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Hinduism in Pakistan

May 18, 2023

Hinduism is the second largest religious affiliation in Pakistan after Islam.[4] While Hinduism was one of the dominant faiths in the region a few centuries back,[5][6][7] today Hindus account for 2.14% of Pakistan's population or 4.4 million people according to the 2017 Pakistan Census, although Pakistan Hindu Council has claimed that there are 8 million Hindus living in Pakistan, making up 4% of the country's population.[1][8] The Umerkot district has the highest percentage of Hindu residents in the country at 52.2%, while Tharparkar district has the most Hindus in absolute numbers at 714,698.[9][10]

Pakistani Hindus
Hawan at Shri Hinglaj Mata temple during Hinglaj Yatra
Total population
4.4 million (2017 Census)
(2.14% of Pakistan's population)[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Sindh(4,176,986) (8.7%)
Punjab(211,641) (0.2%)
Balochistan(49,133) (0.4%)
Religions
Hinduism of all sects
Scriptures
Vedas Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita
Languages
Sanskrit (holy)[3]
Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, Marwari, Hindko, Gujarati and others, (including Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Sansi, and Vaghri)

Before the partition, according to the 1941 census, Hindus constituted 14.6% of the population in West Pakistan (which is now Pakistan)[a] and 28% of the population in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).[11][12][13] After Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj, 4.7 million of West Pakistan's Hindus and Sikhs moved to India as refugees.[14] And in the first census afterwards in 1951, Hindus made up 1.6% of the total population of West Pakistan (now Pakistan), and 22% of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).[15][16][17]

Hindus in Pakistan are primarily concentrated in Sindh, where the majority of Hindu enclaves are found in Pakistan.[18] They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, Vaghri,[19] and Gujarati.[20] Many Hindus, especially in the rural areas, follow the teachings of local Sufi pīrs (Urdu: spiritual guide) or adhere to the 14th-century saint Ramdevji, whose main temple Shri Ramdev Pir temple is located in Tando Allahyar. A growing number of urban Hindu youth in Pakistan associate themselves with ISKCON society.[21] Other communities worship manifold "Mother Goddesses" as their clan or family patrons.[26] A different branch, the Nanakpanth, follows the teachings of the Guru Granth Sahib, also known as the holy book of the Sikhs. This diversity, especially in rural Sindh, often thwarts classical definitions between Hinduism, Sikhism and Islam.[27]

Though the Constitution of Pakistan provides equal rights to all citizens and is not supposed to discriminate between anyone on the basis of caste, creed or religion, Islam remains the State religion giving more privileges to Muslims than to Hindus and other religious minorities.[28] There have been numerous cases of violence and discrimination against Hindus, along with other minorities.[29] There have also been cases of violence and ill-treatment of Hindus, due to strict Blasphemy laws.[30]

One of the most important places of worship for Hindus in Pakistan is the shrine of Shri Hinglaj Mata temple in Balochistan.[31][32] The annual Hinglaj Yatra is the largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan.[33] Out of 365 Hindu temples in Pakistan, 13 are being managed by the Evacuee Trust Property Board, leaving the responsibility of 65 to the Hindu community.[clarification needed]

History

See also: History of Hinduism, Indus Valley Civilisation, and Vedic civilisation

Prior to the 1947 Partition of India

 
Hinglaj Mata Mandir Cave entrance.
 
Extent of the Indus Valley Civilization sites.

Origins

 
The Pashupati seal.

Pakistan was the fulcrum of Indus Valley Civilization, one of the oldest civilizations in the world. It is assumed that the Pashupati image of Mohenjo-daro evolved to be worshipped as Shiva and the Mother Goddess as Shakti.[34] Various archaeological finds such as the Swastika symbol and Yogic postures from Indus Valley Civilization also point to early influences that may have shaped Hinduism.[35] The religious beliefs and folklore of the Indus valley people have become a major part of the Hindu faith that evolved in this part of the South Asia.[36]

Later, during the Vedic period, the Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu text, is believed to have been composed in the Punjab region of modern-day Pakistan (and India) on the banks of the Indus River around 1500 BCE.[37]

The Sindh kingdom and its rulers play an important role in the Indian epic story of the Mahabharata. In addition, a Hindu legend states that the Pakistani city of Lahore was first founded by Lava, while Kasur was founded by his twin Kusha, both of whom were the sons of Lord Rama of the Ramayana. The Gandhara kingdom of the northwest, and the legendary Gandhara people, are also a major part of Hindu literature such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Many Pakistani city names (such as Peshawar and Multan) have Sanskrit roots.[38][39]

Pre-Islamic period

The Vedic period (1500–500 BCE) was characterised by an Indo-Aryan culture; during this period the Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism, were composed, and this culture later became well established in the region.[40] Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, now Taxila in the Punjab, which was founded around 1000 BCE.[41] Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire (around 519 BCE), Alexander's empire in 326 BCE and the Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great, until 185 BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150 BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region.[42] Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in 6th century BCE.[43] The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was provided on an individualistic basis. The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.[44]

At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty (489–632 CE) of Sindh ruled this region and the surrounding territories.[45] The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharmapala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan.

Early Muslim conquests and invasion of Sindh

After the conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim and the loss of Raja Dahir, Islamization in Pakistan started and the population of Hindus started declining.[46] After that many other Islamic conquests in Indian subcontinent entered through the Pakistan's region, including that of Ghaznavids, Ghurids and Delhi Sultanate, due to which the Buddhists and Hindus were converted to Islam.[47] In the era of Mughal Empire, the land of Pakistan became a Muslim-majority area.[48]

Post-independence period (1947–present)

See also: Pakistan Movement and Sindhis in India
 
The Swaminarayan Temple in Karachi was a departure point for those migrating to India after independence.

At the time of Pakistan's creation the 'two nation theory' had been espoused. According to this theory the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India.[49][50] Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, stated in an address to the constituent assembly of Pakistan, "You will find that in course of time Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims will cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as the citizens of the State."[51] However, Khawaja Nazimuddin, the 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan stated: "I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be".[52]

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, over 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from West Pakistan left for India, and 6.5 million Muslims chose to migrate to Pakistan.[14] The reasons for this exodus were the heavily charged communal atmosphere in British Raj, deep distrust of each other, the brutality of violent mobs and the antagonism between the religious communities.[53] That over 1 million people lost their lives in the bloody violence of 1947 should attest to the fear and hate that filled the hearts of millions of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs who left ancestral homes hastily after independence.[54]

Demographics

Hindu population in Pakistan
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 2,327,000[b]—    
1911 2,267,000[b]−0.26%
1921 2,523,000[b]+1.08%
1931 3,115,000[b]+2.13%
1941 3,931,961[a]+2.36%
1951 531,131−18.14%
1961 600,320+1.23%
1981 1,276,116+3.84%
1990 1,723,251+3.39%
1998 2,443,614+4.46%
2017 4,444,870+3.20%
Hindus were counted separately as Hindu (jati) and Hindu Scheduled Castes in 1998 and 2017 Census
Source: [55]: 93–94 [56]: 20–21 [a][57]: 12–21 [58][59][1][60][13][61][62]

Hinduism (%) in Pakistan by decades[1][59][63][58]

Year Percent Increase
1901 17.07%[b] –
1911 14.09%[b]

−2.98%

1921 14.80%[b]

+0.71%

1931 14.61%[b]

−0.19%

1941 14.58%[a]

−0.03%

1951 1.58%[57]: 12–21 

−13.0%

1961 1.4%

-0.18%

1981 1.5%

+0.1%

1998 1.85%

+0.35%

2017 2.14%

+0.29%

The 1961 Census of Pakistan (Volume 1 – page 24 of Part II – Statement 2.19) released historical estimates to the nearest thousandth on the religious composition of the country for 60 years prior by amalgamating figures from administrative divisions that would ultimately compose regions situated in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) taken from past decadal censuses in British India.[b] These historical census estimates detailed that Hindus numbered approximately 2,327,000 persons and comprised roughly 17.1 percent of the total population in 1901, followed by a decline to around 2,267,000 persons or to 14.1 percent in 1911.[b] The Hindu population would rise to approximately 2,523,000 persons in 1921, with the share of the total population rising slightly to 14.8 percent, prior to declining slightly to 14.6 percent in 1931, despite the total Hindu population growing to roughly 3,115,000 persons.[b] Ergo in the absence of partition in 1947 and other anti-social events that followed, it is estimated the present-day Pakistan Hindu population would be approximately 30,320,000 or 14.6%, well above the current population of 4.44 million or 2.14%, as reported in the 2017 Census of Pakistan.[64][65][66][67][68][69][70]

In the final census taken prior to partition in 1941, Hindus constituted 14.6% of the population in West Pakistan (currently Pakistan)[a] and 28% of the population in East Pakistan (currently Bangladesh).[12][13] After Pakistan gained independence from Britain on 14 August 1947, 4.7 million of the country's Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India.[14] In the 1951 census, West Pakistan (now Pakistan) had 1.3% Hindu population, while East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) had 22.05%.[71][72][73] During the same census, Hindus constituted approximately 12.9% of the total population of Pakistan (composing contemporary Pakistan and Bangladesh) which represented the second-largest Hindu-population country after India.[74] After 1971, Bangladesh separated from Pakistan and the population of Hindus and other Non-Muslims declined in Pakistan as Bangladesh population was no longer part of the census conducted in Pakistan.[75] The 1998 census of Pakistan recorded 2,443,614 Hindus, which (includes 332,343 scheduled caste Hindus), which constitutes to 1.85 percentage of the total population of Pakistan.[76][59] and about 7.5% in the Sindh province. The 2017 census recorded 4,444,870 Hindus (includes 849,614 scheduled caste Hindus) which constituting 2.14% of the total population of Pakistan.[62][1] However, the Pakistan Hindu Council claims the Hindu population to be around 8 million as of 2020.[77]

In 1956, the government of Pakistan declared 32 castes and tribes, the majority of them Hindus, to be scheduled castes, including Kohlis, Meghawars, and Bheels.[78][79] The Pakistan Census separates the members of scheduled castes from Hindus and has assessed that they form 0.41% of the national population in 2017 census (up from 0.25% in 1998 census).[1][59][74] However, the actual population of Scheduled Caste Hindus is expected to be much higher, as the Scheduled Caste Hindus categorise themselves as Hindus in the census rather than as Scheduled Castes.[80]

As per the data from the Election Commission of Pakistan, as of 2018 there were a total of 1.77 million Hindu voters. Hindu voters were 49% of the total in Umerkot and 46% in Tharparkar.[81][82] According to estimates in religious minorities in Pakistan's elections, the Hindus have a population of 50,000 or more in 11 districts. All of these are in Sindh except the Rahim Yar Khan District in Punjab.[83]

1941 census

Population by province

Further information: Religion in Pakistan § 1941 census, West Punjab § Religion, North-West Frontier Province § Religion, and Baluchistan Agency § Religion

According to the 1941 census, the Hindu population in Pakistan comprised roughly 3.93 million persons or 14.6 percent of the total population.[a] With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that compose contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined population of 26,970,214, for an overall response rate of 91.9 percent out of the total population of 29,347,813, as detailed in the table below.[a]

Hinduism in Pakistan by administrative division[a]
Administrative
division 		1941 Census
Hindu Population Hindu Percentage Total Responses Total Population
Punjab[84]: 42 [c] 2,373,466 13.68% 17,350,103 17,350,103
Sindh[85]: 28  1,229,926 27.12% 4,535,008 4,535,008
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa[86]: 22  180,321 5.94% 3,038,067[d] 5,415,666[d]
AJK[88]: 337–352 [e] 93,559 8.72% 1,073,154 1,073,154
Balochistan[87]: 13–18  54,394 6.34% 857,835 857,835
Gilgit–Baltistan[88]: 337–352 [f] 295 0.25% 116,047 116,047
Pakistan 3,931,961 14.58% 26,970,214 29,347,813

2017 census

Population by province

The percent of population of Hindus (separating the scheduled castes from other Hindus) in the provinces in Pakistan, according to the 2017 census:[62][89]

Province Total Population Hindu (Jati) Scheduled Castes All Hindus Total Hindus %
  Sindh 47,854,510 3,345,424 6.99% 831,562 1.74% 4,176,986 8.73% 94%
  Balochistan 12,335,129 45,627 0.37% 3,506 0.03% 49,133 0.4% 1.1%
  Punjab 109,989,655 198,251 0.18% 13,390 0.012% 211,641 0.2% 4.76%
  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 35,501,964 5,392 0.015% 981 0.003% 6,373 0.018% 0.143%
  Islamabad Capital Territory 2,003,368 562 0.028% 175 0.0087% 737 0.0367% 0.166%
Pakistan (total) 207,684,626 3,595,256 1.73% 849,614 0.41% 4,444,870 2.14% 100.00%

Population by district

 
Hindu Proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Umerkot district (52.15%) is the only Hindu majority district in Pakistan. Tharparkar district has the highest population of Hindus in terms of absolute terms. The four districts- Umerkot, Tharparkar, Mirpurkhas and Sanghar hosts more than half of the Hindu population in Pakistan.[90]

All districts with a Hindu population greater than 1%, according to the 2017 census. In other districts the population of Hindus is less than 1%.[90]

Administrative Unit District Percentage of Hindus
Sindh
Umerkot 54.53%
Tharparkar 43.39%
Mirpurkhas 38.74%
Tando Allahyar 34.17%
Badin 23.61%
Tando Muhammad Khan 22.25%
Sanghar 21.79%
Matiari 16.66%
Hyderabad 8.22%
Ghotki 6.19%
Karachi South 4.01%
Jamshoro 3.87%
Shaheed Benazirabad 3.86%
Sukkur 3.55%
Kashmore 3.22%
Thatta 3%
Sujawal District 2.91%
Khairpur 2.76%
Jacobabad 2.16%
Malir 1.77%
Naushahro Feroze 1.64%
Larkana 1.45%
Shikarpur 1.4%
Karachi East 1.38%
Punjab Rahim Yar Khan 3.12%
Bahawalpur 1.12%
Balochistan Sibi 2.4%
Lasbela 1.58%
Jaffarabad 1.34%
Kacchi 1.04%
Mastung 1%
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat 1%

Population controversy

The official number of Hindus living in Pakistan is about 4.5 million or approx. 2.15% as per 2017 census conducted by Pakistan government authority.[91] However, at different time some of the demographic experts of Pakistan Hindu council as well as various Hindu politicians have given numbers based on their estimation research which have led to various controversies.[92] Pakistan has been accused on undercounting minority population over the decades. Karachi Supreme Court attorney Neel Keshav claimed that the Hindu population in Pakistan is likely to be much higher, as reported by Pakistan Today newspaper. Neel Keshav further claimed that the 1998 census data showed a Hindu population of nearly 2 million. While the new census showed that it had only risen to 3.5 million in 20 years," which throws a light possibility of undercounting Hindu population.[93][94]

Number of Hindus residing in Pakistan as an estimation research of (2019–21)
Source/claimed by Population Year of claimed
Pakistan Hindu Council[95] 8,000,000 2020
Gulf News (U.A.E based)[96] 8,800,000 2019
The Economic Times (according to an official estimation)[97] 7,500,000 2021
According to Hindu community of Pakistan[97] 9,000,000 2021
Claimed by Mangla Sharma, member provincial assembly (MPA) from Muttahida Quami Movement-Pakistan (MQM-P)[98] 10,000,000 2020

Religious conversions

Forced Conversion of Minority Hindu girls to Islam

Main article: Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan
 
Protest against forced conversion of Hindu girls conducted by Pakistan Hindu Council

One of the biggest issues the Hindu community faces in Pakistan is the forced conversion of minor Hindu girls to Islam; the number of such conversions, according to one highest estimate, is up to 1,000 per year.[99][100][101]

The girls are usually kidnapped by complicit acquaintances and relatives or men looking for brides. Sometimes they are taken by powerful landlords as payment for outstanding debts by their farmhand parents, and the authorities often look the other way.[102] In one case, a landlord abducted a Hindu daughter from a farm worker and falsely claimed the teen was compensation for a $1,000 debt that the family owed him.[103] Religious institutions and persons like Abdul Haq (Mitthu Mian) politician and caretaker of Bharachundi Sharif Dargah in Ghotki district and Pir Ayub Jan Sirhindi, the caretaker of Dargah pir sarhandi in Umerkot District support forced conversions and are known to have support and protection of ruling political parties of Sindh.[104][105][106] According to the National Commission of Justice and Peace and the Pakistan Hindu Council (PHC) around 1000 non-Muslim minority women are converted to Islam and then forcibly married off. This practice is being reported increasingly in the districts of Tharparkar, Umerkot and Mirpur Khas in Sindh.[105][107]

In November 2016, a bill against forced conversion was passed unanimously by the Sindh Provisional Assembly. However, the bill failed to make it into law as the Governor returned the bill. The Bill was effectively blocked by political parties like the Council of Islamic Ideology and Jamaat-e-Islami.[108]

In 2019, a bill against forced conversion was proposed by Hindu politicians in the Sindh assembly, but was turned down by the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party lawmakers.[109]

Conversions to Christianity

There are also Irish Christian missionaries and Ahmadiyya missionaries operating in the Thar region. The Christian and Ahmadi missionaries offer impoverished Hindus schools, health clinics etc. as an inducement for those who convert.[18] Korean Christian missionaries are also very active in Sindh, who have built schools from Badin to Tharparkar.[110]

Korean Christian missionaries have converted more than 1,000 Hindu families in 2012 alone. According to the Sono Kangharani, a member of the Pakistan Dalit Network, the Korean missionaries have been active in the area since 2011 and these missionaries don't focus on individuals but they convert entire villages. According to him, about 200 to 250 Hindu villages were converted in the last two and a half years between 2014 and 2016.[104]

Incentivized Conversion to Islam

Many Hindus are induced to convert to Islam for easily getting Watan Cards and National Identification Cards. These converts were also given land and money. For example, 428 poor Hindus in Matli were converted between 2009 and 2011 by the Madrassa Baitul Islam, a Deobandi seminary in Matli, which pays off the debts of Hindus converting to Islam.[111] Another example is the conversion of 250 Hindus to Islam in Chohar Jamali area in Thatta.[112] Conversions are also carried out by Baba Deen Mohammad Shaikh mission which converted 108,000 people to Islam since 1989.[113]

Social, religious and political institutions

 
Festival of Holi in Lahore

The Pakistan Hindu Panchayat, Pakistan Hindu Council, Pakistan Hindu Youth Council[114] and the Pakistani Hindu Welfare Association are the primary civic organizations that represent and organise Hindu communities on social, economic, religious and political issues in most of the country, with the exception of the Shiv Temple Society of Hazara, which especially represents community interests in the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in addition to being the special guardians of the Shiva temple, at Chitti Gatti village, near Mansehra. The Pakistan Hindu Council runs 13 schools across Tharparkar and also conducts mass wedding of poor Hindu couples.[115][116] The Dalit Sujag Tehreek is a Scheduled Caste Hindu movement representing the scheduled caste Hindu communities like Kolhi, Bheel, Meghwar, Oad, Bhagri etc.[117]

ISKCON also has a presence in Pakistan. It is involved in preaching and distributing Urdu translated Bhagavad Gita. It has a large following among the Scheduled Caste Hindus in Urban areas of Pakistan. There is a significant increase in the influence of Iskcon due to its rejection of caste system.[118] Iskcon has been conducting Rathayatras since 2015.[119]

There was a Ministry of Minority Affairs in the Government of Pakistan which looked after specific issues concerning Pakistani religious minorities. In 2011, the Government of Pakistan closed the Ministry of Minority Affairs.[120][121] And a new ministry Ministry for National Harmony was formed for the protection of the rights of the minorities in Pakistan.[122] But in 2013, the Ministry of National Harmony was merged with the Ministry of Religious Affairs despite opposition from the minorities.[123]

In Pakistani law and politics

The Constitution's Article 51(2A) provides 10 reserved seats for non-Muslims in the National Assembly, 23 reserved seats for non-Muslims in the four provincial assemblies under Article 106[124] and four seats for non-Muslims in the Senate of Pakistan.[83] Conventionally, Hindus were allotted 4 or 5 seats. The number of national Assembly seats were increased from 207 in 1997, to 332 in 2002. But the number of non-Muslim reserved seats were not increased from 10. Similarly, the number of seats in Provincial Assembly of Sindh and Punjab were increased from 100 to 159 and 240 to 363 respectively, but the non-Muslim reserved seats were not increased.[79] Although a bill for increasing minorities' seats was introduced by Ramesh Kumar Vankwani, it was not passed.[125] Political parties Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) party is against giving reserved seats for minorities.[126]

In 1980s Zia ul-Haq introduced a system under which non-Muslims could vote for only candidates of their own religion. Seats were reserved for minorities in the national and provincial assemblies. Government officials stated that the separate electorates system is a form of affirmative action designed to ensure minority representation, and that efforts are underway to achieve a consensus among religious minorities on this issue, but critics argued that under this system Muslim candidates no longer had any incentive to pay attention to the minorities. Hindu community leader Sudham Chand protested against the system but was murdered. In 1999, Pakistan abolished this system. Hindus and other minorities achieved a rare political victory in 2002 with the removal of separate electorates for Muslims and non-Muslims. The separate electorate system had marginalized non-Muslims by depriving them of adequate representation in the assemblies. The Pakistan Hindu Welfare Association was active by convening a national conference on the issue in December 2000. And in 2001, Hindus, Christians, and Ahmadis successfully conducted a partial boycott of the elections, culminating in the abolishment of the separate electorate system in 2002. This allowed religious minorities to vote for mainstream seats in the National and Provincial assemblies, rather than being confined to voting for only minority seats. Despite the victory, however, Hindus still remain largely disenfranchised.[127]

In 2006, Ratna Bhagwandas Chawla became the first Hindu woman elected to the Senate of Pakistan.[128] Although there is reservation of seats for women in Pakistan National Assembly, not a single seat was allotted for non-Muslim women till 2018. In 2018, Krishna Kumari Kohli, a Hindu woman became the first non-Muslim woman to win a women's reserved seat in Senate of Pakistan.[129]

In 2018, Pakistan general election Mahesh Kumar Malani became the first Hindu candidate who won a general seat in Pakistan National Assembly 2018. He won the seat from Tharparkar-II and thus became the first non-Muslim to win a general seat (non-reserved) in Pakistan national assembly.[130] In the Sindh provincial assembly election which took place along with the Pakistan National Assembly election 2018, Hari Ram Kishori Lal and Giyan Chand Essrani were elected from the Sindh provincial assembly seats. They became the first non-Muslims to win a general seat (non-reserved) in a provincial assembly election.[131]

Hindu communities

Sindhi Hindus

Main article: Sindhi Hindus

Tamil Hindus

Main article: Tamils in Pakistan
 
Tamil Hindus celebrating a religious festival in karachi
 
Hindu children at Mandir during prayer.

Some Tamil Hindu families migrated to Pakistan in the early 20th century, when Karachi was developed during the British Raj, and were later joined by Sri Lankan Tamils who arrived during the Sri Lankan Civil War. The Madrasi Para area is home to around 100 Tamil Hindu families. The Maripata Mariamman Temple, which has been demolished, was the biggest Tamil Hindu temple in Karachi.[132] The Drigh Road and Korangi also have a small Tamil Hindu population.[133]

Kalasha people

Main article: Kalash people

The Kalasha people practice a religion which is based on an older set of mountain beliefs, but which has some vedic influence, alongside animism and shamanism.[134][135] Though having some cultural and religious similarities to the Hindus, they are considered a separate ethnic religion people by the government of Pakistan.[136] They reside in the Chitral District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province.[137]

Nanakpanthis

Main article: Nanakpanthi

Nanakpanthi are Hindus who revere Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism along with Hindu gods. Today, a large fraction of Sindhi Hindus consider themselves Nanakpanthi.[138]

Balmiki Hindus

Main article: Balmiki Hindus of Pakistan

The Valmiki or Balmikis are Hindu worshippers of Valmiki, the author of The Ramayana. Most Valmiki Hindus converted to either Christianity or Islam after the partition. However, many of those who converted still worship Valmiki and celebrate Valmiki Jayanti.[139][140] The most important centre for worship of Valmikis in Pakistan is Valmiki Mandir in Lahore.[141] Most of the Balmikis (or Valmikis) belonged to the Schedule Caste.[142]

Pashtun Hindus

Main articles: Hindu Pathans in India and Pashtuns § Religion

In the early times, before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan, most of the modern-day Pashtun people belonged to the Hindu Religion.[143] Though due to the repeated Islamic invasion in the Pakhtun areas, most of them have converted to Islam or migrated to other parts of the Asia.[144] Still, there is a small Pashtun Hindu community, known as the Sheen Khalai meaning 'blue skinned' (referring to the color of Pashtun women's facial tattoos), migrated to Unniara, Rajasthan, India after partition.[145] Prior to 1947, the community resided in the Quetta, Loralai and Maikhter regions of the British Indian province of Baluchistan.[146] They are mainly members of the Pashtun Kakar tribe. Today, they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the Attan dance.[145]

Punjabi Hindus

Main articles: Punjabi Hindus and Hindu punjabis of Punjab

There is a small population of Punjabi Hindus living in the Punjab province of Pakistan, most notably in Lahore where there are some 200 Hindu families.[147][148] Though most of the Punjabis were Hindu in the 1900s and many migrated to India after the partition of the India and Pakistan in 1947.[149] In the modern times most of the Punjabi Hindus are settled in United States, Germany, England, Canada and Australia due to their mass migration (or diaspora).[150] A small proportion of Afghan Punjabis are also there in Pakistan in Balochistan and Punjab, majority of them are Hindus who migrated from Afghanistan mainly after conflict due to the persecution of Taliban and religious fanatics.[151]

Community life and status

 
Umarkot Shiv Mandir in Umarkot is famous for the three-day Shivarathri celebration, which is attended by around 250,000 people.[152]

According to a study, the majority of the scheduled caste Hindus (79%) in Pakistan have experienced discrimination. The discrimination is higher in Southern Punjab (86.5%) compared to the rest of the country. The study found that majority (91.5% ) of the respondents in Rahimyar Khan, Bahawalpur, Tharparkar and Umerkot districts believed that political parties are not giving importance to them.[153][79]

In Balochistan province, Hindus are relatively more secure and face less religious persecution. The tribal chiefs in Balochistan, particularly the Jams of Lasbela and Bugti of Dera Bugti, consider non-Muslims like Hindus as members of their own extended family and allows religious freedom. They have never forced Hindus to convert. Also, in Balochistan Hindu places of worship are proportionate to their population. For example, between Uthal and Bela jurisdiction in Lasbela District, there are 18 temples for 5,000 Hindus living in the area, which is an indicator of religious freedom.[154] However, in Khuzdar District and Kalat District, Hindus face discrimination.[155]

In Peshawar, capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Hindus enjoy religious freedom and live peacefully alongside the Muslims. The city of Peshawar today is home to four Hindu tribes– the Balmiks, the Rajputs, the Heer Ratan Raths and the Bhai Joga Singh Gurdwara community. Since partition, the four tribes have lived in harmony with all religious communities including Muslims. However, there is the lack of upkeep of the dilapidated Hindu temples in the city. The local government always fails to assign caretakers and priests at temples.[156] But in other parts of Kyber Pakhtunkhwa like Buner, Swat and Aurakzai Agencies, Hindu and Sikh families, have been targeted by Taliban for failing to pay Jizya (religious tax) and due to this more than 150 Sikhs and Hindu families in Pakistan's have moved to Hasan Abdal and Rawalpindi in Punjab in 2009[157]

In central Punjab, Hindus are a small minority. After the partition, Hindus have been converting to Islam under pressure, particularly in Doda village near Sargodha. Due to the low population of Hindus in the Central Punjab, many of the Hindus have married Sikhs and vice versa. Intermarriages between the Hindus and Sikhs are very common there.[155]

The Indus river is a holy river to many Hindus, and the Government of Pakistan periodically allows small groups of Hindus from India to make pilgrimage and take part in festivities in Sindh[158] and Punjab.[159] Rich Pakistani Hindus go to India and release their loved ones' remains into the Ganges. Those who cannot afford the trip go to Churrio Jabal Durga Mata temple in Nagarparkar.[160]

Education and literacy rates

According to Pakistan's National Council for Justice and Peace (NCJP) report the average literacy rate among Hindu (upper caste) is 34 percent, Hindu (scheduled castes) is 19 percent, compared to the national average of 46.56 percent.[161] According to a 2013 survey conducted by the Pakistan Hindu Seva Welfare Trust, the literacy rate among scheduled caste Hindus in Pakistan is just 16%. The survey noted that majority of the scheduled caste Hindu families don't send their girl children to schools due to the fear of forced conversion.[162]

Hindu marriage acts and laws

Main article: Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan
 
A Hindu marriage in Pakistan

There are two laws governing Hindu marriages-Sindh Hindu Marriage act of 2016 ( applicable only in the Sindh province), Hindu marriage act of 2017 ( applicable in Islamabad Capital Territory, Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces). However, there are no laws and amendments made to register a marriage between two Hindus – from one Province to another (Islamabad Capital Territory, Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab).[163]

The Sindh Hindu Marriage Bill was passed by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh in February 2016. This was the first Hindu Marriage act in Pakistan.[164][165][166] It was amended in 2018 to include divorce rights, remarriage rights and financial security of the wife and children after divorce.[167]

At federal level, a Hindu Marriage Bill was proposed in 2016, which was unanimously approved by the National Assembly of Pakistan in 2016[168][169] and by the Senate of Pakistan in 2017.[170] In March 2017, the Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain signed the Hindu Marriage Bill and thereby making it a law. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif also mentioned that the marriage registrars will be established in areas where Hindus stay.[171] However, many have criticised the Clause 12(iii) of the Hindu Marriage Bill which says that "a marriage will be annulled if any of the spouses converts to another religion".[165]

Temples

Main article: List of Hindu temples in Pakistan
 
The Katas Raj Temples surrounding a sacred pond in Punjab.

The Communal violence of the 1940s and the subsequent persecutions have resulted in the destruction of many Hindu temples in Pakistan, although the Hindu community and the Government of Pakistan have preserved and protected many prominent ones. Some ancient Hindu temples in Pakistan draw devotees from across faiths including Muslims.[172]

According to a survey, there were 428 Hindu temples in Pakistan at the time of Partition and 408 of them were now turned into toy stores, restaurants, government offices and schools.[25] Among these 11 temples are in Sindh, four in Punjab, three in Balochistan and two in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, in November 2019, government of Pakistan started the restoration process for 400 Hindu temples in Pakistan. After restoration, the temples will be reopened to Hindus in Pakistan.[25]

The Pamwal Das Shiv Mandir, centuries-old historic temple in Baghdadi area of Lyari Town was illegally turned into a Muslim Pir and slaughterhouse for cows by Muslim clerics with the help of Baghdadi police after making series of attacks on Hindu families living in the area.[173][174][175] The 135,000 acres of temple land is now controlled by the Evacuee Trust Property Board. The historic Kali Bari Hindu Temple has been rented out to a Muslim party in Dera Ismail Khan who converted the temple into a Hotel. The Holy Shiv Temple in Kohat has been converted into a government primary school. The Raam Kunde Complex of Temples at Saidpur village in Islamabad is now a picnic site. Another temple at Rawal Dam in Islamabad has been shut down and the Hindu community believes that the temple is going to dilapidate day by day without being handed over to them. In Punjab, a Hindu temple at Rawalpindi was destroyed and reconstructed to use as a community centre, while in Chakwal the Bhuwan temple complex is being used by the local Muslim community for commercial purposes.[176]

Reopened temples

 
Shawala Teja Singh Temple after Renovation by the Government.

The Goraknath Temple which was closed in the 1947 was reopened in 2011 after a court ruling which ordered the Evacuee Trust Property Board to open it.[177][178][179][180] Some temples were reopened and renovated in a public-private partnership like the Darya Lal Mandir in Karachi.[181]

In 2019, the Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan said that his government will reclaim and restore 400 temples to Hindus.[182] Following this, the 1,000-Year-Old Shivala Teja Singh temple in Sialkot (which was closed for 72 years)[183] and a 100-year-old Hindu temple in Balochistan was reopened.[184]

Major Pilgrimage centres

Riots, attacks and destruction of temples

See also: 2014 Larkana temple attack, 2019 Ghotki riots, and 2020 Karak temple attack
  • In 2006, a Hindu temple in Lahore was destroyed to pave the way for construction of a multi-storied commercial building. When reporters from Pakistan-based newspaper Dawn tried to cover the incident, they were accosted by the henchmen of the property developer, who denied that a Hindu temple existed at the site.[189]
  • In January 2014, a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down.[190] 25 March 2014 Express Tribune citing an All Pakistan Hindu Rights Movement (PHRM) survey said that 95% of all Hindu temples in Pakistan have been converted since 1990. Pakistanis attack Hindu temples if anything happens to any mosque in neighbouring India.[191]
  • In 2014, a Hindu temple and a dharmashala in Larkana district in Sindh was attacked by a crowd of Muslims.[192]
  • In 2019, three Hindu temples were vandalised in Ghotki district in Sindh over blasphemy accusations.[193]
  • In 2019, a Hindu temple Pakistan's southern Sindh province was vandalism by miscreants and they set fire to holy books and idols inside the temple.[194]
  • In January 2020, a Hindu temple in Chachro, Tharparkar district in Sindh was vandalised by miscreants, who desecrated the idols and set fire to holy scriptures.[195]
  • In December 2020, a Hindu temple in Teri village of Karak district was attacked and vandalised.[196]
  • In August 2021, a Hindu Temple in Rahim Yar Khan in Punjab province of Pakistan was attacked[197][198] by a Muslim Mob, burning down parts of it and damaging idols.

Religious persecution

There has been a historical decline of Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism in the areas of Pakistan. This happened for a variety of reasons even as these religions have continued to flourish beyond the eastern frontiers of Pakistan. The region became predominantly Muslim during the rule of Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire. In general, religious conversion was a gradual process, though it is mostly attributed to the works of Sufis, some converted to Islam to gain tax relief, land grant, marriage partners, social and economic advancement,[199] or freedom from slavery and some by force.[200] The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Partition of India. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslims refugees from India migrated to Pakistan. Approximately 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India while 6.5 million Muslims settled in Pakistan.

Some Hindus in Pakistan feel that they are treated as second-class citizens and many have continued to migrate to India.[201][202] According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan data, around 1,000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013.[203] In May 2014, a member of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Dr Ramesh Kumar Vankwani, revealed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year.[204]

Targeted sexual harassment

Those Pakistani Hindus who have migrated to India allege that Hindu girls are sexually harassed in Pakistani schools and their religious practices are mocked.[205] The Indian government is planning to issue Aadhaar cards and PAN cards to Pakistani Hindu refugees, and simplifying the process by which they can acquire Indian citizenship.[206] In 2019, India passed the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 that allows the persecuted Pakistani Hindus and Sikhs who arrived in India before the end of December 2014 to obtain Indian citizenship.[207][208]

Discrimination and attacks

Jogendranath Mandal, Pakistan's first minister of Law and Labour, left for India in 1950, 3 years after taking office, citing anti-Hindu bias by the bureaucracy.[209] He quoted, “I have come to the conclusion that Pakistan is no place for Hindus to live in and that their future is darkened by the ominous shadow of conversion or liquidation”.[210]

Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985—a policy originally proposed by Islamist leader Abul A'la Maududi. Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process, but the policy had strong support from Islamists.[211] Until 1999, when former military chief Pervez Musharaf overthrew Nawaz Sharif's government, non-Muslims had dual voting rights in the general elections that allowed them to not only vote for Muslim candidates on general seats, but also for their own non-Muslim candidates.[212]

In the aftermath of the Babri Masjid demolition, widespread violence erupted against Hindus.[213][214] Shops owned by Hindus were also attacked in Sukkur, Sindh. Hindu homes and temples were also attacked in Quetta.[23][215]

In December 2020, a mob in Karak District attacked and set fire to a Hindu temple which was originally demolished in 1997 before being restored by the Pakistan Supreme Court in 2017. The head of the Pakistan Hindu Council, Ramesh Kumar Vankwani stated "“We will stage a protest in front of the Supreme Court against the attack on our temple which is one of the four largest holy sites of the Hindu community in Pakistan.”[216] Religious discrimination remains common to this day throughout the country, and Pakistan has been designated a 'Country of Particular Concern' by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) for engaging in or tolerating "systematic, ongoing, egregious violations of religious freedom".[217]

The rise of Taliban insurgency in Pakistan has been an influential and increasing factor in the persecution of and non-Muslims in Pakistan.[218][219][220][221] Between 2011 and 2012, twenty three Hindus were kidnapped for ransom and 13 Hindus were killed as a part of targeted killings of non-Muslims.[104] In January 2014, a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down.[222] Pakistan's Supreme Court has sought a report from the government on its efforts to ensure access for the minority Hindu community to temples – the Karachi bench of the apex court was hearing applications against the alleged denial of access to the members of the minority community.[223][224][225]

Former Pakistan cricketer Danish Kaneria recently alleged mistreatment by team members and management for being a Hindu.[226]

Islamic curriculum

 
A woman reciting the Bhagvad Gita at the Sadh Belo temple.

According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report, "Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible".[227]

A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace, a non-profit organization, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious", the report stated.[228][229][230][231]

In 1975, Islamiat or Islamic studies was made compulsory, resulting that a large number of minority students being forced to study Islamic Studies.[232][233] In 2015, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government introduced Ethics as an alternative subject to Islamiat for non-Muslim school children in the province[234] followed by Sindh in 2016.[232]

Hindu students are often forced to study as per the Islamic curriculum.[citation needed] It has been reported that students are taught hatred against the Hindus in Pakistan's school.[235][236]

In 2021, Single National Curriculum (SNC) was adopted by the Pakistan government in which instead of Islamiat for Muslims, the Non-Muslim students belonging to Hindu, Christian, Sikh, Kalash and Bahai religions will be taught separate books on their religion separately.[237]

As per the new Curriculum, Hindu students from Grade 1 to 5 will study about Om symbol, Dharma, Moksha, Karma yoga, Bhakti yoga, arti song Om Jai jagdhesh with meaning, Hindu celebrations (like Ram Navmi, Diwali, Cheti Chand, Janmashtami), Hindu deities (like Ganesh, Jhulelal, Sita) Prahlad pictorial life story of Ram, Krishna, Hindu Saints like Valmiki, Mira Bai, Kabir das, Tulsi das; Sacred places of Hindus in Pakistan like Sant Nenuram Ashram, Sadhu Bela, Hinglaj Mata Mandir etc.[238] The Brookings Institution, in a recent report evaluating the SNC, points to the phenomenon of isomorphic mimicry in which developing states “pretend to do the reforms that look like the kind of reforms that successful countries do” without actually changing much. SNC also aims at mainstreaming madrassas, which might lead to spilling over of extremist and more theological subjects into formal schools.[239]

Prominent Pakistani Hindus

 
Danish Kaneria, Pakistani cricketer and notable member of Pakistani Hindu community.
 
Rana Hamir Singh

Modern-day Pakistan

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,[84]: 42 [c] Sindh,[85]: 28  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,[86]: 22 [d] Balochistan,[87]: 13–18  Azad Jammu and Kashmir,[88]: 337–352 [e] and Gilgit–Baltistan.[88]: 337–352 [f]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Figures are taken from 1901 to 1961 religious composition estimations in 1961 census (Volume 1 – page 24 of Part II – Statement 2.19) for West Pakistan, as the area that composes the contemporary nation of Pakistan corresponds with the historical administrative unit of West Pakistan. Sources:[55]: 93–94 [56]: 20–21 
  3. ^ a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:[84]: 42 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  4. ^ a b c Religious data only collected in North West Frontier Province, and not in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Total responses to religion includes North West Frontier Province, and total population includes both North West Frontier Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later amalgamated to become Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
  5. ^ a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1941 census data here:[88]: 337–352 
  6. ^ a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of one district (Astore) and one agency (Gilgit) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1941 census data here:[88]: 337–352 

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Further reading

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hinduism in Pakistan.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Hinduism in Pakistan.
  • . DailyPak Times. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  • "Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan". BBC News.
  • "In pictures: Hindus in Pakistan, Prayers offered". BBC News.
  • "Assessment for Hindus in Pakistan". CID.cm. from the original on 1 February 2009.
  • "Tharpakar: Hindu majority district in Pakistan!".
  • "Discrimination and persecution of Hindus in Pakistan". United Nations Human Rights Council.

May 18, 2023
hinduism, pakistan, hinduism, second, largest, religious, affiliation, pakistan, after, islam, while, hinduism, dominant, faiths, region, centuries, back, today, hindus, account, pakistan, population, million, people, according, 2017, pakistan, census, althoug. Hinduism is the second largest religious affiliation in Pakistan after Islam 4 While Hinduism was one of the dominant faiths in the region a few centuries back 5 6 7 today Hindus account for 2 14 of Pakistan s population or 4 4 million people according to the 2017 Pakistan Census although Pakistan Hindu Council has claimed that there are 8 million Hindus living in Pakistan making up 4 of the country s population 1 8 The Umerkot district has the highest percentage of Hindu residents in the country at 52 2 while Tharparkar district has the most Hindus in absolute numbers at 714 698 9 10 Pakistani HindusHawan at Shri Hinglaj Mata temple during Hinglaj YatraTotal population4 4 million 2017 Census 2 14 of Pakistan s population 1 2 Regions with significant populationsSindh 4 176 986 8 7 Punjab 211 641 0 2 Balochistan 49 133 0 4 ReligionsHinduism of all sectsScripturesVedas Upanishads and Bhagavad GitaLanguagesSanskrit holy 3 Sindhi Punjabi Seraiki Marwari Hindko Gujarati and others including Aer Dhatki Gera Goaria Gurgula Jandavra Kabutra Koli Loarki Sansi and Vaghri Before the partition according to the 1941 census Hindus constituted 14 6 of the population in West Pakistan which is now Pakistan a and 28 of the population in East Pakistan now Bangladesh 11 12 13 After Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj 4 7 million of West Pakistan s Hindus and Sikhs moved to India as refugees 14 And in the first census afterwards in 1951 Hindus made up 1 6 of the total population of West Pakistan now Pakistan and 22 of East Pakistan now Bangladesh 15 16 17 Hindus in Pakistan are primarily concentrated in Sindh where the majority of Hindu enclaves are found in Pakistan 18 They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi Seraiki Aer Dhatki Gera Goaria Gurgula Jandavra Kabutra Koli Loarki Marwari Sansi Vaghri 19 and Gujarati 20 Many Hindus especially in the rural areas follow the teachings of local Sufi pirs Urdu spiritual guide or adhere to the 14th century saint Ramdevji whose main temple Shri Ramdev Pir temple is located in Tando Allahyar A growing number of urban Hindu youth in Pakistan associate themselves with ISKCON society 21 Other communities worship manifold Mother Goddesses as their clan or family patrons 26 A different branch the Nanakpanth follows the teachings of the Guru Granth Sahib also known as the holy book of the Sikhs This diversity especially in rural Sindh often thwarts classical definitions between Hinduism Sikhism and Islam 27 Though the Constitution of Pakistan provides equal rights to all citizens and is not supposed to discriminate between anyone on the basis of caste creed or religion Islam remains the State religion giving more privileges to Muslims than to Hindus and other religious minorities 28 There have been numerous cases of violence and discrimination against Hindus along with other minorities 29 There have also been cases of violence and ill treatment of Hindus due to strict Blasphemy laws 30 One of the most important places of worship for Hindus in Pakistan is the shrine of Shri Hinglaj Mata temple in Balochistan 31 32 The annual Hinglaj Yatra is the largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan 33 Out of 365 Hindu temples in Pakistan 13 are being managed by the Evacuee Trust Property Board leaving the responsibility of 65 to the Hindu community clarification needed Contents 1 History 1 1 Prior to the 1947 Partition of India 1 1 1 Origins 1 1 2 Pre Islamic period 1 1 3 Early Muslim conquests and invasion of Sindh 1 2 Post independence period 1947 present 2 Demographics 2 1 1941 census 2 1 1 Population by province 2 2 2017 census 2 2 1 Population by province 2 2 2 Population by district 2 2 3 Population controversy 3 Religious conversions 3 1 Forced Conversion of Minority Hindu girls to Islam 3 2 Conversions to Christianity 3 3 Incentivized Conversion to Islam 4 Social religious and political institutions 5 In Pakistani law and politics 6 Hindu communities 6 1 Sindhi Hindus 6 2 Tamil Hindus 6 3 Kalasha people 6 4 Nanakpanthis 6 5 Balmiki Hindus 6 6 Pashtun Hindus 6 7 Punjabi Hindus 7 Community life and status 7 1 Education and literacy rates 7 2 Hindu marriage acts and laws 8 Temples 8 1 Reopened temples 8 2 Major Pilgrimage centres 8 3 Riots attacks and destruction of temples 9 Religious persecution 9 1 Targeted sexual harassment 9 2 Discrimination and attacks 9 3 Islamic curriculum 10 Prominent Pakistani Hindus 10 1 Modern day Pakistan 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksHistory EditSee also History of Hinduism Indus Valley Civilisation and Vedic civilisation Prior to the 1947 Partition of India Edit Hinglaj Mata Mandir Cave entrance Extent of the Indus Valley Civilization sites Origins Edit The Pashupati seal Pakistan was the fulcrum of Indus Valley Civilization one of the oldest civilizations in the world It is assumed that the Pashupati image of Mohenjo daro evolved to be worshipped as Shiva and the Mother Goddess as Shakti 34 Various archaeological finds such as the Swastika symbol and Yogic postures from Indus Valley Civilization also point to early influences that may have shaped Hinduism 35 The religious beliefs and folklore of the Indus valley people have become a major part of the Hindu faith that evolved in this part of the South Asia 36 Later during the Vedic period the Rig Veda the oldest Hindu text is believed to have been composed in the Punjab region of modern day Pakistan and India on the banks of the Indus River around 1500 BCE 37 The Sindh kingdom and its rulers play an important role in the Indian epic story of the Mahabharata In addition a Hindu legend states that the Pakistani city of Lahore was first founded by Lava while Kasur was founded by his twin Kusha both of whom were the sons of Lord Rama of the Ramayana The Gandhara kingdom of the northwest and the legendary Gandhara people are also a major part of Hindu literature such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata Many Pakistani city names such as Peshawar and Multan have Sanskrit roots 38 39 Pre Islamic period Edit The Vedic period 1500 500 BCE was characterised by an Indo Aryan culture during this period the Vedas the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism were composed and this culture later became well established in the region 40 Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandharan city of Takṣasila now Taxila in the Punjab which was founded around 1000 BCE 41 Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region the Persian Achaemenid Empire around 519 BCE Alexander s empire in 326 BCE and the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great until 185 BCE The Indo Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria 180 165 BCE included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander 165 150 BCE prospering the Greco Buddhist culture in the region 42 Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world which was established during the late Vedic period in 6th century BCE 43 The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was provided on an individualistic basis The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE 44 At its zenith the Rai Dynasty 489 632 CE of Sindh ruled this region and the surrounding territories 45 The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire which under Dharmapala and Devapala stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan Early Muslim conquests and invasion of Sindh Edit After the conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim and the loss of Raja Dahir Islamization in Pakistan started and the population of Hindus started declining 46 After that many other Islamic conquests in Indian subcontinent entered through the Pakistan s region including that of Ghaznavids Ghurids and Delhi Sultanate due to which the Buddhists and Hindus were converted to Islam 47 In the era of Mughal Empire the land of Pakistan became a Muslim majority area 48 Post independence period 1947 present Edit See also Pakistan Movement and Sindhis in India The Swaminarayan Temple in Karachi was a departure point for those migrating to India after independence At the time of Pakistan s creation the two nation theory had been espoused According to this theory the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India 49 50 Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan stated in an address to the constituent assembly of Pakistan You will find that in course of time Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims will cease to be Muslims not in the religious sense because that is the personal faith of each individual but in the political sense as the citizens of the State 51 However Khawaja Nazimuddin the 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan stated I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights no matter what his caste creed or faith be 52 After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 over 4 7 million Hindus and Sikhs from West Pakistan left for India and 6 5 million Muslims chose to migrate to Pakistan 14 The reasons for this exodus were the heavily charged communal atmosphere in British Raj deep distrust of each other the brutality of violent mobs and the antagonism between the religious communities 53 That over 1 million people lost their lives in the bloody violence of 1947 should attest to the fear and hate that filled the hearts of millions of Hindus Muslims and Sikhs who left ancestral homes hastily after independence 54 Demographics EditHindu population in PakistanYearPop p a 19012 327 000 b 19112 267 000 b 0 26 19212 523 000 b 1 08 19313 115 000 b 2 13 19413 931 961 a 2 36 1951531 131 18 14 1961600 320 1 23 19811 276 116 3 84 19901 723 251 3 39 19982 443 614 4 46 20174 444 870 3 20 Hindus were counted separately as Hindu jati and Hindu Scheduled Castes in 1998 and 2017 CensusSource 55 93 94 56 20 21 a 57 12 21 58 59 1 60 13 61 62 Hinduism in Pakistan by decades 1 59 63 58 Year Percent Increase1901 17 07 b 1911 14 09 b 2 98 1921 14 80 b 0 71 1931 14 61 b 0 19 1941 14 58 a 0 03 1951 1 58 57 12 21 13 0 1961 1 4 0 18 1981 1 5 0 1 1998 1 85 0 35 2017 2 14 0 29 The 1961 Census of Pakistan Volume 1 page 24 of Part II Statement 2 19 released historical estimates to the nearest thousandth on the religious composition of the country for 60 years prior by amalgamating figures from administrative divisions that would ultimately compose regions situated in West Pakistan contemporary Pakistan taken from past decadal censuses in British India b These historical census estimates detailed that Hindus numbered approximately 2 327 000 persons and comprised roughly 17 1 percent of the total population in 1901 followed by a decline to around 2 267 000 persons or to 14 1 percent in 1911 b The Hindu population would rise to approximately 2 523 000 persons in 1921 with the share of the total population rising slightly to 14 8 percent prior to declining slightly to 14 6 percent in 1931 despite the total Hindu population growing to roughly 3 115 000 persons b Ergo in the absence of partition in 1947 and other anti social events that followed it is estimated the present day Pakistan Hindu population would be approximately 30 320 000 or 14 6 well above the current population of 4 44 million or 2 14 as reported in the 2017 Census of Pakistan 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 In the final census taken prior to partition in 1941 Hindus constituted 14 6 of the population in West Pakistan currently Pakistan a and 28 of the population in East Pakistan currently Bangladesh 12 13 After Pakistan gained independence from Britain on 14 August 1947 4 7 million of the country s Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India 14 In the 1951 census West Pakistan now Pakistan had 1 3 Hindu population while East Pakistan now Bangladesh had 22 05 71 72 73 During the same census Hindus constituted approximately 12 9 of the total population of Pakistan composing contemporary Pakistan and Bangladesh which represented the second largest Hindu population country after India 74 After 1971 Bangladesh separated from Pakistan and the population of Hindus and other Non Muslims declined in Pakistan as Bangladesh population was no longer part of the census conducted in Pakistan 75 The 1998 census of Pakistan recorded 2 443 614 Hindus which includes 332 343 scheduled caste Hindus which constitutes to 1 85 percentage of the total population of Pakistan 76 59 and about 7 5 in the Sindh province The 2017 census recorded 4 444 870 Hindus includes 849 614 scheduled caste Hindus which constituting 2 14 of the total population of Pakistan 62 1 However the Pakistan Hindu Council claims the Hindu population to be around 8 million as of 2020 77 In 1956 the government of Pakistan declared 32 castes and tribes the majority of them Hindus to be scheduled castes including Kohlis Meghawars and Bheels 78 79 The Pakistan Census separates the members of scheduled castes from Hindus and has assessed that they form 0 41 of the national population in 2017 census up from 0 25 in 1998 census 1 59 74 However the actual population of Scheduled Caste Hindus is expected to be much higher as the Scheduled Caste Hindus categorise themselves as Hindus in the census rather than as Scheduled Castes 80 As per the data from the Election Commission of Pakistan as of 2018 there were a total of 1 77 million Hindu voters Hindu voters were 49 of the total in Umerkot and 46 in Tharparkar 81 82 According to estimates in religious minorities in Pakistan s elections the Hindus have a population of 50 000 or more in 11 districts All of these are in Sindh except the Rahim Yar Khan District in Punjab 83 1941 census Edit Population by province Edit Further information Religion in Pakistan 1941 census West Punjab Religion North West Frontier Province Religion and Baluchistan Agency Religion According to the 1941 census the Hindu population in Pakistan comprised roughly 3 93 million persons or 14 6 percent of the total population a With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas all administrative divisions in the region that compose contemporary Pakistan collected religious data with a combined population of 26 970 214 for an overall response rate of 91 9 percent out of the total population of 29 347 813 as detailed in the table below a Hinduism in Pakistan by administrative division a Administrativedivision 1941 CensusHindu Population Hindu Percentage Total Responses Total PopulationPunjab 84 42 c 2 373 466 13 68 17 350 103 17 350 103Sindh 85 28 1 229 926 27 12 4 535 008 4 535 008Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 86 22 180 321 5 94 3 038 067 d 5 415 666 d AJK 88 337 352 e 93 559 8 72 1 073 154 1 073 154Balochistan 87 13 18 54 394 6 34 857 835 857 835Gilgit Baltistan 88 337 352 f 295 0 25 116 047 116 047Pakistan 3 931 961 14 58 26 970 214 29 347 8132017 census Edit Population by province Edit The percent of population of Hindus separating the scheduled castes from other Hindus in the provinces in Pakistan according to the 2017 census 62 89 Province Total Population Hindu Jati Scheduled Castes All Hindus Total Hindus Sindh 47 854 510 3 345 424 6 99 831 562 1 74 4 176 986 8 73 94 Balochistan 12 335 129 45 627 0 37 3 506 0 03 49 133 0 4 1 1 Punjab 109 989 655 198 251 0 18 13 390 0 012 211 641 0 2 4 76 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 35 501 964 5 392 0 015 981 0 003 6 373 0 018 0 143 Islamabad Capital Territory 2 003 368 562 0 028 175 0 0087 737 0 0367 0 166 Pakistan total 207 684 626 3 595 256 1 73 849 614 0 41 4 444 870 2 14 100 00 Population by district Edit Hindu Proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Umerkot district 52 15 is the only Hindu majority district in Pakistan Tharparkar district has the highest population of Hindus in terms of absolute terms The four districts Umerkot Tharparkar Mirpurkhas and Sanghar hosts more than half of the Hindu population in Pakistan 90 All districts with a Hindu population greater than 1 according to the 2017 census In other districts the population of Hindus is less than 1 90 Administrative Unit District Percentage of HindusSindhUmerkot 54 53 Tharparkar 43 39 Mirpurkhas 38 74 Tando Allahyar 34 17 Badin 23 61 Tando Muhammad Khan 22 25 Sanghar 21 79 Matiari 16 66 Hyderabad 8 22 Ghotki 6 19 Karachi South 4 01 Jamshoro 3 87 Shaheed Benazirabad 3 86 Sukkur 3 55 Kashmore 3 22 Thatta 3 Sujawal District 2 91 Khairpur 2 76 Jacobabad 2 16 Malir 1 77 Naushahro Feroze 1 64 Larkana 1 45 Shikarpur 1 4 Karachi East 1 38 Punjab Rahim Yar Khan 3 12 Bahawalpur 1 12 Balochistan Sibi 2 4 Lasbela 1 58 Jaffarabad 1 34 Kacchi 1 04 Mastung 1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat 1 Population controversy Edit The official number of Hindus living in Pakistan is about 4 5 million or approx 2 15 as per 2017 census conducted by Pakistan government authority 91 However at different time some of the demographic experts of Pakistan Hindu council as well as various Hindu politicians have given numbers based on their estimation research which have led to various controversies 92 Pakistan has been accused on undercounting minority population over the decades Karachi Supreme Court attorney Neel Keshav claimed that the Hindu population in Pakistan is likely to be much higher as reported by Pakistan Today newspaper Neel Keshav further claimed that the 1998 census data showed a Hindu population of nearly 2 million While the new census showed that it had only risen to 3 5 million in 20 years which throws a light possibility of undercounting Hindu population 93 94 Number of Hindus residing in Pakistan as an estimation research of 2019 21 Source claimed by Population Year of claimedPakistan Hindu Council 95 8 000 000 2020Gulf News U A E based 96 8 800 000 2019The Economic Times according to an official estimation 97 7 500 000 2021According to Hindu community of Pakistan 97 9 000 000 2021Claimed by Mangla Sharma member provincial assembly MPA from Muttahida Quami Movement Pakistan MQM P 98 10 000 000 2020Religious conversions EditForced Conversion of Minority Hindu girls to Islam Edit Main article Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan Protest against forced conversion of Hindu girls conducted by Pakistan Hindu Council One of the biggest issues the Hindu community faces in Pakistan is the forced conversion of minor Hindu girls to Islam the number of such conversions according to one highest estimate is up to 1 000 per year 99 100 101 The girls are usually kidnapped by complicit acquaintances and relatives or men looking for brides Sometimes they are taken by powerful landlords as payment for outstanding debts by their farmhand parents and the authorities often look the other way 102 In one case a landlord abducted a Hindu daughter from a farm worker and falsely claimed the teen was compensation for a 1 000 debt that the family owed him 103 Religious institutions and persons like Abdul Haq Mitthu Mian politician and caretaker of Bharachundi Sharif Dargah in Ghotki district and Pir Ayub Jan Sirhindi the caretaker of Dargah pir sarhandi in Umerkot District support forced conversions and are known to have support and protection of ruling political parties of Sindh 104 105 106 According to the National Commission of Justice and Peace and the Pakistan Hindu Council PHC around 1000 non Muslim minority women are converted to Islam and then forcibly married off This practice is being reported increasingly in the districts of Tharparkar Umerkot and Mirpur Khas in Sindh 105 107 In November 2016 a bill against forced conversion was passed unanimously by the Sindh Provisional Assembly However the bill failed to make it into law as the Governor returned the bill The Bill was effectively blocked by political parties like the Council of Islamic Ideology and Jamaat e Islami 108 In 2019 a bill against forced conversion was proposed by Hindu politicians in the Sindh assembly but was turned down by the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party lawmakers 109 Conversions to Christianity Edit There are also Irish Christian missionaries and Ahmadiyya missionaries operating in the Thar region The Christian and Ahmadi missionaries offer impoverished Hindus schools health clinics etc as an inducement for those who convert 18 Korean Christian missionaries are also very active in Sindh who have built schools from Badin to Tharparkar 110 Korean Christian missionaries have converted more than 1 000 Hindu families in 2012 alone According to the Sono Kangharani a member of the Pakistan Dalit Network the Korean missionaries have been active in the area since 2011 and these missionaries don t focus on individuals but they convert entire villages According to him about 200 to 250 Hindu villages were converted in the last two and a half years between 2014 and 2016 104 Incentivized Conversion to Islam Edit Many Hindus are induced to convert to Islam for easily getting Watan Cards and National Identification Cards These converts were also given land and money For example 428 poor Hindus in Matli were converted between 2009 and 2011 by the Madrassa Baitul Islam a Deobandi seminary in Matli which pays off the debts of Hindus converting to Islam 111 Another example is the conversion of 250 Hindus to Islam in Chohar Jamali area in Thatta 112 Conversions are also carried out by Baba Deen Mohammad Shaikh mission which converted 108 000 people to Islam since 1989 113 Social religious and political institutions Edit Festival of Holi in Lahore The Pakistan Hindu Panchayat Pakistan Hindu Council Pakistan Hindu Youth Council 114 and the Pakistani Hindu Welfare Association are the primary civic organizations that represent and organise Hindu communities on social economic religious and political issues in most of the country with the exception of the Shiv Temple Society of Hazara which especially represents community interests in the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in addition to being the special guardians of the Shiva temple at Chitti Gatti village near Mansehra The Pakistan Hindu Council runs 13 schools across Tharparkar and also conducts mass wedding of poor Hindu couples 115 116 The Dalit Sujag Tehreek is a Scheduled Caste Hindu movement representing the scheduled caste Hindu communities like Kolhi Bheel Meghwar Oad Bhagri etc 117 ISKCON also has a presence in Pakistan It is involved in preaching and distributing Urdu translated Bhagavad Gita It has a large following among the Scheduled Caste Hindus in Urban areas of Pakistan There is a significant increase in the influence of Iskcon due to its rejection of caste system 118 Iskcon has been conducting Rathayatras since 2015 119 There was a Ministry of Minority Affairs in the Government of Pakistan which looked after specific issues concerning Pakistani religious minorities In 2011 the Government of Pakistan closed the Ministry of Minority Affairs 120 121 And a new ministry Ministry for National Harmony was formed for the protection of the rights of the minorities in Pakistan 122 But in 2013 the Ministry of National Harmony was merged with the Ministry of Religious Affairs despite opposition from the minorities 123 In Pakistani law and politics EditThe Constitution s Article 51 2A provides 10 reserved seats for non Muslims in the National Assembly 23 reserved seats for non Muslims in the four provincial assemblies under Article 106 124 and four seats for non Muslims in the Senate of Pakistan 83 Conventionally Hindus were allotted 4 or 5 seats The number of national Assembly seats were increased from 207 in 1997 to 332 in 2002 But the number of non Muslim reserved seats were not increased from 10 Similarly the number of seats in Provincial Assembly of Sindh and Punjab were increased from 100 to 159 and 240 to 363 respectively but the non Muslim reserved seats were not increased 79 Although a bill for increasing minorities seats was introduced by Ramesh Kumar Vankwani it was not passed 125 Political parties Jamiat Ulema e Islam F party is against giving reserved seats for minorities 126 In 1980s Zia ul Haq introduced a system under which non Muslims could vote for only candidates of their own religion Seats were reserved for minorities in the national and provincial assemblies Government officials stated that the separate electorates system is a form of affirmative action designed to ensure minority representation and that efforts are underway to achieve a consensus among religious minorities on this issue but critics argued that under this system Muslim candidates no longer had any incentive to pay attention to the minorities Hindu community leader Sudham Chand protested against the system but was murdered In 1999 Pakistan abolished this system Hindus and other minorities achieved a rare political victory in 2002 with the removal of separate electorates for Muslims and non Muslims The separate electorate system had marginalized non Muslims by depriving them of adequate representation in the assemblies The Pakistan Hindu Welfare Association was active by convening a national conference on the issue in December 2000 And in 2001 Hindus Christians and Ahmadis successfully conducted a partial boycott of the elections culminating in the abolishment of the separate electorate system in 2002 This allowed religious minorities to vote for mainstream seats in the National and Provincial assemblies rather than being confined to voting for only minority seats Despite the victory however Hindus still remain largely disenfranchised 127 In 2006 Ratna Bhagwandas Chawla became the first Hindu woman elected to the Senate of Pakistan 128 Although there is reservation of seats for women in Pakistan National Assembly not a single seat was allotted for non Muslim women till 2018 In 2018 Krishna Kumari Kohli a Hindu woman became the first non Muslim woman to win a women s reserved seat in Senate of Pakistan 129 In 2018 Pakistan general election Mahesh Kumar Malani became the first Hindu candidate who won a general seat in Pakistan National Assembly 2018 He won the seat from Tharparkar II and thus became the first non Muslim to win a general seat non reserved in Pakistan national assembly 130 In the Sindh provincial assembly election which took place along with the Pakistan National Assembly election 2018 Hari Ram Kishori Lal and Giyan Chand Essrani were elected from the Sindh provincial assembly seats They became the first non Muslims to win a general seat non reserved in a provincial assembly election 131 Hindu communities EditSindhi Hindus Edit Main article Sindhi Hindus Tamil Hindus Edit Main article Tamils in Pakistan Tamil Hindus celebrating a religious festival in karachi Hindu children at Mandir during prayer Some Tamil Hindu families migrated to Pakistan in the early 20th century when Karachi was developed during the British Raj and were later joined by Sri Lankan Tamils who arrived during the Sri Lankan Civil War The Madrasi Para area is home to around 100 Tamil Hindu families The Maripata Mariamman Temple which has been demolished was the biggest Tamil Hindu temple in Karachi 132 The Drigh Road and Korangi also have a small Tamil Hindu population 133 Kalasha people Edit Main article Kalash people The Kalasha people practice a religion which is based on an older set of mountain beliefs but which has some vedic influence alongside animism and shamanism 134 135 Though having some cultural and religious similarities to the Hindus they are considered a separate ethnic religion people by the government of Pakistan 136 They reside in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province 137 Nanakpanthis Edit Main article Nanakpanthi Nanakpanthi are Hindus who revere Guru Nanak the founder of Sikhism along with Hindu gods Today a large fraction of Sindhi Hindus consider themselves Nanakpanthi 138 Balmiki Hindus Edit Main article Balmiki Hindus of Pakistan The Valmiki or Balmikis are Hindu worshippers of Valmiki the author of The Ramayana Most Valmiki Hindus converted to either Christianity or Islam after the partition However many of those who converted still worship Valmiki and celebrate Valmiki Jayanti 139 140 The most important centre for worship of Valmikis in Pakistan is Valmiki Mandir in Lahore 141 Most of the Balmikis or Valmikis belonged to the Schedule Caste 142 Pashtun Hindus Edit Main articles Hindu Pathans in India and Pashtuns Religion In the early times before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan most of the modern day Pashtun people belonged to the Hindu Religion 143 Though due to the repeated Islamic invasion in the Pakhtun areas most of them have converted to Islam or migrated to other parts of the Asia 144 Still there is a small Pashtun Hindu community known as the Sheen Khalai meaning blue skinned referring to the color of Pashtun women s facial tattoos migrated to Unniara Rajasthan India after partition 145 Prior to 1947 the community resided in the Quetta Loralai and Maikhter regions of the British Indian province of Baluchistan 146 They are mainly members of the Pashtun Kakar tribe Today they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the Attan dance 145 Punjabi Hindus Edit Main articles Punjabi Hindus and Hindu punjabis of Punjab There is a small population of Punjabi Hindus living in the Punjab province of Pakistan most notably in Lahore where there are some 200 Hindu families 147 148 Though most of the Punjabis were Hindu in the 1900s and many migrated to India after the partition of the India and Pakistan in 1947 149 In the modern times most of the Punjabi Hindus are settled in United States Germany England Canada and Australia due to their mass migration or diaspora 150 A small proportion of Afghan Punjabis are also there in Pakistan in Balochistan and Punjab majority of them are Hindus who migrated from Afghanistan mainly after conflict due to the persecution of Taliban and religious fanatics 151 Community life and status Edit Umarkot Shiv Mandir in Umarkot is famous for the three day Shivarathri celebration which is attended by around 250 000 people 152 According to a study the majority of the scheduled caste Hindus 79 in Pakistan have experienced discrimination The discrimination is higher in Southern Punjab 86 5 compared to the rest of the country The study found that majority 91 5 of the respondents in Rahimyar Khan Bahawalpur Tharparkar and Umerkot districts believed that political parties are not giving importance to them 153 79 In Balochistan province Hindus are relatively more secure and face less religious persecution The tribal chiefs in Balochistan particularly the Jams of Lasbela and Bugti of Dera Bugti consider non Muslims like Hindus as members of their own extended family and allows religious freedom They have never forced Hindus to convert Also in Balochistan Hindu places of worship are proportionate to their population For example between Uthal and Bela jurisdiction in Lasbela District there are 18 temples for 5 000 Hindus living in the area which is an indicator of religious freedom 154 However in Khuzdar District and Kalat District Hindus face discrimination 155 In Peshawar capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Hindus enjoy religious freedom and live peacefully alongside the Muslims The city of Peshawar today is home to four Hindu tribes the Balmiks the Rajputs the Heer Ratan Raths and the Bhai Joga Singh Gurdwara community Since partition the four tribes have lived in harmony with all religious communities including Muslims However there is the lack of upkeep of the dilapidated Hindu temples in the city The local government always fails to assign caretakers and priests at temples 156 But in other parts of Kyber Pakhtunkhwa like Buner Swat and Aurakzai Agencies Hindu and Sikh families have been targeted by Taliban for failing to pay Jizya religious tax and due to this more than 150 Sikhs and Hindu families in Pakistan s have moved to Hasan Abdal and Rawalpindi in Punjab in 2009 157 In central Punjab Hindus are a small minority After the partition Hindus have been converting to Islam under pressure particularly in Doda village near Sargodha Due to the low population of Hindus in the Central Punjab many of the Hindus have married Sikhs and vice versa Intermarriages between the Hindus and Sikhs are very common there 155 The Indus river is a holy river to many Hindus and the Government of Pakistan periodically allows small groups of Hindus from India to make pilgrimage and take part in festivities in Sindh 158 and Punjab 159 Rich Pakistani Hindus go to India and release their loved ones remains into the Ganges Those who cannot afford the trip go to Churrio Jabal Durga Mata temple in Nagarparkar 160 Education and literacy rates Edit According to Pakistan s National Council for Justice and Peace NCJP report the average literacy rate among Hindu upper caste is 34 percent Hindu scheduled castes is 19 percent compared to the national average of 46 56 percent 161 According to a 2013 survey conducted by the Pakistan Hindu Seva Welfare Trust the literacy rate among scheduled caste Hindus in Pakistan is just 16 The survey noted that majority of the scheduled caste Hindu families don t send their girl children to schools due to the fear of forced conversion 162 Hindu marriage acts and laws Edit Main article Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan A Hindu marriage in Pakistan There are two laws governing Hindu marriages Sindh Hindu Marriage act of 2016 applicable only in the Sindh province Hindu marriage act of 2017 applicable in Islamabad Capital Territory Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces However there are no laws and amendments made to register a marriage between two Hindus from one Province to another Islamabad Capital Territory Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab 163 The Sindh Hindu Marriage Bill was passed by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh in February 2016 This was the first Hindu Marriage act in Pakistan 164 165 166 It was amended in 2018 to include divorce rights remarriage rights and financial security of the wife and children after divorce 167 At federal level a Hindu Marriage Bill was proposed in 2016 which was unanimously approved by the National Assembly of Pakistan in 2016 168 169 and by the Senate of Pakistan in 2017 170 In March 2017 the Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain signed the Hindu Marriage Bill and thereby making it a law Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif also mentioned that the marriage registrars will be established in areas where Hindus stay 171 However many have criticised the Clause 12 iii of the Hindu Marriage Bill which says that a marriage will be annulled if any of the spouses converts to another religion 165 Temples EditMain article List of Hindu temples in Pakistan The Katas Raj Temples surrounding a sacred pond in Punjab The Communal violence of the 1940s and the subsequent persecutions have resulted in the destruction of many Hindu temples in Pakistan although the Hindu community and the Government of Pakistan have preserved and protected many prominent ones Some ancient Hindu temples in Pakistan draw devotees from across faiths including Muslims 172 According to a survey there were 428 Hindu temples in Pakistan at the time of Partition and 408 of them were now turned into toy stores restaurants government offices and schools 25 Among these 11 temples are in Sindh four in Punjab three in Balochistan and two in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa However in November 2019 government of Pakistan started the restoration process for 400 Hindu temples in Pakistan After restoration the temples will be reopened to Hindus in Pakistan 25 The Pamwal Das Shiv Mandir centuries old historic temple in Baghdadi area of Lyari Town was illegally turned into a Muslim Pir and slaughterhouse for cows by Muslim clerics with the help of Baghdadi police after making series of attacks on Hindu families living in the area 173 174 175 The 135 000 acres of temple land is now controlled by the Evacuee Trust Property Board The historic Kali Bari Hindu Temple has been rented out to a Muslim party in Dera Ismail Khan who converted the temple into a Hotel The Holy Shiv Temple in Kohat has been converted into a government primary school The Raam Kunde Complex of Temples at Saidpur village in Islamabad is now a picnic site Another temple at Rawal Dam in Islamabad has been shut down and the Hindu community believes that the temple is going to dilapidate day by day without being handed over to them In Punjab a Hindu temple at Rawalpindi was destroyed and reconstructed to use as a community centre while in Chakwal the Bhuwan temple complex is being used by the local Muslim community for commercial purposes 176 Reopened temples Edit Shawala Teja Singh Temple after Renovation by the Government The Goraknath Temple which was closed in the 1947 was reopened in 2011 after a court ruling which ordered the Evacuee Trust Property Board to open it 177 178 179 180 Some temples were reopened and renovated in a public private partnership like the Darya Lal Mandir in Karachi 181 In 2019 the Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan said that his government will reclaim and restore 400 temples to Hindus 182 Following this the 1 000 Year Old Shivala Teja Singh temple in Sialkot which was closed for 72 years 183 and a 100 year old Hindu temple in Balochistan was reopened 184 Major Pilgrimage centres Edit Shri Hinglaj Mata temple Shakti peetha in Pakistan 185 The annual Hinglaj Yatra is the largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan More than 250 000 people take part in the Hinglaj Yathra during the spring 186 Shri Ramdev Pir temple in Tando Allahyar District in Sindh The annual Ramdevpir mela in the temple is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan 187 Umarkot Shiv Mandir The three day Shivrathri festival in the temple is famous It is one of the biggest religious festivals in the country It is attended by around 250 000 people All the expenses were borne by the Pakistan Hindu Panchayat 188 Churrio Jabal Durga Mata Temple Famous for Shivrathri celebrations which is attended by 200 000 pilgrims Hindus cremate the dead and ashes are preserved till Shivratri for immersion in the into holy water in Churrio Jabal Durga Mata Temple 160 Riots attacks and destruction of temples Edit See also 2014 Larkana temple attack 2019 Ghotki riots and 2020 Karak temple attack In 2006 a Hindu temple in Lahore was destroyed to pave the way for construction of a multi storied commercial building When reporters from Pakistan based newspaper Dawn tried to cover the incident they were accosted by the henchmen of the property developer who denied that a Hindu temple existed at the site 189 In January 2014 a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down 190 25 March 2014 Express Tribune citing an All Pakistan Hindu Rights Movement PHRM survey said that 95 of all Hindu temples in Pakistan have been converted since 1990 Pakistanis attack Hindu temples if anything happens to any mosque in neighbouring India 191 In 2014 a Hindu temple and a dharmashala in Larkana district in Sindh was attacked by a crowd of Muslims 192 In 2019 three Hindu temples were vandalised in Ghotki district in Sindh over blasphemy accusations 193 In 2019 a Hindu temple Pakistan s southern Sindh province was vandalism by miscreants and they set fire to holy books and idols inside the temple 194 In January 2020 a Hindu temple in Chachro Tharparkar district in Sindh was vandalised by miscreants who desecrated the idols and set fire to holy scriptures 195 In December 2020 a Hindu temple in Teri village of Karak district was attacked and vandalised 196 In August 2021 a Hindu Temple in Rahim Yar Khan in Punjab province of Pakistan was attacked 197 198 by a Muslim Mob burning down parts of it and damaging idols Religious persecution EditThere has been a historical decline of Hinduism Buddhism and Sikhism in the areas of Pakistan This happened for a variety of reasons even as these religions have continued to flourish beyond the eastern frontiers of Pakistan The region became predominantly Muslim during the rule of Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire In general religious conversion was a gradual process though it is mostly attributed to the works of Sufis some converted to Islam to gain tax relief land grant marriage partners social and economic advancement 199 or freedom from slavery and some by force 200 The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Partition of India After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslims refugees from India migrated to Pakistan Approximately 4 7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India while 6 5 million Muslims settled in Pakistan Some Hindus in Pakistan feel that they are treated as second class citizens and many have continued to migrate to India 201 202 According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan data around 1 000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013 203 In May 2014 a member of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz PML N Dr Ramesh Kumar Vankwani revealed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that around 5 000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year 204 Targeted sexual harassment Edit Those Pakistani Hindus who have migrated to India allege that Hindu girls are sexually harassed in Pakistani schools and their religious practices are mocked 205 The Indian government is planning to issue Aadhaar cards and PAN cards to Pakistani Hindu refugees and simplifying the process by which they can acquire Indian citizenship 206 In 2019 India passed the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 that allows the persecuted Pakistani Hindus and Sikhs who arrived in India before the end of December 2014 to obtain Indian citizenship 207 208 Discrimination and attacks Edit Jogendranath Mandal Pakistan s first minister of Law and Labour left for India in 1950 3 years after taking office citing anti Hindu bias by the bureaucracy 209 He quoted I have come to the conclusion that Pakistan is no place for Hindus to live in and that their future is darkened by the ominous shadow of conversion or liquidation 210 Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985 a policy originally proposed by Islamist leader Abul A la Maududi Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county s political process but the policy had strong support from Islamists 211 Until 1999 when former military chief Pervez Musharaf overthrew Nawaz Sharif s government non Muslims had dual voting rights in the general elections that allowed them to not only vote for Muslim candidates on general seats but also for their own non Muslim candidates 212 In the aftermath of the Babri Masjid demolition widespread violence erupted against Hindus 213 214 Shops owned by Hindus were also attacked in Sukkur Sindh Hindu homes and temples were also attacked in Quetta 23 215 In December 2020 a mob in Karak District attacked and set fire to a Hindu temple which was originally demolished in 1997 before being restored by the Pakistan Supreme Court in 2017 The head of the Pakistan Hindu Council Ramesh Kumar Vankwani stated We will stage a protest in front of the Supreme Court against the attack on our temple which is one of the four largest holy sites of the Hindu community in Pakistan 216 Religious discrimination remains common to this day throughout the country and Pakistan has been designated a Country of Particular Concern by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom USCIRF for engaging in or tolerating systematic ongoing egregious violations of religious freedom 217 The rise of Taliban insurgency in Pakistan has been an influential and increasing factor in the persecution of and non Muslims in Pakistan 218 219 220 221 Between 2011 and 2012 twenty three Hindus were kidnapped for ransom and 13 Hindus were killed as a part of targeted killings of non Muslims 104 In January 2014 a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down 222 Pakistan s Supreme Court has sought a report from the government on its efforts to ensure access for the minority Hindu community to temples the Karachi bench of the apex court was hearing applications against the alleged denial of access to the members of the minority community 223 224 225 Former Pakistan cricketer Danish Kaneria recently alleged mistreatment by team members and management for being a Hindu 226 Islamic curriculum Edit A woman reciting the Bhagvad Gita at the Sadh Belo temple According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible 227 A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace a non profit organization found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus From the government issued textbooks students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious the report stated 228 229 230 231 In 1975 Islamiat or Islamic studies was made compulsory resulting that a large number of minority students being forced to study Islamic Studies 232 233 In 2015 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government introduced Ethics as an alternative subject to Islamiat for non Muslim school children in the province 234 followed by Sindh in 2016 232 Hindu students are often forced to study as per the Islamic curriculum citation needed It has been reported that students are taught hatred against the Hindus in Pakistan s school 235 236 In 2021 Single National Curriculum SNC was adopted by the Pakistan government in which instead of Islamiat for Muslims the Non Muslim students belonging to Hindu Christian Sikh Kalash and Bahai religions will be taught separate books on their religion separately 237 As per the new Curriculum Hindu students from Grade 1 to 5 will study about Om symbol Dharma Moksha Karma yoga Bhakti yoga arti song Om Jai jagdhesh with meaning Hindu celebrations like Ram Navmi Diwali Cheti Chand Janmashtami Hindu deities like Ganesh Jhulelal Sita Prahlad pictorial life story of Ram Krishna Hindu Saints like Valmiki Mira Bai Kabir das Tulsi das Sacred places of Hindus in Pakistan like Sant Nenuram Ashram Sadhu Bela Hinglaj Mata Mandir etc 238 The Brookings Institution in a recent report evaluating the SNC points to the phenomenon of isomorphic mimicry in which developing states pretend to do the reforms that look like the kind of reforms that successful countries do without actually changing much SNC also aims at mainstreaming madrassas which might lead to spilling over of extremist and more theological subjects into formal schools 239 Prominent Pakistani Hindus Edit Danish Kaneria Pakistani cricketer and notable member of Pakistani Hindu community Rana Hamir Singh Modern day Pakistan Edit Danish Kaneria Cricketer 240 Anil Dalpat first Hindu cricketer to play for Pakistan 241 Deepak Perwani Fashion designer Rana Bhagwandas Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan 242 Naveen Perwani Asian Games bronze medal winner and Sindh Snooker Cup winner 243 Ramesh Kumar Vankwani Politician and founder of Pakistan Hindu Council 244 Mahesh Kumar Malani First Hindu to win a general seat in the National Assembly of Pakistan 130 Suman Bodani the first Hindu woman to be appointed civil judge in Pakistan 245 Pushpa Kumari Kohli is the first Hindu woman to become a police officer in Pakistan 246 Veeru Kohli Human rights activist 247 Rana Chandra Singh former Federal Minister of Pakistan and founder of Pakistan Hindu Party 248 Rana Hamir Singh current ruler of Umerkot 249 Mehta Kelash Nath Kohli Former Chief Justice of Balochistan High Court and Later Chairman Balochistan Public Service Commission 250 Kelash Kumar Lieutenant Colonel Pakistan Army serving officer 251 Ratna Bhagwandas Chawla first Hindu woman elected to the Senate of Pakistan Krishna Kohli Member of the Senate of Pakistan Manisha Ropeta first Hindu woman Deputy Superintendent of Police in PakistanSee also EditReligion in Pakistan Hinglaj Mata mandir List of Hindu temples in Pakistan Pakistan Hindu Council Pakistan Hindu Panchayat Sikhism in Pakistan Sindhi Hindus Umarkot Shiv Mandir Hinduism in Punjab Pakistan Hinduism in Balochistan Hinduism in Sindh province Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Persecution of Hindus in PakistanNotes Edit a b c d e f g h 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan including Punjab 84 42 c Sindh 85 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 86 22 d Balochistan 87 13 18 Azad Jammu and Kashmir 88 337 352 e and Gilgit Baltistan 88 337 352 f a b c d e f g h i j k Figures are taken from 1901 to 1961 religious composition estimations in 1961 census Volume 1 page 24 of Part II Statement 2 19 for West Pakistan as the area that composes the contemporary nation of Pakistan corresponds with the historical administrative unit of West Pakistan Sources 55 93 94 56 20 21 a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Sheikhupura Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Attock Mianwali Montgomery Lyallpur Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District one princely state Bahawalpur and one tract Biloch Trans Frontier in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line See 1941 census data here 84 42 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab which also later included Bahawalpur The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab Pakistan a b c Religious data only collected in North West Frontier Province and not in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Total responses to religion includes North West Frontier Province and total population includes both North West Frontier Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas both administrative divisions which later amalgamated to become Khyber Pakhtunkhwa a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts Mirpur and Muzaffarabad and one Jagir Poonch in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan in the contemporary self administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir See 1941 census data here 88 337 352 a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of one district Astore and one agency Gilgit in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit Baltistan See 1941 census data here 88 337 352 References Edit a b c d e f Riazul Haq Shahbaz Rana 27 May 2018 Headcount finalised sans third party audit Archived from the original on 6 April 2023 Retrieved 23 January 2021 unknown due to dead link Gandhara News Retrieved 21 May 2021 dead link Khan Nyla Ali 2013 The Fiction of Nationality in an Era of Transnationalism Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 92304 4 Prior to the partition of India in 1947 into two separate nation states a group of Western educated Indian Muslims who constituted the Muslim League the pivotal Muslim political organization in undivided India ardently advocated the logical of creating a separate homeland for Indian Muslims There were also debates between the 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January 2023 Retrieved 19 March 2020 Within the subcontinent ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the majority provinces Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India In this regard it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that hostage Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India s good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority The inter religious dialogue Archived from the original on 1 November 2020 Retrieved 18 July 2018 Qasmi Ali Usman 2015 The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan Anthem Press p 149 ISBN 9781783084258 Nazim ud Din favored an Islamic state not just out of political expediency but also because of his deep religious belief in its efficacy and practicality Nazim ud Din commented I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights no matter what his caste creed or faith be Zamindar Vazira Fazila Yacoobali 2010 The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia Refugees Boundaries Histories Columbia University Press pp 40 ISBN 978 0 231 13847 5 Second it was feared that if an exchange of populations was agreed to in principle in Punjab there was likelihood of trouble breaking out in other parts of the subcontinent to force Muslims in the Indian Dominion to move to Pakistan If that happened we would find ourselves with inadequate land and other resources to support the influx Punjab could set a very dangerous precedent for the rest of the subcontinent Given that Muslims in the rest of India some 42 million formed a population larger than the entire population of West Pakistan at the time economic rationality eschewed such a forced migration However in divided Punjab millions of people were already on the move and the two governments had to respond to this mass movement Thus despite these important reservations the establishment of the MEO 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as police officer in Sindh Gulf news Archived from the original on 10 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Women activists stress need for transformative feminist leadership The Nation 20 November 2020 Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 8 December 2016 Hindu Leader Ex minister Chardar Singh is Dead Khaleej Times 3 August 2009 Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 Retrieved 3 August 2009 Pakistan s Royal Rajputs the Hindu rulers of Amarkot Estate Rabwah Times 4 July 2018 Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 Retrieved 6 February 2021 High Court of Balochistan gt Former Justices bhc gov pk Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 Retrieved 8 April 2023 Dawn com 25 February 2022 In a first Hindu army officer promoted to rank of lieutenant colonel DAWN COM Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 Retrieved 8 April 2023 230 https bhc gov pk judges former judges former justices 231 https www dawn com news 1677016Further reading EditAvari Burjor 2013 Islamic Civilization in South Asia A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 58061 8 Ispahani Farahnaz 2017 2015 Purifying the Land of the Pure Pakistan s Religious Minorities Oxford University Press Harper Collins India ISBN 978 0 190 62165 0 OCLC 1020480157 Bangash Yaqoob Khan 13 June 2016 Our vanishing Hindus The Express Tribune Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 Retrieved 12 June 2020 Malik Jamal 2008 Islam in South Asia A Short History BRILL ISBN 9789004168596 Allchin F Raymond 1993 The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India Pakistan Studies in the History of Art 31 69 81 JSTOR 42620473 Venkat Dhulipala 2015 Creating a New Medina State Power Islam and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 316 25838 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hinduism in Pakistan Wikiquote has quotations related to Hinduism in Pakistan Hindus demand reconstruction of all temples damaged in 1992 DailyPak Times Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan BBC News In pictures Hindus in Pakistan Prayers offered BBC News Assessment for Hindus in Pakistan CID cm Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 Tharpakar Hindu majority district in Pakistan Discrimination and persecution of Hindus in Pakistan United Nations Human Rights Council Portals Religion Pakistan Hinduism Asia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hinduism in Pakistan amp oldid 1154575885, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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