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President of Bolivia

The president of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

President of the
Plurinational State of Bolivia
Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
Coat of arms of Bolivia
Incumbent
Luis Arce
since 8 November 2020
StyleThe Most Excellent[1]
(Formal)
His Excellency
(Diplomatic)
StatusHead of State
Head of Government
ResidenceCasa Grande del Pueblo
SeatLa Paz
NominatorPlurinational Electoral Organ
AppointerDirect popular vote (two rounds if necessary)
Term lengthFive years
renewable indefinitely
Inaugural holderSimón Bolívar
Formation11 August 1825
First holderSimón Bolívar
Evo Morales[a]
DeputyVice President of Bolivia
Salary24,251 bolivianos per month[2]
Websitewww.presidencia.gob.bo

According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term with no limit on the number of terms a president may serve.[3] If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election.

Luis Arce is the 67th and incumbent president of Bolivia. He assumed office on 8 November 2020.

Constitutional history

Establishment

On 6 August 1825, the Republic of Bolivia declared its independence and proclaimed Simón Bolívar head of state. While it is certainly true that Bolívar was the official ruler of the country starting from his arrival on 12 August, there exists conflict amongst scholars as to whether he should be considered the first president of the republic.[4] According to the research of the Bolivian historian Isaac Sandoval, in his book "Political development in the social formation of Bolivia" it is affirmed that the first president of Bolivia was not Bolívar, but Antonio José de Sucre. This is due to the fact that Bolívar is never referred to as president in legal documents and was never sworn-in having renounced the title in favor of Sucre on 29 December 1825. Sucre, on the other hand, was president when the country's first Constitution was promulgated on 19 November 1826.[5]

Historian and author of the book "Presidents of Bolivia: Between urns and rifles" Carlos Mesa asserts that Bolívar was indeed the first president and that the lack of mention of him with the title is due to the fact the term "president" was not in common use in legal documents at the time. Mesa points to the Congressional decree of 11 August 1825 which proclaims Bolívar "liberator" granting him "Supreme Executive Power of the Republic." Whatever the case, the position of Simón Bolívar as the first president is the most generally accepted stance.

The Political Constitution of 1826, also known as the Bolivarian Constitution, was the first constitutional text prepared by Simón Bolívar, sanctioned by the General Constituent Congress on 6 November 1826 and promulgated by Antonio José de Sucre on 19 November 1826.[6] In this first instance, the presidency constituted a lifetime position with the power to elect and appoint a successor. The lifetime position was repealed during the presidency of Andrés de Santa Cruz who promulgated the Political Constitution of 1831.[7] Instead, the president would serve for a four-year term of government with the ability to be reelected unlimitedly.

2009 Political Constitution

The 2009 Political Constitution, approved by referendum on 25 January 2009 and promulgated by President Evo Morales on 7 February resulted in the official name of the country, leaving behind its previous denominative of Republic of Bolivia to become the Plurinational State of Bolivia.[8] As such, Evo Morales was the 65th and last President of the Republic and the first President of the State. The Constitution extended the term of the president from four years to five years while keeping the two-term limit. On 21 February 2016, a proposal to abolish term limits failed to pass via constitutional referendum by a margin of 51% to 49%.[9] Despite this, on 28 November 2017, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ruled that all elected officials could run for office indefinitely, rather than for the two consecutive terms permitted under the 2009 Constitution. The court justified its decision based on the American Convention on Human Rights' interpretation of political rights.[10]

Prior to 2009, if no candidate won more than half of the popular vote, the president was chosen by a vote in a joint legislative session from among the top two candidates (prior to 1995, the top three). This system led to multiple times in which the loser of the popular vote, once even the third place finisher, were elected president. This was replaced by a two-round system in which if no party won more than half of the popular vote in the first electoral round, the top two contenders would run in a runoff election.

Incumbency

Vacancies and succession

Of the 67 people who have served as President of Bolivia, 13 (19%) died by tragic means, five died in office, and three died by assassination; Pedro Blanco Soto was shot while trying to escape custody, Agustín Morales was shot in self-defense after he attacked one of his military assistants, and Gualberto Villarroel was lynched outside the government palace. Germán Busch committed suicide and René Barrientos died in a helicopter crash; both deaths are rumored to have been planned assassinations.[11][12] A further eight former presidents were assassinated in various ways after leaving office.

Line of succession

According to Article 169 I of the 2009 Constitution: "In the event of an impediment or definitive absence of the president, he or she shall be replaced by the vice president and, in the absence of the latter, by the president of the Senate, and in his or her absence by the president of the Chamber of Deputies. In this last case, new elections shall be called within a maximum period of 90 days.[13]

Historically there have been multiple periods of time during different constitutions in which the office of vice president has been rendered nonexistent and more still in which the office was vacant. Between 26 October 1839 and 15 February 1878, the office of vice president was abolished with the president of the Senate being the first in the line of succession.[14] During this time, Eusebio Guilarte and Tomás Frías Ametller both came to power in their capacity as President of the Council of State.

Interim president

Rather than complete the previous president's term, interim presidents have held office until new elections could be held even if that period of time runs past or cuts short the previous president's term. José María Pérez de Urdininea, Felipe Segundo Guzmán, Carlos Blanco Galindo, Carlos Quintanilla, Néstor Guillén, Tomás Monje, Wálter Guevara, Lidia Gueiler Tejada, Eduardo Rodríguez and most recently Jeanine Áñez all came to power as interim presidents due to the fact the previous president had resigned, been deposed, died, or otherwise left office and new elections had to be held to elect a valid successor.

José Miguel de Velasco Franco was initially the acting president in the absence of Andrés de Santa Cruz but became interim president due to the fact Santa Cruz never arrived to be sworn-in, forcing a new president to have to be elected by Congress.

Acting president

In the case of temporary incapacity or absence from the country, the title of Acting President (Spanish: Presidente en ejercicio) is transferred to lower officials according to the order of presidential succession. In September 2012, Senate president Gabriela Montaño became the first woman to assume this office, during the presidency of Evo Morales.[15] José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Mariano Enrique Calvo, and Pedro José Domingo de Guerra were acting presidents for particularly long periods of time of multiple months or, in the case of Enrique Calvo, multiple years.

 
The Casa Grande del Pueblo is current residence of the president of Bolivia

Residence

The Palacio Quemado, in English "Burnt Palace," in the legal capital of La Paz was the official residence of the president of Bolivia from 1853 to 2018. Its nickname originates from the fact that it was set aflame and burned almost to the ground when rebels in opposition to Tomás Frías Ametller failed to storm it and instead opted to light it on fire in 1875. It has since been rebuilt and redecorated a number of times, but the name stuck. At the end of 2018, it ceased to function as the headquarters of the government offices, with plans to turn it instead into a museum.[16] Briefly occupied again from 2019 to 2020, it has since returned to being a museum.

In 2018, the official residence of the president was moved by President Evo Morales to the Casa Grande del Pueblo, known in English as the "Great House of the People", replacing the Palacio Quemado as the seat of the Executive Branch of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.[17] Inaugurated on 9 August 2018, the building houses the president as well as various government ministries. In 2019, Interim President Jeanine Áñez refused to use the new building and returned operations to the Palacio Quemado, though the ministries and other government offices continued to operate within the new building. The Casa Grande returned to being the residence of the president upon the inauguration of Luis Arce on 8 November 2020.

Travel

 
The Colorados of Bolivia in their traditional uniform.

The transportation of the president of Bolivia is the charge of the Bolivian Presidential Air Group, for the transportation of the president at the national short-range level the EC145 helicopter is used, for national and international transportation the Falcon 900EX EASY aircraft is used, both manufactured by Dassault Aviation (France) that make up part of the Bolivian Air Force's aircraft.

Protection

The Presidential Bodyguard is made up of the 1st Bolivian Colorados infantry regiment, which is a military unit of the Bolivian Army whose specific mission is to protect the security and physical integrity of the president of Bolivia and whose charge is the custody of the Palace of Government and the Casa Grande, as well as other properties of the presidency.

It has two infantry battalions, the BI-201 and BI-202, with their respective barracks, both located in the city of La Paz. The Calama headquarters is located on the street on the same name where the unit's headquarters and the regimental barracks and training depot operate and the Mirador barracks with a seat on the Quilli Quilli hill. The Villa Pavón area is a training center in various areas of specialization such as assault, support, protection of people, first aid, etc. There are also bedrooms in the Casa Grande del Pueblo for the soldiers who watch and stand guard at the government palace at night.

Political history

Since its independence in 1825, Bolivia has been ruled by key figures in the fight for independence, leaders of the War of the Pacific, representatives of the aristocracy, military dictators and democratically elected leaders. Due to the complexities in the rise to power of these individuals, in Bolivia presidents are divided between two groups. The first are what are classified as "Constitucionales" having come to power legally or through quasi-legal means (achieving power through a revolution or coup d'état but later constitutionalised).[18] The rest are known as de facto presidents, having come to power militarily and never constitutionalised. A third category belongs to interim presidents, placed in power only until a new president is chosen. Interim presidents have historically been both constitutional or de facto depending on the legality of their rise to the office.

Throughout Bolivian history, there have been six periods of time in 1839, 1841, 1848, 1879–1880, and most recently in 2019 in which there has been no head of state. Seven governments were made up of triumvirates: 1861, 1899, 1920–1921, 1970, 1978, 1981, and 1982. For one month in 1928, Hernando Siles Reyes' cabinet ruled the country being the only time when a constituted government was not presided over by an agent. In 1965, faced with discontent from loyalists of Alfredo Ovando Candía, President René Barrientos established the co-presidency between himself and Ovando on 26 May 1965. This is the only example of two presidents ruling at once in Bolivian history and it lasted until 2 January 1966 when Barrientos resigned to run for president in the upcoming general elections.[19]

In 1983, a poll was taken by Última Hora newspaper to determine which seven historical presidents were regarded as most significant. The "winners" were Antonio José de Sucre, Andrés de Santa Cruz, Manuel Isidoro Belzu, Mariano Melgarejo, Aniceto Arce, Ismael Montes, and Víctor Paz Estenssoro.

 
Evo Morales, Bolivia's first indigenous president.
 
Lidia Gueiler Tejada was Bolivia's first female president.

Sucre oversaw the early developments of the country with the promulgation of the Political Constitution of 1826. Andrés de Santa Cruz oversaw the unification of Bolivia with Peru to become the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1836. His term as Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation saw the height of the political power of Bolivia on the South American continent though it would ultimately end in failure and the separation of the two states. Manuel Isidoro Belzu was perhaps amongst the most populist Bolivian presidents, attempting to modernize the country through division of wealth. The dictatorship of Mariano Melgarejo saw brutal repression of opposition and Bolivia's indigenous population. Following the War of the Pacific, Aniceto Arce and Ismael Montes would respectivaley become influential leaders in the Conservative and Liberal eras. Víctor Paz Estenssoro led the 1952 National Revolution and founded the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) which heavily influenced Bolivian politics in the second half of the 20th century.

Indigenous presidents

Evo Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency, such as those of Muñoz-Pogossian,[20] Webber,[21] Philip and Panizza,[22] and Farthing and Kohl,[23] as well as in press reports, such as those of BBC News. However, there have been challenges to this claim by critics who have asserted that Morales probably has some European ancestry, and thus on genetic grounds is technically mestizo rather than solely indigenous.[24] Further, former president Enrique Peñaranda was of substantially indigenous origin while Andrés de Santa Cruz, was of Aymara and Inca lineage. Harten asserted that this argument was "misguided[,] wrong[... and] above all irrelevant" because regardless of his genetic makeup, the majority of Bolivians perceive Morales as being the first indigenous president.[24] In Bolivian society, indigeneity is a fluid concept rooted in cultural identity;[24] for instance, many indigenous individuals that have settled in urban areas and abandoned their traditional rural customs have come to identify as mestizo.[25]

Women presidents

Two women have served as presidents of the country. Lidia Gueiler Tejada became the first female president of Bolivia (second in the history of the Americas) on 16 November 1979 following a brief coup by Alberto Natusch. Jeanine Añez was the second and most recent female president from 12 November 2019 to 8 November 2020. Both women came to power in similar ways, taking office on an interim basis as members of Congress. As of yet, however, no woman has been elected president by popular vote in Bolivian history.

Elections

PartyPresidential candidateVotes%Seats
Chamber+/–[b]Senate+/–[b]
Movement for SocialismLuis Arce3,393,97855.1075+8210
Civic CommunityCarlos Mesa1,775,94328.8339–1111–3
CreemosLuis Fernando Camacho862,18414.0016New4New
Front For VictoryChi Hyun Chung95,2451.550000
National Action Party of BoliviaFeliciano Mamani31,7700.520000
Total6,159,120100.001300360
Valid votes6,159,12094.99
Invalid/blank votes324,7735.01
Total votes6,483,893100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,332,92688.42
Source: OEP

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While Simón Bolívar was the inaugural holder of the office of President of Bolivia, Evo Morales was the first President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in its current form.
  2. ^ a b Compared to the annulled 2019 elections.

References

  1. ^ (PDF). 27 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  2. ^ PAZ/ANF, LA. "El salario del Presidente sube de 22.987 a 24.251 bolivianos". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish).
  3. ^ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  4. ^ Mendoza, Luz. "¿Quién fue el primer presidente de Bolivia?; se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simón Bolívar". eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  5. ^ "Primera Constitucion Política de Bolivia o Constitución Bolivariana". APUNTES JURIDICOS™. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Bolivia: Constitución política de 1826, 19 de noviembre de 1826". lexivox.org. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  7. ^ "Bolivia: Constitución política de 1831, 14 de agosto de 1831". lexivox.org. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  8. ^ "Bolivia: Constitución Política del Estado de 2009, 7 de febrero de 2009". lexivox.org. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  9. ^ Watts, Dan Collyns Jonathan; correspondent, Latin America; agencies, and (24 February 2016). "Bolivian referendum goes against Evo Morales as voters reject fourth term". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  10. ^ "Bolivia Says Goodbye to Term Limits". NACLA. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Conmoción y duda: ¿fue la muerte de Germán Busch un suicidio?". paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  12. ^ "¿René Barrientos fue víctima de un magnicidio?". paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  13. ^ "Artículo 169: En caso de impedimento o ausencia definitiva de la Presidenta o del Presidente del Estado, será reemplazada o reemplazado en el cargo por la Vicepresidenta o el Vicepresidente y, a falta de ésta o éste, por la Presidenta o el Presidente del Senado, y a falta de ésta o éste por la Presidente o el Presidente de la Cámara de Diputados. En este último caso, se convocarán nuevas elecciones en el plazo máximo de noventa días." "Segunda Parte, Título II, Capítulo Primero". (PDF). pp. 36–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  14. ^ "Bolivia: Constitución política de 1839, 26 de octubre de 1839". lexivox.org. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  15. ^ Corz, Carlos (23 September 2012). . La Razón. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  16. ^ Bolivia, Opinión. "Evo ratifica que Palacio Quemado se convertirá en museo tras inauguración de Casa Grande del Pueblo". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  17. ^ . 6 July 2018. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  18. ^ "Inhalt". Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas – Anuario de Historia de America Latina. 53 (1). 1 January 2016. doi:10.7767/jbla-2016-0101. ISSN 2194-3680.
  19. ^ admins5 (20 November 2014). "La Co -Presidencia Barrientos – Ovando 1965". educa.com.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  20. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p. 180.
  21. ^ Webber 2011, p. 1.
  22. ^ Philip & Panizza 2011, p. 57.
  23. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p. 1.
  24. ^ a b c Harten 2011, p. 7.
  25. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p. 22.

External links

  • (in Spanish)

president, bolivia, complete, list, list, presidents, bolivia, president, bolivia, spanish, presidente, bolivia, officially, known, president, plurinational, state, bolivia, spanish, presidente, estado, plurinacional, bolivia, head, state, head, government, bo. For a complete list see List of presidents of Bolivia The president of Bolivia Spanish Presidente de Bolivia officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia Spanish Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia President of thePlurinational State of BoliviaPresidente del Estado Plurinacional de BoliviaCoat of arms of BoliviaIncumbentLuis Arcesince 8 November 2020StyleThe Most Excellent 1 Formal His Excellency Diplomatic StatusHead of StateHead of GovernmentResidenceCasa Grande del PuebloSeatLa PazNominatorPlurinational Electoral OrganAppointerDirect popular vote two rounds if necessary Term lengthFive yearsrenewable indefinitelyInaugural holderSimon BolivarFormation11 August 1825First holderSimon BolivarEvo Morales a DeputyVice President of BoliviaSalary24 251 bolivianos per month 2 Websitewww presidencia gob boAccording to the Bolivian Constitution the president is elected by popular vote to a five year term with no limit on the number of terms a president may serve 3 If no candidate wins a majority defined as either more than 50 or alternatively at least 40 and at least 10 more than the second place candidate the top two candidates advance to a runoff election Luis Arce is the 67th and incumbent president of Bolivia He assumed office on 8 November 2020 Contents 1 Constitutional history 1 1 Establishment 1 2 2009 Political Constitution 2 Incumbency 2 1 Vacancies and succession 2 1 1 Line of succession 2 1 2 Interim president 2 1 3 Acting president 2 2 Residence 2 3 Travel 2 4 Protection 3 Political history 3 1 Indigenous presidents 3 2 Women presidents 4 Elections 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksConstitutional history EditFurther information Constitutional history of Bolivia Establishment Edit On 6 August 1825 the Republic of Bolivia declared its independence and proclaimed Simon Bolivar head of state While it is certainly true that Bolivar was the official ruler of the country starting from his arrival on 12 August there exists conflict amongst scholars as to whether he should be considered the first president of the republic 4 According to the research of the Bolivian historian Isaac Sandoval in his book Political development in the social formation of Bolivia it is affirmed that the first president of Bolivia was not Bolivar but Antonio Jose de Sucre This is due to the fact that Bolivar is never referred to as president in legal documents and was never sworn in having renounced the title in favor of Sucre on 29 December 1825 Sucre on the other hand was president when the country s first Constitution was promulgated on 19 November 1826 5 Historian and author of the book Presidents of Bolivia Between urns and rifles Carlos Mesa asserts that Bolivar was indeed the first president and that the lack of mention of him with the title is due to the fact the term president was not in common use in legal documents at the time Mesa points to the Congressional decree of 11 August 1825 which proclaims Bolivar liberator granting him Supreme Executive Power of the Republic Whatever the case the position of Simon Bolivar as the first president is the most generally accepted stance The Political Constitution of 1826 also known as the Bolivarian Constitution was the first constitutional text prepared by Simon Bolivar sanctioned by the General Constituent Congress on 6 November 1826 and promulgated by Antonio Jose de Sucre on 19 November 1826 6 In this first instance the presidency constituted a lifetime position with the power to elect and appoint a successor The lifetime position was repealed during the presidency of Andres de Santa Cruz who promulgated the Political Constitution of 1831 7 Instead the president would serve for a four year term of government with the ability to be reelected unlimitedly 2009 Political Constitution Edit The 2009 Political Constitution approved by referendum on 25 January 2009 and promulgated by President Evo Morales on 7 February resulted in the official name of the country leaving behind its previous denominative of Republic of Bolivia to become the Plurinational State of Bolivia 8 As such Evo Morales was the 65th and last President of the Republic and the first President of the State The Constitution extended the term of the president from four years to five years while keeping the two term limit On 21 February 2016 a proposal to abolish term limits failed to pass via constitutional referendum by a margin of 51 to 49 9 Despite this on 28 November 2017 the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ruled that all elected officials could run for office indefinitely rather than for the two consecutive terms permitted under the 2009 Constitution The court justified its decision based on the American Convention on Human Rights interpretation of political rights 10 Prior to 2009 if no candidate won more than half of the popular vote the president was chosen by a vote in a joint legislative session from among the top two candidates prior to 1995 the top three This system led to multiple times in which the loser of the popular vote once even the third place finisher were elected president This was replaced by a two round system in which if no party won more than half of the popular vote in the first electoral round the top two contenders would run in a runoff election Incumbency EditVacancies and succession Edit Of the 67 people who have served as President of Bolivia 13 19 died by tragic means five died in office and three died by assassination Pedro Blanco Soto was shot while trying to escape custody Agustin Morales was shot in self defense after he attacked one of his military assistants and Gualberto Villarroel was lynched outside the government palace German Busch committed suicide and Rene Barrientos died in a helicopter crash both deaths are rumored to have been planned assassinations 11 12 A further eight former presidents were assassinated in various ways after leaving office Line of succession Edit According to Article 169 I of the 2009 Constitution In the event of an impediment or definitive absence of the president he or she shall be replaced by the vice president and in the absence of the latter by the president of the Senate and in his or her absence by the president of the Chamber of Deputies In this last case new elections shall be called within a maximum period of 90 days 13 Historically there have been multiple periods of time during different constitutions in which the office of vice president has been rendered nonexistent and more still in which the office was vacant Between 26 October 1839 and 15 February 1878 the office of vice president was abolished with the president of the Senate being the first in the line of succession 14 During this time Eusebio Guilarte and Tomas Frias Ametller both came to power in their capacity as President of the Council of State Interim president Edit Rather than complete the previous president s term interim presidents have held office until new elections could be held even if that period of time runs past or cuts short the previous president s term Jose Maria Perez de Urdininea Felipe Segundo Guzman Carlos Blanco Galindo Carlos Quintanilla Nestor Guillen Tomas Monje Walter Guevara Lidia Gueiler Tejada Eduardo Rodriguez and most recently Jeanine Anez all came to power as interim presidents due to the fact the previous president had resigned been deposed died or otherwise left office and new elections had to be held to elect a valid successor Jose Miguel de Velasco Franco was initially the acting president in the absence of Andres de Santa Cruz but became interim president due to the fact Santa Cruz never arrived to be sworn in forcing a new president to have to be elected by Congress Acting president EditIn the case of temporary incapacity or absence from the country the title of Acting President Spanish Presidente en ejercicio is transferred to lower officials according to the order of presidential succession In September 2012 Senate president Gabriela Montano became the first woman to assume this office during the presidency of Evo Morales 15 Jose Miguel de Velasco Franco Mariano Enrique Calvo and Pedro Jose Domingo de Guerra were acting presidents for particularly long periods of time of multiple months or in the case of Enrique Calvo multiple years The Casa Grande del Pueblo is current residence of the president of Bolivia Residence Edit Main articles Casa Grande del Pueblo and Palacio Quemado The Palacio Quemado in English Burnt Palace in the legal capital of La Paz was the official residence of the president of Bolivia from 1853 to 2018 Its nickname originates from the fact that it was set aflame and burned almost to the ground when rebels in opposition to Tomas Frias Ametller failed to storm it and instead opted to light it on fire in 1875 It has since been rebuilt and redecorated a number of times but the name stuck At the end of 2018 it ceased to function as the headquarters of the government offices with plans to turn it instead into a museum 16 Briefly occupied again from 2019 to 2020 it has since returned to being a museum In 2018 the official residence of the president was moved by President Evo Morales to the Casa Grande del Pueblo known in English as the Great House of the People replacing the Palacio Quemado as the seat of the Executive Branch of the Plurinational State of Bolivia 17 Inaugurated on 9 August 2018 the building houses the president as well as various government ministries In 2019 Interim President Jeanine Anez refused to use the new building and returned operations to the Palacio Quemado though the ministries and other government offices continued to operate within the new building The Casa Grande returned to being the residence of the president upon the inauguration of Luis Arce on 8 November 2020 Travel Edit The Colorados of Bolivia in their traditional uniform The transportation of the president of Bolivia is the charge of the Bolivian Presidential Air Group for the transportation of the president at the national short range level the EC145 helicopter is used for national and international transportation the Falcon 900EX EASY aircraft is used both manufactured by Dassault Aviation France that make up part of the Bolivian Air Force s aircraft Protection Edit The Presidential Bodyguard is made up of the 1st Bolivian Colorados infantry regiment which is a military unit of the Bolivian Army whose specific mission is to protect the security and physical integrity of the president of Bolivia and whose charge is the custody of the Palace of Government and the Casa Grande as well as other properties of the presidency It has two infantry battalions the BI 201 and BI 202 with their respective barracks both located in the city of La Paz The Calama headquarters is located on the street on the same name where the unit s headquarters and the regimental barracks and training depot operate and the Mirador barracks with a seat on the Quilli Quilli hill The Villa Pavon area is a training center in various areas of specialization such as assault support protection of people first aid etc There are also bedrooms in the Casa Grande del Pueblo for the soldiers who watch and stand guard at the government palace at night Political history EditFurther information List of presidents of Bolivia Since its independence in 1825 Bolivia has been ruled by key figures in the fight for independence leaders of the War of the Pacific representatives of the aristocracy military dictators and democratically elected leaders Due to the complexities in the rise to power of these individuals in Bolivia presidents are divided between two groups The first are what are classified as Constitucionales having come to power legally or through quasi legal means achieving power through a revolution or coup d etat but later constitutionalised 18 The rest are known as de facto presidents having come to power militarily and never constitutionalised A third category belongs to interim presidents placed in power only until a new president is chosen Interim presidents have historically been both constitutional or de facto depending on the legality of their rise to the office Throughout Bolivian history there have been six periods of time in 1839 1841 1848 1879 1880 and most recently in 2019 in which there has been no head of state Seven governments were made up of triumvirates 1861 1899 1920 1921 1970 1978 1981 and 1982 For one month in 1928 Hernando Siles Reyes cabinet ruled the country being the only time when a constituted government was not presided over by an agent In 1965 faced with discontent from loyalists of Alfredo Ovando Candia President Rene Barrientos established the co presidency between himself and Ovando on 26 May 1965 This is the only example of two presidents ruling at once in Bolivian history and it lasted until 2 January 1966 when Barrientos resigned to run for president in the upcoming general elections 19 In 1983 a poll was taken by Ultima Hora newspaper to determine which seven historical presidents were regarded as most significant The winners were Antonio Jose de Sucre Andres de Santa Cruz Manuel Isidoro Belzu Mariano Melgarejo Aniceto Arce Ismael Montes and Victor Paz Estenssoro Evo Morales Bolivia s first indigenous president Lidia Gueiler Tejada was Bolivia s first female president Sucre oversaw the early developments of the country with the promulgation of the Political Constitution of 1826 Andres de Santa Cruz oversaw the unification of Bolivia with Peru to become the Peru Bolivian Confederation in 1836 His term as Supreme Protector of the Peru Bolivian Confederation saw the height of the political power of Bolivia on the South American continent though it would ultimately end in failure and the separation of the two states Manuel Isidoro Belzu was perhaps amongst the most populist Bolivian presidents attempting to modernize the country through division of wealth The dictatorship of Mariano Melgarejo saw brutal repression of opposition and Bolivia s indigenous population Following the War of the Pacific Aniceto Arce and Ismael Montes would respectivaley become influential leaders in the Conservative and Liberal eras Victor Paz Estenssoro led the 1952 National Revolution and founded the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement MNR which heavily influenced Bolivian politics in the second half of the 20th century Indigenous presidents Edit Evo Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency such as those of Munoz Pogossian 20 Webber 21 Philip and Panizza 22 and Farthing and Kohl 23 as well as in press reports such as those of BBC News However there have been challenges to this claim by critics who have asserted that Morales probably has some European ancestry and thus on genetic grounds is technically mestizo rather than solely indigenous 24 Further former president Enrique Penaranda was of substantially indigenous origin while Andres de Santa Cruz was of Aymara and Inca lineage Harten asserted that this argument was misguided wrong and above all irrelevant because regardless of his genetic makeup the majority of Bolivians perceive Morales as being the first indigenous president 24 In Bolivian society indigeneity is a fluid concept rooted in cultural identity 24 for instance many indigenous individuals that have settled in urban areas and abandoned their traditional rural customs have come to identify as mestizo 25 Women presidents Edit Two women have served as presidents of the country Lidia Gueiler Tejada became the first female president of Bolivia second in the history of the Americas on 16 November 1979 following a brief coup by Alberto Natusch Jeanine Anez was the second and most recent female president from 12 November 2019 to 8 November 2020 Both women came to power in similar ways taking office on an interim basis as members of Congress As of yet however no woman has been elected president by popular vote in Bolivian history Elections EditMain article 2020 Bolivian general election PartyPresidential candidateVotes SeatsChamber b Senate b Movement for SocialismLuis Arce3 393 97855 1075 8210Civic CommunityCarlos Mesa1 775 94328 8339 1111 3CreemosLuis Fernando Camacho862 18414 0016New4NewFront For VictoryChi Hyun Chung95 2451 550000National Action Party of BoliviaFeliciano Mamani31 7700 520000Total6 159 120100 001300360Valid votes6 159 12094 99Invalid blank votes324 7735 01Total votes6 483 893100 00Registered voters turnout7 332 92688 42Source OEPSee also EditList of presidents of Bolivia History of Bolivia Politics of BoliviaNotes Edit While Simon Bolivar was the inaugural holder of the office of President of Bolivia Evo Morales was the first President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in its current form a b Compared to the annulled 2019 elections References Edit HEADS OF STATE HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MINISTERS OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS PDF 27 September 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 27 September 2012 Retrieved 24 November 2020 PAZ ANF LA El salario del Presidente sube de 22 987 a 24 251 bolivianos Opinion Bolivia in Spanish The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency cia gov Retrieved 6 April 2017 Mendoza Luz Quien fue el primer presidente de Bolivia se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simon Bolivar eju tv in Spanish Retrieved 24 November 2020 Primera Constitucion Politica de Bolivia o Constitucion Bolivariana APUNTES JURIDICOS Retrieved 24 November 2020 Bolivia Constitucion politica de 1826 19 de noviembre de 1826 lexivox org Retrieved 24 November 2020 Bolivia Constitucion politica de 1831 14 de agosto de 1831 lexivox org Retrieved 24 November 2020 Bolivia Constitucion Politica del Estado de 2009 7 de febrero de 2009 lexivox org Retrieved 24 November 2020 Watts Dan Collyns Jonathan correspondent Latin America agencies and 24 February 2016 Bolivian referendum goes against Evo Morales as voters reject fourth term The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Bolivia Says Goodbye to Term Limits NACLA Retrieved 24 November 2020 Conmocion y duda fue la muerte de German Busch un suicidio paginasiete bo in Spanish Retrieved 7 December 2020 Rene Barrientos fue victima de un magnicidio paginasiete bo in Spanish Retrieved 7 December 2020 Articulo 169 En caso de impedimento o ausencia definitiva de la Presidenta o del Presidente del Estado sera reemplazada o reemplazado en el cargo por la Vicepresidenta o el Vicepresidente y a falta de esta o este por la Presidenta o el Presidente del Senado y a falta de esta o este por la Presidente o el Presidente de la Camara de Diputados En este ultimo caso se convocaran nuevas elecciones en el plazo maximo de noventa dias Segunda Parte Titulo II Capitulo Primero Nueva Constitucion Politica del Estado PDF pp 36 37 Archived from the original PDF on 21 May 2009 Retrieved 12 February 2009 Bolivia Constitucion politica de 1839 26 de octubre de 1839 lexivox org Retrieved 24 November 2020 Corz Carlos 23 September 2012 Montano asume la Presidencia interina de Bolivia Evo va a la ONU y hablara del mar La Razon Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 Retrieved 24 September 2012 Bolivia Opinion Evo ratifica que Palacio Quemado se convertira en museo tras inauguracion de Casa Grande del Pueblo Opinion Bolivia in Spanish Retrieved 24 November 2020 Una casa para el pueblo La Razon 6 July 2018 Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 Retrieved 24 November 2020 Inhalt Jahrbuch fur Geschichte Lateinamerikas Anuario de Historia de America Latina 53 1 1 January 2016 doi 10 7767 jbla 2016 0101 ISSN 2194 3680 admins5 20 November 2014 La Co Presidencia Barrientos Ovando 1965 educa com bo in Spanish Retrieved 24 November 2020 Munoz Pogossian 2008 p 180 sfn error no target CITEREFMunoz Pogossian2008 help Webber 2011 p 1 sfn error no target CITEREFWebber2011 help Philip amp Panizza 2011 p 57 sfn error no target CITEREFPhilipPanizza2011 help Farthing amp Kohl 2014 p 1 sfn error no target CITEREFFarthingKohl2014 help a b c Harten 2011 p 7 sfn error no target CITEREFHarten2011 help Farthing amp Kohl 2014 p 22 sfn error no target CITEREFFarthingKohl2014 help External links Edit in Spanish Gallery of Presidents of Bolivia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title President of Bolivia amp oldid 1132321121, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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