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Klamath language

December 20, 2023

Klamath (/ˈklæməθ/),[3] also Klamath–Modoc (/ˈklæməθ ˈmoʊdɒk/) and historically Lutuamian (/ˌluːtuˈæmiən/), is a Native American language spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained,[4] and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin, Oregon, was 92 years old.[5] As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects;[6] however, as of 2019, revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers.[7]

Klamath
Klamath–Modoc, Lutuamian
Maqlaqsyals
Native toUnited States
RegionSouthern Oregon and northern California
Ethnicity170 Klamath and Modoc (2000 census)[1]
Extinct2003, with the death of Neva Eggsman[2][1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3kla
Glottologklam1254
ELPKlamath-Modoc
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-Yokuts retroflexes */ʈ ʈʼ/ correspond to Klamath /tʃ tʃʼ/, and the Proto-Yokuts dentals */t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/ correspond to the Klamath alveolars /t tʰ tʼ/.

Phonology edit

Vowels edit

Front Back
short long short long
Close i ~ ɪ iː
Open-mid æ ~ ɛ æː ɔ ~ u oː
Open ə ~ ɑ ɑː

Consonants edit

Klamath alphabet [8]
Spelling a aa b c cʼ d e ee g ɢ h i ii j k kʼ l L lʼ m M mʼ n N nʼ o oo p pʼ q qʼ s s? t t’ w W w’ y Y yʼ ?
Phoneme ə ɑː p tʃʰ tʃʼ t ɛ æː k q h ɪ iː tʃ kʰ kʼ l l̥ lˀ m m̥ mˀ n n̥ nˀ ɔ oː pʰ pʼ qʰ qʼ s sˀ tʰ t’ w w̥ wˀ j ȷ̊ jˀ ʔ

Plosives in Klamath, aside from /ʔ/, come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective sounds.[9] Sonorant triplets are voiced, voiceless, and glottalized sounds.[10]

Most consonants can be geminated. The fricative /s/ is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.[11] Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated /sː/ in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated /s/ by M. A. R. Barker in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, */sː/ may have degeminated into /s/.

Syntax edit

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.[12]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Klamath at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Lane, Valeree. "Chiloquin man helps Klamath Tribal members embrace first language". Herald and News. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  3. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. ^ Chen, 1998; Maudlin, 1998,
  5. ^ Haynes, Erin F. (PDF). Coyote Papers. 8: 87–102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  6. ^ Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley/Los Angeles, California : University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266674
  7. ^ Dupris, Joseph (2019). "maqlaqsyalank hemyeega: Goals and expectations of Klamath-Modoc revitalization". Language Documentation & Conservation. 13: 155–196. hdl:10125/24851. ISSN 1934-5275.
  8. ^ "Language - Klamath Tribes". klamathtribes.org. The Klamath Tribes. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  9. ^ Blevins, 2004, p. 279.
  10. ^ Blevins, 2004, pp. 279–80.
  11. ^ Blevins, 2004.
  12. ^ Rude, 1988.

References edit

  • Barker, M. A. R. (1963a). Klamath Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics, volume 30. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • ———. (1963b). Klamath Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics 31. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • ———. (1964). Klamath Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics 32. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Barker, Philip. (1959). The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
  • Blevins, Juliette. (1993). Klamath Laryngeal Phonology. The University of Chicago Press
  • Blevins, J. (2004, July). Klamath sibilant degemination: Implications of a recent sound change. IJAL, 70, 279–289.
  • Chen, D. W. (1998, April 5). Blackboard: Lost languages; Kuskokwim not spoken here. New York Times.
  • de Angulo, Jaime (1931). The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc). Société des Américanistes. OCLC 27210767.
  • Maudlin, W. S. (1998, April 17). . The Yale Herald. Retrieved May 6, 2008
  • Rude, Noel (1987). Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12:67-83.
  • Rude, Noel (1988). Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath. In In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics, ed. by William Shipley, pp. 651–73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Rude, Noel (1991). Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine. Typological Studies in Language 19:185-199. New York and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Online texts edit

  • Coville, Frederick Vernon (1897). Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. Retrieved 2012-08-30. Includes Klamath language plant names.
  • Gatschet, Albert S. (1890). The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon. ISBN 9780665527449. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  • Gatschet, Albert S. (1880). The numeral adjective in the Klamtah language of southern Oregon. ISBN 9780665329326. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  • Gatschet, Albert S. (1878). Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon. ISBN 9780665328503. Retrieved 2012-08-30.

External links edit

 
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Klamath word list
  • The Klamath Tribes Language Project
  • Klamath-Modoc language, native-languages.org
  • Modoc language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
  • Klamath language, California Language Archive
  • OLAC resources in and about the Klamath-Modoc language
  • Klamath Bibliography

December 20, 2023
klamath, language, klamath, also, klamath, modoc, historically, lutuamian, native, american, language, spoken, around, klamath, lake, what, southern, oregon, northern, california, traditional, language, klamath, modoc, peoples, each, whom, spoke, dialect, lang. Klamath ˈ k l ae m e 8 3 also Klamath Modoc ˈ k l ae m e 8 ˈ m oʊ d ɒ k and historically Lutuamian ˌ l uː t u ˈ ae m i e n is a Native American language spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples each of whom spoke a dialect of the language By 1998 only one native speaker remained 4 and by 2003 this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin Oregon was 92 years old 5 As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects 6 however as of 2019 revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers 7 KlamathKlamath Modoc LutuamianMaqlaqsyalsNative toUnited StatesRegionSouthern Oregon and northern CaliforniaEthnicity170 Klamath and Modoc 2000 census 1 Extinct2003 with the death of Neva Eggsman 2 1 Language familyPenutian Plateau PenutianKlamathLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kla class extiw title iso639 3 kla kla a Glottologklam1254ELPKlamath ModocThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family Like other proposed Penutian languages Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut much like Indo European and Afro Asiatic languages Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages For example the Proto Yokuts retroflexes ʈ ʈʼ correspond to Klamath tʃ tʃʼ and the Proto Yokuts dentals t t ʰ t ʼ correspond to the Klamath alveolars t tʰ tʼ Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Vowels 1 2 Consonants 2 Syntax 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 5 1 Online texts 6 External linksPhonology editVowels edit Front Backshort long short longClose i ɪ iːOpen mid ae ɛ aeː ɔ u oːOpen e ɑ ɑːConsonants edit Bilabial Alveolar Palato alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottalplain lateralPlosive unaspirated p t tʃ k q ʔaspirated pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ qʰejective pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼFricative s hSonorant voiced m n l j wvoiceless m n l ȷ w glottalized mʼ nʼ lʼ jʼ wʼKlamath alphabet 8 Spelling a aa b c cʼ d e ee g ɢ h i ii j k kʼ l L lʼ m M mʼ n N nʼ o oo p pʼ q qʼ s s t t w W w y Y yʼ Phoneme e ɑː p tʃʰ tʃʼ t ɛ aeː k q h ɪ iː tʃ kʰ kʼ l l lˀ m m mˀ n n nˀ ɔ oː pʰ pʼ qʰ qʼ s sˀ tʰ t w w wˀ j ȷ jˀ ʔPlosives in Klamath aside from ʔ come in triplets of unaspirated aspirated and ejective sounds 9 Sonorant triplets are voiced voiceless and glottalized sounds 10 Most consonants can be geminated The fricative s is an exception and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change 11 Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated sː in the late 19th century but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated s by M A R Barker in the 1960s Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same sː may have degeminated into s Syntax editKlamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase Alignment is nominative accusative with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case There are directive and applicative constructions 12 See also editList of extinct languages of North AmericaNotes edit a b Klamath at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Lane Valeree Chiloquin man helps Klamath Tribal members embrace first language Herald and News Retrieved 2018 03 01 Laurie Bauer 2007 The Linguistics Student s Handbook Edinburgh Chen 1998 Maudlin 1998 Haynes Erin F Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs Klamath and Grand Ronde PDF Coyote Papers 8 87 102 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 07 09 Retrieved 2012 08 30 Golla Victor 2011 California Indian Languages Berkeley Los Angeles California University of California Press ISBN 9780520266674 Dupris Joseph 2019 maqlaqsyalank hemyeega Goals and expectations of Klamath Modoc revitalization Language Documentation amp Conservation 13 155 196 hdl 10125 24851 ISSN 1934 5275 Language Klamath Tribes klamathtribes org The Klamath Tribes Retrieved May 2 2018 Blevins 2004 p 279 Blevins 2004 pp 279 80 Blevins 2004 Rude 1988 References editBarker M A R 1963a Klamath Texts University of California Publications in Linguistics volume 30 Berkeley Los Angeles University of California Press 1963b Klamath Dictionary University of California Publications in Linguistics 31 Berkeley Los Angeles University of California Press 1964 Klamath Grammar University of California Publications in Linguistics 32 Berkeley Los Angeles University of California Press Barker Philip 1959 The Klamath language Dissertation University of California Berkeley Blevins Juliette 1993 Klamath Laryngeal Phonology The University of Chicago Press Blevins J 2004 July Klamath sibilant degemination Implications of a recent sound change IJAL 70 279 289 Chen D W 1998 April 5 Blackboard Lost languages Kuskokwim not spoken here New York Times de Angulo Jaime 1931 The Lutuami language Klamath Modoc Societe des Americanistes OCLC 27210767 Maudlin W S 1998 April 17 Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages The Yale Herald Retrieved May 6 2008 Rude Noel 1987 Some Sahaptian Klamath grammatical correspondences Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 12 67 83 Rude Noel 1988 Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath In In Honor of Mary Haas From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics ed by William Shipley pp 651 73 Berlin Mouton de Gruyter Rude Noel 1991 Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath In Approaches to Grammaticalization ed by Elizabeth C Traugott and Bernd Heine Typological Studies in Language 19 185 199 New York and Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company Online texts edit Coville Frederick Vernon 1897 Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon Retrieved 2012 08 30 Includes Klamath language plant names Gatschet Albert S 1890 The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon ISBN 9780665527449 Retrieved 2012 08 30 Gatschet Albert S 1880 The numeral adjective in the Klamtah language of southern Oregon ISBN 9780665329326 Retrieved 2012 08 30 Gatschet Albert S 1878 Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon ISBN 9780665328503 Retrieved 2012 08 30 External links edit nbsp Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix Klamath word list The Klamath Tribes Language Project Languages of Oregon Klamath Klamath Modoc language native languages org Modoc language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Klamath language California Language Archive OLAC resources in and about the Klamath Modoc language Klamath Bibliography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Klamath language amp oldid 1188671938, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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