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Wikipedia

Stateside Puerto Ricans

April 09, 2023

Stateside Puerto Ricans[2][3] (Spanish: Puertorriqueños de Estados Unidos), also ambiguously known as Puerto Rican Americans (Spanish: puertorriqueño-americanos,[4][5]puertorriqueño-estadounidenses),[6][7] or Puerto Ricans in the United States, are Puerto Ricans who are in the United States proper of the 50 states and the District of Columbia who were born in or trace any family ancestry to the unincorporated US territory of Puerto Rico.[8][9]

Stateside Puerto Ricans
Puertorriqueños en Estados Unidos
Total population
5,828,706[1]
1.78% of the US population (2019)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Majority concentrated in the Northeastern United States and the southern half of Florida
(New York State, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut and Massachusetts)

Smaller numbers in other parts of the country, including other parts of the Northeast like Rhode Island, Delaware and Maryland. Also major cities in Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and Texas down South, Ohio, Illinois and Wisconsin in the Midwest and California, Nevada and Hawaii out west, among other areas.
Languages
Puerto Rican Spanish and American English
Religion
majority Roman Catholic and Protestant, minority African diasporic religions, Islam and Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Taíno, Europeans, Africans, White Latin Americans, Afro-Latin Americans, Mulattos, Mestizos, Latino Americans, White Puerto Ricans, Black Puerto Ricans, Dominican Americans, Cuban Americans.

As Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, all Puerto Ricans living on both the island and stateside have US citizenship. At 9.6% of the Hispanic population in the United States, Puerto Ricans are the second-largest Hispanic group nationwide, after Mexican Americans and are 1.78% of the entire population of the United States.[1][10] Stateside Puerto Ricans are also the largest Caribbean-origin group in the country, representing over one-third of people with origins in the geographic Caribbean region.[11] While the 2010 Census counted the number of Puerto Ricans living in the States at 4.6 million, estimates in 2019 show the Puerto Rican population to be 5.83 million.[1][12][13]

Despite newer migration trends, metropolitan New York City continues to be the largest demographic and cultural center for Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States, with Philadelphia having the second-largest community. The portmanteau "Nuyorican" refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City area. A large portion of the Puerto Rican population in the United States proper resides in the Northeast and Florida.

Identity

 
Teatro Puerto Rico (1950s) in the South Bronx, New York City.

Puerto Ricans have been migrating to the continental United States since the 19th century and migrating since 1898 (after the island territory was transferred from Spain to the United States) and have a long history of collective social advocacy for their political and social rights and preserving their cultural heritage. In New York City, which has the largest concentration of Puerto Ricans in the United States, they began running for elective office in the 1920s, electing one of their own to the New York State Assembly for the first time in 1937.[14]

Important Puerto Rican institutions have emerged from this long history.[15] ASPIRA was established in New York City in 1961 and is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States.[16] There is also the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington, D.C., the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family Institute, Boricua College, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others.

The government of Puerto Rico has a long history of involvement with the stateside Puerto Rican community.[17] In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City.[18] The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth Office"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside.[19]

The strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity is fueled by a number of factors. These include the large circular migration between the island and the mainland United States, a long tradition of the government of Puerto Rico promoting its ties to those stateside, the continuing existence of racial-ethnic prejudice and discrimination in the United States, and high residential and school segregation.[20][21][22] Notable attributes that set the stateside Puerto Rican population apart from the rest of the US Latino community, is facts such as, Puerto Ricans have the highest military enrollment rates compared to other Latinos, Puerto Ricans are more likely to be proficient in English than any other Latino group, and Puerto Ricans are also more likely to intermarry other ethnic groups, and far more likely to intermarry blacks than any other Latino group.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

Migration history

 
The 2005 National Puerto Rican Parade in New York City

During the 19th century, commerce existed between the ports of the eastern coast of the United States and Puerto Rico. Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to U.S. and Puerto Rico. Many of them settled in places such as New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, some Puerto Ricans joined the ranks of the military armed forces. However, since Puerto Ricans were still Spanish subjects, they were inscribed as Spaniards.[32]

Even during Spanish rule, Puerto Ricans settled in the US. During the nineteenth century it was mostly political exiles who came to the mainland.[33] Since 1898, Puerto Rico has been an "insular possession" and "unincorporated territory" of the United States, ruled for its first half-century by American generals and non-Puerto-Rican civil servants from the mainland, fueling migratory patterns between the mainland and the island. After the end of the Spanish–American War a significant influx of Puerto Rican workers to the US began. With its 1898 victory, the United States acquired Puerto Rico from Spain and has retained sovereignty since. The 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act made all Puerto Ricans US citizens, freeing them from immigration barriers. The massive migration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland United States was largest in the early and late 20th century,[34] prior to its resurgence in the early 21st century.

U.S. political and economic interventions in Puerto Rico created the conditions for emigration, "by concentrating wealth in the hands of US corporations and displacing workers."[35] Policymakers "promoted colonization plans and contract labor programs to reduce the population. U.S. employers, often with government support, recruited Puerto Ricans as a source of low-wage labor to the United States and other destinations."[36]

Puerto Ricans migrated in search of higher-wage jobs, first to New York City, and later to other cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia and Boston.[37] However, in more recent years, there has been a significant resurgence in migration from Puerto Rico to New York and New Jersey, with an apparently multifactorial allure to Puerto Ricans, primarily for economic and cultural considerations;[38][39] with the Puerto Rican population of the New York City Metropolitan Area increasing from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016,[40] maintaining its status as the largest metropolitan concentration and cultural center for Puerto Rican Americans by a significant margin on Continental America.

New York City neighborhoods such as East Harlem in Upper Manhattan, the South Bronx and Bushwick, Williamsburg in Brooklyn are often the most associated with the stateside Puerto Rican population. However, several neighborhoods in eastern North Philadelphia, especially Fairhill, have some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the United States, Fairhill having the highest when being compared to other big city neighborhoods.[41]

New York City

Main articles: Puerto Ricans in New York City and Nuyorican
See also: List of Puerto Ricans

Between the 1950s and the 1980s, large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to New York, especially to Brooklyn, The Bronx and the Spanish Harlem and Loisaida neighborhoods of Manhattan. Labor recruitment was the basis of this particular community. In 1960, the number of stateside Puerto Ricans living in New York City as a whole was 88%, with most (69%) living in East Harlem.[42] They helped others settle, find work, and build communities by relying on social networks containing friends and family.

For a long time, Spanish Harlem (East Harlem) and Loisaida (Lower East Side) were the two major Puerto Rican communities in the city, but during the 1960s and 1970s predominately Puerto Rican neighborhoods started to spring up in the Bronx because of its proximity to East Harlem and in Brooklyn because of its proximity via the Williamsburg Bridge to the Lower East Side. There are significant Puerto Rican communities in all five boroughs of New York City.

Philippe Bourgois, an anthropologist who has studied Puerto Ricans in the inner city, suggests that "the Puerto Rican community has fallen victim to poverty through social marginalization due to the transformation of New York into a global city."[43] The Puerto Rican population in East Harlem and New York City as a whole remains the poorest among all migrant groups in US cities. As of 1973, about "46.2% of the Puerto Rican migrants in East Harlem were living below the federal poverty line."[44] However, more affluent Puerto Rican American professionals have migrated to suburban neighborhoods on Long Island and in Westchester County, New Jersey and Connecticut.

New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s, of which Puerto Rican singer-songwriters represented an integral component.[45] Puerto Rican influence in popular music continues in the 21st century, encompassing major artists such as Jennifer Lopez.[46]

Philadelphia

Main article: Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there was an estimate of 121,643 Puerto Rican Americans living in Philadelphia, up from 91,527 in 2000. Representing 8% of Philadelphia's total population and 75% of the city's Latino American population, as of 2010. Puerto Ricans are the largest Latino group in the city and that, outside Puerto Rico, Philadelphia now has the second largest Puerto Rican population, estimated at about 150,000.[47] Since 2010, Philadelphia replaced the city of Chicago as the city with the second-largest Puerto Rican population, Chicago's slightly shrunk and Philadelphia's continued to grow, more than ever before, not only having the second largest Puerto Rican population, but also one of the fastest-growing.[48] Most sources, including the most reliable, the United States Census Bureau, estimated that as of 2010, Puerto Ricans made up between 70–80 percent of Philadelphia's Latino population.[49][50] Other sources put the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of Philadelphia's Latino population, as high as 90% and others as low as 64%.[51][52][53][54]

Chicago

See also: Puerto Ricans in Chicago
 
Division Street (Paseo Boricua) in Chicago, facing east from Mozart Street, one-half block west of California Avenue.

Puerto Ricans first arrived in the early part of the 20th century from more affluent families to study at colleges or universities. In the 1930s there was an enclave around 35th and Michigan. In the 1950s two small barrios emerged known as la Clark and La Madison just North and West of Downtown, near hotel jobs and then where the factories once stood. These communities were displaced by the city as part of their slum clearance. In 1968, a community group, the Young Lords mounted protests and demonstrations and occupied several buildings of institutions demanding that they invest in low income housing.[55] Humboldt Park is home to the one of the largest Puerto Rican communities in Chicago and is known as "Little Puerto Rico" or Paseo Boricua.[56][57]

Orlando

Orlando and the surrounding area has had a sizable Puerto Rican population since the 1980s, as Florida as a whole has always had a decent sized Puerto Rican population. A big contributing factor for the growth of the Puerto Rican community in Central Florida was Walt Disney World, who heavily recruited employees in Puerto Rico. Central Florida's Puerto Rican population began to skyrocket starting in the early 2000s and accelerating in the 2010s, with many New Yorkers of Puerto Rican ancestry (Nuyoricans) moving to Florida, joining the island-born Puerto Ricans.[58]

During this time, the 1990s and early 2000s, the overall migration patterns out from Puerto Rico to the US mainland began to switch and Orlando became the main destination from Puerto Rico by far, replacing New York City. Puerto Ricans are largely spread out in the Orlando area, but the heaviest concentration is in the southern portions, like Kissimmee, Poinciana and many other areas in Osceola County, where Puerto Ricans make up the majority of the population.[59][60]

Demographics of Stateside Puerto Ricans

Main article: List of Stateside Puerto Rican communities

In 1950, about a quarter of a million Puerto Rican natives lived "stateside", or in one of the U.S. states. In March 2012 that figure had risen to about 1.5 million. That is, slightly less than a third of the 5 million Puerto Ricans living stateside were born on the island.[12][13] Puerto Ricans are also the second-largest Latino group in the United States after those of Mexican descent.[10]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19101,513—    
192011,811+680.6%
193052,774+346.8%
194069,967+32.6%
1950226,110+223.2%
1960892,513+294.7%
19701,391,463+55.9%
19802,014,000+44.7%
19902,728,000+35.5%
20003,406,178+24.9%
20104,623,716+35.7%
20155,372,759+16.2%
20175,588,664+4.0%
20195,828,706+4.3%
Source: The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives[61]

Population by state

Relative to the population of each state

The Puerto Rican population by state, showing the percentage of the state's population that identifies itself as Puerto Rican relative to the state/territory population as a whole is shown in the following table.

State/Territory Stateside Puerto Ricans
Population (2010 Census)[62][63]		 Percentage
(2010)[note 1]		 Most recent estimate
(2017)[64]		 Percentage
(2017)		 US Census Estimate
(2019)[65]		 Percentage
(2019)
  Alabama 12,225 0.3 20,027 0.5 21,921 0.4%
  Alaska 4,502 0.6 7,637 1.0 8,653 1.2%
  Arizona 34,787 0.5 41,901 0.6 55,899 0.8%
  Arkansas 4,789 0.2 6,088 0.2 9,416 0.3%
  California 189,945 0.5 212,500 0.6 223,991 0.6%
  Colorado 22,995 0.5 27,872 0.6 35,644 0.6%
  Connecticut 252,972 7.1 298,603 8.2 302,027 8.5%
  Delaware 22,533 2.5 31,514 3.2 29,914 3.0%
  District of Columbia 3,129 0.5 6,320 0.9 8,558 1.2%
  Florida 847,550 4.5 1,120,225 5.4 1,190,891 5.5%
  Georgia 71,987 0.7 99,085 0.9 131,779 1.2%
  Hawaii 44,116 3.2 45,995 3.2 51,633 3.6%
  Idaho 2,910 0.2 3,445 0.2 5,873 0.3%
  Illinois 182,989 1.4 202,046 1.6 206,062 1.6%
  Indiana 30,304 0.5 45,746 0.7 53,576 0.8%
  Iowa 4,885 0.2 7,545 0.2 8,136 0.3%
  Kansas 9,247 0.3 11,734 0.4 19,621 0.7%
  Kentucky 11,454 0.3 19,312 0.5 15,548 0.4%
  Louisiana 11,603 0.3 17,109 0.3 14,822 0.3%
  Maine 4,377 0.3 6,091 0.3 6,698 0.5%
  Maryland 42,572 0.7 60,781 1.0 57,150 0.9%
  Massachusetts 266,125 4.1 327,959 4.9 340,893 5.0%
  Michigan 37,267 0.4 42,952 0.4 53,958 0.5%
  Minnesota 10,807 0.2 14,344 0.3 14,298 0.3%
  Mississippi 5,888 0.2 7,766 0.2 7,761 0.3%
  Missouri 12,236 0.2 15,577 0.2 18,440 0.3%
  Montana 1,491 0.2 2,136 0.2 2,241 0.2%
  Nebraska 3,242 0.2 6,765 0.3 6,921 0.4%
  Nevada 20,664 0.8 28,046 1.0 30,389 1.0%
  New Hampshire 11,729 0.9 16,331 1.2 20,772 1.5%
  New Jersey 434,092 4.9 470,640 5.3 484,727 5.2%
  New Mexico 7,964 0.4 9,895 0.5 12,285 0.6%
  New York 1,070,558 5.5 1,112,123 5.7 1,096,823 5.6%
  North Carolina 71,800 0.8 101,921 1.0 122,272 1.2%
  North Dakota 987 0.1 2,099 0.3 3,507 0.5%
  Ohio 94,965 0.8 125,554 1.1 143,688 1.2%
  Oklahoma 12,223 0.3 17,334 0.4 18,640 0.5%
  Oregon 8,845 0.2 9,904 0.3 15,252 0.4%
  Pennsylvania 366,082 2.9 472,442 3.7 493,255 3.9%
  Rhode Island 34,979 3.3 40,065 3.9 51,904 4.9%
  South Carolina 26,493 0.6 38,025 0.8 40,214 0.8%
  South Dakota 1,483 0.2 2,514 0.3 2,797 0.3%
  Tennessee 21,060 0.3 31,295 0.5 32,819 0.5%
  Texas 130,576 0.5 189,643 0.7 253,800 0.9%
  Utah 7,182 0.3 9,176 0.4 11,341 0.3%
  Vermont 2,261 0.4 2,335 0.3 2,458 0.4%
  Virginia 73,958 0.9 106,472 1.3 109,439 1.3%
  Washington 25,566 0.3 28,346 0.4 41,412 0.5%
  West Virginia 3,701 0.2 6,494 0.4 6,122 0.3%
  Wisconsin 46,323 0.8 56,028 0.9 69,917 1.2%
  Wyoming 1,026 0.2 1,002 0.2 1,302 0.2%
USA 4,623,716 1.5 5,588,664 1.7 5,828,706 1.8%

Out of all 50 states, the ones with the highest net inflow of Puerto Ricans moving there from the island of Puerto Rico between 2000 and 2010 included Florida, Pennsylvania, Texas, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland.[10] New York, which has joined this list since 2010, remains a major destination for Puerto Rican migrants, though only a third of recent Puerto Rican arrivals went to New York between 2000 and 2010.[66] There is also a notable number of stateside-born Puerto Ricans moving from the Northeastern states to South Atlantic States, especially to Florida, but to a lesser degree many are also going to Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia as well.[63] The Northeast Corridor remains a major destination for Puerto Ricans, however the population is also growing throughout the United States, particularly in the South.[23][67] From 2010–17, Florida's Puerto Rican population increased from 847,000 to 1.120 million, increasing by nearly 300,000, allowing Florida to replace New York as the state with the largest Puerto Rican population. Puerto Ricans have been heavily increasing in many other parts of the country too, such as Texas and Ohio.[68]

 
Sonia Sotomayor, born in the Bronx, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court

Despite Puerto Rican populations in New York and New Jersey being relatively stagnant, other parts of the Northeast continue to see very strong growth, particularly Pennsylvania and Lower New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island). Pennsylvania easily having the second largest numerical increase of Puerto Ricans for the past 10–15 years, showing an increase of over 110,000 from 2010 to 2017-second only to Florida. Connecticut having the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans in the United States, from 2010 to 2017 (Pre-Maria) the percentage went up about 1.1 percentage points which is a percentile increase more than any other state, and currently over 8 percent of the state is of Puerto Rican ancestry, sitting nearly three whole percentage points above the second highest percentage. Of smaller states with populations under 3 million, Rhode Island has the fastest growing number of Puerto Ricans.[69] New York is still a relatively popular destination for those migrating from Puerto Rico, though not as much as in the past, as said earlier Florida and other Northeast states are now receiving larger numerical growth. However, much of the stagnant population growth is due to an equal number of Puerto Ricans leaving New York as there is Puerto Ricans moving to New York, as many people of Puerto Rican ancestry now living in other states are originally from the New York City area.

Although Puerto Ricans constitute over 9 percent of the Latino population in the United States, there are some states where Puerto Ricans make up over half of the Latino population, including Connecticut, where 57 percent of the state's Latinos are of Puerto Rican descent and Pennsylvania, where Puerto Ricans make up 53 percent of the Latinos. Other states where Puerto Ricans make up a remarkably large portion of the Latino community include Massachusetts, where they make up 40 percent of all Latinos, Rhode Island at 39 percent, New York at 34 percent, New Jersey at 33 percent, Delaware at 33 percent, Ohio at 27 percent and Florida at 21 percent of all Latinos in each respective state.[62] The U.S. States where Puerto Ricans were the largest Latino group were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Hawaii.[62] U.S. states with higher percentages of Puerto Ricans then the national average (1.5%) as of 2010, are Connecticut (7.1%), New York (5.5%), New Jersey (4.9%), Florida (4.5%), Massachusetts (4.1%), Rhode Island (3.3%), Hawaii (3.2%), Pennsylvania (2.9%) and Delaware (2.5%).[69]

Historically, Puerto Ricans were the largest Latino group in the New York metropolitan area, however the Puerto Rican population in the area began to decrease due to rising cost of living and in turn the overall Latino population began to diversify with increases in other Latino groups. During the same time, the Puerto Rican population has increased in many other areas throughout the country and in areas with large Latino communities, Puerto Ricans represent the majority of Latinos in the following; Central Florida around Orlando, but also some areas in the Tampa and Jacksonville areas, southwest New England especially around Hartford and Springfield, South Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania including the Philadelphia area and various smaller metro areas like Allentown among others, and the stretch from Western New York to Northeast Ohio including the metropolitan areas of Rochester, Buffalo and Cleveland.[69] Latino populations in the Northeast Ohio and Western New York areas in particular, tend to be 80–90% Puerto Rican.[63] However, Central Florida and Southwestern New England, which is Connecticut and western Massachusetts, have the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans by percentage of the total populations of these areas as a whole.[63]

 
The Puerto Rican population in the United States, 2000 (graphic by Angelo Falcón)

Relative to the Puerto Rican population nationwide

Puerto Rican population by state, showing the percentage of Puerto Rican residents in each state relative to the Puerto Rican population in the United States as a whole.

State/Territory Puerto Ricans
Population (2010 Census)[62][63]		 Percentage[note 2]
New York 1,070,558 23.15
Florida 847,550 18.33
New Jersey 434,092 9.39
Pennsylvania 366,082 7.92
Massachusetts 266,125 5.76
Connecticut 252,972 5.47
California 189,945 4.11
Illinois 182,989 3.96
Texas 130,576 2.82
Ohio 94,965 2.05
Virginia 73,958 1.60
Georgia 71,987 1.56
North Carolina 71,800 1.55
Wisconsin 46,323 1.00
Hawai'i 44,116 0.95
Maryland 42,572 0.92
Michigan 37,267 0.81
Rhode Island 34,979 0.76
Arizona 34,787 0.75
Indiana 30,304 0.66
South Carolina 26,493 0.57
Washington 25,838 0.56
Colorado 22,995 0.50
Delaware 22,533 0.49
Tennessee 21,060 0.46
Nevada 20,664 0.45
Missouri 12,236 0.27
Alabama 12,225 0.26
Oklahoma 12,223 0.26
New Hampshire 11,729 0.25
Louisiana 11,603 0.25
Kentucky 11,454 0.25
Minnesota 10,807 0.23
Kansas 9,247 0.20
Oregon 8,845 0.19
New Mexico 7,964 0.17
Utah 7,182 0.16
Mississippi 5,888 0.13
Iowa 4,885 0.11
Arkansas 4,789 0.10
Alaska 4,502 0.10
Maine 4,377 0.10
West Virginia 3,701 0.08
Nebraska 3,242 0.07
DC 3,129 0.07
Idaho 2,910 0.06
Vermont 2,261 0.05
Montana 1,491 0.03
South Dakota 1,483 0.03
Wyoming 1,026 0.02
North Dakota 987 0.02
USA 4,623,716 100
 
The Puerto Rican flag in East Harlem in New York City, outside of the Julia de Burgos Cultural Center, winter 2005

Even with such movement of Puerto Ricans from traditional to non-traditional states, the Northeast continues to dominate in both concentration and population.

The largest populations of Puerto Ricans are situated in the following metropolitan areas (Source: Census 2010):

  1. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA – 1,177,430
  2. Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA – 269,781
  3. Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA – 238,866
  4. Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA – 207,727
  5. Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA – 188,502
  6. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA – 143,886
  7. Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA – 115,087
  8. Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT MSA – 102,911
  9. Springfield, MA MSA – 101,798
  10. New Haven-Milford, CT MSA – 77,578

Communities with the largest Puerto Rican populations

  • New York City: 723,621 Puerto Rican residents, as of 2010;[62] compared to 789,172 in 2000, decrease of 65,551; representing 8.9% of the city's total population and 32% of the city's Latino population, are the city's largest Latino group.
  • Philadelphia: 121,643 Puerto Rican residents, as of 2010;[62] compared to 91,527 in 2000, increase of 30,116; representing 8.0% of the city's total population and 68% of the city's Latino population, are the city's largest Latino group.
  • Chicago: 102,703 Puerto Rican residents, as of 2010;[62] compared to 113,055 in 2000, decrease of 10,352; representing 3.8% of the city's total population and 15% of the city's Latino population, are the city's second largest Latino group.

The top 25 US communities with the highest populations of Puerto Ricans (Source: Census 2010)

  1. New York City, NY – 723,621
  2. Philadelphia, PA – 121,643
  3. Chicago, IL – 102,703
  4. Springfield, MA – 50,798
  5. Hartford, CT – 41,995
  6. Holyoke, MA – 39,875
  • Newark, NJ – 35,993
  • Bridgeport, CT – 31,881
  • Orlando, FL – 31,201
  • Boston, MA – 30,506
  • Allentown, PA – 29,640
  • Cleveland, OH – 29,286
  • Reading, PA – 28,160
  • Rochester, NY – 27,734
  • Jersey City, NJ – 25,677
  • Waterbury, CT – 24,947
  • Milwaukee, WI – 24,672
  • Tampa, FL – 24,057
  • Camden, NJ – 23,759
  • Worcester, MA – 23,074
  • Buffalo, NY – 22,076
  • New Britain, CT – 21,914
  • Jacksonville, FL – 21,128
  • Paterson, NJ – 21,015
  • New Haven, CT – 20,505

    • Communities with high percentages of Puerto Ricans

    The top 25 US communities with the highest percentages of Puerto Ricans as a percent of total population (Source: Census 2010)

    1. Holyoke, MA – 44.70%
    2. Buenaventura Lakes, FL – 44.55%
    3. Azalea Park, FL – 36.50%
    4. Poinciana, FL – 35.82%
    5. Meadow Woods, FL – 35.11%
    6. Hartford, CT – 33.66%
    7. Springfield, MA – 33.19%
    8. Kissimmee, FL – 33.06%
    9. Reading, PA – 31.97%
    10. Camden, NJ – 30.72%
    11. New Britain, CT – 29.93%
    12. Lancaster, PA – 29.23%
    13. Vineland, NJ – 26.74%
    14. Union Park, FL – 25.81%
    15. Allentown, PA – 25.11%
    16. Windham, CT – 23.99%
    17. Lebanon, PA – 23.87%
    18. Perth Amboy, NJ – 23.79%
    19. Southbridge, MA – 23.08%
    20. Amsterdam, NY – 22.80%
    21. Harlem Heights, FL – 22.63%
    22. Waterbury, CT – 22.60%
    23. Lawrence, MA – 22.20%
    24. Dunkirk, NY – 22.14%
    25. Bridgeport, CT – 22.10%

    The 10 large cities (over 200,000 in population) with the highest percentages of Puerto Rican residents include (2010 Census):[62]

    1. Rochester, NY – 13.2%
    2. Orlando, FL – 13.1%
    3. Newark, NJ – 13.0%
    4. Jersey City, NJ – 10.4%
    5. New York City, NY – 8.9%
    6. Buffalo, NY – 8.4%
    7. Philadelphia, PA – 8.0%
    8. Cleveland, OH – 7.4%
    9. Tampa, FL – 7.2%
    10. Boston, MA – 4.9%

    Dispersion before 2000

    Like other groups, the theme of "dispersal" has had a long history with the stateside Puerto Rican community.[70] More recent demographic developments appear at first blush as if the stateside Puerto Rican population has been dispersing in greater numbers. Duany had described this process as a "reconfiguration" and termed it the "nationalizing" of this community throughout the United States.[71]

    New York City was the center of the stateside Puerto Rican community for most of the 20th century. However, it is not clear whether these settlement changes can be characterized as simple population dispersal. Puerto Rican population settlements today are less concentrated than they were in places like New York City, Chicago and a number of cities in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Jersey.

    Migration trends since 2000

     
    Aubrey Plaza, actress and comedian.

    New York State has resumed its net in-migration of Puerto Rican Americans since 2006, a dramatic reversal from being the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000. The Puerto Rican population of New York State, still the largest in the United States, is estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010 to 1,103,067 in 2013.

     
    Adrienne Bailon actress, television personality, and entrepreneur.

    Puerto Rican migration trends since 2006 have been highly complex: New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto Rico (31% of the mainland total) as well as from elsewhere on the mainland (20% of interstate moves) between 2006 and 2012 than any other U.S. state, in absolute numbers, even while the southern United States gained the highest number as an overall national region.[67] Also, unlike the initial pattern of migration several decades ago, this second significant Puerto Rican migration into New York and surrounding states is being driven by movement not only into New York City proper, but also into the city's surrounding suburban areas, including areas outside New York State, especially Northern New Jersey, such that the New York City metropolitan area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016, from 1,177,430 in 2010 to 1,494,670 in 2016.[40]

    Florida witnessed an even larger increase than New York State between 2010 and 2013, from 847,550 in 2010 to 987,663 in 2013,[72] with significant migration from Puerto Rico, as well as some migration from Chicago and New York to Florida.[67] However, most of the Puerto Rican migration to Florida has been to the central portion of the state, surrounding Orlando. Orlando and to a lesser degree Philadelphia and Tampa have witnessed large increases in their Puerto Rican populations between 2010 and 2013 and now have some of the fastest growing Puerto Rican populations in the country. According to the Pew Research Center, Puerto Rican arrivals from the island since 2000 are also less well off than earlier migrants, with lower household incomes and a greater likelihood of living in poverty.[67] After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, devastating the infrastructure of the island, New York, Florida and New Jersey were expected to be the three likeliest destinations for Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland, when premised upon family ties.[73]

    Since Hurricane Maria in September 2017, about 400,000[citation needed] Puerto Ricans have left the island for the US mainland, either permanently or temporarily. Nearly half[citation needed] of which went to the state of Florida alone, especially to the metropolitan areas of Orlando and Miami, and to a lesser degree Tampa and Jacksonville. The other half are spreading out throughout the country, but went mostly to the metropolitan areas of Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland and numerous smaller cities across the US Northeast. The 2017 population count was 5.5 million,[citation needed]. With the migration boom due to Hurricane Maria, as well as live births taken into account, the US Puerto Rican population is estimated at 5.8 million as of 2018.[74] This drop in Puerto Rico's population resulting in the increase in the stateside Puerto Rican population, is the result of Hurricane Maria and other recent natural disasters, as well as economic decline on the island.[citation needed] However, many Puerto Ricans have since been moving back, though not enough to reverse the population decline in Puerto Rico.[citation needed]

    Concentration

     
    Antonia Novello – Surgeon General of the United States

    Residential segregation is a phenomenon characterizing many stateside Puerto Rican population concentrations. While blacks are the most residentially segregated group in the United States, a 2002 study shows that stateside Puerto Ricans are the most segregated among US Latinos.[75]

    • Bridgeport, Connecticut (score of 73)
    • Hartford, Connecticut (70)
    • New York City (69)
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (69)
    • Newark, New Jersey (69)
    • Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, Ohio (68)

    Stateside Puerto Ricans are disproportionately clustered in what has been called the "Boston-New York-Philadelphia-Washington Corridor" and in Florida along the East Coast. The U.S. Northeast Corridor, coined a "megalopolis" by geographer Jean Gottman in 1956, is the largest and most affluent urban corridor in the world, being described as a "node of wealth ... [an] area where the pulse of the national economy beats loudest and the seats of power are well established."[76] With major world class universities clustered in Boston and stretching throughout this corridor, the economic and media power and international power politics in New York City and the seat of the federal government in Washington, DC, also a major global power center.

    Segmentation

    These shifts in the relative sizes of Latino populations have also changed the role of the stateside Puerto Rican community.[77] Thus, many long-established Puerto Rican institutions have had to revise their missions (and, in some cases, change their names) to provide services and advocacy on behalf of non-Puerto Rican Latinos.

    Race

    Puerto Ricans in the United States – 2010 U.S Census [78]
    Self-identified Race Percent of population
    White alone
     
    		 53.1%
    Black
     
    		 8.7%
    Asian
     
    		 0.5%
    American Indians and Alaska Natives
     
    		 0.9%
    Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders
     
    		 0.2%
    Two or more races
     
    		 8.7%
    Some Other Race
     
    		 27.8%
    Total
     
    		 100%

    According to the 2010 US census, of the stateside Puerto Rican population, about 53.1% self-identified as white, about 8.7% self-identified as black, about 0.9% as American Indian, about 0.5% as Asian, and 36.7% as mixed or other.[62] Though over half self-identified as white, the Puerto Rican population is largely made up of multi-racials, most Puerto Ricans are mixed to varying degrees, usually of white European/North African, black West African and indigenous Taino ancestry.[79][80][81][82][83] The average genomewide individual ancestry proportions have been estimated as 56% European, 28% West African and 16% Native American.[82] However, there are significant numbers of (pure or nearly pure) blacks and whites within the Puerto Rican population as well.[84] Historically, under Spanish and American rule, Puerto Rico underwent a whitening process, in particular, the island had laws like the Regla del Sacar, in which mixed-race people of mostly European origin were classified as "white" (the opposite of the one-drop rule in the United States).[80][85][86][87]

    Puerto Ricans, on average, have genetic contributions from Europeans, North Africans, West Africans, and Native Americans.[88] The island has a higher degree of tri-hybrid admixture than most countries in Latin America. A recent study of DNA in a census-based sample of 642 Puerto Rican individuals, demonstrated that almost all modern Puerto Ricans are admixed descendants of the three ancestral populations (Taínos, Europeans, and Africans). The study shows that the average Puerto Rican on the Eastern region is 54.7% European, 31.8% African, and 13.5% Native American, while the average Puerto Rican on the Western Region is 68.5% European, 15.9% African, and 15.6% Native American. The highest indigenous ancestry recorded in the study was nearly 40%.[89]

    Culture

    Main article: Culture of Puerto Rico
     
    Rita Moreno actress, dancer, and singer.

    Puerto Rican culture is a blend of Spanish, Taíno and West African cultures, with recent influences from the United States and neighboring Latin American and Caribbean countries. Due to Puerto Rico's status as a US territory, people in Puerto Rico have the most exposure to US culture and Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States tend to be the most "American-ized" of all major Latino groups. Though, 1st-generation Puerto Rico-born migrants tend to be more traditional, while people born in the US mainland of Puerto Rican ancestry tend to merge traditional Puerto Rican culture with mainland American culture.

    Language

    See also: Puerto Rican Spanish

    The Puerto Rican variant of Spanish is mainly derived from the Spanish spoken in southern Spain and the Canary Islands. It also has noticeable influences from numerous languages, including Taíno and various West African languages. It is very similar to other Caribbean Spanish variants.

    About 83% of Puerto Ricans living in the United States ages 5 and older speak English proficiently, of whom 53% are bilingual in Spanish and English, and another 30% speak only English fluently with little proficiency in Spanish. The other 17% speak only Spanish fluently and report speaking English "less than very well" with little proficiency in English, compared to 34% of Latinos overall who report doing so.[69][90] According to a 2014 poll, 20% of Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States speak Spanish at home, and 78% chose to answer the poll in English instead of Spanish, significantly more than other Latino groups polled.[91]

    Many first- and second- generation Puerto Ricans living in New York speak "Nuyorican English", a mix of local New York English with Puerto Rican Spanish influences, while many Puerto Ricans living in other US cities speak with a similar English accent. More Americanized Puerto Ricans speak the local English accent with little to no Spanish traces, sounding similar to other local groups including Black Americans or assimilated Italian Americans.

    Religion

    The vast majority of Puerto Ricans in the United States are adherents of Christianity. Though, Catholics are the largest in number, there are also significant numbers of followers of numerous Protestant denominations. Protestants make up a larger proportion of the Stateside Puerto Rican population then they do of the population of Puerto Rico. Some Puerto Rican Catholics also cohesively practice Santería, a Yoruba-Catholic syncretic mix. Smaller portions of the population are non-religious. A very small number of assimilated stateside Puerto Ricans practice other religions, particularly in the inner city neighborhoods of Philadelphia and New York.

    Sports

    The most popular sports among stateside Puerto Ricans are Baseball and Boxing, with sports like American football and Basketball also having a strong following. Roberto Clemente and Hector Camacho are some Puerto Rican sports legends. Some stateside Puerto Ricans who recently emerged as pro athletes include Carmelo Anthony and Victor Cruz.

    Music

     
    Jennifer Lopez, one of the highest-grossing and most multi-faceted triple threat entertainers in global history, is a Nuyorican, born in the Bronx.

    Salsa, Reggaeton, Bachata, Merengue, Latin Pop and Latin Trap are the most popular music genres amongst many Stateside Puerto Ricans. However much older Puerto Ricans who were raised on the stateside since childhood, instead of coming at a later age usually prefer Latin Freestyle and/or Hip-Hop, usually that of the 1980s and 1990s. Other musical genres such as Pop, Rock, Hip-Hop, R&B, Reggae, Dance, House, Techno, Bolero, Ballads, and Heavy Metal are popular within many Puerto Ricans who mainly use English as their first language. Bomba, Plena, and Jibaro also have a big music population and community amongst many Stateside Puerto Ricans and can mostly be played during celebrations, especially during Christmas. New York Puerto Ricans helped form many genres including Boogaloo and Salsa in the 1960s and 1970s and Hip Hop, Latin house and Latin Freestyle in the 1980s, usually with the help of other ethnic groups. Some stateside Puerto Ricans who emerged as popular musicians include Marc Anthony, Jennifer Lopez and Big Pun.

    Intermarriage

    Puerto Ricans have a 38.5% intermarriage rate, the highest amongst Latino groups in the United States.[92] Puerto Rican intermarriage and procreation rates are highest with Dominican Americans, another Caribbean Latino group with very similar culture, high US population numbers, and that usually live in the same neighborhoods. There are also relatively high rates with other groups such as African Americans, Jewish Americans, Italian Americans, Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, Trinidadian Americans, Haitian Americans and Jamaican Americans.[64]

    Contributions

    See also: List of Stateside Puerto Ricans

    Numerous Puerto Ricans born and raised in the United States made notable cultural contributions in government, military, television, music, sports, art, law enforcement, modeling, education, journalism, religion, science, among other areas. Conversely, cultural ties between New York and Puerto Rico are strong. In September 2017, following the immense destruction wrought upon Puerto Rico by Hurricane Maria, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo led an aid delegation to San Juan,[93] including engineers from the New York Power Authority to help restore Puerto Rico's electrical grid;[94] subsequently, on the one-year anniversary of the storm, in September 2018, Governor Cuomo announced plans for the official New York State memorial to honor the victims of Hurricane Maria, to be built in Battery Park City, Manhattan, citing the deep cultural connections shared between New Yorkers and Puerto Ricans.[95] The Hurricane Maria Memorial was unveiled on March 26, 2021 in lower Manhattan.[96]

    Socioeconomics

    Income

     
    Melanie Martinez in February 2014

    The stateside Puerto Rican community has usually been characterized as being largely poor and part of the urban underclass in the United States. Studies and reports over the last fifty years or so have documented the high poverty status of this community.[97] However, the picture at the start of the 21st century also reveals significant socioeconomic progress and a community with a growing economic clout.[98] Middle-class neighborhoods predominately populated by Puerto Ricans are mostly found throughout Central Florida, including Orlando, Tampa and their suburbs.[99] Significant numbers of middle-class Puerto Ricans can also be found in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, in upper North Philadelphia, particularly around the Olney-Juniata-Lawncrest area and in Camden County, New Jersey outside the city of Camden, and in the New York City metropolitan area, particularly in the eastern portion of the Bronx and Westchester County, as well as many suburbs of Miami and Boston and throughout New Jersey and southern New England. Smaller, more scattered numbers of well-off Puerto Ricans can be seen throughout the United States, in both traditional Puerto Rican settlements in the Northeast and Midwest, and in progressive sunbelt cities of the South and West.[100]

    The Latino market and remittances to Puerto Rico

    The combined income for stateside Puerto Ricans is a significant share of the large and growing Latino market in the United States and has been attracting increased attention from the media and the corporate sector. In the last decade or so, major corporations have discovered the so-called "urban markets" of blacks and Latinos that had been neglected for so long. This has spawned a cottage industry of marketing firms, consultants and publications that specialize in the Latino market.[citation needed]

    One important question this raises is the degree to which stateside Puerto Ricans contribute economically to Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Planning Board estimated that remittances totaled $66 million in 1963.[101]

    The full extent of the stateside Puerto Rican community's contributions to the economy of Puerto Rico is not known, but it is clearly significant. The role of remittances and investments by Latino immigrants to their home countries has reached a level that it has received much attention in the last few years, as countries like Mexico develop strategies to better leverage these large sums of money from their diasporas in their economic development planning.[102]

    The income disparity between the stateside community and those living on the island is not as great as those of other Latin-American countries, and the direct connection between second-generation Puerto Ricans and their relatives is not as conducive to direct monetary support. Many Puerto Ricans still living in Puerto Rico also remit to family members who are living stateside.[citation needed]

    Gender

     
    Lymari Nadal actress, film producer and scriptwriter.

    The average income in 2002 of stateside Puerto Rican men was $36,572, while women earned an average $30,613, 83.7 percent that of the men. Compared to all Latino groups, whites, and Asians, stateside Puerto Rican women came closer to achieving parity in income to the men of their own racial-ethnic group. In addition, stateside Puerto Rican women had incomes that were 82.3 percent that of white women, while stateside Puerto Rican men had incomes that were only 64.0 percent that of white men.

    Stateside Puerto Rican women were closer to income parity with white women than were women who were Dominicans (58.7 percent), Central and South Americans (68.4 percent), but they were below Cubans (86.2 percent), "other Latinos" (87.2 percent), blacks (83.7 percent) and Asians (107.7 percent).

    Stateside Puerto Rican men were in a weaker position in comparison with men from other racial-ethnic groups. They were closer to income parity to white men than men who were Dominicans (62.3 percent) and Central and South Americans (58.3 percent). Although very close to income parity with blacks (65.5 percent), stateside Puerto Rican men fell below Mexicans (68.3 percent), Cubans (75.9 percent), other Latinos (75.1 percent) and Asians (100.7 percent).

    Educational attainment

    Stateside Puerto Ricans, along with other US Latinos, have experienced the long-term problem of a high school dropout rate that has resulted in relatively low educational attainment.[15]

    According to the Pew Hispanic Center, while in Puerto Rico more than 20% of Latinos have a bachelor's degree, only 16% of stateside Puerto Ricans did as of March 2012.[10]

    Social issues

    According to U.S. Census figures, the Puerto Rican population has one of the highest poverty and incarceration rates among all ethnic groups in the United States.[103] The Puerto Rican community is also one of the most segregated ethnic groups in the country.[104][105][106][107] The stateside Puerto Rican community has partnered with the African American community, particularly in cities such as New York and Philadelphia to combat racism and disenfranchisement of the mid to late 20th century in their communities as a unified force.[108][109][110] Though often perceived as largely poor, there is evidence of growing economic clout, as stated earlier.[98][111]

    Political participation

     
    Aida Álvarez the first Latina woman to hold a United States Cabinet-level position.
     
    Puerto Rican Democratic members of the United States Congress Luis Gutiérrez (left), José Enrique Serrano (center) and Nydia Velázquez speaking at the 2004 Encuentro Boricua Conference at Hostos Community College in New York City

    The Puerto Rican community has organized itself to represent its interests in stateside political institutions for close to a century.[112] In New York City, Puerto Ricans first began running for public office in the 1920s. In 1937, they elected their first government representative, Oscar Garcia Rivera, to the New York State Assembly.[113] In Massachusetts, Puerto Rican Nelson Merced became the first Latino elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and the first Latino to hold statewide office in the commonwealth.[114]

    There are three Puerto Rican members of the United States House of Representatives: Democrats Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York, Ritchie Torres of New York and Nydia Velázquez of New York, complementing the one Resident Commissioner elected to that body from Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans have also been elected as mayors in three major cities: Miami, Hartford and Camden. Luis A. Quintana, born in Añasco, Puerto Rico, was sworn in as the first Latino mayor of Newark, New Jersey in November 2013, assuming the unexpired term of Cory Booker, who vacated the position to become a U.S. Senator from New Jersey.[115]

     
    U.S. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, also known as AOC, representing parts of The Bronx and Queens, became at age 29 the youngest woman ever to be elected to Congress in November 2018.

    On June 26, 2018, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a Puerto Rican millennial, won the Democratic primary in New York's 14th congressional district covering parts of The Bronx and Queens in New York City, defeating the incumbent, Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley, in what has been described as the biggest upset victory in the 2018 midterm election season.[116] Ocasio-Cortez is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America and has been endorsed by various politically progressive organizations and individuals.[117] She is the youngest woman ever elected to Congress.[118]

    There are various ways in which stateside Puerto Ricans have exercised their influence. These include protests, campaign contributions and lobbying and voting. Compared to the United States, voter participation by Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico is very large.[citation needed] However, many see a paradox in that this high level of voting is not echoed stateside.[119] There, Puerto Ricans have had persistently low voter registration and turnout rates, despite the relative success they have had in electing their own to significant public offices throughout the United States.

    To address this problem, the government of Puerto Rico has, since the late 1980s, launched two major voter registration campaigns to increase the level of voter participation of stateside Puerto Rican. While Puerto Ricans have traditionally been concentrated in the Northeast, coordinated Latino voter registration organizations such as the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project and the United States Hispanic Leadership Institute (based in the Midwest), have not concentrated in this region and have focused on the Mexican-American voter. The government of Puerto Rico has sought to fill this vacuum to insure that stateside Puerto Rican interests are well represented in the electoral process, recognizing that the increased political influence of stateside Puerto Ricans also benefits the island.

    This low level of electoral participation is in sharp contrast with voting levels in Puerto Rico, which are much higher than that not only of this community, but also the United States as a whole.[120]

    The reasons for the differences in Puerto Rican voter participation have been an object of much discussion, but relatively little scholarly research.[121]

    Voter statistics

     
    Breakdown of Latinos by voting registration stage in 2000. C-VAP stands for Citizen Voting Age Population (Citizens 18 years of age and older)

    When the relationship of various factors to the turnout rates of stateside Puerto Ricans in 2000 is examined, socioeconomic status emerges as a clear factor.[122] For example, according to the Census:

    • Income: the turnout rate for those with incomes less than $10,000 was 37.7 percent, while for those earning $75,000 and above, it was 76.7 percent.
    • Employment: 36.5 percent of the unemployed voted, versus 51.2 percent for the employed. The rate for those outside of the labor force was 50.6 percent, probably reflecting the disproportionate role of the elderly, who generally have higher turnout rates.
    • Union membership: for union members it was 51.3 percent, while for nonunion members it was 42.6 percent.
    • Housing: for homeowners it was 64.0 percent, while it was 41.8 percent for renters.

    There were a number of other socio-demographic characteristics where turnout differences also existed, such as:

    • Age: the average age of voters was 45.3 years, compared to 38.5 years for eligible nonvoters.
    • Education: those without a high school diploma had a turnout rate of 42.5 percent, while for those with a graduate degree, it was 81.0 percent.
    • Birthplace: for those born stateside it was 48.9 percent, compared to 52.0 percent for those born in Puerto Rico.
    • Marriage status: for those who were married it was 62.0 percent, while those who were never married managed 33.0 percent.
    • Military service: for those who ever served in the US military, the turnout rate was 72.1 percent, compared to 48.6 percent for those who never served.

    Notable people

    For a more comprehensive list, see List of Stateside Puerto Ricans.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Puerto Rican relative to the state/territory" population as a whole.
    2. ^ Percentage of Puerto Rican residents in each state relative to the Puerto Rican population in the United States as a whole. Puerto Rican population in the U.S. according to the 2010 U.S. Census: 4,623,716

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    89. ^ Via, Marc; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Roth, Lindsey A.; Fejerman, Laura; Galanter, Joshua; Choudhry, Shweta; Toro-Labrador, Gladys; Viera-Vera, Jorge; Oleksyk, Taras K.; Beckman, Kenneth; Ziv, Elad (January 31, 2011). "History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e16513. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616513V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016513. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3031579. PMID 21304981.
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    97. ^ Baker 2002
    98. ^ a b Rivera-Batiz and Santiago 1996
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    100. ^ Varsovia Fernandez leads the booming Greater Philadelphia Latino community in Empowerment. Posted by Susana G Baumann. Latinasinbusiness.us
    101. ^ Senior and Watkins in Cordasco and Bucchioni 1975: 162–163
    102. ^ DeSipio, et al. 2003
    103. ^ Dominicans, Puerto Ricans Face The Highest Levels Of Poverty Among Hispanics In The United States. The Huffington Post. Posted on February 21, 2013.
    104. ^ William Goldsmith, Edward Blakely (second edition: 2010). Separate Societies: Poverty and Inequality in U.S. Cities. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Page 135.
    105. ^ PRRAC: "American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass December 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine." Posted by Douglas Massey (September 1992), issue of Poverty & Race.
    106. ^ Rosenblum, D; Castrillo, FM; Bourgois, P; Mars, S; Karandinos, G; Unick, GJ; Ciccarone, D (2014). "Urban segregation and the US heroin market: A quantitative model of anthropological hypotheses from an inner-city drug market". International Journal of Drug Policy. 25 (3): 543–555. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.12.008. PMC 4062603. PMID 24445118.
    107. ^ Dan W. Dodson. The North, too, has segregation problems. Ascd.org
    108. ^ Remember The Young Lords? Neither Does The NYPD, Which Is Odd... August 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. HBO Now. Posted by Gothamist in News on August 12, 2014, 1:15 pm.
    109. ^ New York State Association of Black and Puerto Rican Legislators.
    110. ^ Andrés Torres, José Emiliano Velázquez (1998). The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora. Page 212. Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
    111. ^ New York's Puerto Ricans Split in Economic Success. Published By Sam Roberts (December 28, 1993). New York Times.
    112. ^ Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños 2003; Jennings and Rivera 1984
    113. ^ Falcón in Jennings and Rivera 1984: Ch. 2
    114. ^ Susan Diesenhouse (November 21, 1988). "From Migrant to State House in Massachusetts". The New York Times.
    115. ^ Ted Sherman (November 4, 2013). "Luis Quintana sworn in as Newark's first Latino mayor, filling unexpired term of Cory Booker". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
    116. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (June 26, 2018). "High-ranking Democrat ousted in stunning primary loss to newcomer Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez". NBC News. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
    117. ^ "Bernie Sanders weighs in on Ocasio-Cortez's victory". MSNBC. June 27, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
    118. ^ Remnick, David (September 20, 2018). "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Historic Win and the Future of the Democratic Party". The New Yorker.
    119. ^ Falcón in Heine 1983: Ch. 2; Camara-Fuertes 2004
    120. ^ Camara-Fuertes 2004
    121. ^ Falcón in Heine 1983: Ch. 2
    122. ^ Vargas-Ramos examines this relationship for Puerto Ricans in New York City in Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños 2003: 41–71

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    External links

    • Puerto Rican Americans
    • Origins of the Young Lords
    • Centro De Estudios Puertorriquenos/Hunter College
    • Lincoln Park Puerto Rican Oral Histories/Grand Valley State University

    April 09, 2023
    stateside, puerto, ricans, spanish, puertorriqueños, estados, unidos, also, ambiguously, known, puerto, rican, americans, spanish, puertorriqueño, americanos, puertorriqueño, estadounidenses, puerto, ricans, united, states, puerto, ricans, united, states, prop. Stateside Puerto Ricans 2 3 Spanish Puertorriquenos de Estados Unidos also ambiguously known as Puerto Rican Americans Spanish puertorriqueno americanos 4 5 puertorriqueno estadounidenses 6 7 or Puerto Ricans in the United States are Puerto Ricans who are in the United States proper of the 50 states and the District of Columbia who were born in or trace any family ancestry to the unincorporated US territory of Puerto Rico 8 9 Stateside Puerto RicansPuertorriquenos en Estados UnidosTotal population5 828 706 1 1 78 of the US population 2019 1 Regions with significant populationsMajority concentrated in the Northeastern United States and the southern half of Florida New York State Florida Pennsylvania New Jersey Connecticut and Massachusetts Smaller numbers in other parts of the country including other parts of the Northeast like Rhode Island Delaware and Maryland Also major cities in Virginia North Carolina Georgia and Texas down South Ohio Illinois and Wisconsin in the Midwest and California Nevada and Hawaii out west among other areas LanguagesPuerto Rican Spanish and American EnglishReligionmajority Roman Catholic and Protestant minority African diasporic religions Islam and JudaismRelated ethnic groupsTaino Europeans Africans White Latin Americans Afro Latin Americans Mulattos Mestizos Latino Americans White Puerto Ricans Black Puerto Ricans Dominican Americans Cuban Americans As Puerto Rico is a U S territory all Puerto Ricans living on both the island and stateside have US citizenship At 9 6 of the Hispanic population in the United States Puerto Ricans are the second largest Hispanic group nationwide after Mexican Americans and are 1 78 of the entire population of the United States 1 10 Stateside Puerto Ricans are also the largest Caribbean origin group in the country representing over one third of people with origins in the geographic Caribbean region 11 While the 2010 Census counted the number of Puerto Ricans living in the States at 4 6 million estimates in 2019 show the Puerto Rican population to be 5 83 million 1 12 13 Despite newer migration trends metropolitan New York City continues to be the largest demographic and cultural center for Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States with Philadelphia having the second largest community The portmanteau Nuyorican refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City area A large portion of the Puerto Rican population in the United States proper resides in the Northeast and Florida Contents 1 Identity 2 Migration history 2 1 New York City 2 2 Philadelphia 2 3 Chicago 2 4 Orlando 3 Demographics of Stateside Puerto Ricans 3 1 Population by state 3 1 1 Relative to the population of each state 3 1 2 Relative to the Puerto Rican population nationwide 3 2 Communities with the largest Puerto Rican populations 3 3 Communities with high percentages of Puerto Ricans 3 4 Dispersion before 2000 4 Migration trends since 2000 4 1 Concentration 4 2 Segmentation 5 Race 6 Culture 6 1 Language 6 2 Religion 6 3 Sports 6 4 Music 6 5 Intermarriage 6 6 Contributions 7 Socioeconomics 7 1 Income 7 1 1 The Latino market and remittances to Puerto Rico 7 1 2 Gender 7 2 Educational attainment 7 3 Social issues 8 Political participation 8 1 Voter statistics 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External linksIdentity Edit Teatro Puerto Rico 1950s in the South Bronx New York City Puerto Ricans have been migrating to the continental United States since the 19th century and migrating since 1898 after the island territory was transferred from Spain to the United States and have a long history of collective social advocacy for their political and social rights and preserving their cultural heritage In New York City which has the largest concentration of Puerto Ricans in the United States they began running for elective office in the 1920s electing one of their own to the New York State Assembly for the first time in 1937 14 Important Puerto Rican institutions have emerged from this long history 15 ASPIRA was established in New York City in 1961 and is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States 16 There is also the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington D C the National Puerto Rican Forum the Puerto Rican Family Institute Boricua College the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women Inc among others Ricky Martin at the annual Puerto Rican parade in Manhattan The government of Puerto Rico has a long history of involvement with the stateside Puerto Rican community 17 In July 1930 Puerto Rico s Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City 18 The Migration Division known as the Commonwealth Office also part of Puerto Rico s Department of Labor was created in 1948 and by the end of the 1950s was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside 19 The strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity is fueled by a number of factors These include the large circular migration between the island and the mainland United States a long tradition of the government of Puerto Rico promoting its ties to those stateside the continuing existence of racial ethnic prejudice and discrimination in the United States and high residential and school segregation 20 21 22 Notable attributes that set the stateside Puerto Rican population apart from the rest of the US Latino community is facts such as Puerto Ricans have the highest military enrollment rates compared to other Latinos Puerto Ricans are more likely to be proficient in English than any other Latino group and Puerto Ricans are also more likely to intermarry other ethnic groups and far more likely to intermarry blacks than any other Latino group 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Migration history Edit The 2005 National Puerto Rican Parade in New York City During the 19th century commerce existed between the ports of the eastern coast of the United States and Puerto Rico Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to U S and Puerto Rico Many of them settled in places such as New York New Jersey Connecticut and Massachusetts Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War some Puerto Ricans joined the ranks of the military armed forces However since Puerto Ricans were still Spanish subjects they were inscribed as Spaniards 32 Even during Spanish rule Puerto Ricans settled in the US During the nineteenth century it was mostly political exiles who came to the mainland 33 Since 1898 Puerto Rico has been an insular possession and unincorporated territory of the United States ruled for its first half century by American generals and non Puerto Rican civil servants from the mainland fueling migratory patterns between the mainland and the island After the end of the Spanish American War a significant influx of Puerto Rican workers to the US began With its 1898 victory the United States acquired Puerto Rico from Spain and has retained sovereignty since The 1917 Jones Shafroth Act made all Puerto Ricans US citizens freeing them from immigration barriers The massive migration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland United States was largest in the early and late 20th century 34 prior to its resurgence in the early 21st century U S political and economic interventions in Puerto Rico created the conditions for emigration by concentrating wealth in the hands of US corporations and displacing workers 35 Policymakers promoted colonization plans and contract labor programs to reduce the population U S employers often with government support recruited Puerto Ricans as a source of low wage labor to the United States and other destinations 36 Puerto Ricans migrated in search of higher wage jobs first to New York City and later to other cities such as Chicago Philadelphia and Boston 37 However in more recent years there has been a significant resurgence in migration from Puerto Rico to New York and New Jersey with an apparently multifactorial allure to Puerto Ricans primarily for economic and cultural considerations 38 39 with the Puerto Rican population of the New York City Metropolitan Area increasing from 1 177 430 in 2010 to a Census estimated 1 494 670 in 2016 40 maintaining its status as the largest metropolitan concentration and cultural center for Puerto Rican Americans by a significant margin on Continental America New York City neighborhoods such as East Harlem in Upper Manhattan the South Bronx and Bushwick Williamsburg in Brooklyn are often the most associated with the stateside Puerto Rican population However several neighborhoods in eastern North Philadelphia especially Fairhill have some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the United States Fairhill having the highest when being compared to other big city neighborhoods 41 New York City Edit Main articles Puerto Ricans in New York City and Nuyorican See also List of Puerto Ricans Nuyoricans Marc Anthony Jennifer Lopez Melissa Mark Viverito Lin Manuel Miranda Alexandria Ocasio Cortez Mj Rodriguez Sonia Sotomayor Neil deGrasse TysonBetween the 1950s and the 1980s large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to New York especially to Brooklyn The Bronx and the Spanish Harlem and Loisaida neighborhoods of Manhattan Labor recruitment was the basis of this particular community In 1960 the number of stateside Puerto Ricans living in New York City as a whole was 88 with most 69 living in East Harlem 42 They helped others settle find work and build communities by relying on social networks containing friends and family For a long time Spanish Harlem East Harlem and Loisaida Lower East Side were the two major Puerto Rican communities in the city but during the 1960s and 1970s predominately Puerto Rican neighborhoods started to spring up in the Bronx because of its proximity to East Harlem and in Brooklyn because of its proximity via the Williamsburg Bridge to the Lower East Side There are significant Puerto Rican communities in all five boroughs of New York City Philippe Bourgois an anthropologist who has studied Puerto Ricans in the inner city suggests that the Puerto Rican community has fallen victim to poverty through social marginalization due to the transformation of New York into a global city 43 The Puerto Rican population in East Harlem and New York City as a whole remains the poorest among all migrant groups in US cities As of 1973 about 46 2 of the Puerto Rican migrants in East Harlem were living below the federal poverty line 44 However more affluent Puerto Rican American professionals have migrated to suburban neighborhoods on Long Island and in Westchester County New Jersey and Connecticut New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s of which Puerto Rican singer songwriters represented an integral component 45 Puerto Rican influence in popular music continues in the 21st century encompassing major artists such as Jennifer Lopez 46 Philadelphia Edit This section needs expansion with examples with reliable citations You can help by adding to it September 2017 Main article Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia As of the 2010 U S Census there was an estimate of 121 643 Puerto Rican Americans living in Philadelphia up from 91 527 in 2000 Representing 8 of Philadelphia s total population and 75 of the city s Latino American population as of 2010 Puerto Ricans are the largest Latino group in the city and that outside Puerto Rico Philadelphia now has the second largest Puerto Rican population estimated at about 150 000 47 Since 2010 Philadelphia replaced the city of Chicago as the city with the second largest Puerto Rican population Chicago s slightly shrunk and Philadelphia s continued to grow more than ever before not only having the second largest Puerto Rican population but also one of the fastest growing 48 Most sources including the most reliable the United States Census Bureau estimated that as of 2010 Puerto Ricans made up between 70 80 percent of Philadelphia s Latino population 49 50 Other sources put the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of Philadelphia s Latino population as high as 90 and others as low as 64 51 52 53 54 Chicago Edit See also Puerto Ricans in Chicago Division Street Paseo Boricua in Chicago facing east from Mozart Street one half block west of California Avenue Puerto Ricans first arrived in the early part of the 20th century from more affluent families to study at colleges or universities In the 1930s there was an enclave around 35th and Michigan In the 1950s two small barrios emerged known as la Clark and La Madison just North and West of Downtown near hotel jobs and then where the factories once stood These communities were displaced by the city as part of their slum clearance In 1968 a community group the Young Lords mounted protests and demonstrations and occupied several buildings of institutions demanding that they invest in low income housing 55 Humboldt Park is home to the one of the largest Puerto Rican communities in Chicago and is known as Little Puerto Rico or Paseo Boricua 56 57 Orlando Edit Orlando and the surrounding area has had a sizable Puerto Rican population since the 1980s as Florida as a whole has always had a decent sized Puerto Rican population A big contributing factor for the growth of the Puerto Rican community in Central Florida was Walt Disney World who heavily recruited employees in Puerto Rico Central Florida s Puerto Rican population began to skyrocket starting in the early 2000s and accelerating in the 2010s with many New Yorkers of Puerto Rican ancestry Nuyoricans moving to Florida joining the island born Puerto Ricans 58 During this time the 1990s and early 2000s the overall migration patterns out from Puerto Rico to the US mainland began to switch and Orlando became the main destination from Puerto Rico by far replacing New York City Puerto Ricans are largely spread out in the Orlando area but the heaviest concentration is in the southern portions like Kissimmee Poinciana and many other areas in Osceola County where Puerto Ricans make up the majority of the population 59 60 Demographics of Stateside Puerto Ricans EditMain article List of Stateside Puerto Rican communities In 1950 about a quarter of a million Puerto Rican natives lived stateside or in one of the U S states In March 2012 that figure had risen to about 1 5 million That is slightly less than a third of the 5 million Puerto Ricans living stateside were born on the island 12 13 Puerto Ricans are also the second largest Latino group in the United States after those of Mexican descent 10 Historical populationYearPop 19101 513 192011 811 680 6 193052 774 346 8 194069 967 32 6 1950226 110 223 2 1960892 513 294 7 19701 391 463 55 9 19802 014 000 44 7 19902 728 000 35 5 20003 406 178 24 9 20104 623 716 35 7 20155 372 759 16 2 20175 588 664 4 0 20195 828 706 4 3 Source The Puerto Rican Diaspora Historical Perspectives 61 Population by state Edit Relative to the population of each state Edit The Puerto Rican population by state showing the percentage of the state s population that identifies itself as Puerto Rican relative to the state territory population as a whole is shown in the following table State Territory Stateside Puerto RicansPopulation 2010 Census 62 63 Percentage 2010 note 1 Most recent estimate 2017 64 Percentage 2017 US Census Estimate 2019 65 Percentage 2019 Alabama 12 225 0 3 20 027 0 5 21 921 0 4 Alaska 4 502 0 6 7 637 1 0 8 653 1 2 Arizona 34 787 0 5 41 901 0 6 55 899 0 8 Arkansas 4 789 0 2 6 088 0 2 9 416 0 3 California 189 945 0 5 212 500 0 6 223 991 0 6 Colorado 22 995 0 5 27 872 0 6 35 644 0 6 Connecticut 252 972 7 1 298 603 8 2 302 027 8 5 Delaware 22 533 2 5 31 514 3 2 29 914 3 0 District of Columbia 3 129 0 5 6 320 0 9 8 558 1 2 Florida 847 550 4 5 1 120 225 5 4 1 190 891 5 5 Georgia 71 987 0 7 99 085 0 9 131 779 1 2 Hawaii 44 116 3 2 45 995 3 2 51 633 3 6 Idaho 2 910 0 2 3 445 0 2 5 873 0 3 Illinois 182 989 1 4 202 046 1 6 206 062 1 6 Indiana 30 304 0 5 45 746 0 7 53 576 0 8 Iowa 4 885 0 2 7 545 0 2 8 136 0 3 Kansas 9 247 0 3 11 734 0 4 19 621 0 7 Kentucky 11 454 0 3 19 312 0 5 15 548 0 4 Louisiana 11 603 0 3 17 109 0 3 14 822 0 3 Maine 4 377 0 3 6 091 0 3 6 698 0 5 Maryland 42 572 0 7 60 781 1 0 57 150 0 9 Massachusetts 266 125 4 1 327 959 4 9 340 893 5 0 Michigan 37 267 0 4 42 952 0 4 53 958 0 5 Minnesota 10 807 0 2 14 344 0 3 14 298 0 3 Mississippi 5 888 0 2 7 766 0 2 7 761 0 3 Missouri 12 236 0 2 15 577 0 2 18 440 0 3 Montana 1 491 0 2 2 136 0 2 2 241 0 2 Nebraska 3 242 0 2 6 765 0 3 6 921 0 4 Nevada 20 664 0 8 28 046 1 0 30 389 1 0 New Hampshire 11 729 0 9 16 331 1 2 20 772 1 5 New Jersey 434 092 4 9 470 640 5 3 484 727 5 2 New Mexico 7 964 0 4 9 895 0 5 12 285 0 6 New York 1 070 558 5 5 1 112 123 5 7 1 096 823 5 6 North Carolina 71 800 0 8 101 921 1 0 122 272 1 2 North Dakota 987 0 1 2 099 0 3 3 507 0 5 Ohio 94 965 0 8 125 554 1 1 143 688 1 2 Oklahoma 12 223 0 3 17 334 0 4 18 640 0 5 Oregon 8 845 0 2 9 904 0 3 15 252 0 4 Pennsylvania 366 082 2 9 472 442 3 7 493 255 3 9 Rhode Island 34 979 3 3 40 065 3 9 51 904 4 9 South Carolina 26 493 0 6 38 025 0 8 40 214 0 8 South Dakota 1 483 0 2 2 514 0 3 2 797 0 3 Tennessee 21 060 0 3 31 295 0 5 32 819 0 5 Texas 130 576 0 5 189 643 0 7 253 800 0 9 Utah 7 182 0 3 9 176 0 4 11 341 0 3 Vermont 2 261 0 4 2 335 0 3 2 458 0 4 Virginia 73 958 0 9 106 472 1 3 109 439 1 3 Washington 25 566 0 3 28 346 0 4 41 412 0 5 West Virginia 3 701 0 2 6 494 0 4 6 122 0 3 Wisconsin 46 323 0 8 56 028 0 9 69 917 1 2 Wyoming 1 026 0 2 1 002 0 2 1 302 0 2 USA 4 623 716 1 5 5 588 664 1 7 5 828 706 1 8 Out of all 50 states the ones with the highest net inflow of Puerto Ricans moving there from the island of Puerto Rico between 2000 and 2010 included Florida Pennsylvania Texas Massachusetts Connecticut Ohio Georgia North Carolina Virginia and Maryland 10 New York which has joined this list since 2010 remains a major destination for Puerto Rican migrants though only a third of recent Puerto Rican arrivals went to New York between 2000 and 2010 66 There is also a notable number of stateside born Puerto Ricans moving from the Northeastern states to South Atlantic States especially to Florida but to a lesser degree many are also going to Virginia North Carolina and Georgia as well 63 The Northeast Corridor remains a major destination for Puerto Ricans however the population is also growing throughout the United States particularly in the South 23 67 From 2010 17 Florida s Puerto Rican population increased from 847 000 to 1 120 million increasing by nearly 300 000 allowing Florida to replace New York as the state with the largest Puerto Rican population Puerto Ricans have been heavily increasing in many other parts of the country too such as Texas and Ohio 68 Sonia Sotomayor born in the Bronx Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Despite Puerto Rican populations in New York and New Jersey being relatively stagnant other parts of the Northeast continue to see very strong growth particularly Pennsylvania and Lower New England Massachusetts Connecticut and Rhode Island Pennsylvania easily having the second largest numerical increase of Puerto Ricans for the past 10 15 years showing an increase of over 110 000 from 2010 to 2017 second only to Florida Connecticut having the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans in the United States from 2010 to 2017 Pre Maria the percentage went up about 1 1 percentage points which is a percentile increase more than any other state and currently over 8 percent of the state is of Puerto Rican ancestry sitting nearly three whole percentage points above the second highest percentage Of smaller states with populations under 3 million Rhode Island has the fastest growing number of Puerto Ricans 69 New York is still a relatively popular destination for those migrating from Puerto Rico though not as much as in the past as said earlier Florida and other Northeast states are now receiving larger numerical growth However much of the stagnant population growth is due to an equal number of Puerto Ricans leaving New York as there is Puerto Ricans moving to New York as many people of Puerto Rican ancestry now living in other states are originally from the New York City area Although Puerto Ricans constitute over 9 percent of the Latino population in the United States there are some states where Puerto Ricans make up over half of the Latino population including Connecticut where 57 percent of the state s Latinos are of Puerto Rican descent and Pennsylvania where Puerto Ricans make up 53 percent of the Latinos Other states where Puerto Ricans make up a remarkably large portion of the Latino community include Massachusetts where they make up 40 percent of all Latinos Rhode Island at 39 percent New York at 34 percent New Jersey at 33 percent Delaware at 33 percent Ohio at 27 percent and Florida at 21 percent of all Latinos in each respective state 62 The U S States where Puerto Ricans were the largest Latino group were New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire and Hawaii 62 U S states with higher percentages of Puerto Ricans then the national average 1 5 as of 2010 are Connecticut 7 1 New York 5 5 New Jersey 4 9 Florida 4 5 Massachusetts 4 1 Rhode Island 3 3 Hawaii 3 2 Pennsylvania 2 9 and Delaware 2 5 69 Historically Puerto Ricans were the largest Latino group in the New York metropolitan area however the Puerto Rican population in the area began to decrease due to rising cost of living and in turn the overall Latino population began to diversify with increases in other Latino groups During the same time the Puerto Rican population has increased in many other areas throughout the country and in areas with large Latino communities Puerto Ricans represent the majority of Latinos in the following Central Florida around Orlando but also some areas in the Tampa and Jacksonville areas southwest New England especially around Hartford and Springfield South Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania including the Philadelphia area and various smaller metro areas like Allentown among others and the stretch from Western New York to Northeast Ohio including the metropolitan areas of Rochester Buffalo and Cleveland 69 Latino populations in the Northeast Ohio and Western New York areas in particular tend to be 80 90 Puerto Rican 63 However Central Florida and Southwestern New England which is Connecticut and western Massachusetts have the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans by percentage of the total populations of these areas as a whole 63 The Puerto Rican population in the United States 2000 graphic by Angelo Falcon Relative to the Puerto Rican population nationwide Edit Puerto Rican population by state showing the percentage of Puerto Rican residents in each state relative to the Puerto Rican population in the United States as a whole State Territory Puerto Ricans Population 2010 Census 62 63 Percentage note 2 New York 1 070 558 23 15Florida 847 550 18 33New Jersey 434 092 9 39Pennsylvania 366 082 7 92Massachusetts 266 125 5 76Connecticut 252 972 5 47California 189 945 4 11Illinois 182 989 3 96Texas 130 576 2 82Ohio 94 965 2 05Virginia 73 958 1 60Georgia 71 987 1 56North Carolina 71 800 1 55Wisconsin 46 323 1 00Hawai i 44 116 0 95Maryland 42 572 0 92Michigan 37 267 0 81Rhode Island 34 979 0 76Arizona 34 787 0 75Indiana 30 304 0 66South Carolina 26 493 0 57Washington 25 838 0 56Colorado 22 995 0 50Delaware 22 533 0 49Tennessee 21 060 0 46Nevada 20 664 0 45Missouri 12 236 0 27Alabama 12 225 0 26Oklahoma 12 223 0 26New Hampshire 11 729 0 25Louisiana 11 603 0 25Kentucky 11 454 0 25Minnesota 10 807 0 23Kansas 9 247 0 20Oregon 8 845 0 19New Mexico 7 964 0 17Utah 7 182 0 16Mississippi 5 888 0 13Iowa 4 885 0 11Arkansas 4 789 0 10Alaska 4 502 0 10Maine 4 377 0 10West Virginia 3 701 0 08Nebraska 3 242 0 07DC 3 129 0 07Idaho 2 910 0 06Vermont 2 261 0 05Montana 1 491 0 03South Dakota 1 483 0 03Wyoming 1 026 0 02North Dakota 987 0 02USA 4 623 716 100 The Puerto Rican flag in East Harlem in New York City outside of the Julia de Burgos Cultural Center winter 2005 Even with such movement of Puerto Ricans from traditional to non traditional states the Northeast continues to dominate in both concentration and population The largest populations of Puerto Ricans are situated in the following metropolitan areas Source Census 2010 New York Northern New Jersey Long Island NY NJ PA MSA 1 177 430 Orlando Kissimmee Sanford FL MSA 269 781 Philadelphia Camden Wilmington PA NJ DE MD MSA 238 866 Miami Fort Lauderdale Pompano Beach FL MSA 207 727 Chicago Joliet Naperville IL IN WI MSA 188 502 Tampa St Petersburg Clearwater FL MSA 143 886 Boston Cambridge Quincy MA NH MSA 115 087 Hartford East Hartford Middletown CT MSA 102 911 Springfield MA MSA 101 798 New Haven Milford CT MSA 77 578 Communities with the largest Puerto Rican populations Edit New York City 723 621 Puerto Rican residents as of 2010 62 compared to 789 172 in 2000 decrease of 65 551 representing 8 9 of the city s total population and 32 of the city s Latino population are the city s largest Latino group Philadelphia 121 643 Puerto Rican residents as of 2010 62 compared to 91 527 in 2000 increase of 30 116 representing 8 0 of the city s total population and 68 of the city s Latino population are the city s largest Latino group Chicago 102 703 Puerto Rican residents as of 2010 62 compared to 113 055 in 2000 decrease of 10 352 representing 3 8 of the city s total population and 15 of the city s Latino population are the city s second largest Latino group The top 25 US communities with the highest populations of Puerto Ricans Source Census 2010 New York City NY 723 621 Philadelphia PA 121 643 Chicago IL 102 703 Springfield MA 50 798 Hartford CT 41 995 Holyoke MA 39 875 Newark NJ 35 993 Bridgeport CT 31 881 Orlando FL 31 201 Boston MA 30 506 Allentown PA 29 640 Cleveland OH 29 286 Reading PA 28 160 Rochester NY 27 734 Jersey City NJ 25 677 Waterbury CT 24 947 Milwaukee WI 24 672 Tampa FL 24 057 Camden NJ 23 759 Worcester MA 23 074 Buffalo NY 22 076 New Britain CT 21 914 Jacksonville FL 21 128 Paterson NJ 21 015 New Haven CT 20 505 Communities with high percentages of Puerto Ricans Edit The top 25 US communities with the highest percentages of Puerto Ricans as a percent of total population Source Census 2010 Holyoke MA 44 70 Buenaventura Lakes FL 44 55 Azalea Park FL 36 50 Poinciana FL 35 82 Meadow Woods FL 35 11 Hartford CT 33 66 Springfield MA 33 19 Kissimmee FL 33 06 Reading PA 31 97 Camden NJ 30 72 New Britain CT 29 93 Lancaster PA 29 23 Vineland NJ 26 74 Union Park FL 25 81 Allentown PA 25 11 Windham CT 23 99 Lebanon PA 23 87 Perth Amboy NJ 23 79 Southbridge MA 23 08 Amsterdam NY 22 80 Harlem Heights FL 22 63 Waterbury CT 22 60 Lawrence MA 22 20 Dunkirk NY 22 14 Bridgeport CT 22 10 The 10 large cities over 200 000 in population with the highest percentages of Puerto Rican residents include 2010 Census 62 Rochester NY 13 2 Orlando FL 13 1 Newark NJ 13 0 Jersey City NJ 10 4 New York City NY 8 9 Buffalo NY 8 4 Philadelphia PA 8 0 Cleveland OH 7 4 Tampa FL 7 2 Boston MA 4 9 Dispersion before 2000 Edit Like other groups the theme of dispersal has had a long history with the stateside Puerto Rican community 70 More recent demographic developments appear at first blush as if the stateside Puerto Rican population has been dispersing in greater numbers Duany had described this process as a reconfiguration and termed it the nationalizing of this community throughout the United States 71 New York City was the center of the stateside Puerto Rican community for most of the 20th century However it is not clear whether these settlement changes can be characterized as simple population dispersal Puerto Rican population settlements today are less concentrated than they were in places like New York City Chicago and a number of cities in Massachusetts Connecticut and New Jersey Migration trends since 2000 Edit Aubrey Plaza actress and comedian New York State has resumed its net in migration of Puerto Rican Americans since 2006 a dramatic reversal from being the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000 The Puerto Rican population of New York State still the largest in the United States is estimated by the U S Census Bureau to have increased from 1 070 558 in 2010 to 1 103 067 in 2013 Adrienne Bailon actress television personality and entrepreneur Puerto Rican migration trends since 2006 have been highly complex New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto Rico 31 of the mainland total as well as from elsewhere on the mainland 20 of interstate moves between 2006 and 2012 than any other U S state in absolute numbers even while the southern United States gained the highest number as an overall national region 67 Also unlike the initial pattern of migration several decades ago this second significant Puerto Rican migration into New York and surrounding states is being driven by movement not only into New York City proper but also into the city s surrounding suburban areas including areas outside New York State especially Northern New Jersey such that the New York City metropolitan area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016 from 1 177 430 in 2010 to 1 494 670 in 2016 40 Florida witnessed an even larger increase than New York State between 2010 and 2013 from 847 550 in 2010 to 987 663 in 2013 72 with significant migration from Puerto Rico as well as some migration from Chicago and New York to Florida 67 However most of the Puerto Rican migration to Florida has been to the central portion of the state surrounding Orlando Orlando and to a lesser degree Philadelphia and Tampa have witnessed large increases in their Puerto Rican populations between 2010 and 2013 and now have some of the fastest growing Puerto Rican populations in the country According to the Pew Research Center Puerto Rican arrivals from the island since 2000 are also less well off than earlier migrants with lower household incomes and a greater likelihood of living in poverty 67 After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017 devastating the infrastructure of the island New York Florida and New Jersey were expected to be the three likeliest destinations for Puerto Rican migrants to the U S mainland when premised upon family ties 73 Since Hurricane Maria in September 2017 about 400 000 citation needed Puerto Ricans have left the island for the US mainland either permanently or temporarily Nearly half citation needed of which went to the state of Florida alone especially to the metropolitan areas of Orlando and Miami and to a lesser degree Tampa and Jacksonville The other half are spreading out throughout the country but went mostly to the metropolitan areas of Philadelphia New York Boston Chicago Cleveland and numerous smaller cities across the US Northeast The 2017 population count was 5 5 million citation needed With the migration boom due to Hurricane Maria as well as live births taken into account the US Puerto Rican population is estimated at 5 8 million as of 2018 74 This drop in Puerto Rico s population resulting in the increase in the stateside Puerto Rican population is the result of Hurricane Maria and other recent natural disasters as well as economic decline on the island citation needed However many Puerto Ricans have since been moving back though not enough to reverse the population decline in Puerto Rico citation needed Concentration Edit Antonia Novello Surgeon General of the United States Residential segregation is a phenomenon characterizing many stateside Puerto Rican population concentrations While blacks are the most residentially segregated group in the United States a 2002 study shows that stateside Puerto Ricans are the most segregated among US Latinos 75 Bridgeport Connecticut score of 73 Hartford Connecticut 70 New York City 69 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 69 Newark New Jersey 69 Cleveland Lorain Elyria Ohio 68 Stateside Puerto Ricans are disproportionately clustered in what has been called the Boston New York Philadelphia Washington Corridor and in Florida along the East Coast The U S Northeast Corridor coined a megalopolis by geographer Jean Gottman in 1956 is the largest and most affluent urban corridor in the world being described as a node of wealth an area where the pulse of the national economy beats loudest and the seats of power are well established 76 With major world class universities clustered in Boston and stretching throughout this corridor the economic and media power and international power politics in New York City and the seat of the federal government in Washington DC also a major global power center Segmentation Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it August 2015 These shifts in the relative sizes of Latino populations have also changed the role of the stateside Puerto Rican community 77 Thus many long established Puerto Rican institutions have had to revise their missions and in some cases change their names to provide services and advocacy on behalf of non Puerto Rican Latinos Race EditPuerto Ricans in the United States 2010 U S Census 78 Self identified Race Percent of populationWhite alone 53 1 Black 8 7 Asian 0 5 American Indians and Alaska Natives 0 9 Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders 0 2 Two or more races 8 7 Some Other Race 27 8 Total 100 According to the 2010 US census of the stateside Puerto Rican population about 53 1 self identified as white about 8 7 self identified as black about 0 9 as American Indian about 0 5 as Asian and 36 7 as mixed or other 62 Though over half self identified as white the Puerto Rican population is largely made up of multi racials most Puerto Ricans are mixed to varying degrees usually of white European North African black West African and indigenous Taino ancestry 79 80 81 82 83 The average genomewide individual ancestry proportions have been estimated as 56 European 28 West African and 16 Native American 82 However there are significant numbers of pure or nearly pure blacks and whites within the Puerto Rican population as well 84 Historically under Spanish and American rule Puerto Rico underwent a whitening process in particular the island had laws like the Regla del Sacar in which mixed race people of mostly European origin were classified as white the opposite of the one drop rule in the United States 80 85 86 87 Puerto Ricans on average have genetic contributions from Europeans North Africans West Africans and Native Americans 88 The island has a higher degree of tri hybrid admixture than most countries in Latin America A recent study of DNA in a census based sample of 642 Puerto Rican individuals demonstrated that almost all modern Puerto Ricans are admixed descendants of the three ancestral populations Tainos Europeans and Africans The study shows that the average Puerto Rican on the Eastern region is 54 7 European 31 8 African and 13 5 Native American while the average Puerto Rican on the Western Region is 68 5 European 15 9 African and 15 6 Native American The highest indigenous ancestry recorded in the study was nearly 40 89 Culture EditMain article Culture of Puerto Rico Rita Moreno actress dancer and singer Puerto Rican culture is a blend of Spanish Taino and West African cultures with recent influences from the United States and neighboring Latin American and Caribbean countries Due to Puerto Rico s status as a US territory people in Puerto Rico have the most exposure to US culture and Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States tend to be the most American ized of all major Latino groups Though 1st generation Puerto Rico born migrants tend to be more traditional while people born in the US mainland of Puerto Rican ancestry tend to merge traditional Puerto Rican culture with mainland American culture Language Edit See also Puerto Rican Spanish The Puerto Rican variant of Spanish is mainly derived from the Spanish spoken in southern Spain and the Canary Islands It also has noticeable influences from numerous languages including Taino and various West African languages It is very similar to other Caribbean Spanish variants About 83 of Puerto Ricans living in the United States ages 5 and older speak English proficiently of whom 53 are bilingual in Spanish and English and another 30 speak only English fluently with little proficiency in Spanish The other 17 speak only Spanish fluently and report speaking English less than very well with little proficiency in English compared to 34 of Latinos overall who report doing so 69 90 According to a 2014 poll 20 of Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States speak Spanish at home and 78 chose to answer the poll in English instead of Spanish significantly more than other Latino groups polled 91 Many first and second generation Puerto Ricans living in New York speak Nuyorican English a mix of local New York English with Puerto Rican Spanish influences while many Puerto Ricans living in other US cities speak with a similar English accent More Americanized Puerto Ricans speak the local English accent with little to no Spanish traces sounding similar to other local groups including Black Americans or assimilated Italian Americans Religion Edit The vast majority of Puerto Ricans in the United States are adherents of Christianity Though Catholics are the largest in number there are also significant numbers of followers of numerous Protestant denominations Protestants make up a larger proportion of the Stateside Puerto Rican population then they do of the population of Puerto Rico Some Puerto Rican Catholics also cohesively practice Santeria a Yoruba Catholic syncretic mix Smaller portions of the population are non religious A very small number of assimilated stateside Puerto Ricans practice other religions particularly in the inner city neighborhoods of Philadelphia and New York Sports Edit The most popular sports among stateside Puerto Ricans are Baseball and Boxing with sports like American football and Basketball also having a strong following Roberto Clemente and Hector Camacho are some Puerto Rican sports legends Some stateside Puerto Ricans who recently emerged as pro athletes include Carmelo Anthony and Victor Cruz Music Edit Jennifer Lopez one of the highest grossing and most multi faceted triple threat entertainers in global history is a Nuyorican born in the Bronx Salsa Reggaeton Bachata Merengue Latin Pop and Latin Trap are the most popular music genres amongst many Stateside Puerto Ricans However much older Puerto Ricans who were raised on the stateside since childhood instead of coming at a later age usually prefer Latin Freestyle and or Hip Hop usually that of the 1980s and 1990s Other musical genres such as Pop Rock Hip Hop R amp B Reggae Dance House Techno Bolero Ballads and Heavy Metal are popular within many Puerto Ricans who mainly use English as their first language Bomba Plena and Jibaro also have a big music population and community amongst many Stateside Puerto Ricans and can mostly be played during celebrations especially during Christmas New York Puerto Ricans helped form many genres including Boogaloo and Salsa in the 1960s and 1970s and Hip Hop Latin house and Latin Freestyle in the 1980s usually with the help of other ethnic groups Some stateside Puerto Ricans who emerged as popular musicians include Marc Anthony Jennifer Lopez and Big Pun Intermarriage Edit Puerto Ricans have a 38 5 intermarriage rate the highest amongst Latino groups in the United States 92 Puerto Rican intermarriage and procreation rates are highest with Dominican Americans another Caribbean Latino group with very similar culture high US population numbers and that usually live in the same neighborhoods There are also relatively high rates with other groups such as African Americans Jewish Americans Italian Americans Mexican Americans Cuban Americans Trinidadian Americans Haitian Americans and Jamaican Americans 64 Contributions Edit See also List of Stateside Puerto Ricans Numerous Puerto Ricans born and raised in the United States made notable cultural contributions in government military television music sports art law enforcement modeling education journalism religion science among other areas Conversely cultural ties between New York and Puerto Rico are strong In September 2017 following the immense destruction wrought upon Puerto Rico by Hurricane Maria New York Governor Andrew Cuomo led an aid delegation to San Juan 93 including engineers from the New York Power Authority to help restore Puerto Rico s electrical grid 94 subsequently on the one year anniversary of the storm in September 2018 Governor Cuomo announced plans for the official New York State memorial to honor the victims of Hurricane Maria to be built in Battery Park City Manhattan citing the deep cultural connections shared between New Yorkers and Puerto Ricans 95 The Hurricane Maria Memorial was unveiled on March 26 2021 in lower Manhattan 96 Socioeconomics EditIncome Edit Melanie Martinez in February 2014 The stateside Puerto Rican community has usually been characterized as being largely poor and part of the urban underclass in the United States Studies and reports over the last fifty years or so have documented the high poverty status of this community 97 However the picture at the start of the 21st century also reveals significant socioeconomic progress and a community with a growing economic clout 98 Middle class neighborhoods predominately populated by Puerto Ricans are mostly found throughout Central Florida including Orlando Tampa and their suburbs 99 Significant numbers of middle class Puerto Ricans can also be found in the Philadelphia metropolitan area in upper North Philadelphia particularly around the Olney Juniata Lawncrest area and in Camden County New Jersey outside the city of Camden and in the New York City metropolitan area particularly in the eastern portion of the Bronx and Westchester County as well as many suburbs of Miami and Boston and throughout New Jersey and southern New England Smaller more scattered numbers of well off Puerto Ricans can be seen throughout the United States in both traditional Puerto Rican settlements in the Northeast and Midwest and in progressive sunbelt cities of the South and West 100 The Latino market and remittances to Puerto Rico Edit The combined income for stateside Puerto Ricans is a significant share of the large and growing Latino market in the United States and has been attracting increased attention from the media and the corporate sector In the last decade or so major corporations have discovered the so called urban markets of blacks and Latinos that had been neglected for so long This has spawned a cottage industry of marketing firms consultants and publications that specialize in the Latino market citation needed One important question this raises is the degree to which stateside Puerto Ricans contribute economically to Puerto Rico The Puerto Rico Planning Board estimated that remittances totaled 66 million in 1963 101 The full extent of the stateside Puerto Rican community s contributions to the economy of Puerto Rico is not known but it is clearly significant The role of remittances and investments by Latino immigrants to their home countries has reached a level that it has received much attention in the last few years as countries like Mexico develop strategies to better leverage these large sums of money from their diasporas in their economic development planning 102 The income disparity between the stateside community and those living on the island is not as great as those of other Latin American countries and the direct connection between second generation Puerto Ricans and their relatives is not as conducive to direct monetary support Many Puerto Ricans still living in Puerto Rico also remit to family members who are living stateside citation needed Gender Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Lymari Nadal actress film producer and scriptwriter The average income in 2002 of stateside Puerto Rican men was 36 572 while women earned an average 30 613 83 7 percent that of the men Compared to all Latino groups whites and Asians stateside Puerto Rican women came closer to achieving parity in income to the men of their own racial ethnic group In addition stateside Puerto Rican women had incomes that were 82 3 percent that of white women while stateside Puerto Rican men had incomes that were only 64 0 percent that of white men Stateside Puerto Rican women were closer to income parity with white women than were women who were Dominicans 58 7 percent Central and South Americans 68 4 percent but they were below Cubans 86 2 percent other Latinos 87 2 percent blacks 83 7 percent and Asians 107 7 percent Stateside Puerto Rican men were in a weaker position in comparison with men from other racial ethnic groups They were closer to income parity to white men than men who were Dominicans 62 3 percent and Central and South Americans 58 3 percent Although very close to income parity with blacks 65 5 percent stateside Puerto Rican men fell below Mexicans 68 3 percent Cubans 75 9 percent other Latinos 75 1 percent and Asians 100 7 percent Educational attainment Edit Stateside Puerto Ricans along with other US Latinos have experienced the long term problem of a high school dropout rate that has resulted in relatively low educational attainment 15 According to the Pew Hispanic Center while in Puerto Rico more than 20 of Latinos have a bachelor s degree only 16 of stateside Puerto Ricans did as of March 2012 10 Social issues Edit According to U S Census figures the Puerto Rican population has one of the highest poverty and incarceration rates among all ethnic groups in the United States 103 The Puerto Rican community is also one of the most segregated ethnic groups in the country 104 105 106 107 The stateside Puerto Rican community has partnered with the African American community particularly in cities such as New York and Philadelphia to combat racism and disenfranchisement of the mid to late 20th century in their communities as a unified force 108 109 110 Though often perceived as largely poor there is evidence of growing economic clout as stated earlier 98 111 Political participation Edit Aida Alvarez the first Latina woman to hold a United States Cabinet level position This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page August 2018 Puerto Rican Democratic members of the United States Congress Luis Gutierrez left Jose Enrique Serrano center and Nydia Velazquez speaking at the 2004 Encuentro Boricua Conference at Hostos Community College in New York City The Puerto Rican community has organized itself to represent its interests in stateside political institutions for close to a century 112 In New York City Puerto Ricans first began running for public office in the 1920s In 1937 they elected their first government representative Oscar Garcia Rivera to the New York State Assembly 113 In Massachusetts Puerto Rican Nelson Merced became the first Latino elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives and the first Latino to hold statewide office in the commonwealth 114 There are three Puerto Rican members of the United States House of Representatives Democrats Alexandria Ocasio Cortez of New York Ritchie Torres of New York and Nydia Velazquez of New York complementing the one Resident Commissioner elected to that body from Puerto Rico Puerto Ricans have also been elected as mayors in three major cities Miami Hartford and Camden Luis A Quintana born in Anasco Puerto Rico was sworn in as the first Latino mayor of Newark New Jersey in November 2013 assuming the unexpired term of Cory Booker who vacated the position to become a U S Senator from New Jersey 115 U S Representative Alexandria Ocasio Cortez also known as AOC representing parts of The Bronx and Queens became at age 29 the youngest woman ever to be elected to Congress in November 2018 On June 26 2018 Alexandria Ocasio Cortez a Puerto Rican millennial won the Democratic primary in New York s 14th congressional district covering parts of The Bronx and Queens in New York City defeating the incumbent Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley in what has been described as the biggest upset victory in the 2018 midterm election season 116 Ocasio Cortez is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America and has been endorsed by various politically progressive organizations and individuals 117 She is the youngest woman ever elected to Congress 118 There are various ways in which stateside Puerto Ricans have exercised their influence These include protests campaign contributions and lobbying and voting Compared to the United States voter participation by Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico is very large citation needed However many see a paradox in that this high level of voting is not echoed stateside 119 There Puerto Ricans have had persistently low voter registration and turnout rates despite the relative success they have had in electing their own to significant public offices throughout the United States To address this problem the government of Puerto Rico has since the late 1980s launched two major voter registration campaigns to increase the level of voter participation of stateside Puerto Rican While Puerto Ricans have traditionally been concentrated in the Northeast coordinated Latino voter registration organizations such as the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project and the United States Hispanic Leadership Institute based in the Midwest have not concentrated in this region and have focused on the Mexican American voter The government of Puerto Rico has sought to fill this vacuum to insure that stateside Puerto Rican interests are well represented in the electoral process recognizing that the increased political influence of stateside Puerto Ricans also benefits the island This low level of electoral participation is in sharp contrast with voting levels in Puerto Rico which are much higher than that not only of this community but also the United States as a whole 120 The reasons for the differences in Puerto Rican voter participation have been an object of much discussion but relatively little scholarly research 121 Voter statistics Edit Breakdown of Latinos by voting registration stage in 2000 C VAP stands for Citizen Voting Age Population Citizens 18 years of age and older When the relationship of various factors to the turnout rates of stateside Puerto Ricans in 2000 is examined socioeconomic status emerges as a clear factor 122 For example according to the Census Income the turnout rate for those with incomes less than 10 000 was 37 7 percent while for those earning 75 000 and above it was 76 7 percent Employment 36 5 percent of the unemployed voted versus 51 2 percent for the employed The rate for those outside of the labor force was 50 6 percent probably reflecting the disproportionate role of the elderly who generally have higher turnout rates Union membership for union members it was 51 3 percent while for nonunion members it was 42 6 percent Housing for homeowners it was 64 0 percent while it was 41 8 percent for renters There were a number of other socio demographic characteristics where turnout differences also existed such as Age the average age of voters was 45 3 years compared to 38 5 years for eligible nonvoters Education those without a high school diploma had a turnout rate of 42 5 percent while for those with a graduate degree it was 81 0 percent Birthplace for those born stateside it was 48 9 percent compared to 52 0 percent for those born in Puerto Rico Marriage status for those who were married it was 62 0 percent while those who were never married managed 33 0 percent Military service for those who ever served in the US military the turnout rate was 72 1 percent compared to 48 6 percent for those who never served Notable people EditFor a more comprehensive list see List of Stateside Puerto Ricans See also Edit United States portal Caribbean portal Hispanic and Latino Americans portal Puerto Rico portalCultural diversity in Puerto Rico Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico French immigration to Puerto Rico Crypto Judaism German immigration to Puerto Rico Irish immigration to Puerto Rico Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 Demographics of Puerto Rico 51 star flag History of women in Puerto Rico History of Puerto Ricans Latino Americans Latinos in New Jersey Index of Puerto Rico related articles List of Puerto Ricans List of Puerto Rican American communities Puerto Rican cuisine Piragua Puerto Rican culture Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii Puerto Rican people Military history of Puerto Rico National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico Nuyorican Nuyorican movement Nuyorican Poets Cafe Outline of Puerto Rico Puerto Rican citizenship Teatro Puerto Rico Young LordsNotes Edit Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Puerto Rican relative to the state territory population as a whole Percentage of Puerto Rican residents in each state relative to the Puerto Rican population in the United States as a whole Puerto Rican population in the U S according to the 2010 U S Census 4 623 716References Edit a b c d B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN United States 2019 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates US Census Bureau July 1 2019 Retrieved February 4 2021 Atlas of Stateside Puerto Ricans Abridged Edition without Maps Angelo Falcon Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration ca 2002 Page 3 Retrieved December 13 2013 Promociones SMS y Dibella Entertainment firman al puertorriqueno americano Christopher Golden Galeano BOXEOMUNDIAL COM Posted on August 29 2013 La Reforma social Lessons from the War and the Peace Conference Reforma Social Revista mensual de cuestiones sociales Volumes 20 21 p232 Yonquis y yanquis salvajes Jose Luis Alonso de Santos and Cesar Oliva p20 Ediciones Castalia 2012 Isabela Wagner Ortega Gonzalez p123 Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica 2005 Boxeo Telemundo Regresa el 21 de Junio a las 11 35PM 10 35C con una Segunda Temporada que incluye a Orlanda Cruz y una pelea por el titulo mundial Archived March 23 2014 at the Wayback Machine Telemundo Press Release June 10 2013 Stateside Collins Online Dictionary Glasgow Scotland HarperCollins Publishers 2019 Retrieved September 6 2019 Five million Puerto Ricans now living in the mainland U S Archived December 18 2013 at the Wayback Machine Caribbean Business June 27 2013 Vol 41 Issue 24 Retrieved December 13 2013 a b c d Puerto Rico s population exodus is all about jobs USA Today March 11 2012 Table 1 First Second and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code 2000 U S Census Bureau Retrieved June 9 2013 a b Llorente Elizabeth June 21 2013 Salvadorans Overtaking Cubans As Third Largest Hispanic Group In The U S FoxNews com Retrieved January 20 2017 a b 1 5 million Dominicans live in the U S Pew study dominicantoday com June 20 2013 Archived from the original on June 24 2013 Retrieved January 20 2017 Falcon in Jennings and Rivera 1984 15 42 a b Nieto 2000 Pantoja 2002 93 108 Duany 2002 Ch 7 Chenault 1938 72 Lapp 1990 Manuel Ortiz 1993 The Hispanic Challenge Opportunities Confronting the Church InterVarsity Press Page 37 Luis o Reyes Mending the Puerto Rican Education Pipeline in New York City Centro Journal volume xxv number ii Posted in fall 2012 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of Respect Selling Crack in El Barrio New York Cambridge University Press 2003 Salas Leonardo From San Juan to New York The History of the Puerto Rican America History and Life 31 1990 Joey Gardner The History of Freestyle Music Reproduced with permission of Tommy Boy Music amp Timber Records Retrieved December 4 2012 Lopez Jennifer Music of Puerto Rico Copyright 2006 Evan Bailyn All rights reserved Retrieved December 4 2012 Explore Census Data Bureau U S Census American FactFinder Results Factfinder2 census gov Archived from the original on February 12 2020 Retrieved May 30 2017 Bureau U S Census American FactFinder Results Factfinder2 census gov Retrieved October 14 2017 permanent dead link Vazquez Hernandez p 88 Looking for Work in the Global Economy An Introduction PDF Temple edu Retrieved October 1 2017 The new era of Latino politics Axisphilly org Archived from the original on February 8 2014 Retrieved October 14 2017 Latinos have region s highest poverty rate Articles philly com 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of Puerto Ricans Am J Hum Genet 81 3 626 33 doi 10 1086 520769 PMC 1950843 PMID 17701908 Via Marc Gignoux Christopher R Roth Lindsey A Fejerman Laura Galanter Joshua Choudhry Shweta Toro Labrador Gladys Viera Vera Jorge Oleksyk Taras K Beckman Kenneth Ziv Elad January 31 2011 History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico PLOS ONE 6 1 e16513 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 616513V doi 10 1371 journal pone 0016513 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3031579 PMID 21304981 Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States 2011 Posted by Anna Brown and Eileen Patten English Only For Mainland Puerto Ricans The Answer Is Often Yes NPR org Retrieved May 7 2018 Aquino Gabriel Puerto Rican Intermarriages The Intersectionality of Race Gender Class and Space State University of New York at Albany ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 2011 Adam Shrier Glenn Blain and Rich Schapiro September 22 2017 Cuomo says Puerto Rico faces long road to recovery after assessing Maria s damage to island with relief workers New York Daily News Retrieved September 22 2017 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link N Y Power Company Sends Crew to Aid Puerto Rico After Hurricane Reuters and U S News amp World Report September 22 2017 Retrieved September 27 2017 Tanay Warerkar September 20 2018 Hurricane Maria memorial will be built in Battery Park City Retrieved September 20 2018 New Yorkers have always had a deep connection with our brothers and sisters in Puerto Rico and this memorial will show that this country loves and respects our fellow Americans in Puerto Rico and we will never allow what happened to happen again Hurricane Maria Memorial Designed By Segundo Cardona Antonio Martorell Unveiled In NYC March 26 2021 Retrieved March 28 2021 Baker 2002 a b Rivera Batiz and Santiago 1996 The Orlando Ricans overlapping identity discourses among middle class Puerto Ricans Immigrants MIDDLE CLASS PUERTO RICAN IMMIGRANTS Posted by DUANY JORGE April 2010 Information of article is based in the Centro Journal Spring2010 Vol 22 Issue 1 p84 Varsovia Fernandez leads the booming Greater Philadelphia Latino community in Empowerment Posted by Susana G Baumann Latinasinbusiness us Senior and Watkins in Cordasco and Bucchioni 1975 162 163 DeSipio et al 2003 Dominicans Puerto Ricans Face The Highest Levels Of Poverty Among Hispanics In The United States The Huffington Post Posted on February 21 2013 William Goldsmith Edward Blakely second edition 2010 Separate Societies Poverty and Inequality in U S Cities Temple University Press Philadelphia Pennsylvania Page 135 PRRAC American Apartheid Segregation and the Making of the Underclass Archived December 8 2014 at the Wayback Machine Posted by Douglas Massey September 1992 issue of Poverty amp Race Rosenblum D Castrillo FM Bourgois P Mars S Karandinos G Unick GJ Ciccarone D 2014 Urban segregation and the US heroin market A quantitative model of anthropological hypotheses from an inner city drug market International Journal of Drug Policy 25 3 543 555 doi 10 1016 j drugpo 2013 12 008 PMC 4062603 PMID 24445118 Dan W Dodson The North too has segregation problems Ascd org Remember The Young Lords Neither Does The NYPD Which Is Odd Archived August 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine HBO Now Posted by Gothamist in News on August 12 2014 1 15 pm New York State Association of Black and Puerto Rican Legislators Andres Torres Jose Emiliano Velazquez 1998 The Puerto Rican Movement Voices from the Diaspora Page 212 Temple University Press Philadelphia New York s Puerto Ricans Split in Economic Success Published By Sam Roberts December 28 1993 New York Times Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos 2003 Jennings and Rivera 1984 Falcon in Jennings and Rivera 1984 Ch 2 Susan Diesenhouse November 21 1988 From Migrant to State House in Massachusetts The New York Times Ted Sherman November 4 2013 Luis Quintana sworn in as Newark s first Latino mayor filling unexpired term of Cory Booker The Star Ledger Retrieved November 10 2013 Seitz Wald Alex June 26 2018 High ranking Democrat ousted in stunning primary loss to newcomer Alexandria Ocasio Cortez NBC News Retrieved September 20 2018 Bernie Sanders weighs in on Ocasio Cortez s victory MSNBC June 27 2018 Retrieved September 20 2018 Remnick David September 20 2018 Alexandria Ocasio Cortez s Historic Win and the Future of the Democratic Party The New Yorker Falcon in Heine 1983 Ch 2 Camara Fuertes 2004 Camara Fuertes 2004 Falcon in Heine 1983 Ch 2 Vargas Ramos examines this relationship for Puerto Ricans in New York City in Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos 2003 41 71Bibliography EditAcosta Belen Edna et al 2000 Adios Borinquen Querida The Puerto Rican Diaspora Its History and Contributions Albany NY Center for Latino Latin American and Caribbean Studies State University of New York at Albany Acosta Belen Edna and Carlos E Santiago eds 2006 Puerto Ricans in the United States A Contemporary Portrait Boulder Lynne Rienner Publishers Baker Susan S 2002 Understanding Mainland Puerto Rican Poverty Philadelphia Temple University Press Bell Christopher 2003 Images of America East Harlem Portsmouth NH Arcadia Bendixen amp Associates 2002 Baseline Study on Mainland Puerto Rican Attitudes Toward Civic Involvement and Voting Report prepared for the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration March May Bourgois Philippe In Search of Respect Selling Crack in El Barrio New York Cambridge University Press 2003 Braschi Giannina 1994 Empire of Dreams New Haven Yale University Press Braschi Giannina 1998 Yo Yo Boing Pittsburgh Latin American Literary Review Press Briggs Laura 2002 Reproducing Empire Berkeley University of California Press Camara Fuertes Luis Raul 2004 The Phenomenon of Puerto Rican Voting Gainesville University Press of Florida Cayo Sexton Patricia 1965 Spanish Harlem An Anatomy of Poverty New York Harper and Row Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos 2003 Special 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Boswell 1997 Atlas Puerto Rico Miami Cuban American National Council Christenson Matthew 2003 Evaluating Components of International Migration Migration Between Puerto Rico and the United States Working Paper 64 Population Division U S Bureau of the Census Del Torre Patricia 2012 Los grandes protagonistas de Puerto Rico Caras 2012 Editorial Televisa Publishing International Special edition on Jennifer Lopez Calle 13 Giannina Braschi Ricky Martin et al Cordasco Francesco and Eugene Bucchioni 1975 The Puerto Rican Experience A Sociological Sourcebook Totowa NJ Littlefied Adams amp Co Davila Arlene 2004 Barrio Dreams Puerto Ricans Latinos and the Neoliberal City Berkeley University of California Press De Genova Nicholas and Ana Y Ramos Zayas 2003 Latino Crossings Mexicans Puerto Ricans and the Politics of Race and Citizenship New York Routledge de la Garza Rodolfo O and Louis DeSipio eds 2004 Muted Voices Latinos and the 2000 Elections Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers Inc DeSipio Louis and Adrian D Pantoja 2004 Puerto Rican Exceptionalism A Comparative Analysis of Puerto Rican Mexican Salvadoran and Dominican Transnational Civic and Political Ties Paper delivered at The Project for Equity Representation and Governance Conference entitled Latino Politics The State of the Discipline Bush Presidential Conference Center Texas A amp M University in College Station TX April 30 May 1 2004 DeSipio Louis Harry Pachon Rodolfo de la Garza and Jongho Lee 2003 Immigrant Politics at Home and Abroad How Latino Immigrants Engage the Politics of Their Home Communities and the United States Los Angeles Tomas Rivera Policy Institute Duany Jorge 2002 The Puerto Rican Nation on the Move Identities on the Island and in the United States Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press Falcon Angelo 2004 Atlas of Stateside Puerto Ricans Washington DC Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration Puerto Ricans Thirty Years of Progress amp Struggle Puerto Rican Heritage Month 2006 Calendar Journal New York Comite Noviembre 2006 Fears Darry 2004 Political Map in Florida Is Changing Puerto Ricans Affect Latino Vote Washington Post Sunday July 11 2004 A1 Fitzpatrick Joseph P 1996 The Stranger Is Our Own Reflections on the Journey of Puerto Rican Migrants Kansas City Sheed amp Ward Gottmann Jean 1957 Megalopolis or the Urbanization of the Northeastern Seaboard Economic Geography Vol 33 No 3 July 189 200 Grosfoguel Ramon 2003 Colonial Subjects Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective Berkeley University of California Press Haslip Viera Gabriel Angelo Falcon and Felix Matos Rodriguez eds 2004 Boricuas in Gotham Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City 1945 2000 Princeton Marcus Weiner Publishers Heine Jorge ed 1983 Time for Decision The United States and Puerto Rico Lanham MD The North South Publishing Co Hernandez Carmen Dolores 1997 Puerto Rican Voices in English Interviews with Writers Westport CT Praeger Jennings James and Monte Rivera eds 1984 Puerto Rican Politics in Urban America Westport Greenwood Press Lapp Michael 1990 Managing Migration The Migration Division of Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans in New York City 1948 1968 Doctoral Dissertation Johns Hopkins University Maldonado A W 1997 Teodoro Moscoso and Puerto Rico s Operation Bootstrap Gainesville University Press of Florida Mencher Joan 1989 Growing Up in Eastville a Barrio of New York New York Columbia University Press Meyer Gerald 1989 Vito Marcantonio Radical Politician 1902 1954 Albany State University of New York Press Mills C Wright Clarence Senior and Rose Kohn Goldsen 1950 The Puerto Rican Journey New York s Newest Migrants New York Harper amp Brothers Moreno Vega Marta 2004 When the Spirits Dance Mambo Growing Up Nuyorican in El Barrio New York Three Rivers Press Nathan Debbie 2004 Adios Nueva York City Limits September October 2004 Negron Muntaner Frances 2004 Boricua Pop Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture New York New York University Press Negron Muntaner Frances and Ramon Grosfoguel eds 1997 Puerto Rican Jam Essays on Culture and Politics Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press Nieto Sonia ed 2000 Puerto Rican Students in U S Schools Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Padilla Elena 1992 Up From Puerto Rico New York Columbia University Press Perez Gina M 2004 The Near Northwest Side Story Migration Displacement amp Puerto Rican Families Berkeley University of California Press Perez y Gonzalez Maria 2000 Puerto Ricans in the United States Westport Greenwood Press Ramos Zayas Ana Y 2003 National Performances The Politics of Class Race and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago Chicago University of Chicago Press Ribes Tovar Federico 1970 Handbook of the Puerto Rican Community New York Plus Ultra Educational Publishers Rivera Ramos Efren 2001 The Legal Construction of Identity The Judicial and Social Legacy of American Colonialism in Puerto Rico Washington DC American Psychological Association Rivera Batiz Francisco L and Carlos E Santiago 1996 Island Paradox Puerto Rico in the 1990s New York Russell Sage Foundation Rodriguez Clara E 1989 Puerto Ricans Born in the U S A Boston Unwin Hyman Rodriguez Clara E 2000 Changing Race Latinos the Census and the History of Ethnicity in the United States New York New York University Press Rodriguez Victor M 2005 Latino Politics in the United States Race Ethnicity Class and Gender in the Mexican American and Puerto Rican Experience Dubuque IW Kendall Hunt Publishing Company Includes a CD Safa Helen 1990 The Urban Poor of Puerto Rico A Study in Development and Inequality Anthropology Today 24 12 91 Salas Leonardo 1990 From San Juan to New York The History of the Puerto Rican America History and Life 31 Sanchez Gonzalez Lisa 2001 Boricua Literature A Literary History of the Puerto Rican Diaspora New York New York University Press Shaw Wendy 1997 The Spatial Concentration of Affluence in the United States The Geographical Review 87 October 546 553 Torres Andres 1995 Between Melting Pot and Mosaic African Americans and Puerto Ricans in the New York Political Economy Philadelphia Temple University Press Torres Andres and Jose E Velazquez eds 1998 The Puerto Rican Movement Voices from the Diaspora Philadelphia Temple University Press Vargas and Vatajs Ramos Carlos 2006 Settlement Patterns and Residential Segregation of Puerto Ricans in the United States Policy Report Vol 1 No 2 New York Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos Hunter College Fall Wakefield Dan Island in the City The World of Spanish Harlem New York Houghton Mifflin 1971 Ch 2 pp 42 60 Whalen Carmen Teresa 2001 From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia Puerto Rican Workers and Postwar Economics Philadelphia Temple University Press Whalen Carmen Teresa and Victor Vazquez Hernandez eds 2006 The Puerto Rican Diaspora Historical Perspectives Philadelphia Temple University Press External links EditPuerto Rican Americans Origins of the Young Lords US Puerto Ricans org Re envisioning the Diaspora Boricuation Cultural Foundation Centro De Estudios Puertorriquenos Hunter College Lincoln Park Puerto Rican Oral Histories Grand Valley State University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stateside Puerto Ricans amp oldid 1148042588, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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