3 26 Serbia 3 27 Slovakia 3 28 Slovenia 3 29 Transnistria 3 30 Ukraine 3 31 United Kingdom 3 32 Vatican City 4 North America 4 1 Bahamas 4 2 Barbados 4 3 Belize 4 4 Bermuda 4 5 Canada 4 6 Costa Rica 4 7 Cuba 4 8 Dominica 4 9 Dominican Republic 4 10 Grenada 4 11 Guatemala 4 12 Jamaica 4 13 Mexico 4 14 Panama 4 15 Puerto Rico 4 16 United States 5 Oceania 5 1 Australia 5 2 Fiji 5 3 Nauru 5 4 New Zealand 5 5 Palau 5 6 Papua New Guinea 6 South America 6 1 Argentina 6 2 Bolivia 6 3 Brazil 6 4 Chile 6 5 Guyana 6 6 Peru 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Works cited 9 External links 9 1 Historical data 9 2 Future population projections including by race and or ethnicityAfrica editAngola edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Angola in 1970The Portuguese asked about race in colonial censuses when they controlled Angola and they provided three options White Mestizo or African Black Africans had to then pick either Assimilado assimilated or Indigenato indigenous 5 Angola has not used any racial categories since its independence in 1975 5 Tribe and language for Africans were recorded only in 1950 and 1960 5 Benin edit The people in Benin were enumerated by ethnicity in 1979 1992 and 2013 but not in 2002 6 Botswana edit Botswana enumerated people by race in all censuses between 1904 and 1946 and again in the 1964 census though not in 1956 but in no censuses after 1964 7 People were enumerated by language use in 1946 and 1956 and again in 2001 and 2011 7 Cape Verde edit Cape Verde enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950 6 Central African Republic edit The Central African Republic enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1959 1960 6 Chad edit Chad enumerated people by ethnicity in 1993 and 2009 6 Democratic Republic of Congo edit The people in the Democratic Republic of Congo were enumerated by ethnicity from 1955 to 1958 6 Republic of Congo edit The people in the Republic of Congo were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 1974 and 1984 6 Equatorial Guinea edit The population of Equatorial Guinea was enumerated by ethnicity in 1950 6 Ethiopia edit Ethiopia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1994 and in 2007 6 Gabon edit The population of Gabon was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 1961 and 1993 6 Ghana edit The population of Ghana was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 2000 6 and 2010 8 Guinea edit The population of Guinea was enumerated by ethnicity in 1955 6 Guinea Bissau edit The population of Guinea Bissau was enumerated by ethnicity in 1950 and in 2009 6 Ivory Coast edit nbsp Ethnic composition of the Ivory Coast note the map is in French The people of Ivory Coast were enumerated by ethnicity in 1948 1957 1958 and 1988 6 The ethnicity data from 1957 to 1958 was only for the rural areas of the country though 6 Kenya edit Since 1945 Kenya enumerated people by ethnicity from 1948 all the way up to its most recent census in 2009 however the 1999 census ethnicity figures were not made public 6 9 10 11 12 13 There were some concerns about asking an ethnicity equation in the 2009 census since it came just a year after the disputed Kenyan presidential election of 2007 and the riots that followed it but Kenya went through with asking about ethnicity in 2009 anyway 14 15 The number of ethnic categories and sub categories recorded in the country s census has changed significantly over time expanding from 42 in 1969 to more than 120 in 2019 16 Lesotho edit People in Lesotho were enumerated by race between 1904 and 1976 but not after 1976 17 Language was only recorded in 1946 and 1956 tribe and language for Africans were recorded only in 1950 and 1960 17 Malawi edit People in Malawi were enumerated by race between 1911 and 1987 and again in 2018 18 They were enumerated by language only in 1966 1998 and 2008 18 They were enumerated by tribal affiliation only in 1926 1945 and 2008 18 Mali edit Mali enumerated people in some parts of the country by ethnicity in 1950 6 Mauritius edit Mauritius enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1952 1962 and 1972 6 Morocco edit nbsp Ethnolinguistic composition of Morocco Morocco enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950 and 1971 6 The 2014 census enumerated people by nationality 19 Mozambique edit People in Mozambique were counted by race only in 1894 1970 1997 2007 and 2017 20 The race categories in Mozambique were the same ones as in Angola due to both being controlled by Portugal before acquiring their independence 20 People were counted by language in all censuses since 1940 20 Namibia edit People in Namibia were enumerated by race in all 20th century censuses but not in the 2001 census They were enumerated by language in all censuses since 1951 21 Niger edit Niger enumerated people by ethnicity in 1959 1960 and 2001 6 Nigeria edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Nigeria Nigeria enumerated people by ethnicity in 1963 6 In addition Nigeria has announced plans to enumerate its population by ethnicity in its 2016 census 22 Rwanda edit Rwanda enumerated people by ethnicity from 1933 34 until 1991 6 23 Due to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the ethnic hatred and tensions that caused it the Rwandan census of 2002 did not enumerate people by ethnicity 24 Sao Tome and Principe edit Sao Tome and Principe enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950 and 1960 6 Senegal edit The people of Senegal were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 1961 1988 and 2002 6 Seychelles edit The people of the Seychelles were enumerated by ethnicity in 1947 1987 and 1994 6 Somalia edit In the pre independence period in Somalia the colonial administrations in British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland officially classified the ethnic Somali majority within the two territories as Hamitic 25 26 The Italian Somaliland census of 1935 reported that the remaining 6 2 of the area s population consisted of Negroid groups including the Bantu ethnic minorities inhabiting the southern riverine region 27 These census designations were at the time pre assigned rather than based on self reporting Following independence in 1960 no official census was taken until 1975 This first post independence national census only collected information on district of birth 28 However the general government literature maintained that the country s ethnic Somali majority was of Hamitic stock or alternately of Arab heritage 29 Similarly Article 3 of the Provision Constitution adopted in 2012 indicates that Somalia is an Arab nation 30 In 2014 the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation also announced that it would release a new national population census before 2016 31 South Africa edit See also Population Registration Act 1950 nbsp Whites as a percentage of the total South African population in 2011 South Africa has enumerated people by race in all of its censuses since 1904 32 Five population group options are provided in response to the question How would name describe him herself in terms of population group Black African Coloured Indian or Asian White and Other 33 South Africa has also asked about language use since 1921 for white South Africans and since 1936 for all races 32 Sudan edit Sudan enumerated people by ethnicity in 1956 6 Swaziland edit The Swazi census counted people by race in all censuses between 1904 and 1976 34 People were counted by ethnic group and tribe only in 1966 and 1976 34 Tanzania edit The Tanzanian census enumerated people by race from colonial times until 1967 by ethnicity and tribe from colonial times until 1973 It enumerated people by language only in 1952 and 1958 35 Togo edit The people in Togo were enumerated by ethnicity in 1948 1958 1960 and 1970 6 Tunisia edit Tunisia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1956 6 Uganda edit The people of Uganda were enumerated by ethnicity from 1948 all the way up to Uganda s most recent census in 2012 6 36 with the exception of 1980 and possibly 1969 37 Zambia edit People in Zambia were not continuously counted by race before independence and when they were counted by race it were primarily the non Africans non blacks who were counted 38 People were counted by language only in 1931 while they were counted for ethnicity at various points since 1969 38 The 1969 census asked about language but not ethnic group and the 1974 census asked about ethnic group but not language The 1980 census asked about ethnic group mother tongue and language of most frequent use while the 1990 census asked about ethnic group and mother tongue The 2000 census asked about ethnic group language of most frequent use and second language 38 Zimbabwe edit People in Zimbabwe were enumerated by race between 1901 and 2012 but many censuses were done separately for Whites Europeans and Blacks Africans before the 1970s 39 People were enumerated by language only in 1982 when they were enumerated by their father s dialect 39 Asia editAbkhazia edit People in Abkhazia when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 the partially recognized state of Abkhazia also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 2003 43 and 2011 44 Afghanistan edit Prior to 2010 Afghanistan had not held a census since 1979 due to the wars and conflicts that have occurred there over those three decades since the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 45 Armenia edit People in Armenia when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Armenia also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 2001 46 and 2011 47 Azerbaijan edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan in 2003 People in Azerbaijan when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Azerbaijan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 1999 48 and 2009 49 Bahrain edit Bahrain enumerated people by ethnicity in 1965 6 and 2010 50 The 2010 Bahrain census also enumerated people by their religious beliefs 50 Bangladesh edit British India which Bangladesh was a part of enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941 51 Brunei edit Since 1945 Brunei enumerated people by ethnicity in all censuses since 1947 6 52 Burma edit The people in Burma also known as Myanmar were enumerated by ethnicity in 1931 53 and 1953 6 A new census which plans to enumerate the people of Burma by ethnicity and race is planned to be held in 2014 53 54 The 1931 Burmese census generated a lot of anger from non Burmese ethnic groups who were marked as Burmese on the census 53 There is hope that the scheduled 2014 Burma Census will help empower the various ethnic groups in Burma 54 China edit nbsp Ethnolinguistic groups in China in 1983The People s Republic of China counted people by ethnicity since at least 1952 but does not count people by mother tongue 55 Cyprus edit The people of Cyprus were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 6 East Timor edit East Timor enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950 6 Georgia edit People in Georgia when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Georgia also enumerated people by ethnicity in both post Soviet censuses in 2002 and 2014 56 India edit When it was a British colony India enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941 51 Indonesia edit nbsp Ethnic composition of IndonesiaIndonesia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1930 2000 and 2010 but not in any other censuses 57 Israel edit nbsp Arabs in Israel by natural region 2018The census in Israel directly asked people about their ethnicity only in 1983 6 However Israel has used the religion question on its census to determine the ethnic composition of its population from 1948 to the present day 58 59 Israel has enumerated its Jewish population by their continent of birth since 1948 60 Kazakhstan edit nbsp European ethnicities as a percentage of the total population in Kazakhstan in 2022 note map is in Russian People in Kazakhstan when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Kazakhstan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 1999 61 and 2009 62 Kyrgyzstan edit People in Kyrgyzstan when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Kyrgyzstan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 1999 63 and 2009 64 65 Malaysia edit People in Malaysia were enumerated by ethnicity race from 1871 to the present day 66 Mongolia edit Mongolia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1963 and 2000 6 Nagorno Karabakh edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Nagorno Karabakh in 1989People in Nagorno Karabakh when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 the de facto independent state of Nagorno Karabakh also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post Soviet census of 2005 67 Nepal edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Nepal note that Kulu Rodu Kulung territories are mistakenly marked as Tamu Gurung territories in this map Nepal enumerated people by ethnicity in 1991 and 2001 6 Pakistan edit British India which Pakistan was a part of enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941 51 Palestine edit The population in the Palestinian territories was enumerated by ethnicity in 1997 6 Philippines edit nbsp Ethnic composition of the Philippines in 2000 The Philippines enumerated their population by ethnicity in 1948 1970 6 2000 and 2010 Russia Soviet Union edit nbsp Dominant ethnicity in each Russian oblast in 2010The Russian Empire began counting people by native tongue with its first modern census in 1897 40 In 1920 the Soviet Union replaced this question with a question about ethnicity 68 The Soviet government organized lists of ethnicities and wanted to shape these various ethnic groups in the mold of Communism 69 In the words of Soviet politician Anastas Mikoyan the Soviet Union was creating and organising new nations 69 The government of the U S S R was eager to get ethnic data for many ethnic groups in order to create republics and autonomous regions for many of these ethnic groups and nationalities and later on under Joseph Stalin in order to deport some of them 70 71 The Bolsheviks also wanted to get more support from ethnic minority groups within the Soviet Union many of whom were previously oppressed under Tsarist rule 71 The Soviet Union continued to ask about ethnicity for the rest of its existence and Russia also asked about ethnicity in its two post Soviet censuses of 2002 and 2010 72 Unlike in 1989 the 2002 census did not require respondents to prove their ethnicity nationality when they responded to this question 73 The number of ethnicity nationality options available on Soviet censuses was enormous the Soviet Union offered 194 different choices for ethnicity nationality in its 1926 census 74 There were 97 options in 1939 126 options in 1959 122 options in 1970 123 options in 1979 and 128 options for the Soviet Union in 1989 74 There were 192 ethnicity nationality options for Russia in 2002 74 Singapore edit The people in Singapore were numerated by ethnicity from at least 1947 up to the most recent Singaporean census in 2010 6 75 Sri Lanka edit This article s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information November 2019 Sri Lanka enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1971 1981 and 2012 6 Tajikistan edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Tajikistan in 1992People in Tajikistan when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Tajikistan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses in 2000 and 2010 76 Thailand edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Thailand in 1974Thailand enumerated people by ethnicity in 1947 6 Turkey edit Between 1881 and 1893 the Ottoman Empire implemented its first census which enumerated the people in the empire by ethnicity 77 78 Some other censuses and studies were conducted in the Ottoman Empire for enumerating the population by ethnicity after the first Ottoman census 77 78 Turkmenistan edit People in Turkmenistan when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Turkmenistan also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post Soviet census in 1995 79 Uzbekistan edit People in Uzbekistan when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 The Soviet Union to which Uzbekistan also belonged enumerated people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Uzbekistan has not conducted any censuses at all since 1989 80 Vietnam edit Communist North Vietnam enumerated people by ethnicity in 1960 when Vietnam was still divided into two countries 81 After Vietnamese reunification Vietnam enumerated its population by ethnicity from 1979 up to the most recent census in 2019 81 82 83 Yemen edit nbsp Ethnoreligious composition of Yemen in 2002 Yemen enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1994 6 The British Colony of Aden which is within Yemen s current borders enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1946 and 1955 6 Europe editAlbania edit Albania enumerated people by ethnicity in 1955 6 1989 84 and 2011 85 86 The 2011 Albanian census also enumerated people by language used and by their religious beliefs 85 86 Belarus edit nbsp Belarusians as a percentage of the total population in Belarus in 2009 note map is in Ukrainian People in Belarus when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Belarus also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 1999 87 and 2009 88 Bosnia and Herzegovina edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991 The population of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been enumerated by ethnicity since at least 1885 including the recent censuses in 1991 and 2013 89 90 Bulgaria edit nbsp Dominant ethnicities in Bulgaria in 2011Bulgaria enumerated people by mother tongue in 1880 and 1887 and used this info to determine their ethnicities 91 Bulgaria directly enumerated people by ethnicity from 1900 all the way up to its most recent census in 2011 with the exception of the 1985 census 92 Croatia edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Croatia in 2011The people of Croatia have been enumerated by ethnicity nationality from at least 1953 including the censuses of 2001 and 2011 6 93 94 Czech Republic edit Czechoslovakia of which the territory of the Czech Republic was a part enumerated people by ethnicity in 1921 and 1930 and the Czech Republic did the same thing from 1991 to the present day 95 Estonia edit People in Estonia were enumerated by ethnicity nationality from 1922 to the present day 96 97 98 People in Estonia were also enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 During this time period Estonia was under the control of the Russian Empire then independent then excluding World War II under the control of the Soviet Union and then independent again since 1991 99 There were 192 different ethnicity nationality options in the 2011 Estonian census 100 Finland edit Finland has enumerated its population by language of most frequent use from at least 1990 to the present day 101 France edit France has not counted individuals by race or ethnicity since at least 1978 when a law was passed that prevented individuals from being enumerated by these categories without their consent or a state committee waiver 102 103 The reasons for this are that many French people consider asking people about race and ethnicity to be a contradiction of their principle of equality and equal treatment for all French people 42 Also there is a desire to avoid repeating what Vichy France did in regards to its Jewish population and to prevent the National Front from getting more popularity 42 102 Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and his administration supported and proposed counting French people by race and ethnicity 104 Due to criticism however this proposal was never implemented and as of 2013 former French President Francois Hollande opposes enumerating people by race and ethnicity 105 Germany edit Nazi Germany enumerated its citizens of Jewish descent in 1939 based on the percent of Jewish ancestry that they had 106 Hungary edit nbsp Ethnic composition of the regions of Austria Hungary in 1910Hungary enumerated people by ethnicity in 1880 between 1900 and 1941 107 108 and again from 1980 to the present day 6 Ireland edit The 2002 Irish census enumerated people by their place of birth and their country of citizenship 109 Ireland introduced an ethnicity question to its census in 2006 The 2011 Irish census enumerated people by ethnicity as well and offered the options White Irish White Irish Traveller Other White Black or Black Irish with options for African and Other Black Asian or Asian Irish with options for Chinese and Other Asian Other and Not Stated 110 Italy edit Censuses in Italy do not inquire about race or ethnicity Only information disposable are those of civil registers where only the country of birth is noted down citation needed Kosovo edit nbsp Dominant ethnicities in Kosovo in 2005The population of Kosovo was enumerated by ethnicity from 1990s all the way up to the present day 111 112 Latvia edit nbsp Ethnic Russians as a percentage of the total population in the Baltic States 2011People in Latvia when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 Latvia enumerated people by ethnicity between 1920 and 1935 113 The Soviet Union occupied Latvia in 1940 and it enumerated people there by ethnicity from 1959 to 1989 42 Latvia also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 2000 114 and 2011 115 Lithuania edit People in Lithuania when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 Lithuania enumerated people by ethnicity in its 1923 census and in its 1925 census of its Klaipeda region 116 The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in 1940 and it enumerated people there by ethnicity from 1959 to 1989 42 Lithuania also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses of 2001 117 and 2011 118 Luxembourg edit It is illegal to collect statistics about the race ethnicity religion or ancestry of Luxembourg citizens citation needed Moldova edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Moldova in 1989People in Moldova when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Moldova also enumerated people by ethnicity in both its post Soviet censuses in 2004 119 and 2014 120 Monaco edit Monaco enumerated people by ethnicity in 1982 6 Montenegro edit nbsp Dominant ethnicities in Montenegro in 2011The population of Montenegro was enumerated by ethnicity from 1909 up to its most recent census in 2011 121 122 123 North Macedonia edit nbsp Ethnic composition of North Macedonia in 2002 People in North Macedonia were enumerated by ethnicity nationality from at least 1921 all the way up to the present day 124 In the most recent census in 2002 64 2 of the population declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians The second largest ethnic group in the country was the ethnic Albanians with 25 2 Other major ethnic groups were Turks 3 9 Romani 2 7 and Serbs 1 8 125 Norway edit Norway enumerated the population in the northern part of the country by ethnicity between 1845 and 1930 126 In the census of 1970 in limited areas in Northern Norway people were identified by ethnicity and language Such information has not been included in any census since then 127 Poland edit People in Poland when the country was still occupied by the Russian Empire were enumerated allegedly by their native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 Sovereign Poland enumerated people by ethnicity nationality in 1921 128 It enumerated people by mother tongue in 1931 and used this data to determine ethnicity nationality 129 After World War II the Communist Polish government did not enumerate people by nationality ethnicity 129 The post Communist 2002 Polish census did enumerate people by nationality ethnicity and language used at home 129 Portugal edit Census in Portugal do not include a question regarding individuals ethnic or racial background A question of this kind was recommended to be included for the first time for the 2021 census Censos 2021 130 which sparked some controversy The question was ultimately not included although a question about religion was included 131 A questionnaire regarding ethnicity was planned by the Instituto Nacional de Estatistica for late 2021 132 Romania edit nbsp Ethnic map of Romania in 2011Romania enumerated people by ethnicity in 1859 1860 133 1887 134 1899 135 and in every census since 1930 with the exception of the 1948 census which enumerated people only by mother tongue 136 137 138 139 The World Jewish Congress also carried out a census of Romania s Jewish population in 1947 140 Serbia edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Serbia in 2002In addition to Yugoslavia enumerating people by ethnicity nationality Serbia enumerated people by ethnicity nationality in its 2002 and 2011 censuses 141 142 Slovakia edit The population of Slovakia was enumerated by ethnicity nationality since 1910 all the way up to the present day 143 144 145 Slovenia edit The population of Slovenia was enumerated by ethnicity since 1953 all the way up to the present day 146 Transnistria edit People in Transnistria when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 the de facto independent country of Transnistria also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post Soviet censuses in 2004 and 2015 147 Romania also enumerated people in Transnistria by ethnicity in its 1941 census 148 Ukraine edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Ukraine in 2001People in Ukraine when it was still a part of the Russian Empire were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census 40 41 In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence 42 Ukraine also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post Soviet census in 2001 149 United Kingdom edit The United Kingdom began counting people by ethnicity in 1991 150 There eventually became more of an interest in enumerating ethnic minorities after large scale racial minority immigration to the United Kingdom began in the post World War II era 151 The United Kingdom previously planned to enumerate people by ethnicity in 1981 but changed its mind after the large non response rate to this question in the 1979 Test Census In 1979 many ethnic minorities refused to answer this question due to the fear of deportation 152 In the 2011 census the ethnic group options for England and Wales were White Mixed Asian British Black British Chinese or other ethnic group and Not stated with ethnic origin sub group choices for most of these 153 The census in the United Kingdom also included a question on country of citizenship between 1851 and 1961 4 Vatican City edit Vatican City enumerated people by ethnicity in 1948 6 North America editBahamas edit The population of the Bahamas was enumerated by ethnicity in 1953 and again in 2010 6 Barbados edit The population of Barbados was enumerated by ethnicity in 1946 1960 1970 and 1980 6 Belize edit Back when Belize was British Honduras it enumerated people by ethnicity in 1946 Since gaining independence Belize has enumerated people by ethnicity from 1980 all the way up to its most recent census in 2010 Bermuda edit The people of Bermuda were enumerated by ethnicity since at least 1950 all the way up to the present day 6 154 Canada edit nbsp A map of the largest ethnic ancestry in different regions of Canada in 2021 Canada counted people by ethnic origin in 1765 and again from at least 1871 to 2006 with the exception of 1891 155 156 157 158 The options for ethnicity in the 2006 Canadian census were various kinds of European Canadian Aboriginal Canadian and various non white or non European groups known officially as visible minorities 156 The 2011 Canadian census did not ask about race and ethnicity 159 but the new voluntary National Household Survey NHS for that year did ask about race and ethnicity as well as many other questions that were previously asked on the Canadian census 160 Prior to the 1981 Canadian census respondents could only mark one ethnicity ethnic ancestry but the 1981 census and all future ones allowed multiple ethnicity responses 157 Canada also enumerated its population by place of birth from 1871 to the present day 161 162 Costa Rica edit Costa Rica enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950 6 Cuba edit Cuba enumerated people by race since 1774 to the most recent official census in 2012 163 164 Dominica edit The people in Dominica were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and 1981 6 Dominican Republic edit The people in the Dominican Republic were enumerated by ethnicity in 1950 6 Grenada edit The people of Grenada were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and 1981 6 Guatemala edit Guatemala has enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950 1964 2002 and 2018 6 Jamaica edit The population of Jamaica was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and again from 1982 all the way up to the present day 6 165 166 Mexico edit Mexico enumerates people on whether or not they speak Spanish or indigenous languages 167 Mexico does not enumerate its population by race and ethnicity directly 167 Panama edit Panama has enumerated people by ethnicity from the 1970 census all the way up to its most recent census in 2010 6 168 People in the then United States controlled Panama Canal Zone were numerated by ethnicity in 1950 and 1960 6 Puerto Rico edit Puerto Rico enumerated people by race in its census since at least 1877 with the exception of the period from 1960 to 1990 United States edit Further information Race and ethnicity in the United States Census nbsp The plurality not majority ethnic ancestry in each county in the United States of AmericaBefore the U S acquired independence from Great Britain many of the Thirteen Colonies conducted censuses of their own where they enumerated their populations by race 169 170 The United States as a whole enumerated people by race in every census since its first census in 1790 171 Part of the reason why the United States began counting people by race much sooner than many other countries was due to the Three Fifths Compromise which determined the amount of representation that Southern states had based on how many slaves they had slaves were counted as three fifths of a person for representation purposes and a new census every ten years was needed to enumerate the current slave population 172 Initially the United States Census only counted Americans as either white or black with blacks classified as either free or slaves until 1860 slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865 173 Over time the United States has also added some other racial categories as well 173 Asian and Native American categories were added in 1860 173 However the first census to enumerate all Native Americans occurred in 1890 173 Before that point Native Americans living on reservations were not counted and thus most Native Americans in the U S were not counted in census data before 1890 173 Between 1850 and 1870 and in 1890 1910 and 1920 the U S Census Bureau also enumerated Mulattoes and sometimes other partially black groups Quadroons and Octoroons separately 173 The U S Census Bureau counted Mexicans as a separate race in 1930 174 and tried to retroactively determine the number of Mexicans in the U S in 1910 and 1920 as well 173 President Franklin D Roosevelt promoted a good neighbor policy that sought better relations with Mexico In 1935 a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white as required by federal law Mexico protested and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white The State Department the Census Bureau the Labor Department and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness 175 Hispanics were counted as whites in 1940 but for the first time ever the U S made an attempt to measure the size of the Hispanic population that year 173 The U S resumed enumerating its Hispanic Latino population in 1970 with Hispanics being enumerated in every U S census since then 173 The U S Census Bureau also began offering Hispanics several sub group options from which they could identify themselves such as Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban et cetera these Hispanic sub group options have changed over time 176 177 The Other race category was added in 1950 and in 2000 multi race responses were tabulated for the first time instructions now explicitly inform respondents that they can choose multiple race boxes 173 Because multiracial respondents are now allowed U S Census data since 2000 is not directly comparable with that of previous censuses 173 While people nowadays are enumerated by race based on self identification until 1950 their race on the census was mainly determined by their census enumerator 173 During this time multiracial people who were White and of another race were usually marked down as belonging to the other race due to the One drop rule 173 The instructions provided to enumerators endorsed this practice It is worth noting that some of the definitions of race in the United States changed over time For instance Indian Americans were previously marked as Hindu in 1920 1940 Other race in 1950 1960 and White in 1970 before being marked as Asian Indian since 1980 173 The U S census counted certain Asian ethnic groups separately since 1870 initially counting only Chinese and Japanese but having other categories as well since 1910 173 It only began counting all people by ethnic ancestry since the 1980 census though 178 In addition to a Hispanic Latino ethnicity question that has appeared on the census short form since 1980 based on the US Office of Management and Budget s official categories specified in 1977 In addition at various times the Census Bureau has also used an ancestry question Before 1970 Alaska and Hawaii had different choices for race on their censuses in contrast to the continental United States 173 The United States has also used language as a way to classify people by race or ethnicity 179 From 1910 to 1940 the Census recorded the mother tongue of the foreign born population and their children 180 In 1960 and 1970 the Census Bureau also used mother tongue to classify respondents by ethnicity but the definition of mother tongue was not consistent Since 1980 the Census Bureau has tabulated language spoken at home for people aged five or older 181 The 2020 United States Census might allow Middle Easterners and North Africans to write in their ethnicity race instead of merely marking them as White 182 183 Right now and in the past Arabs have been marked in the U S Census as White 182 This began in the early twentieth century when Arabs coming to the United States successfully petitioned to be marked as White in order to avoid entry quotas and have a greater chance of achieving success and avoiding discrimination 182 184 The United States is one of the countries that uses racial and ethnic census data in order to create minority majority districts as is required by the 1965 Voting Rights Act 185 These districts were created in order to increase minority representation in the United States Congress following the end of legal segregation and racial discrimination in the Southern United States 185 Since 1850 the United States enumerated its population by their country of birth of its population 186 The whole U S population was enumerated by country of birth between 1850 and 1930 and again from 1960 to the present day 186 Meanwhile only the White population of the United States was enumerated by their country of birth in 1940 and 1950 186 Oceania editAustralia edit Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966 by racial origin in 1971 and 1976 by ethnic origin in 1981 and by ancestry since 1986 187 Fiji edit The population of Fiji was enumerated by ethnicity from 1881 all the way up to Fiji s most recent census in 2007 188 Nauru edit The population of Nauru was enumerated by ethnicity between 1947 and 1977 6 New Zealand edit nbsp Maoris as a percentage of the total population of New Zealand in 2006 New Zealand enumerated people by ethnicity from 1858 to the present day 189 People were enumerated by tribal affiliation in 1901 and again from 1991 to the present day 189 Palau edit Palau enumerated people by ethnicity in 1995 6 Papua New Guinea edit Papua New Guinea only enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1971 6 South America editArgentina edit Argentina enumerated its population by their country of birth from 1869 to the present day 190 Bolivia edit nbsp Ethnic composition of Bolivia Bolivia enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950 6 2001 191 and 2012 6 192 The 2012 census included 40 ethnic group options 192 However it did not include Mestizo as an option which critics of current Bolivian President Evo Morales say was because he wants more Bolivians to identify as one of the indigenous groups in order to lend more legitimacy to his indigenous friendly policies 192 Data from the census in 2012 193 Ethnic group Total people Male FemaleAfroboliviano 16 329 8 785 7 544Araona 910 452 458Aymara 1 191 352 592 817 598 535Ayoreo 1 862 954 908Baure 2 319 1 219 1 100Canichana 617 360 257Cavineno 2 005 1 118 887Cayubaba 1 424 738 686Chacobo 826 418 408Chipaya 786 400 386Chiquitano 87 885 45 497 42 388Esse Ejja 695 379 316Guarani 58 990 29 918 29 072Guarasugwe 42 25 17Guarayo 13 621 6 846 6 775Itonama 10 275 5 356 4 919Joaquiniano 2 797 1 510 1 287Kallawaya 7 389 3 824 3 565Leco 9 006 4 820 4 186Machineri 38 25 13Maropa 2 857 1 550 1 307Mojeno 31 078 16 564 14 514More 155 78 77Moseten 1 989 1 095 894Movima 12 213 6 349 5 864Murato 143 78 65Pacahuara 161 85 76Quechua 1 281 116 626 307 654 809Siriono 446 245 201Tacana 11 173 6 060 5 113Tapiete 99 59 40Tsimane Chiman 6 464 3 399 3 065Weenayek 3 322 1 686 1 636Yaminahua 132 54 78Yuki 202 102 100Yuracare 3 394 1 709 1 685Yuracare Mojeno 292 171 121other 42 188 19 861 22 327Other not specified 4 419 2 333 2 086Not belong 4 032 014 1 975 811 2 056 203 Brazil edit nbsp Brazilian states according to the percentage of Whites in 2009 The Brazilian census enumerated people by race in all censuses since 1872 with the exception of 1900 1920 and 1970 194 The Brazilian census classifies people by race as either white black pardo brown yellow Asian or indigenous Chile edit Chile enumerated people by ethnicity in 1992 6 The 2017 census included an option to identify as part of one of the country s indigenous groups Guyana edit Guyana enumerated people by ethnicity from at least 1946 until at least 2002 6 195 Peru edit Peru collected data in the 1940 census In the 2017 census questions about culture and ancestors were asked in more detail for the first time for the population of 12 years old and above 196 Results were Mestizo 60 2 Quechua 22 3 White 5 9 Afro descendant 3 6 Aymara 2 4 Native or indigenous to the Amazon 0 3 Ashaninka 0 2 Part of another Indigenous 0 2 Aguaruna Awajun 0 2 Shipibo Conibo Konibo 0 1 Japanese Nikkei 0 1 Chinese Tusan 0 1 Other 1 1 196 See also editAncestry Census Demography Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States IBM and the Holocaust Majority minority Population and housing censuses by country Race and ethnicity in Brazil Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Visible minorities Languages in censusesReferences edit a b RACE The Power of an Illusion Go Deeper PBS Retrieved 2013 03 21 Fenton Steve 2013 05 02 Ethnicity Steve Fenton Google Books ISBN 9780745658438 Retrieved 2013 06 20 Approaches To Racial And Ethnic Classification PDF Retrieved 2013 03 16 a b David I Kertzer Dominique Arel Census and identity The Politics of Race Ethnicity and Language in National Censuses PDF Cambridge University Retrieved 2 December 2012 a b c Angola Institutionalized Ethnicity 29 July 2011 Retrieved 2012 09 22 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn Ethnicity A Review of Data Collection and Dissemination PDF United Nations Statistics Division August 2003 Retrieved 30 November 2012 a b Botswana Institutionalized Ethnicity 29 July 2011 Retrieved 2012 09 22 Major Trading Currencies 5 June 2012 Group not satisfied with 2010 Ghana census report Ghana Business News Retrieved 2013 03 21 Maurice Odhiambo Makoloo Kenya Minorities Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Diversity Report Minority Rights Group International Archived from the original on June 14 2008 Kenya Population Distribution Kenya rcbowen com Retrieved 2012 12 03 Kenya Holds First Census In A Decade Causes Outcry Over Ethnic Identity Huffingtonpost com Associated Press 2009 08 25 Retrieved 2012 12 03 Welcome to Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Knbs or ke Archived from the original on 2013 04 24 Retrieved 2012 12 03 Kenya 2009 Census Data Population by Ethnic Affiliation Mars Group Kenya Retrieved 2012 12 03 Nyambura Helen 2009 08 25 Ethnic question in Kenya census stokes suspicions Reuters Retrieved 2012 12 03 Balaton Chrimes Samantha Cooley Laurence 3 December 2021 To count or not to count Insights from Kenya for global debates about enumerating ethnicity in national censuses PDF Ethnicities SAGE Publications 22 3 146879682110563 doi 10 1177 14687968211056379 ISSN 1468 7968 S2CID 244893091 Balaton Chrimes Samantha 2020 Who are Kenya s 42 tribes The census and the political utility of magical uncertainty Journal of Eastern African Studies 15 43 62 doi 10 1080 17531055 2020 1863642 ISSN 1753 1055 S2CID 231681524 a b Lesotho Institutionalized Ethnicity 29 July 2011 Retrieved 2012 09 22 a b c Malawi Institutionalized Ethnicity 29 July 2011 Retrieved 2012 09 22 Note sur les premiers resultats du Recensement General de la Population et de l Habitat 2014 docx Haut Commissariat au Plan Retrieved 24 July 2015 in French a b c Mozambique Institutionalized Ethnicity 29 July 2011 Retrieved 2012 09 22 Namibia Institutionalized Ethnicity 8 August 2011 Retrieved 2012 09 22 Nigeria to include religion ethnicity in 2016 census Africa World Bulletin 2013 08 22 Retrieved 2013 09 01 Kiwuwa David E 2012 Ethnic Politics and Democratic Transition in Rwanda Abingdon Routledge p 71 ISBN 978 0415616089 Agence France Presse 2002 08 16 Ethnic origins ignored in Rwanda s first census since genocide ReliefWeb Reliefweb int Retrieved 2012 12 03 An Economic Survey of the Colonial Territories Volumes 1 4 Great Britain Colonial Office 1952 p 122 Retrieved 22 November 2014 Ethnographic Survey of Africa Volume 5 Issue 1 International African Institute 1969 pp 45 amp 50 Retrieved 22 November 2014 Menkhaus Ken 2003 Bantu ethnic identities in 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American Institute Aaiusa org Archived from the original on 2014 08 26 Retrieved 2013 06 20 a b Luke Keele Ismail White December 13 2011 African American Turnout in Majority Minority Districts PDF a b c Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign Born Population of the United States 1850 2000 Census gov Retrieved 2013 03 21 2071 0 Reflecting a Nation Stories from the 2011 Census July 2011 Abs gov au 2012 06 20 Retrieved 2013 04 06 1 1 CENSUS OF POPULATION NY ETHNICITY 1881 2007 PDF Fiji Bureau of Statistics June 2012 Archived from the original PDF on November 14 2012 a b Introduction to the Census Statistics New Zealand Stats govt nz 2006 11 24 Retrieved 2013 03 21 Tendencias recientes de la Inmigracion internacional PDF Indec February 2004 ISSN 0329 7586 Archived from the original PDF on August 24 2007 CEPAL Naciones Unidas CEPAL Los pueblos indigenas de Bolivia diagnostico sociodemografico a partir del censo del 2001 Eclac org Retrieved 2013 03 21 a b c Bolivia s Census Omits Mestizo as Category ABC News Abcnews go com Retrieved 2013 03 21 Census in Bolivia PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 09 Mapping the ethno racial composition of the Brazilian population has long been viewed as problematic due principally to the am PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 1 2003 Retrieved 2013 03 21 Bureau of Statistics Guyana Statisticsguyana gov gy Retrieved 2013 03 21 a b Peru Perfil Sociodemografico PDF Report Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica p 214 Retrieved 5 March 2020 Works cited edit Karpat Kemal H May 1978 Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881 82 1893 International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 2 237 274 doi 10 1017 S0020743800000088 Shaw Standford J August 1978 The Ottoman Census System and Population 1831 1914 International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 3 325 338 doi 10 1017 S0020743800033602 External links editCensus racial ethnic national origin questions from various countries Link Broken Historical data edit Ethnicity and Race Data for every country in the world which had this census category between 1985 and 2003 Language Data for every country in the world which had this census category between 1985 and 2003 Bulgaria Ethnicity Data for 1900 2011 for the whole country and for urban and rural areas Canada Ethnic Origin Data for 1871 1971 on page 17 Eastern Europe Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan Ethnicity Nationality Data for the late 20th century and early 21st century Fiji Ethnicity Data for 1881 2007 Ireland Ethnicity Data for 2011 Israel Ethnicity Data for 1948 2011 for Israeli Districts and Sub Districts Russia Russian Empire and USSR Ethnicity Nationality Data for 1897 2010 by Guberniyas Oblasts SSRs United Kingdom Ethnicity Data for 1991 2011 United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 1790 1990 for U S Regions and States United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 1790 1990 for Large Cities and Other Urban Places United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 1790 2010 for U S States and Counties the 2010 data is only for subscribers United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 2000 and 2010 for U S States and CountiesFuture population projections including by race and or ethnicity edit Canada Population Projections for 2006 2031 Israel Population Projections for 2009 2059 Israel Population Projections for 2015 2035 New Zealand Population Projections for 2006 2026 United States Population Projections for 2015 2060 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Race and ethnicity in censuses amp oldid 1174183686, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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