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Voiceless bilabial nasal

January 19, 2024

The voiceless bilabial nasal (stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m̥⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced bilabial nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m_0.

Voiceless bilabial nasal
m̥
IPA Number114+402A
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPAm_0
Braille

Features edit

 

Features of the voiceless bilabial nasal:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
  • Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
  • It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut[1] quhmax̂ [qum̥aχ] 'white' Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word.
Alutiiq keghmarluku [kəɡm̥aχluku] 'bite it repeatedly' Contrasts with voiced /m/.
Burmese[2] မှား/hma: [m̥á] 'false'
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[3] pisteḿun [ˈpistəm̥un] 'to the servant'
English RP[4] stop me [ˈstɒp͡m̥ mɪ] stop me
Estonian[5] lehm [ˈlehm̥] 'cow' Word-final allophone of /m/ after /t, s, h/.[5] See Estonian phonology
French prisme [pχism̥] 'prism' Allophone of word-final /m/ after voiceless consonants.[6] See French phonology
Hmong White Hmong Hmoob [m̥ɔ̃́] 'Hmong' Contrasts with voiced /m/. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.[7]
Icelandic kempa [cʰɛm̥pa] 'hero' Allophonic variation of /m/ before voiceless plosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: kemba [cʰɛmpa] 'to comb'.[8] See Icelandic phonology
Jalapa Mazatec[9] hma [m̥a] 'black' Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized bilabial nasal.
Kildin Sami[10] лēӎӎьк/ljeehmhmk [lʲeːm̥ʲːk] 'strap'
Muscogee camhcá:ka [t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə] 'bell' Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.[11]
Ukrainian[12] ритм/rytm [rɪt̪m̥] 'rhythm' Word-final allophone of /m/ after voiceless consonants.[12] See Ukrainian phonology
Washo[13] Mášdɨmmi [ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi] 'he's hiding'
Welsh[14] fy mhen [və m̥ɛn] 'my head' Occurs as the nasal mutation of /p/. See Welsh phonology
Xumi Lower[15] [m̥ɛ̃˦] 'medicine' Contrasts with the voiced /m/.[15][16]
Upper[16]
Yi[17] ꂓ hmi [m̥i] 'name'

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Bergsland (1997).
  2. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
  3. ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 3.
  4. ^ Wells (1982), p. 282.
  5. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  6. ^ Walter (1977), p. 35.
  7. ^ Ratliff (2003), p. 24.
  8. ^ Jessen & Pétursson (1998), p. 44.
  9. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.
  10. ^ Kuruch (1985:529)
  11. ^ Martin (2011), p. 64.
  12. ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 6.
  13. ^ Jacobsen (1964), p. 54.
  14. ^ Jones (1984:51)
  15. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.
  16. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
  17. ^ Gerner (2013), p. 21, 25.

References edit

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x.
  • Bergsland, Knut (1997). Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-1-55500-064-6.
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157. JSTOR 26347850. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-07.
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-23.
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083.
  • Gerner, Matthias (14 October 2013). "Phonology". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernar; Epps, Patiencce L.; Nikolaeva, Irina (eds.). A Grammar of Nuosu. Vol. 64. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110308679. ISBN 9783110308679. ISSN 0933-7636.
  • Jacobsen, William Horton (15 August 1964). A grammar of the Washo language (PhD). University of California, Berkeley – via eScholarship.
  • Jacobson, Steven (1995). A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9.
  • Jessen, Michael; Pétursson, Magnús (1998). "Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 28 (1/2): 43–53. doi:10.1017/S002510030000623X. JSTOR 44526855. S2CID 143745742.
  • Jones, Glyn E. (1984). "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh". In Ball, Martin J.; Jones, Glyn E. (eds.). Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 40–64. ISBN 0-7083-0861-9.
  • Kuruch, Rimma (2006) [1985]. Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка [Brief grammatical sketch of the Sami language] (PDF) (in Russian).
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Martin, Jack B. (2011). "General phonological processes". A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803211063 – via Google Books.
  • Ratliff, Martha (2003). "Hmong secret languages: themes and variations". In Bradley, David; LaPolla, Randy; Michialovsky, Boyd; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff. Australian National University. pp. 21–34. doi:10.15144/PL-555.21. hdl:1885/146727. ISBN 0-85883-540-1.
  • Walter, Henriette (1977). La phonologie du français. Presses universitaires de France – via Google Books. Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (rhumatisme prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.

External links edit

  • List of languages with [m̥] on PHOIBLE

January 19, 2024
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The voiceless bilabial nasal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is m a combination of the letter for the voiced bilabial nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness The equivalent X SAMPA symbol is m 0 Voiceless bilabial nasalm IPA Number114 402AAudio sample source source source helpEncodingX SAMPAm 0Braille Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures edit nbsp Features of the voiceless bilabial nasal Its manner of articulation is occlusive which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract Because the consonant is also nasal the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose Its place of articulation is bilabial which means it is articulated with both lips Its phonation is voiceless which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords It is a nasal consonant which means air is allowed to escape through the nose either exclusively nasal stops or in addition to through the mouth Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue the central lateral dichotomy does not apply The airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles as in most sounds Occurrence editLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAleut 1 quhmax qum ax white Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word Alutiiq keghmarluku keɡm axluku bite it repeatedly Contrasts with voiced m Burmese 2 မ hma m a false Central Alaskan Yup ik 3 pisteḿun ˈpistem un to the servant English RP 4 stop me ˈstɒp m mɪ stop meEstonian 5 lehm ˈlehm cow Word final allophone of m after t s h 5 See Estonian phonologyFrench prisme pxism prism Allophone of word final m after voiceless consonants 6 See French phonologyHmong White Hmong Hmoob m ɔ Hmong Contrasts with voiced m In Green Mong it has merged with m 7 Icelandic kempa cʰɛm pa hero Allophonic variation of m before voiceless plosives Minimally contrastive with m before voiced plosives kemba cʰɛmpa to comb 8 See Icelandic phonologyJalapa Mazatec 9 hma m a black Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized bilabial nasal Kildin Sami 10 leӎӎk ljeehmhmk lʲeːm ʲːk strap Muscogee camhca ka t ʃem t ʃɑːɡe bell Allophone of m before h when in the same syllable 11 Ukrainian 12 ritm rytm rɪt m rhythm Word final allophone of m after voiceless consonants 12 See Ukrainian phonologyWasho 13 Masdɨmmi ˈm aʃdɨmmi he s hiding Welsh 14 fy mhen ve m ɛn my head Occurs as the nasal mutation of p See Welsh phonologyXumi Lower 15 m ɛ medicine Contrasts with the voiced m 15 16 Upper 16 Yi 17 ꂓ hmi m i name See also editIndex of phonetics articles Voiced bilabial nasalNotes edit Bergsland 1997 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 111 Jacobson 1995 p 3 Wells 1982 p 282 a b Asu amp Teras 2009 p 368 Walter 1977 p 35 Ratliff 2003 p 24 Jessen amp Petursson 1998 p 44 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 107 Kuruch 1985 529 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFKuruch1985 help Martin 2011 p 64 a b Danyenko amp Vakulenko 1995 p 6 Jacobsen 1964 p 54 Jones 1984 51 a b Chirkova amp Chen 2013 pp 365 367 a b Chirkova Chen amp Kocjancic Antolik 2013 pp 382 383 Gerner 2013 p 21 25 References editAsu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Bergsland Knut 1997 Aleut grammar Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix Research papers Alaska Native Language Center Fairbanks Alaska Native Language Center University of Alaska ISBN 978 1 55500 064 6 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya 2013 Xumi Part 1 Lower Xumi the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 363 379 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000157 JSTOR 26347850 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 05 07 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya Kocjancic Antolik Tanja 2013 Xumi Part 2 Upper Xumi the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 381 396 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000169 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 04 23 Danyenko Andrii Vakulenko Serhii 1995 Ukrainian Munchen Lincom Europa ISBN 9783929075083 Gerner Matthias 14 October 2013 Phonology In Bossong Georg Comrie Bernar Epps Patiencce L Nikolaeva Irina eds A Grammar of Nuosu Vol 64 De Gruyter doi 10 1515 9783110308679 ISBN 9783110308679 ISSN 0933 7636 Jacobsen William Horton 15 August 1964 A grammar of the Washo language PhD University of California Berkeley via eScholarship Jacobson Steven 1995 A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup ik Eskimo Language Fairbanks Alaska Native Language Center ISBN 978 1 55500 050 9 Jessen Michael Petursson Magnus 1998 Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic Journal of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press 28 1 2 43 53 doi 10 1017 S002510030000623X JSTOR 44526855 S2CID 143745742 Jones Glyn E 1984 The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh In Ball Martin J Jones Glyn E eds Welsh Phonology Selected Readings Cardiff University of Wales Press pp 40 64 ISBN 0 7083 0861 9 Kuruch Rimma 2006 1985 Kratkij grammaticheskij ocherk saamskogo yazyka Brief grammatical sketch of the Sami language PDF in Russian Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 19815 6 Martin Jack B 2011 General phonological processes A Grammar of Creek Muskogee University of Nebraska Press ISBN 9780803211063 via Google Books Ratliff Martha 2003 Hmong secret languages themes and variations In Bradley David LaPolla Randy Michialovsky Boyd Thurgood Graham eds Language variation Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A Matisoff Australian National University pp 21 34 doi 10 15144 PL 555 21 hdl 1885 146727 ISBN 0 85883 540 1 Walter Henriette 1977 La phonologie du francais Presses universitaires de France via Google Books Les phonemes nasals sont generalement realises comme des consonnes sonores mais il peut y avoir des realisations sourdes rhumatisme prononce sm Ces realisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue apres consonne sourde Wells John C 1982 Accents of English 2 The British Isles Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24224 X External links editList of languages with m on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Voiceless bilabial nasal amp oldid 1192134926, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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