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European Canadians

September 28, 2023

European Canadians, or Euro-Canadians, are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Europe.[2][3] They form the largest panethnic group within Canada.

In the 2021 Canadian census, 19,062,115 Canadians self-identified as having origins from European countries, forming approximately 52.5% of the total Canadian population.[4] Due to changes in the census format, these totals are not directly comparable with previous censuses. Further, as the census permitted a respondent to enter up to six possible ethnic origins in their census questionnaire, this figure includes individual respondents that reported a mixed ancestry of both European and non-European origins. Therefore, it is not possible to accurately assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population, or a precise change from previous years.[5]

Terminology Edit

As with other panethnic groups, Statistics Canada records ethnic ancestry by employing the term "European origins" under the ethnic origin population section in the census data,[6] but does not specifically use the term "European Canadian". "Euro-Canadians" and "European Canadians" are terms primarily used by those opposed to immigration to Canada from the Third World, and their use has been criticised as conflating distinctions between very different European groups and nationalities.[7] Those employing the terms can recognise that most Canadians of European descent do not see that as their collective identity and instead identify with a specific ethnicity or country of ancestral origin, characterising themselves as for example "Anglo" or "Québecois" rather than as part of a larger "Euro-Canadian" group.[8] For most of the history of European settlement in North America, the French and the English were seen as two distinct races, with distinct cultures and national spirits.[9][10]

Statistics Canada has cautioned that "the reporting of ethnicity, and subsequent interpretation of the results, has become increasingly complex due to a number of factors, and poses challenges for historical data comparisons. The concept of ethnicity is fluid and is probably one of the more complex concepts measured in the census."[11] As well, patterns of self-reporting ethnic origins on the census vary with different population groups in Canada, with particular fluidity on self-reporting of the category "Canadian".[12][13] Use of statistics in this subject area must be approached with these cautions in mind. The sum of the identified ethnic groups is greater than the total population estimate, because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census,[14]: note103 [12] therefore, it is not entirely accurate to assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population.

The phrase "Euro-Canadian" can sometimes be a term used by members of the far right who express racist ideology, as for example in the name "Euro-Canadian Freedom Front", a telephone hotline maintained by the neo-Nazi Heritage Front in the 1990s.[15][16]

Subgroups Edit

There are several subgroups of Canadians of European origin.[17] Although approximately defined categories (due to imprecise, or ethnocultural, regionalization of the continent), the subgroups have been utilized widely in ethnic and cultural identification.[18][19] This is especially relevant in diaspora, as is the case with European people in Canada.[20]

Statistics Canada does not use the term "European Canadian". The 2021 census asked individuals to self-identify their ethnic origins,[14] within seven general categories:

History Edit

 
A reconstruction of Norse buildings at the UNESCO listed L'Anse aux Meadows site in Newfoundland, Canada. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that iron working, carpentry, and boat repair were conducted at the site.[21]

The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the Saga of Eric the Red and the Viking expedition of 1010 AD to Vinland (literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to the island of Newfoundland. The Viking prince Thorfinn Karlsefni took two Scottish slaves to Vinland.[22] When the longships moored along the coast, they sent the slaves ashore to run along the waterfront to gauge whether it was safe for the rest of the crew to follow. After the Scots survived a day without being attacked, by either human or animal, the Vikings deemed it safe to spend the night ashore. The expedition was abandoned three years later; the original sagas were passed on in an oral tradition and then written down 250 years later.

16th century Edit

English Canadian history starts with the attempts to establish English settlements in Newfoundland in the sixteenth century. The first English settlement in present-day Canada was at St. Johns Newfoundland, in 1583. Newfoundland's population was significantly influenced by Irish and English immigration, much of it as a result of the migratory fishery in the decades prior to the Great Famine of Ireland.

The first recorded Irish presence in the area of present-day Canada dates from 1536, when Irish fishermen from Cork traveled to Newfoundland.

17th century Edit

The French were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now Canada. French settlers from Normandy, Perche, Beauce, Brittany, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, Poitou, Aunis, Angoumois, Saintonge and Gascony were the first Europeans to permanently colonize what is now Quebec, parts of Ontario, Acadia, and select areas of Western Canada, all in Canada (See French colonization of the Americas.) Their colonies of New France (also commonly called Canada) stretched across what today are the Maritime provinces, southern Quebec and Ontario, as well as the entire Mississippi River Valley.

Hélène Desportes is considered the first child with European ancestry to be born in New France. She was born circa 1620, to Pierre Desportes (born Lisieux, Normandie, France) and Françoise Langlois.[23]

The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608 as fur trading posts. The territories of New France were Canada, Acadia (later renamed Nova Scotia), and Louisiana. The inhabitants of the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec) called themselves the Canadiens, and came mostly from northwestern France.[24] The early inhabitants of Acadia, or Acadians (Acadiens), came mostly but not exclusively from the southwestern regions of France.

Canadien explorers and fur traders would come to be known as coureurs des bois and voyageurs, while those who settled on farms in Canada would come to be known as habitants. Many French Canadians are the descendants of the King's Daughters (Filles du Roi) of this era. A few also are the descendants of mixed French and Algonquian marriages (see also Metis people and Acadian people).[citation needed]

18th century Edit

Early to mid century Edit

The area that forms the present day province of Nova Scotia was contested by the British and French in the eighteenth century. French settlements at Port Royal, Louisbourg and what is now Prince Edward Island were seized by the British. After the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht ceded the French colony of Acadia (today's mainland Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) to Great Britain, efforts to colonize the province were limited to small settlements in Canso and Annapolis Royal.

In 1749, Colonel Edward Cornwallis was given command of an expedition for the settlement of Chebucto by some three thousand persons, many of whom were Cockney. Cornwallis' settlement, Halifax, would become the provincial capital, the primary commercial centre for the Maritime provinces, a strategic British military and naval outpost and an important east coast cultural centre. To offset the Catholic presence of Acadians, foreign Protestants (mainly German) were given land and founded Lunenburg. Nova Scotia itself saw considerable immigration from Scotland, particularly to communities such as Pictou in the northern part of the province and to Cape Breton Island, but this began only with the arrival of the Hector in 1773.

A few Germans came to New France when France colonized the area, but large-scale migration from Germany began only under British rule, when Governor Edward Cornwallis established Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1749. Known as the Foreign Protestants, the continental Protestants were encouraged to migrate to Nova Scotia between 1750 and 1752 to counterbalance the large number of Catholic Acadians. Family surnames, Lutheran churches, and village names along the South Shore of Nova Scotia retain their German heritage, such as Lunenburg. The first German church in Canada, the Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church in Halifax, is on land which was set aside for the German-speaking community in 1756. The church was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1997.[25]

After the fall of New France to the British in 1759, a colonial governing class established itself in Quebec City. Larger numbers of English-speaking settlers arrived in the Eastern Townships and Montreal after the American Revolution.

A large group of Ulster Scots, many of whom had first settled in New Hampshire, moved to Truro, Nova Scotia in 1761.

New Brunswick became the home for many Scots. In 1761, a Highland regiment garrisoned Fort Frederick. The surrounding lands surveyed by Captain Bruce in 1762 attracted many Scottish traders when William Davidson of Caithness arrived to settle two years later. Their numbers were swelled by the arrival of thousands of loyalists of Scottish origin both during and after the American Revolution. One of the New Brunswick and Canada's most famous regiments was "The King's First American Regiment" founded in 1776. It was composed mostly of Highlanders, many of whom fought with their traditional kilts to the sound of bagpipes. The regiment distinguished itself when it defeated Washington's forces at the Battle of Brandywine. When it disbanded after the War, most of its members settled in New Brunswick.

In 1772, a wave of Gaels began to arrive in Prince Edward Island, and in 1773 the ship Hector brought 200 Gaels to Pictou, beginning a new stream of Highland emigration — the town's slogan is "The Birthplace of New Scotland". At the end of the 18th century, Cape Breton Island had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement, where only Scottish Gaelic was spoken. Furthermore, a number of Scottish loyalists to the British crown, who had fled the United States in 1783, arrived in Glengarry County (in eastern Ontario) and Nova Scotia.

Late century Edit

Prince Edward Island (PEI) was also heavily influenced by Scottish Gaelic settlers. One prominent settler in PEI was John MacDonald of Glenaladale, who conceived the idea of sending Gaels to Nova Scotia on a grand scale after Culloden. The name Macdonald still dominates on the island, which received a large influx of settlers, predominantly Catholics from the Highlands, in the late 18th century.

The history of English Canadians is bound to the history of English settlement of North America, and particularly New England, because of the resettlement of many Loyalists following the American Revolution in areas that would form part of Canada. Many of the fifty thousand Loyalists who were resettled to the north of the United States after 1783 came from families that had already been settled for several generations in North America and were from prominent families in Boston, New York and other east coast towns. Although largely of British ancestry, these settlers had also intermarried with Huguenot and Dutch colonists and were accompanied by Loyalists of African descent. Dispossessed of their property at the end of the Revolutionary War, the Loyalists arrived as refugees to settle primarily along the shores of southern Nova Scotia, the Bay of Fundy and the Saint John River and in Quebec to the east and southwest of Montreal. The colony of New Brunswick was created from western part of Nova Scotia at the instigation of these new English-speaking settlers. The Loyalist settlements in southwestern Quebec formed the nucleus of what would become the province of Upper Canada and, after 1867, Ontario.

At the end of the 18th century, Cape Breton Island had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement, where only Scottish Gaelic was spoken. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Canadian Gaelic was spoken as the first language in much of "Anglophone" Canada, such as Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Glengarry County in Ontario. Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada.[26]

In the late 18th century, British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of the American Revolutionary War. At the time, Great Britain and its overseas empire were ruled by the German-descended King George III, who was also the Prince-Elector of Hanover, a state in what is now northwestern Germany. Notably, a number of soldiers fighting on what modern historiography terms the pro-British side of the conflict were members of regiments hired from various small German states. These soldiers were collectively known as "Hessians", since many of them came from Hesse. Following the defeat of British forces in the Revolutionary War, about 2,200 of them settled in Canada once their terms of service had expired or they had been released from American captivity. For example, a group from the Brunswick Regiment settled southwest of Montreal and south of Quebec City.[27] In this, they formed part of a larger population movement composed of several waves of migration northward from the newly-founded United States to Upper and Lower Canada. In traditional Canadian historiography, these migrants are often grouped together under the broad label of United Empire Loyalists, obscuring particular ethnic and religious identities,[28] as well as their exact motivations for migrating to Canada.

Welsh mapmaker David Thompson was one of the great explorers of the North West Company in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and is often called "Canada's Greatest Geographer". He covered 130,000 kilometres on foot and surveyed most of the Canada–United States border in the early days of exploration.

19th century Edit

Early century Edit

Upper Canada was a primary destination for English, Scottish and Scots-Irish settlers to Canada in the nineteenth century, and was on the front lines in the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States. The province also received immigrants from non English-speaking sources such as Germans, many of whom settled around Kitchener (formerly called Berlin).[29] Ontario would become the most populous province in the Dominion of Canada at the time of Confederation, and, together with Montreal, formed the country's industrial heartland and emerged as an important cultural and media centre for English Canada.

English, Scottish, and Irish communities established themselves in Montreal throughout the 1800s. Montreal would become Canada's largest city and commercial hub in Canada.

In the early 19th century, a large group of Germans (Mennonites) fled the United States. Many of their families' ancestors had been from southern Germany or Switzerland. They began to move to what is now southwestern Ontario and settled around the Grand River, especially in Berlin, Ontario (now Kitchener) and in the northern part of what later became Waterloo County, Ontario.[30] The same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe, roughly 50,000 between the 1830 and 1860.[31][32] Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.[33]

Another large group of Scottish Gaels immigrated to Canada and settled in Prince Edward Island in 1803. This migration, primarily from the Isle of Skye, was organized by the Earl of Selkirk, Lord Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. The Earl, who was sympathetic to the plight of the dispossessed crofters (tenant farmers in the Highlands), brought 800 colonists to Prince Edward Island. In 1811, he founded the Red River Colony as a Scottish colonization project on an area of 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) in what would later be the province of Manitoba — land that was granted by the Hudson's Bay Company, in what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession. This formed the earliest English and Scottish settlements in Assiniboia (part of present-day Manitoba), involving some 300 largely Scottish colonists.

One of the first efforts to encourage Welsh emigration to Canada began in 1812, when Welsh native John Mathews endeavoured to bring his family to Canada. Mathews left home at a young age and went on to become a successful businessman in the United States. When he returned to Wales, he found his family living in poverty and became convinced they should emigrate to Canada. In 1817 his family settled in the township of Southwald, near what is now London, Ontario. By 1812 he had brought over more relatives who built homes on the 100-acre (0.40 km2) lots granted to them by Colonel Thomas Talbot.

Mid century Edit

A continual influx of immigrants from Scotland and Ulster meant that by 1843 there were over 30,000 Scots in New Brunswick.[34]

Broader English, Scottish, and Irish settlement of British Columbia began in earnest with the founding of Fort Victoria in 1843 and the subsequent creation of the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849. The capital, Victoria developed during the height of the British Empire and long self-identified as being "more English than the English".

After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century, overwhelmingly from Waterford, increased immigration of the Irish elsewhere in Canada began in the decades following the War of 1812 and formed a significant part of The Great Migration of Canada. Between 1825 and 1845, 60% of all immigrants to Canada were Irish; in 1831 alone, some 34,000 arrived in Montreal. Between 1830 and 1850, 624,000 Irish arrived; in contextual terms, at the end of this period, the population of the provinces of Canada was 2.4 million. Besides Upper Canada (Ontario), Lower Canada (Quebec), the Maritime colonies of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, especially Saint John, were arrival points. Not all remained; many out-migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed. Few returned to Ireland.

During the Great Famine of Ireland (1845–52), Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, or in some cases pay their fares. Others left on ships from the overcrowded docks in Liverpool and Cork.[35] Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the nineteenth century and before were Irish speakers, with many knowing no other language on arrival.[36]

The first South Slavs (including Serbs) to arrive in Canada came to British Columbia in the 1850s.[37] Many of them came from the state of California in the United States, while others directly emigrated from the Balkans.[38] They primarily originated from the Bay of Kotor and the Dalmatian coast which had similar climates as their destinations.[39][40][41] The majority of these migrants came from territories controlled by Austria-Hungary for political and economic reasons, and only a small number came directly from Independent Serbia.[40] Those who settled were typically young single men and employed in mining or forestry near such towns as Phoenix, Golden Prince Rupert and Kamloops.[42]

The German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious, cultural and social life of the community. By 1871, nearly 55% of the population of Waterloo County had German origins.[43] Especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.[44]

Late century Edit

 
Scottish-Canadian Lord Strathcona drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Craigellachie, November 7, 1885.

The French-English tensions that marked the establishment of the earliest English-speaking settlements in Nova Scotia were echoed on the Prairies in the late nineteenth century. The suppression of the rebellions allowed the government of Canada to proceed with a settlement of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta that was to create provinces that identified generally with English Canada in culture and outlook, although immigration included large numbers of people from non English-speaking European backgrounds, especially Scandinavians and Ukrainians.

The history of Yugoslav-Bosnian arrivals to Canada dates back to as far as the 19th century.[45] Around the same time, many thousands of Yugoslav-Aegean Macedonians emigrated to Canada in the 1890s. They settled primarily in Ontario, especially Toronto. Many early Aegean Macedonian immigrants found industrial work in Toronto. Later migrants found work as factory in abattoirs and foundries. Chatham and Windsor attracted many Macedonian immigrants who worked along the railroads. Many later settled in Detroit, Michigan.

Western Canada started to attract in 1896 and draw large numbers of other German immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Plautdietsch-speaking Russian Mennonites of Dutch-Prussian ancestry were especially prominent since they were persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia. The farmers were used to the harsh conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia (now Ukraine) and so were some of the most successful in adapting to the Canadian Prairies.

20th century Edit

Early century Edit

Nearly one million European immigrants, primarily from non-British and non-French origins, came through Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the early-mid 1900s.[46]

In 1902, Welsh immigrants arrived from Patagonia, which had been incorporated into Argentina in 1881. Compulsory military service and a series of floods that ruined Welsh farmers' crops led to some emigrants resettling at Llewelyn near Bangor, Saskatchewan, where they once again took up farming. A community of Welsh farmers was also established at Wood River near Ponoka, Alberta.[citation needed]

In the early 20th century, Yugoslavs (Serbs) arrived in the prairies. In Saskatchewan, they took up farming.[40] In Alberta, coal mining and road construction was a source of employment. Many Serbs worked on the construction of railway lines that now extend from Edmonton to the Pacific coast.[47] Communities of Serbs emerged in Regina, Lethbridge, Edmonton and Calgary while significant populations formed in Atlin, British Columbia and Dawson, Yukon.[48] In Ontario and Quebec, Serbs were drawn to work in the industry sector. By 1914, the Serbian community of the city of Hamilton, Ontario numbered around 1,000.[49] Further Serb settlement was established in Niagara Falls, London, and Windsor.[37] The first Serbian immigrants to the city of Toronto arrived in 1903; by 1914 there were more than 200 Serbs.[37]

Until the Second World War, most people who today identify themselves as Yugoslav-Macedonian Canadians claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity and were recorded as part of the Bulgarian ethnic group.[50][51][52][53] The term Macedonian was used as a geographic/regional term rather than an ethnic one.[53] At that time the political organization by the Slavic immigrants from the region of Macedonia, the Macedonian Patriotic Organization, also promoted the idea of Macedonian Slavs being Bulgarians.[54]

During the Great War, military-aged Serb males who hailed from Serbia or Montenegro were considered allies but those who were born in Austro-Hungarian territories were deemed enemy aliens by Canadian law, even though their sympathies tended to lie with the allied cause. The latter were restricted in their freedom of movements, had to wear special identity cards and had to identify themselves regularly at the police station.[49] Several hundred were interned in prison camps throughout the country under terrible conditions.[55] Physicist Mihajlo Pupin, Serbia's consul in New York during the war, and Antun Seferović, the honorary consul of Serbia in Montreal, advocated for the rights of the classified aliens and internees through diplomacy via the Srpska Narodna Odbrana u Kanadi (Serbian National League of Canada) which resulted in exemption, compensation and the release of many ethnic Serbs.[56] Another advocate for the rights of Serbs of Austro-Hungarian origin was Serbian-born court interpreter Bud Protich, who enlisted in the Canadian Army and was wounded in action in 1917.[57]

Mid to late century Edit

German immigration and settlement to Canada accelerated in the 1920s, when the United States imposed quotas on Central and Eastern European immigration. Soon, Canada imposed its own limits, however, and prevented most of those trying to flee the Third Reich from moving to Canada. Many of the Mennonites settled in the areas of Winnipeg and Steinbach, and the area just north of Saskatoon.[58]

Victoria Hayward described the cultural changes of the Canadian Prairies as a "mosaic" in the 1920s, as hundreds of thousands of immigrants from central and eastern Europe settled across the Prairies beginning in earnest during the late 19th century, with large scale immigration flows lasting through the mid-20th century.

"New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West…It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie."[59]

After 1921, all immigrants from Yugoslavia, including Serbs, were designated as "Yugoslavs".[41] The interwar period saw a major increase in Serbian immigration to Canada.[39] More than 30,000 Yugoslavs came to Canada between 1919 and 1939, including an estimated 10,000 Serbs. Many of these immigrants were single, working men who settled in the northern region of the province of Ontario.[37]

Another early use of the term mosaic to refer to Canadian society was by John Murray Gibbon, in his 1938 book Canadian Mosaic. Gibbon clearly disapproved of the American melting-pot concept. He saw the melting pot as a process by which immigrants and their descendants were encouraged to cut off ties with their countries and cultures of origin so as to assimilate into the American way of life.[60]

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, displaced Jews emigrated to Canada from Europe, rejuvenating Canada's Yiddish-language European culture.[61][62][63]

After the Second World War, Serbian political émigrés who were opposed to the newly established Yugoslav communist government sought refuge in Canada.[39] Many of these were POWs and laborers from Austria and Germany who refused to return to their homeland. They settled in cities such as Toronto, Sudbury and Hamilton.[37] Later, between 1957 and 1971, some 23,000 Yugoslavs arrived in Canada, of whom 10-15% were Serbs. They established organizations, newspapers and cultural events.[37]

A community of Portuguese immigrants, primarily from the Azores Islands, came to settle in Canada beginning in significant numbers in 1953.[64]

Demography Edit

Population Edit

Beginning with the first Canadian census in 1871, the European Canadian population as a percentage of the total Canadian population had a peak of 98.5 percent. Since then, their proportion of the total Canadian population has been decreasing gradually since the mid-20th century to the most recent census in 2021.[14][65][66] The actual decrease in the percentage of the population who are of European origins is hard to quantify, because individuals who fill out the census can self-identify under more than one category, based on their personal family history. Statistics Canada advises that the total number of people listed by ethnic origin is actually larger than the total population estimate.[14]: note103  [12] It is therefore not possible to express the number of individuals of European origin as a percentage of the total population.

The 2021 census recorded Canadians of European descent in the following categories: British Isles origins; French origins; other Western European origins; other Northern European origins; Southern European origins; Southeast European origins; Eastern European origins; and other European origins.[5]

"Canadian" was the single largest ethnic origin reported in the 2021 census, reported by 5,677,205 individuals, although the grouping from the British Isles was collectively larger, at 10,712,280. The British category included 5,322,830 English, 4,392,200 Scottish, 4,413,115 Irish, and 455,720 Welsh. It was followed by French at 4,011,665. Other large groups included individuals of German (2,955,695), Italian (1,546,390), Ukrainian (1,258,635), Dutch (988,585), and Polish (982,820) origin.[5]

Canadians of European descent total population (1871−2021)
Note: 1996-present census populations are potentially inaccurate, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.[a]
Canadians of European descent percentage of the total population (1871−2021)
Note: 1996-present census populations are potentially inaccurate, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.[a]
European Canadian Population History
1871−2021[nb 1]
Year Population % of total population
1871
[66][67]		 3,433,315 98.495%
1881
[67][68]		 4,146,900 95.886%
1901
[67][68]		 5,170,522 96.262%
1911
[67][68][69]		 7,005,583 97.21%
1921
[65][67][68][69]		 8,568,584 97.504%
1931
[65][66][70]		 10,134,313 97.663%
1941
[65][66][71]		 11,242,868 97.708%
1951
[65][66][72]		 13,582,574 96.953%
1961
[65][66][73]		 17,653,864 96.796%
1971
[65][66][74]		 20,763,915 96.27%
1981
[75][b]		 22,024,190 91.45%
1996
[76][c]		 24,748,455 86.751%
2001
[77][d]		 23,414,150 78.998%
2011
[78]		 20,157,965 61.359%
2016
[79]		 19,683,320 57.119%
2021
[1]		 19,062,115 52.472%

Ethnic and national origins Edit

European Canadian population by country of origin (1871–1911)
Ethnicity Population (1871)[68] % of Canadian population (1871) Population (1881)[68] % of Canadian population (1881) Population (1901)[68] % of Canadian population (1901) Population (1911)[68] % of Canadian population (1911)
  Albanian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Austrian N/A N/A N/A N/A 10,947 0.2% 42,535 0.6%
  Basque N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Belgian N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,994 0.1% 9,593 0.1%
  Bosnian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  British Isles (not otherwise specified) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Bulgarian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Croatian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Cypriot N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Czechoslovakian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Czech N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Danish N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Dutch 29,662 0.9% 30,412 0.7% 33,845 0.6% 54,986 0.8%
  English 706,369 20.3% 881,301 20.4% 1,260,899 23.5% 1,823,150 25.3%
  Estonian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Finnish N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,502 0.1% 15,497 0.2%
  French 1,082,940 31.1% 1,298,929 30.0% 1,649,371 30.7% 2,054,890 28.5%
  German 202,991 5.8% 254,319 5.9% 310,501 5.8% 393,320 5.5%
  Greek N/A N/A N/A N/A 291 0.0% 3,594 0.0%
  Hungarian N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,549 0.0% 11,605 0.2%
  Icelandic N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Irish 846,414 24.3% 957,403 22.1% 988,721 18.4% 1,050,384 14.6%
  Italian 1,035 0.0% 1,849 0.0% 10,834 0.2% 45,411 0.6%
  Kosovar N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Latvian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Lithuanian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Luxembourger N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Macedonian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Maltese N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Moldovan N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Montenegrin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Norwegian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Polish N/A N/A N/A N/A 6,285 0.1% 33,365 0.5%
  Portuguese N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Romanian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Russian 607 0.0% 1,227 0.1% 19,825 0.4% 43,142 0.6%
  Scottish 549,946 15.8% 699,863 16.2% 800,154 14.9% 997,880 13.9%
  Serbian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Slovak N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Slovene N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Spanish N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Swedish N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Swiss 2,962 0.1% 4,588 0.1% 3,865 0.1% 6,625 0.1%
  Ukrainian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Welsh N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Yugoslav N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
European Canadian population by country of origin (1921–1961)
Ethnicity Population (1921)[68] % of Canadian population (1921) Population (1941)[80][81] % of Canadian population (1941) Population (1951)[80][81] % of Canadian population (1951) Population (1961)[80][81] % of Canadian population (1961)
  Albanian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Basque N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Belgian 20,234 0.2% 29,711 0.3% 35,148 0.3% 61,382 0.3%
  Bosnian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  British Isles (not otherwise specified) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Bulgarian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Byelorussian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Croatian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Cypriot N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Czechoslovakian N/A N/A 42,912 0.4% 63,959 0.4% 73,061 0.4%
  Czech N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Danish N/A N/A 37,439 0.3% 42,671 0.3% 85,473 0.5%
  Dutch 117,506 1.2% 212,863 1.8% 264,267 1.9% 429,679 2.4%
  English 2,545,496 29.0% 2,968,402 25.1% 3,630,344 25.9% 4,195,175 23.0%
  Estonian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Finnish 21,494 0.2% 41,683 0.4% 43,745 0.3% 59,436 0.3%
  French 2,452,751 27.9% 3,483,038 29.5% 4,319,167 30.8% 5,540,346 30.4%
  German 294,636 3.4% 464,682 3.9% 619,995 4.4% 1,049,599 5.8%
  Greek 5,740 0.1% 11,692 0.1% 13,966 0.1% 56,475 0.3%
  Hungarian 13,181 0.1% 54,598 0.5% 60,460 0.4% 126,220 0.7%
  Icelandic N/A N/A 21,050 0.2% 23,307 0.2% 30,623 0.2%
  Irish 1,107,817 12.6% 1,267,702 10.7% 1,439,635 10.3% 1,753,351 9.6%
  Italian 66,769 0.8% 112,625 1.0% 152,245 1.1% 459,351 2.5%
  Kosovar N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Latvian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Lithuanian N/A N/A 7,789 0.1% 16,224 0.1% 27,629 0.2%
  Luxembourger N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Macedonian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Maltese N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Moldovan N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Montenegrin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Norwegian N/A N/A 100,718 0.9% 119,266 0.9% 148,681 0.8%
  Polish 53,403 0.6% 167,485 1.4% 219,845 1.6% 323,517 1.8%
  Portuguese N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Romanian N/A N/A 24,689 0.2% 23,601 0.2% 43,805 0.2%
  Russian 100,064 1.1% 83,708 0.7% 91,279 0.6% 119,168 0.7%
  Scottish 1,173,637 13.4% 1,403,974 11.9% 1,547,470 11.0% 1,902,302 10.4%
  Serbian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Slovak N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Slovene N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Spanish N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Swedish N/A N/A 85,396 0.7% 97,780 0.7% 121,757 0.7%
  Swiss 12,837 0.2% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Ukrainian N/A N/A 305,929 2.6% 395,043 2.8% 473,337 2.6%
  Welsh N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Yugoslav N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 21,214 0.2%
European Canadian population by country of origin (1991–2006)
Ethnicity Population (1991)[82] % of Canadian population (1991) Population (1996)[83] % of Canadian population (1996) Population (2001)[84] % of Canadian population (2001) Population (2006)[85] % of Canadian population (2006)
  Albanian N/A N/A N/A N/A 14,935 0.1% 22,395 0.1%
  Austrian 107,671 1.2% 37,715 0.3% 32,231 0.2% 106,535 0.6%
  Austrian N/A N/A N/A N/A 147,585 0.5% 194,255 0.6%
  Basque N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,715 0.0% 4,975 0.0%
  Belgian N/A N/A N/A N/A 129,780 0.4% 168,910 0.5%
  Bosnian N/A N/A N/A N/A 15,720 0.1% 21,045 0.1%
  British Isles (not otherwise specified) N/A N/A N/A N/A 150,585 0.5% 403,915 1.3%
  Bulgarian N/A N/A N/A N/A 15,195 0.1% 27,255 0.1%
  Byelorussian N/A N/A N/A N/A 5,115 0.0% 10,505 0.0%
  Croatian N/A N/A N/A N/A 97,050 0.3% 110,880 0.4%
  Cypriot N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,060 0.0% 3,395 0.0%
  Czechoslovakian N/A N/A N/A N/A 33,540 0.1% 36,970 0.1%
  Czech N/A N/A N/A N/A 79,910 0.3% 98,090 0.3%
  Danish N/A N/A N/A N/A 170,780 0.6% 200,035 0.6%
  Dutch 961,600 3.4% 916,215 3.1% 923,310 3.1% 1,035,965 3.3%
  English 8,605,125 30.7% 6,832,095 23.1% 5,978,875 20.2% 6,570,015 21.0%
  Estonian N/A N/A N/A N/A 22,085 0.1% 23,930 0.1%
  Finnish N/A N/A N/A N/A 114,690 0.4% 131,040 0.4%
  French 8,369,210 29.9% 5,597,845 18.9% 4,668,410 15.8% 4,941,210 15.8%
  German 2,793,775 10.0% 2,757,140 9.3% 2,742,765 9.3% 3,179,425 10.2%
  Greek 191,475 0.7% 203,345 0.7% 215,105 0.7% 242,685 0.8%
  Hungarian N/A N/A N/A N/A 267,255 0.9% 315,510 1.0%
  Icelandic N/A N/A N/A N/A 75,090 0.3% 88,875 0.3%
  Irish N/A N/A N/A N/A 3,822,660 12.9% 4,354,155 13.9%
  Italian 1,147,780 4.1% 1,207,475 4.2% 1,270,370 4.3% 1,445,335 4.6%
  Kosovar N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,200 0.0% 1,530 0.0%
  Latvian N/A N/A N/A N/A 22,615 0.1% 27,870 0.1%
  Lithuanian N/A N/A N/A N/A 36,485 0.1% 46,690 0.1%
  Luxembourger N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,390 0.0% 3,225 0.0%
  Macedonian N/A N/A N/A N/A 31,265 0.1% 37,055 0.1%
  Maltese N/A N/A N/A N/A 33,000 0.1% 37,120 0.1%
  Moldovan N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Montenegrin N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,055 0.0% 2,370 0.0%
  Norwegian 286,240 1.0% N/A N/A 363,760 1.2% 432,515 1.4%
  Polish 740,720 2.6% 786,735 2.7% 817,085 2.8% 984,565 3.2%
  Portuguese 292,185 1.0% 335,110 1.1% 357,690 1.2% 410,850 1.3%
  Romanian N/A N/A N/A N/A 131,830 0.4% 192,170 0.6%
  Russian N/A N/A N/A N/A 337,960 1.1% 500,600 1.6%
  Scottish 4,248,365 15.2% 4,260,840 14.4% 4,157,210 14.0% 4,719,850 15.1%
  Serbian N/A N/A N/A N/A 55,540 0.2% 72,690 0.2%
  Slovak N/A N/A N/A N/A 50,860 0.2% 64,145 0.2%
  Slovene N/A N/A N/A N/A 28,910 0.1% 35,935 0.1%
  Spanish 158,915 0.6% 204,360 0.7% 213,105 0.7% 325,730 1.0%
  Swedish N/A N/A N/A N/A 282,760 1.0% 334,765 1.1%
  Swiss N/A N/A N/A N/A 110,795 0.4% 137,775 0.4%
  Ukrainian 1,054,295 3.8% 1,026,470 3.5% 1,071,060 3.6% 1,209,085 3.9%
  Welsh N/A N/A N/A N/A 350,365 1.2% 440,965 1.4%
  Yugoslav 21,404 0.2% 68,587 0.4% 65,505 0.2% 65,305 0.2%
European Canadian population by country of origin (2011–2021)
Ethnicity Population (2011)[86] % of Canadian population (2011) Population (2016)[14] % of Canadian population (2021) Population (2021)[87] % of Canadian population (2021)
  Albanian 28,270 0.1% 36,185 0.1% 41,625 0.1%
  Austrian 197,990 0.6% 207,050 0.6% 189,535 0.5%
  Basque 5,570 0.0% 6,965 0.0% 7,740 0.0%
  Belgian 176,615 0.5% 186,665 0.5% 182,175 0.5%
  Bosniak N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,770 0.0%
  Bosnian 22,920 0.1% 26,740 0.1% 28,490 0.1%
  British Isles (not otherwise specified) 576,030 1.8% 644,695 1.9% 938,950 2.6%
  Bulgarian 30,485 0.1% 34,565 0.1% 33,080 0.1%
  Byelorussian 15,565 0.0% 20,710 0.0% 18,850 0.0%
  Croatian 114,880 0.3% 133,970 0.4% 130,820 0.4%
  Cypriot 4,815 0.0% 5,650 0.0% 4,830 0.0%
  Czechoslovakian 40,035 0.1% 40,715 0.1% 33,135 0.1%
  Czech 94,805 0.3% 104,580 0.3% 98,925 0.3%
  Danish 203,080 0.6% 207,470 0.6% 196,945 0.5%
  Dutch 1,067,245 3.2% 1,111,655 3.2% 988,585 2.7%
  English 6,509,500 19.8% 6,320,085 18.3% 5,322,830 14.7%
  Estonian 23,180 0.1% 24,530 0.1% 23,455 0.1%
  Finnish 136,215 0.4% 143,645 0.4% 144,055 0.4%
  French 5,065,690 15.4% 4,670,595 13.6% 4,011,670 11.0%
  German 3,203,330 9.8% 3,322,405 9.6% 2,955,695 8.1%
  Greek 252,960 0.8% 271,410 0.8% 262,135 0.7%
  Greek Cypriot N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,935 0.0%
  Hungarian 316,765 1.0% 348,085 1.0% 320,155 0.9%
  Icelandic 94,205 0.3% 101,795 0.3% 101,990 0.3%
  Irish 4,544,870 13.8% 4,627,000 13.4% 4,413,120 12.2%
  Italian 1,488,425 4.5% 1,587,970 4.6% 1,546,390 4.3%
  Kosovar 2,760 0.0% 2,865 0.0% 3,730 0.0%
  Latvian 27,355 0.1% 30,725 0.1% 28,135 0.1%
  Lithuanian 49,130 0.1% 59,285 0.2% 52,040 0.1%
  Luxembourger 3,790 0.0% 3,915 0.0% 4,145 0.0%
  Macedonian 36,985 0.1% 43,110 0.1% 39,440 0.1%
  Maltese 38,780 0.1% 41,920 0.1% 40,665 0.1%
  Moldovan 8,050 0.0% 14,915 0.0% 18,190 0.0%
  Montenegrin 2,970 0.0% 4,160 0.0% 4,310 0.0%
  Northern Irish N/A N/A N/A N/A 25,205 0.1%
  Norwegian 452,705 1.4% 463,275 1.3% 466,500 1.3%
  Pennsylvania Dutch N/A N/A N/A N/A 17,315 0.0%
  Polish 1,010,705 3.1% 1,106,585 3.2% 982,815 2.7%
  Portuguese 429,850 1.3% 482,605 1.4% 448,305 1.2%
  Romanian 204,625 0.6% 238,050 0.7% 215,885 0.6%
  Russian 550,520 1.7% 622,445 1.8% 548,145 1.5%
  Scottish 4,714,970 14.4% 4,799,005 13.9% 4,392,200 12.1%
  Serbian 80,320 0.2% 96,530 0.3% 93,355 2.6%
  Slovak 66,545 0.2% 72,285 0.2% 68,210 0.2%
  Slovene 37,170 0.1% 40,470 0.1% 38,595 0.1%
  Spanish 368,305 1.1% 396,460 1.2% 342,045 0.9%
  Swedish 341,845 1.0% 349,645 1.0% 334,510 0.9%
  Swiss 146,830 0.4% 155,120 0.5% 145,570 0.4%
  Ukrainian 1,251,170 3.8% 1,359,655 3.9% 1,258,635 3.5%
  Welsh 458,705 1.4% 474,805 1.4% 455,720 1.3%
  Yugoslav 48,320 0.1% 38,480 0.1% 30,565 0.1%

Language Edit

In the 2021 census, the largest non-official European mother tongue languages were Spanish (538,870), Italian (319,505), German (272,865) and Portuguese (240,680) and Russian (197,905).[87] English and French are not included in this table because most Canadians have one of those languages as their mother tongue, regardless of their ethnic origin.

European mother tongue by language (1991–2001)
Language Population (1991)[88] % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada (1991) 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada (1991) 		Population (1996)[89] % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada (1996) 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada (1996) 		Population (2001)[90] % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada (2001) 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada (2001)
Afrikaans N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Albanian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Armenian N/A N/A N/A 26,295 0.6% 0.1% 27,350 0.5% 0.1%
Belarusan N/A N/A N/A 420 0.0% 0.0% 530 0.0% 0.0%
Bosnian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Bulgarian N/A N/A N/A 6,330 0.1% 0.0% 9,130 0.2% 0.0%
Catalan N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Croatian N/A N/A N/A 50,105 1.1% 0.2% 54,880 1.1% 0.2%
Czech N/A N/A N/A 24,985 0.5% 0.1% 24,795 0.5% 0.1%
Danish N/A N/A N/A 20,280 0.4% 0.1% 18,230 0.4% 0.1%
Dutch 124,535 3.5% 0.5% 133,805 2.9% 0.5% 128,670 2.5% 0.4%
Estonian N/A N/A N/A 10,690 0.2% 0.0% 8,720 0.2% 0.0%
Finnish N/A N/A N/A 24,735 0.5% 0.1% 22,400 0.4% 0.1%
Flemish N/A N/A N/A 6,980 0.2% 0.0% 6,010 0.1% 0.0%
Frisian N/A N/A N/A 2,915 0.0% 0.0% 3,185 0.1% 0.0%
German 424,645 12.0% 1.6% 450,140 9.8% 1.6% 438,080 8.4% 1.5%
Greek 114,370 3.2% 0.4% 121,180 2.6% 0.4% 120,365 2.3% 0.4%
Hungarian 72,900 2.1% 0.3% 77,235 1.7% 0.3% 75,550 1.5% 0.3%
Icelandic N/A N/A N/A 2,675 0.1% 0.0% 2,075 0.0% 0.0%
Italian 449,660 12.7% 1.7% 484,500 10.5% 1.7% 469,485 9.0% 1.6%
Latvian N/A N/A N/A 9,635 0.2% 0.0% 8,230 0.2% 0.0%
Lithuanian N/A N/A N/A 9,385 0.2% 0.0% 8,770 0.2% 0.0%
Macedonian N/A N/A N/A 19,300 0.4% 0.1% 16,905 0.3% 0.1%
Maltese N/A N/A N/A 7,120 0.2% 0.0% 7,375 0.1% 0.0%
Norwegian N/A N/A N/A 10,235 0.2% 0.0% 8,725 0.2% 0.0%
Polish 171,975 4.9% 0.6% 213,410 4.6% 0.7% 208,370 4.0% 0.7%
Portuguese 186,995 5.3% 0.7% 211,290 4.6% 0.7% 213,815 4.1% 0.7%
Romanian N/A N/A N/A 35,710 0.8% 0.1% 50,900 1.0% 0.2%
Russian N/A N/A N/A 57,495 1.3% 0.2% 94,555 1.8% 0.3%
Scottish Gaelic N/A N/A N/A 2,175 0.0% 0.0% 2,155 0.0% 0.0%
Serbian N/A N/A N/A 28,620 0.6% 0.1% 41,175 0.8% 0.1%
Serbo-Croatian N/A N/A N/A 17,940 0.4% 0.1% 26,685 0.5% 0.1%
Slovak N/A N/A N/A 18,285 0.4% 0.1% 17,540 0.3% 0.1%
Slovene N/A N/A N/A 14,085 0.3% 0.0% 12,800 0.2% 0.0%
Spanish 158,655 4.5% 0.6% 212,890 4.6% 0.8% 245,495 4.7% 0.8%
Swedish N/A N/A N/A 9,760 0.2% 0.0% 9,070 0.2% 0.0%
Ukrainian 166,830 4.7% 0.6% 162,695 3.5% 0.6% 148,085 2.8% 0.5%
Welsh N/A N/A N/A 1,670 0.0% 0.0% 1,615 0.0% 0.0%
Yiddish N/A N/A N/A 21,415 0.1% 0.5% 19,290 0.4% 0.1%
European mother tongue by language (2006–2016)
Language Population (2006)[91] % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada (2006) 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada (2006) 		Population (2011)[92] % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada (2011) 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada (2011) 		Population (2016)[14] % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada (2016) 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada (2016)
Afrikaans N/A N/A N/A 8,770 0.1% 0.0% 10,265 0.1% 0.0%
Albanian N/A N/A N/A 23,820 0.4% 0.1% 26,890 0.4% 0.1%
Armenian 30,130 0.5% 0.1% 29,795 0.5% 0.1% 33,355 0.5% 0.1%
Belarusan N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 810 0.0% 0.0%
Bosnian 12,790 0.2% 0.0% 11,685 0.2% 0.0% 12,210 0.2% 0.0%
Bulgarian 16,790 0.3% 0.1% 19,050 0.3% 0.1% 20,025 0.3% 0.1%
Catalan N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 865 0.0% 0.0%
Croatian 55,335 0.9% 0.2% 49,730 0.8% 0.2% 48,200 0.7% 0.1%
Czech 24,450 0.4% 0.1% 23,585 0.4% 0.1% 22,290 0.3% 0.1%
Danish 18,735 0.3% 0.1% 14,145 0.2% 0.0% 12,630 0.2% 0.0%
Dutch 128,905 2.1% 0.4% 110,490 1.7% 0.3% 99,020 1.4% 0.3%
Estonian 8,245 0.1% 0.0% 6,385 0.1% 0.0% 5,445 0.1% 0.0%
Finnish 21,030 0.3% 0.1% 17,415 0.3% 0.1% 15,295 0.3% 0.1%
Flemish 5,665 0.1% 0.0% 4,690 0.1% 0.0% 3,895 0.1% 0.0%
Frisian 2,890 0.0% 0.0% 14,935 0.1% N/A 2,100 0.0% 0.0%
German 450,570 7.3% 1.4% 409,200 6.2% 1.2% 384,035 5.2% 1.1%
Greek 108,925 1.7% 0.3% 106,525 1.5% 0.3% 117,285 1.9% 0.4%
Hungarian 73,335 1.2% 0.2% 67,920 1.0% 0.2% 61,235 0.8% 0.2%
Icelandic N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,285 0.0% 0.0%
Italian 455,040 7.4% 1.5% 407,485 6.2% 1.2% 375,635 5.1% 1.1%
Latvian 6,995 0.1% 0.0% 6,200 0.1% 0.0% 5,455 0.1% 0.0%
Lithuanian 8,335 0.1% 0.0% 7,245 0.1% 0.0% 7,075 0.1% 0.0%
Macedonian 18,440 0.3% 0.0% 17,245 0.3% 0.1% 16,775 0.2% 0.0%
Maltese 6,405 0.1% 0.0% 6,220 0.1% 0.0% 5,565 0.1% 0.0%
Norwegian 7,225 0.1% 0.0% 5,800 0.1% 0.0% 4,615 0.1% 0.0%
Polish 211,175 3.4% 0.7% 191,645 2.9% 0.6% 181,710 2.5% 0.5%
Portuguese 219,270 3.6% 0.7% 211,335 3.2% 0.6% 221,540 3.0% 0.6%
Romanian 78,500 1.3% 0.3% 90,300 1.4% 0.3% 96,665 1.3% 0.3%
Russian 133,575 2.2% 0.4% 164,330 2.5% 0.5% 188,255 2.6% 0.5%
Scottish Gaelic N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,090 0.0% 0.0%
Serbian 51,665 0.8% 0.2% 56,420 0.9% 0.2% 57,350 0.8% 0.2%
Serbo-Croatian 12,510 0.2% 0.0% 10,155 0.2% 0.0% 9,555 0.1% 0.0%
Slovak 18,825 0.3% 0.1% 17,580 0.3% 0.1% 17,580 0.2% 0.1%
Slovene 13,135 0.2% 0.0% 10,775 0.2% 0.0% 9,790 0.1% 0.0%
Spanish 345,345 5.6% 1.1% 410,670 6.3% 1.2% 458,850 6.3% 1.3%
Swedish 8,220 0.1% 0.0% 7,350 0.1% 0.0% 6,840 0.1% 0.0%
Ukrainian 134,500 2.2% 0.4% 111,540 1.7% 0.3% 102,485 1.4% 0.3%
Welsh N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,075 0.0% 0.0%
Yiddish 16,295 0.3% 0.1% 15,205 0.2% 0.0% 13,555 0.2% 0.0%
European mother tongue by language (2021)
Language Population (2021)[87] % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada (2021) 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada (2021)
Afrikaans 12,270 0.2% 0.0%
Albanian 29,265 0.4% 0.1%
Armenian 33,720 0.4% 0.1%
Belarusan 720 0.0% 0.0%
Bosnian 13,820 0.2% 0.0%
Bulgarian 19,035 0.2% 0.1%
Catalan 905 0.0% 0.0%
Croatian 43,500 0.6% 0.1%
Czech 20,025 0.3% 0.1%
Danish 9,945 0.1% 0.1%
Dutch 80,315 1.0% 0.2%
Estonian 4,485 0.1% 0.0%
Finnish 12,200 0.2% 0.0%
Flemish 2,935 0.0% 0.0%
Frisian 1,570 0.0% 0.0%
German 272,865 3.5% 0.8%
Greek 93,335 1.2% 0.3%
Hungarian 51,500 0.7% 0.1%
Icelandic 905 0.0% 0.0%
Italian 319,505 4.1% 0.9%
Irish 665 0.0% 0.0%
Latvian 4,430 0.1% 0.0%
Lithuanian 6,130 0.1% 0.0%
Low Saxon 1,270 0.0% 0.0%
Macedonian 14,795 0.2% 0.0%
Maltese 4,425 0.1% 0.0%
Norwegian 3,535 0.0% 0.0%
Pennsylvania German 9,065 0.1% 0.0%
Plautdietsch 33,200 0.4% 0.1%
Polish 160,170 2.0% 0.4%
Portuguese 240,680 3.1% 0.7%
Romanian 93,160 1.2% 0.3%
Russian 197,905 2.5% 0.5%
Rusyn 500 0.0% 0.0%
Scottish Gaelic 425 0.0% 0.0%
Serbian 57,425 0.7% 0.2%
Serbo-Croatian N/A N/A N/A
Slovak 15,255 0.2% 0.0%
Slovene 7,965 0.1% 0.0%
Spanish 538,870 6.9% 1.5%
Swedish 5,890 0.1% 0.0%
Swiss German 7,575 0.1% 0.0%
Ukrainian 84,705 1.1% 0.2%
Welsh 825 0.0% 0.0%
Yiddish 12,060 0.2% 0.0%

Immigration Edit

European immigrant population in Canada
Year Population % of immigrants
in Canada 		% of Canadian
population
1986[93] 2,430,470 62.2% 9.3%
1991[93] 2,364,695 54.5% 8.4%
1996[93] 2,334,005 47.0% 7.9%
2001[94] 2,287,535 42.0% 7.4%
2006[95] 2,269,705 36.7% 7.0%
2011[96] 2,226,100 30.8% 6.5%
2016[97] 2,082,765 27.6% 5.7%
2021[98] 1,967,620 23.5% 5.3%

Culture Edit

Main articles: Canadian culture and Western culture

The various cultures of the Canadians of European descent have had a predominant influence on the culture of Canada. Over time, many people of European Canadian origins have brought with them or contributed literature, art, architecture, cinema and theater, religion and philosophy, ethics, agricultural skills, foods, medicine, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, business, economics, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to Canadian culture. European settlers brought with them European plants, animals, viruses and bacteria, remaking significant portions of the Canadian ecology and landscape in the image of their homelands.[99][100] Canadian culture evolved in large part from the culture that the English, French, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers brought with them, long before Canada became a country. Much of English-Canadian culture shows influences from the cultures of the British Isles, with later influence, due to 19th-century immigration from different regions of Europe, such as Eastern Europe. Colonial ties to Great Britain and the cultural presence of the United States spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.

Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity, without eradicating specific regional or cultural identities such as Aboriginal or Québecois.[dubious – discuss] Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.

Many Canadians see the Cultural Mosaic, which promotes multiculturalism and an equality of cultures, as a distinctive feature of Canadian culture, one that sets it apart from the melting pot philosophy of many Americans.[101][102]

Music Edit

 
Scottish-Canadian Robert Stanley Weir wrote the lyrics to O Canada.

Another area of cultural influence are Canadian Patriotic songs:

Sport Edit

  • Ice Hockey - British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. Ice hockey was first played in Canada during the early nineteenth century, based on similar sports such as field hockey that were played in Europe.[113] The sport was originally played with a stick and ball, but in 1860 a group of English veterans from the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment played a game in Kingston, Ontario, utilising a puck for what is believed to be the first time. This match, played on the frozen harbour by the city, is sometimes considered to be the birth of modern ice hockey.[114] According to legend, the first hockey pucks were molded from fresh cow dung that was then allowed to freeze in below-zero outdoor temperatures.[115] Whether or not this was how the first puck was made, the use of horse or cow droppings was common thereafter, a distinctively Euro-Canadian aspect of the game made possible by the country's Northern climate.[116][117]

Notable people Edit

Prime Ministers Edit

Most of the heritage that all twenty-three Canadian Prime Ministers come from (or in some combination thereof): is British (English, Scottish, Ulster Scot or Welsh) ancestry. Later Canadian Prime Ministers' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe.

Diaspora Edit

Substantial numbers of European Canadians of French extraction migrated to New England beginning in the late nineteenth century, taking jobs in the cotton mills there and forming a Catholic French-speaking immigrant community.[118] Notable francophone European-Canadian Americans included Beat novelist Jack Kerouac and best-selling novelist Grace Metalious.

Notable Canadians of European descent who settled in the United States or lived in the United States for extended periods have included Joni Mitchell, Lorne Michaels, Hal Foster, Todd McFarlane, Pamela Anderson, Justin Bieber, Seth Rogen, Fay Wray, Mary Pickford, Michael J. Fox, Saul Bellow and William Shatner. Ted Cruz was born in Canada and his family returned to the United States when he was a child; he became active in American politics as a dual citizen but renounced his Canadian citizenship when competing to be the Republican presidential candidate, effective 2014.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  2. ^ Euro-Canadian definition
  3. ^ Menzies, Charles (1994). "Stories from Home: First Nations, Land Claims, and Euro-Canadians". American Ethnologist. American Anthropological Association. 21 (4): 776–791. doi:10.1525/ae.1994.21.4.02a00060. JSTOR 646839. Example of Euro-Canadian being used
  4. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (March 30, 2022). "Ethnic or Cultural Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  6. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] Ethnic origin population".
  7. ^ "What the hell is a European Canadian?". The Georgia Straight. August 17, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  8. ^ Duchesne, Ricardo (2017). "Preface", Canada in Decay: Mass Immigration, Diversity, and the Ethnocide of Euro-Canadians. Black House Publishing.
  9. ^ "The Ever Changing Nature of White Canada". Active History. August 3, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  10. ^ Groulx, Lionel (1923). L'appel de la race. Bibliothèque de l’Action française.
  11. ^ "Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: National picture."
  12. ^ a b c Don Kerr (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.
  13. ^ Jack Jedwab (April 2008). (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
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  15. ^ Saunders, Doug (March 28, 1998). "Postcard from a hate-filled past". The Globe and Mail. p. C10.
  16. ^ "Rowlands derails racists' plan (Mayor alerts other mayors across Canada of neo-Nazi organizations, the Nationalist Party and the Euro-Canadian Freedom Front's proposals for European Heritage Week, October 9–15)". Share. Vol. 17, no. 16. August 11, 1994.
  17. ^ A. S. Whiteley, “The Peopling of the Prairie Provinces of Canada.” American Journal of Sociology 38#2 (1932), pp. 240–52, online states: "The Prairie born constituted the largest single element in the population in 1926 and with those from other provinces comprised 62.75 per cent of the total. With respect to "origin," about one-half of those from Central, South, and East Europe and less than one-fourth of those from Northwest European stocks were foreign born."
  18. ^ James Muir (2016). "Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan by James M. Pitsula (review)". University of Toronto Quarterly (Volume 85 ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 541–542. Similarly, a broad spectrum of people, from J. S. Woodsworth to John Diefenbaker, accepted as truth the imagined superiority of British people and northwestern Europeans over central and southern Europeans, let alone Africans, Asians, and North American indigenous people.
  19. ^ Kevin Woodger (2017), "Whiteness and Ambiguous Canadianization: The Boy Scouts Association and the Canadian Cadet Organization", Journal of the Canadian Historical Association (Volume 28 ed.), Canadian Historical Association, pp. 95–126, Indeed, the 1969 Canadian Scout Handbook section on "Canada's National Origins," which purported to outline Canada's contemporary ethnic and racial composition, continued to emphasize the British and French as the two founding nations, while detailing the myriad different national origins of northwestern, Eastern and Southern European Canadians.
  20. ^ David Goutor (2008). Guarding the Gates: The Canadian Labour Movement and Immigration, 1872-1934. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0774813655. From 1903 to 1914, more than one-quarter of all immigrants came from continental Europe, with a pronounced increase in the migration of Ukrainians, Poles, Italians and other eastern and southern Europeans ... a growing proportion of eastern and southern Europeans were brought in to do the rough, unskilled work in Canada's flourishing railway, mining, lumbering, and manufacturing sectors.
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  1. ^ 1996-present census populations are potentially inaccurate, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.[a]
  1. ^ a b c All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.
    Source 1: Jack Jedwab (April 2008). (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011. "Virtually all persons who reported "Canadian" in 1996 had English or French as a mother tongue, were born in Canada and had both parents born inside Canada. This suggests that many of these respondents were people whose families have been in this country for several generations. In effect the "new Canadians" were persons that previously reported either British or French origins. Moreover in 1996 some 55% of people with both parents born in Canada reported Canadian (alone or in combination with other origins). By contrast, only 4% of people with both parents born outside Canada reported Canadian. Thus the Canadian response did not appeal widely to either immigrants or their children."(Page 2)
    Source 2: Don Kerr (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.
  2. ^ All European responses (including multiple origins).
  3. ^ All European-origin responses, including: "British Isles origins" (10,647,625), "French origins" (5,628,815), and "European origins" (8,472,015).[76]
  4. ^ All European-origin responses, including: "British Isles origins" (9,971,615), "French origins" (4,710,580), and "European origins" (8,731,955).[77]

Bibliography Edit

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  • Campbell, Wilfred; Bryce, George (1911). The Scotsman in Canada. The Musson Book Company.
  • Lehmann, Heinz (1986). Bassler, Gerhard P. (ed.). The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement & Culture. Translated by Bassler, Gerhard P. Jesperson Press. ISBN 978-1-55081-308-1.
  • Mandres, Marinel (2020). "An Unprecedented Dichotomy: Impacts and Consequences of Serbian Internment in Canada during the Great War". In Hinther, Rhonda L.; Mochoruk, Jim (eds.). Civilian Internment in Canada: Histories and Legacies. University of Manitoba Press. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-0-88755-845-0.
  • Powell, John (2005). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438110127. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  • Reaman, George Elmore (1957). The Trail of the Black Walnut (revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-7351-8.
  • Tomović, Vladislav A. (2002). Canadian Serbs: A History of Their Social and Cultural Traditions (1856-2002). Batlik. ISBN 978-0-92064-240-5.
  • Vuković, Sava (1998). History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891–1941. Kragujevac: Kalenić.

Further reading Edit

  • Allen, Willow Samara. "Learning to become white girls in a settler colonial context: Exploring the racial socialization of white Euro-Canadian women." Settler Colonial Studies 10.3 (2020): 378–402.
  • Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442610187.
  • Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2008). Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. U of Toronto Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780802095848.
  • Haig-Brown, C.; Nock, D.A. (2006). With Good Intentions: Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal Relations in Colonial Canada. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1138-5.
  • Kallen, Evelyn (2003). Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada: A Human Rights Perspective on Ethnicity, Racism, and Systemic Inequality. Oxford UP. ISBN 9780195417425.
  • Kralt, John. "Country of Birth of Parents And Ethnic Origins - A Comparison of Reporting Patterns in the 2001 Census,"
  • Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.; 1300pp; comprehensive scholarly coverage of every group
  • McLean, Lorna R. "Education, identity, and citizenship in early modern Canada." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 41.1 (2007): 5-30.
  • Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots Of Canadian Identity. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-705-8.
  • Yedlin, Tova (1985). Central and East European Ethnicity in Canada: Adaptation and Preservation. Central and East European Studies Society of Alberta. ISBN 9780888649539.

Statistical Edit

  • Statistics Canada (2008). Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867-1967. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada).
  • Statistics Canada (October 27, 2010). Canada Year Book. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). Catalogue no 11-402-XPE.

September 28, 2023
european, canadians, euro, canadians, canadians, were, either, born, trace, their, ancestry, continent, europe, they, form, largest, panethnic, group, within, canada, total, population19, regions, with, significant, populationsall, areas, canada, less, prevale. European Canadians or Euro Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Europe 2 3 They form the largest panethnic group within Canada European CanadiansTotal population19 062 115 1 Regions with significant populationsAll areas of Canada less prevalent in Northern CanadaLanguagesEnglishFrenchItalianGermanUkrainian PortugueseOther European LanguagesHistorically Scottish Gaelic IrishReligionChristianity 60 3 Roman Catholicism Protestantism Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Mormonism Other Latter Day Saints Nondenominational and Other Christians Irreligion 37 5 Judaism 1 2 Converts and others 1 1 Related ethnic groupsEuropean diaspora Europeans European Americans European Australians European New Zealanders British English Scottish Welsh Northern Irish Irish French German Italian Dutch Russian Ukrainian Polish PortugueseIn the 2021 Canadian census 19 062 115 Canadians self identified as having origins from European countries forming approximately 52 5 of the total Canadian population 4 Due to changes in the census format these totals are not directly comparable with previous censuses Further as the census permitted a respondent to enter up to six possible ethnic origins in their census questionnaire this figure includes individual respondents that reported a mixed ancestry of both European and non European origins Therefore it is not possible to accurately assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada s total population or a precise change from previous years 5 Contents 1 Terminology 2 Subgroups 3 History 3 1 16th century 3 2 17th century 3 3 18th century 3 3 1 Early to mid century 3 3 2 Late century 3 4 19th century 3 4 1 Early century 3 4 2 Mid century 3 4 3 Late century 3 5 20th century 3 5 1 Early century 3 5 2 Mid to late century 4 Demography 4 1 Population 4 2 Ethnic and national origins 4 3 Language 4 4 Immigration 5 Culture 5 1 Music 5 2 Sport 6 Notable people 6 1 Prime Ministers 7 Diaspora 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 10 1 StatisticalTerminology EditAs with other panethnic groups Statistics Canada records ethnic ancestry by employing the term European origins under the ethnic origin population section in the census data 6 but does not specifically use the term European Canadian Euro Canadians and European Canadians are terms primarily used by those opposed to immigration to Canada from the Third World and their use has been criticised as conflating distinctions between very different European groups and nationalities 7 Those employing the terms can recognise that most Canadians of European descent do not see that as their collective identity and instead identify with a specific ethnicity or country of ancestral origin characterising themselves as for example Anglo or Quebecois rather than as part of a larger Euro Canadian group 8 For most of the history of European settlement in North America the French and the English were seen as two distinct races with distinct cultures and national spirits 9 10 Statistics Canada has cautioned that the reporting of ethnicity and subsequent interpretation of the results has become increasingly complex due to a number of factors and poses challenges for historical data comparisons The concept of ethnicity is fluid and is probably one of the more complex concepts measured in the census 11 As well patterns of self reporting ethnic origins on the census vary with different population groups in Canada with particular fluidity on self reporting of the category Canadian 12 13 Use of statistics in this subject area must be approached with these cautions in mind The sum of the identified ethnic groups is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census 14 note103 12 therefore it is not entirely accurate to assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada s total population The phrase Euro Canadian can sometimes be a term used by members of the far right who express racist ideology as for example in the name Euro Canadian Freedom Front a telephone hotline maintained by the neo Nazi Heritage Front in the 1990s 15 16 Subgroups EditThere are several subgroups of Canadians of European origin 17 Although approximately defined categories due to imprecise or ethnocultural regionalization of the continent the subgroups have been utilized widely in ethnic and cultural identification 18 19 This is especially relevant in diaspora as is the case with European people in Canada 20 Statistics Canada does not use the term European Canadian The 2021 census asked individuals to self identify their ethnic origins 14 within seven general categories British Isles origins British Canadians English Canadians Irish Canadians Scottish Canadians and Welsh Canadians French origins including French Canadians Other Western European origins including Austrian Canadians Bavarian Canadians Belgian Canadians Dutch Canadians Flemish Canadians Frisian Canadians German Canadians Luxembourger Canadians Swiss Canadians Northern European origins including Danish Canadians Finnish Canadians Icelandic Canadians Norwegian Canadians Swedish Canadians Southern European origins including Greek Canadians Italian Canadians Maltese Canadians Portuguese Canadians and Spanish Canadians Southeast European origins including Albanian Canadians Bosnian Canadians Bulgarian Canadians Croatian Canadians Kosovar Canadians Macedonian Canadians Moldovan Canadians Montenegrin Canadians Romanian Canadians Serbian Canadians and Slovenian Canadians Eastern European origins including Belarusian Canadians Czech Canadians Estonian Canadians Hungarian Canadians Latvian Canadians Lithuanian Canadians Polish Canadians Russian Canadians Slovak Canadians and Ukrainian CanadiansHistory Edit nbsp A reconstruction of Norse buildings at the UNESCO listed L Anse aux Meadows site in Newfoundland Canada Archaeological evidence demonstrates that iron working carpentry and boat repair were conducted at the site 21 The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the Saga of Eric the Red and the Viking expedition of 1010 AD to Vinland literally the land of meadows which is believed to refer to the island of Newfoundland The Viking prince Thorfinn Karlsefni took two Scottish slaves to Vinland 22 When the longships moored along the coast they sent the slaves ashore to run along the waterfront to gauge whether it was safe for the rest of the crew to follow After the Scots survived a day without being attacked by either human or animal the Vikings deemed it safe to spend the night ashore The expedition was abandoned three years later the original sagas were passed on in an oral tradition and then written down 250 years later 16th century Edit English Canadian history starts with the attempts to establish English settlements in Newfoundland in the sixteenth century The first English settlement in present day Canada was at St Johns Newfoundland in 1583 Newfoundland s population was significantly influenced by Irish and English immigration much of it as a result of the migratory fishery in the decades prior to the Great Famine of Ireland The first recorded Irish presence in the area of present day Canada dates from 1536 when Irish fishermen from Cork traveled to Newfoundland 17th century Edit The French were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now Canada French settlers from Normandy Perche Beauce Brittany Maine Anjou Touraine Poitou Aunis Angoumois Saintonge and Gascony were the first Europeans to permanently colonize what is now Quebec parts of Ontario Acadia and select areas of Western Canada all in Canada See French colonization of the Americas Their colonies of New France also commonly called Canada stretched across what today are the Maritime provinces southern Quebec and Ontario as well as the entire Mississippi River Valley Helene Desportes is considered the first child with European ancestry to be born in New France She was born circa 1620 to Pierre Desportes born Lisieux Normandie France and Francoise Langlois 23 The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608 as fur trading posts The territories of New France were Canada Acadia later renamed Nova Scotia and Louisiana The inhabitants of the French colony of Canada modern day Quebec called themselves the Canadiens and came mostly from northwestern France 24 The early inhabitants of Acadia or Acadians Acadiens came mostly but not exclusively from the southwestern regions of France Canadien explorers and fur traders would come to be known as coureurs des bois and voyageurs while those who settled on farms in Canada would come to be known as habitants Many French Canadians are the descendants of the King s Daughters Filles du Roi of this era A few also are the descendants of mixed French and Algonquian marriages see also Metis people and Acadian people citation needed 18th century Edit Early to mid century Edit The area that forms the present day province of Nova Scotia was contested by the British and French in the eighteenth century French settlements at Port Royal Louisbourg and what is now Prince Edward Island were seized by the British After the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht ceded the French colony of Acadia today s mainland Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Great Britain efforts to colonize the province were limited to small settlements in Canso and Annapolis Royal In 1749 Colonel Edward Cornwallis was given command of an expedition for the settlement of Chebucto by some three thousand persons many of whom were Cockney Cornwallis settlement Halifax would become the provincial capital the primary commercial centre for the Maritime provinces a strategic British military and naval outpost and an important east coast cultural centre To offset the Catholic presence of Acadians foreign Protestants mainly German were given land and founded Lunenburg Nova Scotia itself saw considerable immigration from Scotland particularly to communities such as Pictou in the northern part of the province and to Cape Breton Island but this began only with the arrival of the Hector in 1773 A few Germans came to New France when France colonized the area but large scale migration from Germany began only under British rule when Governor Edward Cornwallis established Halifax Nova Scotia in 1749 Known as the Foreign Protestants the continental Protestants were encouraged to migrate to Nova Scotia between 1750 and 1752 to counterbalance the large number of Catholic Acadians Family surnames Lutheran churches and village names along the South Shore of Nova Scotia retain their German heritage such as Lunenburg The first German church in Canada the Little Dutch Deutsch Church in Halifax is on land which was set aside for the German speaking community in 1756 The church was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1997 25 After the fall of New France to the British in 1759 a colonial governing class established itself in Quebec City Larger numbers of English speaking settlers arrived in the Eastern Townships and Montreal after the American Revolution A large group of Ulster Scots many of whom had first settled in New Hampshire moved to Truro Nova Scotia in 1761 New Brunswick became the home for many Scots In 1761 a Highland regiment garrisoned Fort Frederick The surrounding lands surveyed by Captain Bruce in 1762 attracted many Scottish traders when William Davidson of Caithness arrived to settle two years later Their numbers were swelled by the arrival of thousands of loyalists of Scottish origin both during and after the American Revolution One of the New Brunswick and Canada s most famous regiments was The King s First American Regiment founded in 1776 It was composed mostly of Highlanders many of whom fought with their traditional kilts to the sound of bagpipes The regiment distinguished itself when it defeated Washington s forces at the Battle of Brandywine When it disbanded after the War most of its members settled in New Brunswick In 1772 a wave of Gaels began to arrive in Prince Edward Island and in 1773 the ship Hector brought 200 Gaels to Pictou beginning a new stream of Highland emigration the town s slogan is The Birthplace of New Scotland At the end of the 18th century Cape Breton Island had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement where only Scottish Gaelic was spoken Furthermore a number of Scottish loyalists to the British crown who had fled the United States in 1783 arrived in Glengarry County in eastern Ontario and Nova Scotia Late century Edit Prince Edward Island PEI was also heavily influenced by Scottish Gaelic settlers One prominent settler in PEI was John MacDonald of Glenaladale who conceived the idea of sending Gaels to Nova Scotia on a grand scale after Culloden The name Macdonald still dominates on the island which received a large influx of settlers predominantly Catholics from the Highlands in the late 18th century The history of English Canadians is bound to the history of English settlement of North America and particularly New England because of the resettlement of many Loyalists following the American Revolution in areas that would form part of Canada Many of the fifty thousand Loyalists who were resettled to the north of the United States after 1783 came from families that had already been settled for several generations in North America and were from prominent families in Boston New York and other east coast towns Although largely of British ancestry these settlers had also intermarried with Huguenot and Dutch colonists and were accompanied by Loyalists of African descent Dispossessed of their property at the end of the Revolutionary War the Loyalists arrived as refugees to settle primarily along the shores of southern Nova Scotia the Bay of Fundy and the Saint John River and in Quebec to the east and southwest of Montreal The colony of New Brunswick was created from western part of Nova Scotia at the instigation of these new English speaking settlers The Loyalist settlements in southwestern Quebec formed the nucleus of what would become the province of Upper Canada and after 1867 Ontario At the end of the 18th century Cape Breton Island had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement where only Scottish Gaelic was spoken Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries Canadian Gaelic was spoken as the first language in much of Anglophone Canada such as Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island and Glengarry County in Ontario Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada 26 In the late 18th century British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of the American Revolutionary War At the time Great Britain and its overseas empire were ruled by the German descended King George III who was also the Prince Elector of Hanover a state in what is now northwestern Germany Notably a number of soldiers fighting on what modern historiography terms the pro British side of the conflict were members of regiments hired from various small German states These soldiers were collectively known as Hessians since many of them came from Hesse Following the defeat of British forces in the Revolutionary War about 2 200 of them settled in Canada once their terms of service had expired or they had been released from American captivity For example a group from the Brunswick Regiment settled southwest of Montreal and south of Quebec City 27 In this they formed part of a larger population movement composed of several waves of migration northward from the newly founded United States to Upper and Lower Canada In traditional Canadian historiography these migrants are often grouped together under the broad label of United Empire Loyalists obscuring particular ethnic and religious identities 28 as well as their exact motivations for migrating to Canada Welsh mapmaker David Thompson was one of the great explorers of the North West Company in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and is often called Canada s Greatest Geographer He covered 130 000 kilometres on foot and surveyed most of the Canada United States border in the early days of exploration 19th century Edit Early century Edit Upper Canada was a primary destination for English Scottish and Scots Irish settlers to Canada in the nineteenth century and was on the front lines in the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States The province also received immigrants from non English speaking sources such as Germans many of whom settled around Kitchener formerly called Berlin 29 Ontario would become the most populous province in the Dominion of Canada at the time of Confederation and together with Montreal formed the country s industrial heartland and emerged as an important cultural and media centre for English Canada English Scottish and Irish communities established themselves in Montreal throughout the 1800s Montreal would become Canada s largest city and commercial hub in Canada In the early 19th century a large group of Germans Mennonites fled the United States Many of their families ancestors had been from southern Germany or Switzerland They began to move to what is now southwestern Ontario and settled around the Grand River especially in Berlin Ontario now Kitchener and in the northern part of what later became Waterloo County Ontario 30 The same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe roughly 50 000 between the 1830 and 1860 31 32 Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania 33 Another large group of Scottish Gaels immigrated to Canada and settled in Prince Edward Island in 1803 This migration primarily from the Isle of Skye was organized by the Earl of Selkirk Lord Thomas Douglas 5th Earl of Selkirk The Earl who was sympathetic to the plight of the dispossessed crofters tenant farmers in the Highlands brought 800 colonists to Prince Edward Island In 1811 he founded the Red River Colony as a Scottish colonization project on an area of 300 000 square kilometres 120 000 sq mi in what would later be the province of Manitoba land that was granted by the Hudson s Bay Company in what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession This formed the earliest English and Scottish settlements in Assiniboia part of present day Manitoba involving some 300 largely Scottish colonists One of the first efforts to encourage Welsh emigration to Canada began in 1812 when Welsh native John Mathews endeavoured to bring his family to Canada Mathews left home at a young age and went on to become a successful businessman in the United States When he returned to Wales he found his family living in poverty and became convinced they should emigrate to Canada In 1817 his family settled in the township of Southwald near what is now London Ontario By 1812 he had brought over more relatives who built homes on the 100 acre 0 40 km2 lots granted to them by Colonel Thomas Talbot Mid century Edit A continual influx of immigrants from Scotland and Ulster meant that by 1843 there were over 30 000 Scots in New Brunswick 34 Broader English Scottish and Irish settlement of British Columbia began in earnest with the founding of Fort Victoria in 1843 and the subsequent creation of the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849 The capital Victoria developed during the height of the British Empire and long self identified as being more English than the English After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century overwhelmingly from Waterford increased immigration of the Irish elsewhere in Canada began in the decades following the War of 1812 and formed a significant part of The Great Migration of Canada Between 1825 and 1845 60 of all immigrants to Canada were Irish in 1831 alone some 34 000 arrived in Montreal Between 1830 and 1850 624 000 Irish arrived in contextual terms at the end of this period the population of the provinces of Canada was 2 4 million Besides Upper Canada Ontario Lower Canada Quebec the Maritime colonies of Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick especially Saint John were arrival points Not all remained many out migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed Few returned to Ireland During the Great Famine of Ireland 1845 52 Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics who left Ireland in grave circumstances Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships or in some cases pay their fares Others left on ships from the overcrowded docks in Liverpool and Cork 35 Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the nineteenth century and before were Irish speakers with many knowing no other language on arrival 36 The first South Slavs including Serbs to arrive in Canada came to British Columbia in the 1850s 37 Many of them came from the state of California in the United States while others directly emigrated from the Balkans 38 They primarily originated from the Bay of Kotor and the Dalmatian coast which had similar climates as their destinations 39 40 41 The majority of these migrants came from territories controlled by Austria Hungary for political and economic reasons and only a small number came directly from Independent Serbia 40 Those who settled were typically young single men and employed in mining or forestry near such towns as Phoenix Golden Prince Rupert and Kamloops 42 The German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines In Waterloo County Ontario with large German elements that arrived after 1850 the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious cultural and social life of the community By 1871 nearly 55 of the population of Waterloo County had German origins 43 Especially in Berlin German was the dominant language spoken Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania 44 Late century Edit nbsp Scottish Canadian Lord Strathcona drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Craigellachie November 7 1885 The French English tensions that marked the establishment of the earliest English speaking settlements in Nova Scotia were echoed on the Prairies in the late nineteenth century The suppression of the rebellions allowed the government of Canada to proceed with a settlement of Manitoba Saskatchewan and Alberta that was to create provinces that identified generally with English Canada in culture and outlook although immigration included large numbers of people from non English speaking European backgrounds especially Scandinavians and Ukrainians The history of Yugoslav Bosnian arrivals to Canada dates back to as far as the 19th century 45 Around the same time many thousands of Yugoslav Aegean Macedonians emigrated to Canada in the 1890s They settled primarily in Ontario especially Toronto Many early Aegean Macedonian immigrants found industrial work in Toronto Later migrants found work as factory in abattoirs and foundries Chatham and Windsor attracted many Macedonian immigrants who worked along the railroads Many later settled in Detroit Michigan Western Canada started to attract in 1896 and draw large numbers of other German immigrants mostly from Eastern Europe Plautdietsch speaking Russian Mennonites of Dutch Prussian ancestry were especially prominent since they were persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia The farmers were used to the harsh conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia now Ukraine and so were some of the most successful in adapting to the Canadian Prairies 20th century Edit Early century Edit Nearly one million European immigrants primarily from non British and non French origins came through Pier 21 in Halifax Nova Scotia in the early mid 1900s 46 In 1902 Welsh immigrants arrived from Patagonia which had been incorporated into Argentina in 1881 Compulsory military service and a series of floods that ruined Welsh farmers crops led to some emigrants resettling at Llewelyn near Bangor Saskatchewan where they once again took up farming A community of Welsh farmers was also established at Wood River near Ponoka Alberta citation needed In the early 20th century Yugoslavs Serbs arrived in the prairies In Saskatchewan they took up farming 40 In Alberta coal mining and road construction was a source of employment Many Serbs worked on the construction of railway lines that now extend from Edmonton to the Pacific coast 47 Communities of Serbs emerged in Regina Lethbridge Edmonton and Calgary while significant populations formed in Atlin British Columbia and Dawson Yukon 48 In Ontario and Quebec Serbs were drawn to work in the industry sector By 1914 the Serbian community of the city of Hamilton Ontario numbered around 1 000 49 Further Serb settlement was established in Niagara Falls London and Windsor 37 The first Serbian immigrants to the city of Toronto arrived in 1903 by 1914 there were more than 200 Serbs 37 Until the Second World War most people who today identify themselves as Yugoslav Macedonian Canadians claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity and were recorded as part of the Bulgarian ethnic group 50 51 52 53 The term Macedonian was used as a geographic regional term rather than an ethnic one 53 At that time the political organization by the Slavic immigrants from the region of Macedonia the Macedonian Patriotic Organization also promoted the idea of Macedonian Slavs being Bulgarians 54 During the Great War military aged Serb males who hailed from Serbia or Montenegro were considered allies but those who were born in Austro Hungarian territories were deemed enemy aliens by Canadian law even though their sympathies tended to lie with the allied cause The latter were restricted in their freedom of movements had to wear special identity cards and had to identify themselves regularly at the police station 49 Several hundred were interned in prison camps throughout the country under terrible conditions 55 Physicist Mihajlo Pupin Serbia s consul in New York during the war and Antun Seferovic the honorary consul of Serbia in Montreal advocated for the rights of the classified aliens and internees through diplomacy via the Srpska Narodna Odbrana u Kanadi Serbian National League of Canada which resulted in exemption compensation and the release of many ethnic Serbs 56 Another advocate for the rights of Serbs of Austro Hungarian origin was Serbian born court interpreter Bud Protich who enlisted in the Canadian Army and was wounded in action in 1917 57 Mid to late century Edit German immigration and settlement to Canada accelerated in the 1920s when the United States imposed quotas on Central and Eastern European immigration Soon Canada imposed its own limits however and prevented most of those trying to flee the Third Reich from moving to Canada Many of the Mennonites settled in the areas of Winnipeg and Steinbach and the area just north of Saskatoon 58 Victoria Hayward described the cultural changes of the Canadian Prairies as a mosaic in the 1920s as hundreds of thousands of immigrants from central and eastern Europe settled across the Prairies beginning in earnest during the late 19th century with large scale immigration flows lasting through the mid 20th century New Canadians representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern almost Turkish startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks These architectural figures of the landscape apart altogether of their religious significance are centers where crossing the threshold on Sundays one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music or the rich deep chanting of the Russian responses and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth essayed of the Prairie 59 After 1921 all immigrants from Yugoslavia including Serbs were designated as Yugoslavs 41 The interwar period saw a major increase in Serbian immigration to Canada 39 More than 30 000 Yugoslavs came to Canada between 1919 and 1939 including an estimated 10 000 Serbs Many of these immigrants were single working men who settled in the northern region of the province of Ontario 37 Another early use of the term mosaic to refer to Canadian society was by John Murray Gibbon in his 1938 book Canadian Mosaic Gibbon clearly disapproved of the American melting pot concept He saw the melting pot as a process by which immigrants and their descendants were encouraged to cut off ties with their countries and cultures of origin so as to assimilate into the American way of life 60 In the aftermath of the Holocaust displaced Jews emigrated to Canada from Europe rejuvenating Canada s Yiddish language European culture 61 62 63 After the Second World War Serbian political emigres who were opposed to the newly established Yugoslav communist government sought refuge in Canada 39 Many of these were POWs and laborers from Austria and Germany who refused to return to their homeland They settled in cities such as Toronto Sudbury and Hamilton 37 Later between 1957 and 1971 some 23 000 Yugoslavs arrived in Canada of whom 10 15 were Serbs They established organizations newspapers and cultural events 37 A community of Portuguese immigrants primarily from the Azores Islands came to settle in Canada beginning in significant numbers in 1953 64 Demography EditPopulation Edit Beginning with the first Canadian census in 1871 the European Canadian population as a percentage of the total Canadian population had a peak of 98 5 percent Since then their proportion of the total Canadian population has been decreasing gradually since the mid 20th century to the most recent census in 2021 14 65 66 The actual decrease in the percentage of the population who are of European origins is hard to quantify because individuals who fill out the census can self identify under more than one category based on their personal family history Statistics Canada advises that the total number of people listed by ethnic origin is actually larger than the total population estimate 14 note103 12 It is therefore not possible to express the number of individuals of European origin as a percentage of the total population The 2021 census recorded Canadians of European descent in the following categories British Isles origins French origins other Western European origins other Northern European origins Southern European origins Southeast European origins Eastern European origins and other European origins 5 Canadian was the single largest ethnic origin reported in the 2021 census reported by 5 677 205 individuals although the grouping from the British Isles was collectively larger at 10 712 280 The British category included 5 322 830 English 4 392 200 Scottish 4 413 115 Irish and 455 720 Welsh It was followed by French at 4 011 665 Other large groups included individuals of German 2 955 695 Italian 1 546 390 Ukrainian 1 258 635 Dutch 988 585 and Polish 982 820 origin 5 Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Canadians of European descent total population 1871 2021 Note 1996 present census populations are potentially inaccurate due to the creation of the Canadian ethnic origin category a Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Canadians of European descent percentage of the total population 1871 2021 Note 1996 present census populations are potentially inaccurate due to the creation of the Canadian ethnic origin category a European Canadian Population History1871 2021 nb 1 Year Population of total population1871 66 67 3 433 315 98 495 1881 67 68 4 146 900 95 886 1901 67 68 5 170 522 96 262 1911 67 68 69 7 005 583 97 21 1921 65 67 68 69 8 568 584 97 504 1931 65 66 70 10 134 313 97 663 1941 65 66 71 11 242 868 97 708 1951 65 66 72 13 582 574 96 953 1961 65 66 73 17 653 864 96 796 1971 65 66 74 20 763 915 96 27 1981 75 b 22 024 190 91 45 1996 76 c 24 748 455 86 751 2001 77 d 23 414 150 78 998 2011 78 20 157 965 61 359 2016 79 19 683 320 57 119 2021 1 19 062 115 52 472 Ethnic and national origins Edit European Canadian population by country of origin 1871 1911 Ethnicity Population 1871 68 of Canadian population 1871 Population 1881 68 of Canadian population 1881 Population 1901 68 of Canadian population 1901 Population 1911 68 of Canadian population 1911 nbsp Albanian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Austrian N A N A N A N A 10 947 0 2 42 535 0 6 nbsp Basque N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Belgian N A N A N A N A 2 994 0 1 9 593 0 1 nbsp Bosnian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp British Isles not otherwise specified N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Bulgarian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Croatian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Cypriot N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Czechoslovakian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Czech N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Danish N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Dutch 29 662 0 9 30 412 0 7 33 845 0 6 54 986 0 8 nbsp English 706 369 20 3 881 301 20 4 1 260 899 23 5 1 823 150 25 3 nbsp Estonian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Finnish N A N A N A N A 2 502 0 1 15 497 0 2 nbsp French 1 082 940 31 1 1 298 929 30 0 1 649 371 30 7 2 054 890 28 5 nbsp German 202 991 5 8 254 319 5 9 310 501 5 8 393 320 5 5 nbsp Greek N A N A N A N A 291 0 0 3 594 0 0 nbsp Hungarian N A N A N A N A 1 549 0 0 11 605 0 2 nbsp Icelandic N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Irish 846 414 24 3 957 403 22 1 988 721 18 4 1 050 384 14 6 nbsp Italian 1 035 0 0 1 849 0 0 10 834 0 2 45 411 0 6 nbsp Kosovar N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Latvian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Lithuanian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Luxembourger N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Macedonian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Maltese N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Moldovan N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Montenegrin N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Norwegian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Polish N A N A N A N A 6 285 0 1 33 365 0 5 nbsp Portuguese N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Romanian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Russian 607 0 0 1 227 0 1 19 825 0 4 43 142 0 6 nbsp Scottish 549 946 15 8 699 863 16 2 800 154 14 9 997 880 13 9 nbsp Serbian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Slovak N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Slovene N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Spanish N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Swedish N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Swiss 2 962 0 1 4 588 0 1 3 865 0 1 6 625 0 1 nbsp Ukrainian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Welsh N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Yugoslav N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N AEuropean Canadian population by country of origin 1921 1961 Ethnicity Population 1921 68 of Canadian population 1921 Population 1941 80 81 of Canadian population 1941 Population 1951 80 81 of Canadian population 1951 Population 1961 80 81 of Canadian population 1961 nbsp Albanian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Basque N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Belgian 20 234 0 2 29 711 0 3 35 148 0 3 61 382 0 3 nbsp Bosnian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp British Isles not otherwise specified N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Bulgarian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Byelorussian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Croatian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Cypriot N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Czechoslovakian N A N A 42 912 0 4 63 959 0 4 73 061 0 4 nbsp Czech N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Danish N A N A 37 439 0 3 42 671 0 3 85 473 0 5 nbsp Dutch 117 506 1 2 212 863 1 8 264 267 1 9 429 679 2 4 nbsp English 2 545 496 29 0 2 968 402 25 1 3 630 344 25 9 4 195 175 23 0 nbsp Estonian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Finnish 21 494 0 2 41 683 0 4 43 745 0 3 59 436 0 3 nbsp French 2 452 751 27 9 3 483 038 29 5 4 319 167 30 8 5 540 346 30 4 nbsp German 294 636 3 4 464 682 3 9 619 995 4 4 1 049 599 5 8 nbsp Greek 5 740 0 1 11 692 0 1 13 966 0 1 56 475 0 3 nbsp Hungarian 13 181 0 1 54 598 0 5 60 460 0 4 126 220 0 7 nbsp Icelandic N A N A 21 050 0 2 23 307 0 2 30 623 0 2 nbsp Irish 1 107 817 12 6 1 267 702 10 7 1 439 635 10 3 1 753 351 9 6 nbsp Italian 66 769 0 8 112 625 1 0 152 245 1 1 459 351 2 5 nbsp Kosovar N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Latvian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Lithuanian N A N A 7 789 0 1 16 224 0 1 27 629 0 2 nbsp Luxembourger N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Macedonian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Maltese N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Moldovan N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Montenegrin N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Norwegian N A N A 100 718 0 9 119 266 0 9 148 681 0 8 nbsp Polish 53 403 0 6 167 485 1 4 219 845 1 6 323 517 1 8 nbsp Portuguese N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Romanian N A N A 24 689 0 2 23 601 0 2 43 805 0 2 nbsp Russian 100 064 1 1 83 708 0 7 91 279 0 6 119 168 0 7 nbsp Scottish 1 173 637 13 4 1 403 974 11 9 1 547 470 11 0 1 902 302 10 4 nbsp Serbian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Slovak N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Slovene N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Spanish N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Swedish N A N A 85 396 0 7 97 780 0 7 121 757 0 7 nbsp Swiss 12 837 0 2 N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Ukrainian N A N A 305 929 2 6 395 043 2 8 473 337 2 6 nbsp Welsh N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Yugoslav N A N A N A N A N A N A 21 214 0 2 European Canadian population by country of origin 1991 2006 Ethnicity Population 1991 82 of Canadian population 1991 Population 1996 83 of Canadian population 1996 Population 2001 84 of Canadian population 2001 Population 2006 85 of Canadian population 2006 nbsp Albanian N A N A N A N A 14 935 0 1 22 395 0 1 nbsp Austrian 107 671 1 2 37 715 0 3 32 231 0 2 106 535 0 6 nbsp Austrian N A N A N A N A 147 585 0 5 194 255 0 6 nbsp Basque N A N A N A N A 2 715 0 0 4 975 0 0 nbsp Belgian N A N A N A N A 129 780 0 4 168 910 0 5 nbsp Bosnian N A N A N A N A 15 720 0 1 21 045 0 1 nbsp British Isles not otherwise specified N A N A N A N A 150 585 0 5 403 915 1 3 nbsp Bulgarian N A N A N A N A 15 195 0 1 27 255 0 1 nbsp Byelorussian N A N A N A N A 5 115 0 0 10 505 0 0 nbsp Croatian N A N A N A N A 97 050 0 3 110 880 0 4 nbsp Cypriot N A N A N A N A 2 060 0 0 3 395 0 0 nbsp Czechoslovakian N A N A N A N A 33 540 0 1 36 970 0 1 nbsp Czech N A N A N A N A 79 910 0 3 98 090 0 3 nbsp Danish N A N A N A N A 170 780 0 6 200 035 0 6 nbsp Dutch 961 600 3 4 916 215 3 1 923 310 3 1 1 035 965 3 3 nbsp English 8 605 125 30 7 6 832 095 23 1 5 978 875 20 2 6 570 015 21 0 nbsp Estonian N A N A N A N A 22 085 0 1 23 930 0 1 nbsp Finnish N A N A N A N A 114 690 0 4 131 040 0 4 nbsp French 8 369 210 29 9 5 597 845 18 9 4 668 410 15 8 4 941 210 15 8 nbsp German 2 793 775 10 0 2 757 140 9 3 2 742 765 9 3 3 179 425 10 2 nbsp Greek 191 475 0 7 203 345 0 7 215 105 0 7 242 685 0 8 nbsp Hungarian N A N A N A N A 267 255 0 9 315 510 1 0 nbsp Icelandic N A N A N A N A 75 090 0 3 88 875 0 3 nbsp Irish N A N A N A N A 3 822 660 12 9 4 354 155 13 9 nbsp Italian 1 147 780 4 1 1 207 475 4 2 1 270 370 4 3 1 445 335 4 6 nbsp Kosovar N A N A N A N A 1 200 0 0 1 530 0 0 nbsp Latvian N A N A N A N A 22 615 0 1 27 870 0 1 nbsp Lithuanian N A N A N A N A 36 485 0 1 46 690 0 1 nbsp Luxembourger N A N A N A N A 2 390 0 0 3 225 0 0 nbsp Macedonian N A N A N A N A 31 265 0 1 37 055 0 1 nbsp Maltese N A N A N A N A 33 000 0 1 37 120 0 1 nbsp Moldovan N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A nbsp Montenegrin N A N A N A N A 1 055 0 0 2 370 0 0 nbsp Norwegian 286 240 1 0 N A N A 363 760 1 2 432 515 1 4 nbsp Polish 740 720 2 6 786 735 2 7 817 085 2 8 984 565 3 2 nbsp Portuguese 292 185 1 0 335 110 1 1 357 690 1 2 410 850 1 3 nbsp Romanian N A N A N A N A 131 830 0 4 192 170 0 6 nbsp Russian N A N A N A N A 337 960 1 1 500 600 1 6 nbsp Scottish 4 248 365 15 2 4 260 840 14 4 4 157 210 14 0 4 719 850 15 1 nbsp Serbian N A N A N A N A 55 540 0 2 72 690 0 2 nbsp Slovak N A N A N A N A 50 860 0 2 64 145 0 2 nbsp Slovene N A N A N A N A 28 910 0 1 35 935 0 1 nbsp Spanish 158 915 0 6 204 360 0 7 213 105 0 7 325 730 1 0 nbsp Swedish N A N A N A N A 282 760 1 0 334 765 1 1 nbsp Swiss N A N A N A N A 110 795 0 4 137 775 0 4 nbsp Ukrainian 1 054 295 3 8 1 026 470 3 5 1 071 060 3 6 1 209 085 3 9 nbsp Welsh N A N A N A N A 350 365 1 2 440 965 1 4 nbsp Yugoslav 21 404 0 2 68 587 0 4 65 505 0 2 65 305 0 2 European Canadian population by country of origin 2011 2021 Ethnicity Population 2011 86 of Canadian population 2011 Population 2016 14 of Canadian population 2021 Population 2021 87 of Canadian population 2021 nbsp Albanian 28 270 0 1 36 185 0 1 41 625 0 1 nbsp Austrian 197 990 0 6 207 050 0 6 189 535 0 5 nbsp Basque 5 570 0 0 6 965 0 0 7 740 0 0 nbsp Belgian 176 615 0 5 186 665 0 5 182 175 0 5 nbsp Bosniak N A N A N A N A 2 770 0 0 nbsp Bosnian 22 920 0 1 26 740 0 1 28 490 0 1 nbsp British Isles not otherwise specified 576 030 1 8 644 695 1 9 938 950 2 6 nbsp Bulgarian 30 485 0 1 34 565 0 1 33 080 0 1 nbsp Byelorussian 15 565 0 0 20 710 0 0 18 850 0 0 nbsp Croatian 114 880 0 3 133 970 0 4 130 820 0 4 nbsp Cypriot 4 815 0 0 5 650 0 0 4 830 0 0 nbsp Czechoslovakian 40 035 0 1 40 715 0 1 33 135 0 1 nbsp Czech 94 805 0 3 104 580 0 3 98 925 0 3 nbsp Danish 203 080 0 6 207 470 0 6 196 945 0 5 nbsp Dutch 1 067 245 3 2 1 111 655 3 2 988 585 2 7 nbsp English 6 509 500 19 8 6 320 085 18 3 5 322 830 14 7 nbsp Estonian 23 180 0 1 24 530 0 1 23 455 0 1 nbsp Finnish 136 215 0 4 143 645 0 4 144 055 0 4 nbsp French 5 065 690 15 4 4 670 595 13 6 4 011 670 11 0 nbsp German 3 203 330 9 8 3 322 405 9 6 2 955 695 8 1 nbsp Greek 252 960 0 8 271 410 0 8 262 135 0 7 nbsp Greek Cypriot N A N A N A N A 1 935 0 0 nbsp Hungarian 316 765 1 0 348 085 1 0 320 155 0 9 nbsp Icelandic 94 205 0 3 101 795 0 3 101 990 0 3 nbsp Irish 4 544 870 13 8 4 627 000 13 4 4 413 120 12 2 nbsp Italian 1 488 425 4 5 1 587 970 4 6 1 546 390 4 3 nbsp Kosovar 2 760 0 0 2 865 0 0 3 730 0 0 nbsp Latvian 27 355 0 1 30 725 0 1 28 135 0 1 nbsp Lithuanian 49 130 0 1 59 285 0 2 52 040 0 1 nbsp Luxembourger 3 790 0 0 3 915 0 0 4 145 0 0 nbsp Macedonian 36 985 0 1 43 110 0 1 39 440 0 1 nbsp Maltese 38 780 0 1 41 920 0 1 40 665 0 1 nbsp Moldovan 8 050 0 0 14 915 0 0 18 190 0 0 nbsp Montenegrin 2 970 0 0 4 160 0 0 4 310 0 0 nbsp Northern Irish N A N A N A N A 25 205 0 1 nbsp Norwegian 452 705 1 4 463 275 1 3 466 500 1 3 nbsp Pennsylvania Dutch N A N A N A N A 17 315 0 0 nbsp Polish 1 010 705 3 1 1 106 585 3 2 982 815 2 7 nbsp Portuguese 429 850 1 3 482 605 1 4 448 305 1 2 nbsp Romanian 204 625 0 6 238 050 0 7 215 885 0 6 nbsp Russian 550 520 1 7 622 445 1 8 548 145 1 5 nbsp Scottish 4 714 970 14 4 4 799 005 13 9 4 392 200 12 1 nbsp Serbian 80 320 0 2 96 530 0 3 93 355 2 6 nbsp Slovak 66 545 0 2 72 285 0 2 68 210 0 2 nbsp Slovene 37 170 0 1 40 470 0 1 38 595 0 1 nbsp Spanish 368 305 1 1 396 460 1 2 342 045 0 9 nbsp Swedish 341 845 1 0 349 645 1 0 334 510 0 9 nbsp Swiss 146 830 0 4 155 120 0 5 145 570 0 4 nbsp Ukrainian 1 251 170 3 8 1 359 655 3 9 1 258 635 3 5 nbsp Welsh 458 705 1 4 474 805 1 4 455 720 1 3 nbsp Yugoslav 48 320 0 1 38 480 0 1 30 565 0 1 Language Edit In the 2021 census the largest non official European mother tongue languages were Spanish 538 870 Italian 319 505 German 272 865 and Portuguese 240 680 and Russian 197 905 87 English and French are not included in this table because most Canadians have one of those languages as their mother tongue regardless of their ethnic origin European mother tongue by language 1991 2001 Language Population 1991 88 of non official language mothertongue speakers in Canada 1991 of all language mother tonguespeakers in Canada 1991 Population 1996 89 of non official language mothertongue speakers in Canada 1996 of all language mother tonguespeakers in Canada 1996 Population 2001 90 of non official language mothertongue speakers in Canada 2001 of all language mother tonguespeakers in Canada 2001 Afrikaans N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N AAlbanian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N AArmenian N A N A N A 26 295 0 6 0 1 27 350 0 5 0 1 Belarusan N A N A N A 420 0 0 0 0 530 0 0 0 0 Bosnian N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N ABulgarian N A N A N A 6 330 0 1 0 0 9 130 0 2 0 0 Catalan N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N ACroatian N A N A N A 50 105 1 1 0 2 54 880 1 1 0 2 Czech N A N A N A 24 985 0 5 0 1 24 795 0 5 0 1 Danish N A N A N A 20 280 0 4 0 1 18 230 0 4 0 1 Dutch 124 535 3 5 0 5 133 805 2 9 0 5 128 670 2 5 0 4 Estonian N A N A N A 10 690 0 2 0 0 8 720 0 2 0 0 Finnish N A N A N A 24 735 0 5 0 1 22 400 0 4 0 1 Flemish N A N A N A 6 980 0 2 0 0 6 010 0 1 0 0 Frisian N A N A N A 2 915 0 0 0 0 3 185 0 1 0 0 German 424 645 12 0 1 6 450 140 9 8 1 6 438 080 8 4 1 5 Greek 114 370 3 2 0 4 121 180 2 6 0 4 120 365 2 3 0 4 Hungarian 72 900 2 1 0 3 77 235 1 7 0 3 75 550 1 5 0 3 Icelandic N A N A N A 2 675 0 1 0 0 2 075 0 0 0 0 Italian 449 660 12 7 1 7 484 500 10 5 1 7 469 485 9 0 1 6 Latvian N A N A N A 9 635 0 2 0 0 8 230 0 2 0 0 Lithuanian N A N A N A 9 385 0 2 0 0 8 770 0 2 0 0 Macedonian N A N A N A 19 300 0 4 0 1 16 905 0 3 0 1 Maltese N A N A N A 7 120 0 2 0 0 7 375 0 1 0 0 Norwegian N A N A N A 10 235 0 2 0 0 8 725 0 2 0 0 Polish 171 975 4 9 0 6 213 410 4 6 0 7 208 370 4 0 0 7 Portuguese 186 995 5 3 0 7 211 290 4 6 0 7 213 815 4 1 0 7 Romanian N A N A N A 35 710 0 8 0 1 50 900 1 0 0 2 Russian N A N A N A 57 495 1 3 0 2 94 555 1 8 0 3 Scottish Gaelic N A N A N A 2 175 0 0 0 0 2 155 0 0 0 0 Serbian N A N A N A 28 620 0 6 0 1 41 175 0 8 0 1 Serbo Croatian N A N A N A 17 940 0 4 0 1 26 685 0 5 0 1 Slovak N A N A N A 18 285 0 4 0 1 17 540 0 3 0 1 Slovene N A N A N A 14 085 0 3 0 0 12 800 0 2 0 0 Spanish 158 655 4 5 0 6 212 890 4 6 0 8 245 495 4 7 0 8 Swedish N A N A N A 9 760 0 2 0 0 9 070 0 2 0 0 Ukrainian 166 830 4 7 0 6 162 695 3 5 0 6 148 085 2 8 0 5 Welsh N A N A N A 1 670 0 0 0 0 1 615 0 0 0 0 Yiddish N A N A N A 21 415 0 1 0 5 19 290 0 4 0 1 European mother tongue by language 2006 2016 Language Population 2006 91 of non official language mothertongue speakers in Canada 2006 of all language mother tonguespeakers in Canada 2006 Population 2011 92 of non official language mothertongue speakers in Canada 2011 of all language mother tonguespeakers in Canada 2011 Population 2016 14 of non official language mothertongue speakers in Canada 2016 of all language mother tonguespeakers in Canada 2016 Afrikaans N A N A N A 8 770 0 1 0 0 10 265 0 1 0 0 Albanian N A N A N A 23 820 0 4 0 1 26 890 0 4 0 1 Armenian 30 130 0 5 0 1 29 795 0 5 0 1 33 355 0 5 0 1 Belarusan N A N A N A N A N A N A 810 0 0 0 0 Bosnian 12 790 0 2 0 0 11 685 0 2 0 0 12 210 0 2 0 0 Bulgarian 16 790 0 3 0 1 19 050 0 3 0 1 20 025 0 3 0 1 Catalan N A N A N A N A N A N A 865 0 0 0 0 Croatian 55 335 0 9 0 2 49 730 0 8 0 2 48 200 0 7 0 1 Czech 24 450 0 4 0 1 23 585 0 4 0 1 22 290 0 3 0 1 Danish 18 735 0 3 0 1 14 145 0 2 0 0 12 630 0 2 0 0 Dutch 128 905 2 1 0 4 110 490 1 7 0 3 99 020 1 4 0 3 Estonian 8 245 0 1 0 0 6 385 0 1 0 0 5 445 0 1 0 0 Finnish 21 030 0 3 0 1 17 415 0 3 0 1 15 295 0 3 0 1 Flemish 5 665 0 1 0 0 4 690 0 1 0 0 3 895 0 1 0 0 Frisian 2 890 0 0 0 0 14 935 0 1 N A 2 100 0 0 0 0 German 450 570 7 3 1 4 409 200 6 2 1 2 384 035 5 2 1 1 Greek 108 925 1 7 0 3 106 525 1 5 0 3 117 285 1 9 0 4 Hungarian 73 335 1 2 0 2 67 920 1 0 0 2 61 235 0 8 0 2 Icelandic N A N A N A N A N A N A 1 285 0 0 0 0 Italian 455 040 7 4 1 5 407 485 6 2 1 2 375 635 5 1 1 1 Latvian 6 995 0 1 0 0 6 200 0 1 0 0 5 455 0 1 0 0 Lithuanian 8 335 0 1 0 0 7 245 0 1 0 0 7 075 0 1 0 0 Macedonian 18 440 0 3 0 0 17 245 0 3 0 1 16 775 0 2 0 0 Maltese 6 405 0 1 0 0 6 220 0 1 0 0 5 565 0 1 0 0 Norwegian 7 225 0 1 0 0 5 800 0 1 0 0 4 615 0 1 0 0 Polish 211 175 3 4 0 7 191 645 2 9 0 6 181 710 2 5 0 5 Portuguese 219 270 3 6 0 7 211 335 3 2 0 6 221 540 3 0 0 6 Romanian 78 500 1 3 0 3 90 300 1 4 0 3 96 665 1 3 0 3 Russian 133 575 2 2 0 4 164 330 2 5 0 5 188 255 2 6 0 5 Scottish Gaelic N A N A N A N A N A N A 1 090 0 0 0 0 Serbian 51 665 0 8 0 2 56 420 0 9 0 2 57 350 0 8 0 2 Serbo Croatian 12 510 0 2 0 0 10 155 0 2 0 0 9 555 0 1 0 0 Slovak 18 825 0 3 0 1 17 580 0 3 0 1 17 580 0 2 0 1 Slovene 13 135 0 2 0 0 10 775 0 2 0 0 9 790 0 1 0 0 Spanish 345 345 5 6 1 1 410 670 6 3 1 2 458 850 6 3 1 3 Swedish 8 220 0 1 0 0 7 350 0 1 0 0 6 840 0 1 0 0 Ukrainian 134 500 2 2 0 4 111 540 1 7 0 3 102 485 1 4 0 3 Welsh N A N A N A N A N A N A 1 075 0 0 0 0 Yiddish 16 295 0 3 0 1 15 205 0 2 0 0 13 555 0 2 0 0 European mother tongue by language 2021 Language Population 2021 87 of non official language mothertongue speakers in Canada 2021 of all language mother tonguespeakers in Canada 2021 Afrikaans 12 270 0 2 0 0 Albanian 29 265 0 4 0 1 Armenian 33 720 0 4 0 1 Belarusan 720 0 0 0 0 Bosnian 13 820 0 2 0 0 Bulgarian 19 035 0 2 0 1 Catalan 905 0 0 0 0 Croatian 43 500 0 6 0 1 Czech 20 025 0 3 0 1 Danish 9 945 0 1 0 1 Dutch 80 315 1 0 0 2 Estonian 4 485 0 1 0 0 Finnish 12 200 0 2 0 0 Flemish 2 935 0 0 0 0 Frisian 1 570 0 0 0 0 German 272 865 3 5 0 8 Greek 93 335 1 2 0 3 Hungarian 51 500 0 7 0 1 Icelandic 905 0 0 0 0 Italian 319 505 4 1 0 9 Irish 665 0 0 0 0 Latvian 4 430 0 1 0 0 Lithuanian 6 130 0 1 0 0 Low Saxon 1 270 0 0 0 0 Macedonian 14 795 0 2 0 0 Maltese 4 425 0 1 0 0 Norwegian 3 535 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania German 9 065 0 1 0 0 Plautdietsch 33 200 0 4 0 1 Polish 160 170 2 0 0 4 Portuguese 240 680 3 1 0 7 Romanian 93 160 1 2 0 3 Russian 197 905 2 5 0 5 Rusyn 500 0 0 0 0 Scottish Gaelic 425 0 0 0 0 Serbian 57 425 0 7 0 2 Serbo Croatian N A N A N ASlovak 15 255 0 2 0 0 Slovene 7 965 0 1 0 0 Spanish 538 870 6 9 1 5 Swedish 5 890 0 1 0 0 Swiss German 7 575 0 1 0 0 Ukrainian 84 705 1 1 0 2 Welsh 825 0 0 0 0 Yiddish 12 060 0 2 0 0 Immigration Edit European immigrant population in Canada Year Population of immigrantsin Canada of Canadianpopulation1986 93 2 430 470 62 2 9 3 1991 93 2 364 695 54 5 8 4 1996 93 2 334 005 47 0 7 9 2001 94 2 287 535 42 0 7 4 2006 95 2 269 705 36 7 7 0 2011 96 2 226 100 30 8 6 5 2016 97 2 082 765 27 6 5 7 2021 98 1 967 620 23 5 5 3 Culture EditMain articles Canadian culture and Western culture This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The various cultures of the Canadians of European descent have had a predominant influence on the culture of Canada Over time many people of European Canadian origins have brought with them or contributed literature art architecture cinema and theater religion and philosophy ethics agricultural skills foods medicine science and technology fashion and clothing styles music language business economics legal system political system and social and technological innovation to Canadian culture European settlers brought with them European plants animals viruses and bacteria remaking significant portions of the Canadian ecology and landscape in the image of their homelands 99 100 Canadian culture evolved in large part from the culture that the English French Scottish Welsh and Irish settlers brought with them long before Canada became a country Much of English Canadian culture shows influences from the cultures of the British Isles with later influence due to 19th century immigration from different regions of Europe such as Eastern Europe Colonial ties to Great Britain and the cultural presence of the United States spread the English language legal system and other cultural attributes Elements of Aboriginal French British and more recent immigrant customs languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity without eradicating specific regional or cultural identities such as Aboriginal or Quebecois dubious discuss Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic geographic and economic neighbour the United States Many Canadians see the Cultural Mosaic which promotes multiculturalism and an equality of cultures as a distinctive feature of Canadian culture one that sets it apart from the melting pot philosophy of many Americans 101 102 Music Edit This section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk European Canadians Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Scottish Canadian Robert Stanley Weir wrote the lyrics to O Canada Another area of cultural influence are Canadian Patriotic songs Canadian National Anthem Two Canadians of French descent Adolphe Basile Routhier wrote the lyrics and Calixa Lavallee composed the music in 1880 103 104 The English lyrics were written in 1908 by Scottish Canadian Robert Stanley Weir 105 The lyrics have also been translated into many other languages spoken by different Canadian minority populations including other European languages 106 107 108 109 110 The Maple Leaf Forever is an older but unofficial national anthem written by Scotsman Alexander Muir in 1867 111 It was in consideration for official national anthem however as no French version was ever written it was never popular with Francophones 112 Sport Edit This section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk European Canadians Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ice Hockey British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick and ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter Ice hockey was first played in Canada during the early nineteenth century based on similar sports such as field hockey that were played in Europe 113 The sport was originally played with a stick and ball but in 1860 a group of English veterans from the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment played a game in Kingston Ontario utilising a puck for what is believed to be the first time This match played on the frozen harbour by the city is sometimes considered to be the birth of modern ice hockey 114 According to legend the first hockey pucks were molded from fresh cow dung that was then allowed to freeze in below zero outdoor temperatures 115 Whether or not this was how the first puck was made the use of horse or cow droppings was common thereafter a distinctively Euro Canadian aspect of the game made possible by the country s Northern climate 116 117 Notable people EditPrime Ministers Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Most of the heritage that all twenty three Canadian Prime Ministers come from or in some combination thereof is British English Scottish Ulster Scot or Welsh ancestry Later Canadian Prime Ministers ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe 1st John A Macdonald Scottish 2nd Alexander Mackenzie Scottish 3rd John Abbott English 4th John Thompson Irish 5th Mackenzie Bowell English 6th Charles Tupper English 7th Wilfrid Laurier French 8th Robert Borden English 9th Arthur Meighen Scots Irish 10th William Lyon Mackenzie King Scottish 11th R B Bennett English Irish 12th Louis St Laurent French Irish 13th John Diefenbaker German Scottish 14th Lester B Pearson Anglo Irish 15th Pierre Trudeau French Scottish 16th Joe Clark Scottish Irish 17th John Turner English 18th Brian Mulroney Irish 19th Kim Campbell Scottish 20th Jean Chretien French 21st Paul Martin Irish French Scottish 22nd Stephen Harper English Scottish 23rd Justin Trudeau French Scottish English Diaspora EditThis section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk European Canadians Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Substantial numbers of European Canadians of French extraction migrated to New England beginning in the late nineteenth century taking jobs in the cotton mills there and forming a Catholic French speaking immigrant community 118 Notable francophone European Canadian Americans included Beat novelist Jack Kerouac and best selling novelist Grace Metalious Notable Canadians of European descent who settled in the United States or lived in the United States for extended periods have included Joni Mitchell Lorne Michaels Hal Foster Todd McFarlane Pamela Anderson Justin Bieber Seth Rogen Fay Wray Mary Pickford Michael J Fox Saul Bellow and William Shatner Ted Cruz was born in Canada and his family returned to the United States when he was a child he became active in American politics as a dual citizen but renounced his Canadian citizenship when competing to be the Republican presidential candidate effective 2014 See also Edit nbsp Europe portal nbsp Canada portalEuropean emigration Metis people Canada Ethnic origins of people in Canada White Americans European Americans Demographics of Canada White demographic declineReferences Edit a b Government of Canada Statistics Canada October 26 2022 Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age Canada provinces and territories census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved October 26 2022 www oxforddictionaries com Euro Canadian definition Menzies Charles 1994 Stories from Home First Nations Land Claims and Euro Canadians American Ethnologist American Anthropological Association 21 4 776 791 doi 10 1525 ae 1994 21 4 02a00060 JSTOR 646839 Example of Euro Canadian being used Government of Canada Statistics Canada October 26 2022 Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age Canada provinces and territories www150 statcan gc ca Retrieved October 28 2022 a b c Government of Canada Statistics Canada March 30 2022 Ethnic or Cultural Origin Reference Guide Census of Population 2021 www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved October 28 2022 Census Profile 2016 Census Canada Country and Canada Country Ethnic origin population What the hell is a European Canadian The Georgia Straight August 17 2017 Retrieved October 27 2021 Duchesne Ricardo 2017 Preface Canada in Decay Mass Immigration Diversity and the Ethnocide of Euro Canadians Black House Publishing The Ever Changing Nature of White Canada Active History August 3 2017 Retrieved October 27 2021 Groulx Lionel 1923 L appel de la race Bibliotheque de l Action francaise Canada s Ethnocultural Mosaic 2006 Census National picture a b c Don Kerr 2007 The Changing Face of Canada Essential Readings in Population Canadian Scholars Press pp 313 317 ISBN 978 1 55130 322 2 Jack Jedwab April 2008 Our Cense of Self the 2006 Census saw 1 6 million Canadian PDF Association for Canadian Studies Archived from the original PDF on October 2 2011 Retrieved March 7 2011 a b c d e f Government of Canada Statistics Canada February 8 2017 Census Profile 2016 Census Canada Ethnic Origin Population European origins www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved August 6 2019 Saunders Doug March 28 1998 Postcard from a hate filled past The Globe and Mail p C10 Rowlands derails racists plan Mayor alerts other mayors across Canada of neo Nazi organizations the Nationalist Party and the Euro Canadian Freedom Front s proposals for European Heritage Week October 9 15 Share Vol 17 no 16 August 11 1994 A S Whiteley The Peopling of the Prairie Provinces of Canada American Journal of Sociology 38 2 1932 pp 240 52 online states The Prairie born constituted the largest single element in the population in 1926 and with those from other provinces comprised 62 75 per cent of the total With respect to origin about one half of those from Central South and East Europe and less than one fourth of those from Northwest European stocks were foreign born James Muir 2016 Keeping Canada British The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan by James M Pitsula review University of Toronto Quarterly Volume 85 ed University of Toronto Press pp 541 542 Similarly a broad spectrum of people from J S Woodsworth to John Diefenbaker accepted as truth the imagined superiority of British people and northwestern Europeans over central and southern Europeans let alone Africans Asians and North American indigenous people Kevin Woodger 2017 Whiteness and Ambiguous Canadianization The Boy Scouts Association and the Canadian Cadet Organization Journal of the Canadian Historical Association Volume 28 ed Canadian Historical Association pp 95 126 Indeed the 1969 Canadian Scout Handbook section on Canada s National Origins which purported to outline Canada s contemporary ethnic and racial composition continued to emphasize the British and French as the two founding nations while detailing the myriad different national origins of northwestern Eastern and Southern European Canadians David Goutor 2008 Guarding the Gates The Canadian Labour Movement and Immigration 1872 1934 UBC Press ISBN 978 0774813655 From 1903 to 1914 more than one quarter of all immigrants came from continental Europe with a pronounced increase in the migration of Ukrainians Poles Italians and other eastern and southern Europeans a growing proportion of eastern and southern Europeans were brought in to do the rough unskilled work in Canada s flourishing railway mining lumbering and manufacturing sectors Wallace Birgitta L Anse aux Meadows The Canadian Encyclopedia Retrieved June 4 2020 Corporation British Broadcasting BBC History Scottish History www bbc co uk Bennett Ethel M G 1979 1966 Desportes Helene In Brown George Williams ed Dictionary of Canadian Biography Vol I 1000 1700 online ed University of Toronto Press Marquis G E Allen Louis January 1 1923 The French Canadians in the Province of Quebec The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 107 7 12 doi 10 1177 000271622310700103 JSTOR 1014689 S2CID 143714682 Little Dutch Deutsch Church National Historic Site of Canada Canadian Register of Historic Places Retrieved 17 April 2021 Jonathan Dembling Gaelic in Canada new evidence from an old census In Canan amp Cultar Language amp Culture Rannsachadh na Gaidhlig 3 edited by Wilson McLeod James Fraser and Anja Gunderloch 203 14 Edinburgh Dunedin Academic Press 2006 Lehmann 1986 p 371 Reaman 1957 p xviii Werner Bausenhart German Immigration and Assimilation in Ontario 1783 1918 Legas 1989 Waterloo Township Waterloo Region Museum Research Region of Waterloo 2013 Retrieved March 13 2017 Bassler 2013 Lehmann 1986 Religion in Waterloo North Pre 1911 Waterloo Region 2015 Retrieved March 21 2017 Campbell amp Bryce 1911 p 131 Thomas P Power ed The Irish in Atlantic Canada 1780 1900 Fredericton NB New Ireland Press 1991 O Driscoll Robert Reynolds Lorna eds 1988 The Untold story The Irish in Canada Vol II Celtic Arts of Canada p 711 ISBN 978 0 9217 4500 6 a b c d e f Serbian Historical Sketch PDF Archives of the Government of Ontario 1972 Archived from the original PDF on January 31 2022 Tomovic 2002 p 114 a b c Tomovic 2002 p 53 a b c Mandres 2020 p 101 a b Powell 2005 p 267 The Canadian Family Tree Canada s Peoples Third reprint ed Corpus Information Services 1979 p 198 ISBN 978 0 91921 714 0 Bloomfield Foster amp Forgay 1993 p xiii Religion in Waterloo North Pre 1911 Waterloo Region 2015 Retrieved March 21 2017 Bosnian immigration North American Immigration The Pier 21 Story PDF pier21 ca Archived PDF from the original on February 7 2014 Retrieved August 13 2019 Vukovic 1998 p 10 Mandres 2020 pp 101 102 a b Mandres 2020 p 102 Macedonian immigrants have also been subsumed under the heading of Bulgarian immigrants especially as regards the first wave because in that period the history and population of the two countries was not as distinct as it is today Until World War II most people who today identify themselves as Macedonian Canadians claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity and were recorded as part of the Bulgarian ethnic group Magocsi p 287 Hence the Bulgarian community in Canada is deeply linked to the Macedonian Canadians The Bulgarian Diaspora in Canada Stories of Immigration Glavanakova Alexandra Andreev Andrey 2010 CEACS Brno Czech Republic Migrating Memories Central Europe in Canada Volume 2 Oral Histories ed Rodica Albu 2010 ISBN 978 86 7746 255 0 Magocsi Paul R 1999 Encyclopedia of Canada s peoples Paul R Magocsi Multicultural History pp 287 292 University of Toronto Press 1999 ISBN 0 8020 2938 8 ISBN 9780802029386 Retrieved May 11 2011 via Google Books South Slavic immigration in America Twayne Publishers A division of G K Hall amp Co Boston George Prpic John Carroll University 1976 Chapter 18 The Bulgarians and Macedonians p 212 The smallest of the South Slavic ethnic groups in America are the Bulgarians One branch of them are the Macedonians a b Raska Jan 2014 Contested Ethnic Identity The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto 1900 1996 by Chris Kostov review Canadian Ethnic Studies 46 3 140 142 doi 10 1353 ces 2014 0037 ISSN 1913 8253 S2CID 145517102 Danforth Loring M April 6 1997 The Macedonian Conflict Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World Page 87 by Loring M Danforth ISBN 0691043566 Retrieved May 11 2011 via Google Books Mandres 2020 pp 100 103 Mandres 2020 pp 103 107 Mandres 2020 pp 111 114 Lehmann 1986 pp 186 194 198 204 Day Richard J F 2000 Multiculturalism and the History of Canadian Diversity Toronto University of Toronto Press 149 150 Valee F Vertical Mosaic Archived November 28 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica Dominion Retrieved on 2011 09 22 Anctil Pierre 2017 Histoire des Juifs du Quebec Montreal Boreal pp 259 324 ISBN 978 2 7646 3511 7 OCLC 1033501070 Tulchinsky Gerald 2008 Canada s Jews a People s Journey University of Toronto Press pp 401 426 ISBN 978 1 4426 8748 6 OCLC 1076409494 Abramson Zelda Lynch John R 2019 The Montreal Shtetl Making Home After the Holocaust Toronto Between the Lines Anderson Grace M Higgs David 1976 A future to inherit the Portuguese communities of Canada ISBN 0 7710 0711 6 OCLC 246045617 a b c d e f g Peter S Li Cultural Diversity in Canada The Social Construction of Racial Differences Justice Canada 2000 p 2 Table 1 Population by Ethnic Origin Canada 1921 1971 a b c d e f g Ethnic origins Census of Canada Page 17 PDF Retrieved March 5 2020 a b c d e Canada Year Book 1922 23 Racial Origin PDF Census and Statistics Office of Canada 1921 pp 158 59 a b c d e f g h i Canada Origins according to the censuses 1871 1881 1901 1911 AND 1921 Page 134 135 a b Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 3 2013 Sixth census of Canada 1921 v 1 Population number sex and distribution racial origins religions www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 24 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 3 2013 Seventh census of Canada 1931 www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 24 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 3 2013 Eighth census of Canada 1941 Huitieme recensement du Canada www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 24 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 3 2013 Ninth census of Canada 1951 Neuvieme recensement du Canada www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 24 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 3 2013 1961 Census of Canada population vol I part 2 1961 Recensement du Canada population vol I partie 2 Ethnic groups www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 24 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 3 2013 1971 Census of Canada population vol I part 3 Recensement du Canada 1971 population vol I partie 3 Ethnic Groups www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 24 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 3 2013 1981 Census of Canada volume 1 national series population Recensement du Canada de 1981 volume 1 serie nationale population Ethnic origin www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 23 2022 a b Government of Canada Statistics Canada June 4 2019 Data tables 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin 188 and Sex 3 Showing Single and Multiple Responses 3 for Canada Provinces Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1996 Census 20 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 23 2022 a b Government of Canada Statistics Canada December 23 2013 Ethnic Origin 232 Sex 3 and Single and Multiple Responses 3 for Population for Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2001 Census 20 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 23 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada January 23 2019 Ethnic Origin 264 Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses 3 Generation Status 4 Age Groups 10 and Sex 3 for the Population in Private Households of Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2011 National Household Survey www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 23 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada June 17 2019 Ethnic Origin 279 Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses 3 Generation Status 4 Age 12 and Sex 3 for the Population in Private Households of Canada Provinces and Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2016 Census 25 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 23 2022 a b c Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada An Introductory Reader By Elspeth Cameron Page 73 73 a b c Statistics Canada Distribution of the population by ethnic group census years 1941 1951 and 1961 Government of Canada Statistics Canada June 1 1993 1991 Census of Canada Data tables Population by Ethnic Origin 188 and Sex 3 Showing Single and Multiple Responses 3 for Canada Provinces Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1991 Census 20 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 20 2019 Government of Canada Statistics Canada February 17 1998 1996 Census of Canada Data tables Population by Ethnic Origin 188 and Sex 3 Showing Single and Multiple Responses 3 for Canada Provinces Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1996 Census 20 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Archived from the original on August 12 2019 Retrieved September 20 2019 Statistics Canada 2001 Census Topic based tabulations Ethnic Origin 232 Sex 3 and Single and Multiple Responses 3 for Population for Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2001 Census 20 Sample Data Government of Canada Statistics Canada April 2 2008 Statistics Canada Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables 2006 Census www12 statcan gc ca Archived from the original on August 12 2019 Retrieved September 20 2019 Government of Canada Statistics Canada May 8 2013 2011 National Household Survey Data tables Ethnic Origin 264 Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses 3 Generation Status 4 Age Groups 10 and Sex 3 for the Population in Private Households of Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2011 National Household Survey www12 statcan gc ca Archived from the original on January 10 2019 Retrieved September 20 2019 a b c Census Profile 2021 Census of Population Statistics Canada February 9 2022 Population by Mother Tongue 27 Showing Age Groups 13 1991 Canadian census Population by Mother Tongue 27 Showing Age Groups 13 1996 Census of Canada Population by Mother Tongue 27 Showing Age Groups 13 2001 Census of Canada Population by Mother Tongue 27 Showing Age Groups 13 2006 Census of Canada File not found Fichier non trouve Archived from the original on July 1 2013 Retrieved July 20 2020 Statistics Canada Census Profile 2011 February 8 2012 Archived from the original on May 16 2016 Retrieved January 4 2020 a b c Immigrant Population by Selected Places of Birth 84 and Sex 3 for Canada Provinces Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1986 1996 Censuses 20 Sample Data 1996 Census of Canada Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration 2006 counts and percentage distribution for Canada provinces and territories 20 sample data 2001 Census of Canada Topic based tabulations Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration 2006 counts and percentage distribution for Canada provinces and territories 20 sample data 2006 Census of Canada File not found Fichier non trouve Archived from the original on July 1 2013 Retrieved July 20 2020 Citizenship 5 Place of Birth 236 Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration 11 Age Groups 10 and Sex 3 for the Population in Private Households of Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2011 National Household Survey May 8 2013 Archived from the original on June 15 2017 Retrieved January 6 2020 Data tables 2016 Census Statistics Canada October 25 2017 Archived from the original on February 18 2020 Retrieved January 4 2020 Immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth Canada provinces and territories census divisions and census subdivisions Statistics Canada October 26 2022 Retrieved October 26 2022 Piper Liza Sandlos John October 1 2007 A Broken Frontier Ecological Imperialism in the Canadian North Environmental History 12 4 759 795 doi 10 1093 envhis 12 4 759 ISSN 1084 5453 Crosby Alfred W 2004 Ecological imperialism the biological expansion of Europe 900 1900 Cambridge UP ISBN 978 1 316 45684 2 OCLC 924639299 Griffith Andrew October 31 2017 Building a Mosaic The Evolution of Canada s Approach to Immigrant Integration migrationpolicy org Retrieved December 7 2021 Raska Jan November 4 2020 Early Political and Public Responses to Canada s Official Multiculturalism Policy 1971 1972 Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 McIntosh Andrew March 26 2012 O Canada The Canadian Encyclopedia Retrieved May 26 2017 Hymne national du Canada Canadian Heritage Government of Canada June 23 2008 Retrieved June 26 2008 Department of Canadian Heritage Canadian Heritage National Anthem O Canada Queen s Printer for Canada Retrieved June 29 2010 TSO presents O Canada in 12 languages Le TSO presente O Canada en 12 langues retrieved October 28 2021 Yiddish O Canada retrieved October 28 2021 O Canada Spanish Espagnol Amanda Martinez Peter Oundjian Toronto Symphony Orchestra retrieved October 28 2021 O Canada in Hindi retrieved October 28 2021 O Canada Mandarin Xin Wang Peter Oundjian Toronto Symphony Orchestra retrieved October 28 2021 Marches L Association Canadienne De L Infanterie Canadian Infantry Association Archived from the original on April 22 2012 Retrieved May 4 2012 Canadian Heritage Patriotic Songs Pch gc ca March 3 2010 Retrieved October 29 2011 Ice Hockey Equipment and History The Olympic Movement Retrieved January 3 2012 About Ice Hockey Ice Hockey UK Archived from the original on February 14 2012 Retrieved December 27 2011 6 Things Pucks NHL com Retrieved November 2 2021 History 153 George Grimm Hockey January 18 2017 Retro Rangers Road Apple Season Inside Hockey Retrieved November 2 2021 This Day in Hockey History March 3 1875 Montreal Brings In Hockey The Pink Puck March 3 2019 Retrieved November 2 2021 Magazine Smithsonian When an Influx of French Canadian Immigrants Struck Fear Into Americans Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved November 1 2021 1996 present census populations are potentially inaccurate due to the creation of the Canadian ethnic origin category a a b c All citizens of Canada are classified as Canadians as defined by Canada s nationality laws However Canadian as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry Canadian was included as an example on the English questionnaire and Canadien as an example on the French questionnaire The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled Respondents generally are visibly European Anglophones and Francophones however no longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage Source 1 Jack Jedwab April 2008 Our Cense of Self the 2006 Census saw 1 6 million Canadian PDF Association for Canadian Studies Archived from the original PDF on October 2 2011 Retrieved March 7 2011 Virtually all persons who reported Canadian in 1996 had English or French as a mother tongue were born in Canada and had both parents born inside Canada This suggests that many of these respondents were people whose families have been in this country for several generations In effect the new Canadians were persons that previously reported either British or French origins Moreover in 1996 some 55 of people with both parents born in Canada reported Canadian alone or in combination with other origins By contrast only 4 of people with both parents born outside Canada reported Canadian Thus the Canadian response did not appeal widely to either immigrants or their children Page 2 Source 2 Don Kerr 2007 The Changing Face of Canada Essential Readings in Population Canadian Scholars Press pp 313 317 ISBN 978 1 55130 322 2 All European responses including multiple origins All European origin responses including British Isles origins 10 647 625 French origins 5 628 815 and European origins 8 472 015 76 All European origin responses including British Isles origins 9 971 615 French origins 4 710 580 and European origins 8 731 955 77 Bibliography Edit Bassler Gerhard P July 30 2013 German Canadians The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica Canada Retrieved April 16 2021 Bloomfield Elizabeth Foster Linda Forgay Jane 1993 Waterloo County to 1972 an annotated bibliography of regional history Waterloo Waterloo Regional Heritage Foundation ISBN 9780969693604 Campbell Wilfred Bryce George 1911 The Scotsman in Canada The Musson Book Company Lehmann Heinz 1986 Bassler Gerhard P ed The German Canadians 1750 1937 Immigration Settlement amp Culture Translated by Bassler Gerhard P Jesperson Press ISBN 978 1 55081 308 1 Mandres Marinel 2020 An Unprecedented Dichotomy Impacts and Consequences of Serbian Internment in Canada during the Great War In Hinther Rhonda L Mochoruk Jim eds Civilian Internment in Canada Histories and Legacies University of Manitoba Press pp 99 114 ISBN 978 0 88755 845 0 Powell John 2005 Encyclopedia of North American Immigration Infobase Publishing ISBN 9781438110127 Retrieved April 20 2013 Reaman George Elmore 1957 The Trail of the Black Walnut revised ed Toronto McClelland and Stewart ISBN 0 7710 7351 8 Tomovic Vladislav A 2002 Canadian Serbs A History of Their Social and Cultural Traditions 1856 2002 Batlik ISBN 978 0 92064 240 5 Vukovic Sava 1998 History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891 1941 Kragujevac Kalenic Further reading EditAllen Willow Samara Learning to become white girls in a settler colonial context Exploring the racial socialization of white Euro Canadian women Settler Colonial Studies 10 3 2020 378 402 Bramadat Paul David Seljak 2009 Religion and Ethnicity in Canada University of Toronto Press ISBN 9781442610187 Bramadat Paul David Seljak 2008 Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada U of Toronto Press p 247 ISBN 9780802095848 Haig Brown C Nock D A 2006 With Good Intentions Euro Canadian and Aboriginal Relations in Colonial Canada UBC Press ISBN 978 0 7748 1138 5 Kallen Evelyn 2003 Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada A Human Rights Perspective on Ethnicity Racism and Systemic Inequality Oxford UP ISBN 9780195417425 Kralt John Country of Birth of Parents And Ethnic Origins A Comparison of Reporting Patterns in the 2001 Census Magocsi Paul R 1999 Encyclopedia of Canada s peoples Society of Ontario University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 2938 6 1300pp comprehensive scholarly coverage of every groupMcLean Lorna R Education identity and citizenship in early modern Canada Journal of Canadian Studies Revue d etudes canadiennes 41 1 2007 5 30 Resnick Philip 2005 The European Roots Of Canadian Identity Peterborough Ont Broadview Press ISBN 978 1 55111 705 8 Yedlin Tova 1985 Central and East European Ethnicity in Canada Adaptation and Preservation Central and East European Studies Society of Alberta ISBN 9780888649539 Statistical Edit Statistics Canada 2008 Canada Year Book CYB annual 1867 1967 Ottawa Federal Publications Queen of Canada Statistics Canada October 27 2010 Canada Year Book Ottawa Federal Publications Queen of Canada Catalogue no 11 402 XPE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title European Canadians amp oldid 1175645507, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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