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Pathans in India

January 20, 2023

Pathans in India are citizens or residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. "Pathan" is the local Hindi-Urdu term for an individual who belongs to the Pashtun ethnic group, or descends from it.[6][7] The term additionally finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India.[8][9] Historically, the term "Afghan" was also synonymous with the Pathans.[10] The Pathans originate from the region straddling Pakistan and Afghanistan.[11][12]

Pathans in India
Total population
3.2 million (2018; AIPJH estimate)[1][2][3]
21,677 (2011 census figure of Pashto-speakers)[4]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Majority: Sunni Islam
Minority: Shia Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism
Related ethnic groups
Afghans in India
  • ^a The census figure only records individuals who speak Pashto as their first language, rather than the total number of individuals of full or partial Pashtun ancestry.[1]

There are varying estimates of the population of Pathan descent living in India, ranging from 3.2 million people per the All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind[1][2][3] to around 10 million.[13] Khan Mohammad Atif, an academic at the University of Lucknow, estimates that the total population of Pathans in India may be "twice their population in Afghanistan".[14] In the 2011 Census of India, 21,677 individuals reported Pashto as their mother tongue.[4]

Large-scale Pashtun migration into India began in the 11th and 12th centuries, as a result of the many Muslim empires and dynasties founded by Pashtuns on the Indian subcontinent.[13] Pashtuns also arrived as traders, officers, administrators, diplomats, travelers, religious saints and preachers,[5] students, and as soldiers serving in the armies of India's rulers. In many cases, migration and settlement occurred amongst whole clans.[15] Today, the Pathans are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across the length and breadth of India, with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of northern and central India.[13][15][14] Following the partition of India in 1947, many of them migrated to Pakistan.[13] The majority of Indian Pathans are Urdu-speaking communities,[13] who have assimilated into the local society over the course of generations.[16] Pathans have influenced and contributed to various fields in India, particularly politics, the entertainment industry and sports.[14]

History

The Pathans of India are a community who trace their ancestry to the Pashtun regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan.[11] The Pashtun homeland is located in Central Asia and the northwestern region of South Asia;[17] it roughly stretches from areas south of the Amu River in Afghanistan to west of the Indus River in Pakistan, mainly consisting of southwestern, eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in western Pakistan,[18] with the Durand Line acting as the border between the two countries.[11] The Hindu Kush mountains straddle the north of the region.[6][19] Geographically, the Pathans are an eastern Iranic ethnic group who lived west of the Indo-Aryan ethnicities of the northern Indian subcontinent.[20]

Some Pashtuns from the Ghilji tribe historically used to seasonally migrate to India in winter as nomadic merchants. They would buy goods there, and transport these by camel caravan in summer for sale or barter in Afghanistan.[21]

Demographics

Pathans of India descend from different tribes and clans. Some of the common Pashtun tribes found in India include the Afridis, Ahmadzais, Barakzais, Bettanis, Durranis, Kakars, Khattaks, Lodis, Orakzais, Shinwaris and Yusufzais.[22][10]

Hindu Pathans

 
Prithviraj Kapoor in the 1951 film Awaara. The actor, of Punjabi descent, identified as a Hindu Pathan and spoke Pashto.[22]

The term "Hindu Pathan" is often used as self-identification by some Indian Hindus who hailed from or were born in the predominately Pashtun regions of British India (now Pakistan),[23][24] as well as those who arrived from Afghanistan.[25] The 1947 partition of India led to an exodus of Hindus settled in the former North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan, which are part of modern Pakistan, into the newly independent India.[26][27] Notable people from these regions, mainly Peshawar, who identified as Hindu Pathans include the Punjabi-origin independence activist Bhagat Ram Talwar[28] and union minister Mehr Chand Khanna;[29][30] Prithviraj Kapoor,[31] the progenitor of Bollywood's Kapoor family (along with his sons Raj,[32] Shammi[33] and Shashi Kapoor),[32] also of Punjabi descent;[22] his cousin, Surinder Kapoor (father of Anil Kapoor);[34] actor Vinod Khanna,[15] and film producer F.C. Mehra (father of Umesh Mehra).[35] Pushpa Kumari Bagai writes that the Hindu Pathans in India, especially those who migrated from the Saraiki-speaking area of Dera Ismail Khan, had their own unique vegetarian cuisine.[36][37] In her historical magnum opus River of Fire, writer Qurratulain Hyder makes reference to Hindu Pathans from the NWFP who were displaced by the partition and settled in India.[38]

Some Hindus who lived in Balochistan prior to 1947, and later migrated to India following the partition, had a highly Pashtunized culture and spoke a form of Pashto or Balochi.[27][39][40] They identified themselves culturally as Pathans and members of the Kakari tribe. Originating from Quetta and Loralai, they brought their customs and practices with themselves to India, where they became known as the Sheenkhalai (Pashto for "the blue skinned").[27] This name stemmed from a novel tradition their womenfolk practiced, who would adorn their faces, hands and skin with permanent tattoos to enhance their appearance. These decorative, tribal tattoos were considered a form of art and beauty in their culture, however they were looked down upon by other Indians.[27] The women wore a traditional hand-embroidered dress known as the kakrai kameez, similar to a firaq – the upper garment worn by Pashtun females.[27] They also listened to Pashto music and would teach the language to their children.[27] Due to their different culture and appearance, they were often stereotyped and considered Muslims or foreigners by the locals.[27][41] The Sheenkhalai, numbering up to 500 at the time of partition, settled mostly in Rajasthan (in Uniara, Jaipur and Chittorgarh) and Punjab, and adopted Indian culture.[27] In recent years, there have been efforts to revive their indigenous culture. In 2018, former Afghan president Hamid Karzai met members of this community and inaugurated the Sheenkhalai Art Project during the Jaipur Literature Festival.[27] A feature-length documentary titled Sheenkhalai – The Blue Skin produced by Shilpi Batra Adwani, a third-generation Sheenkhalai herself, explores the history and origins of this community and was funded by the India–Afghanistan Foundation.[27]

From the 1950s and onwards, some Pakistani Hindus from Peshawar and surrounding areas moved to India, settling chiefly in Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Firozpur, as well as in Delhi, Rajasthan and other places across India. As of 2005, they numbered over 3,000 families including both Hindus and Sikhs.[42][43] Amritsar itself was home to over 500 Peshawari families, and most of them lived in an area known as the Peshawari Mohalla where they had set up a Hindu temple for the community. They were mainly businesspeople.[42][43] According to the Hindustan Times, around 250 Hindu and Sikh families were living in an area named "Mini Peshawar" near Chheharta in Amritsar as of 2016.[43] Although Peshawar was not as violently affected by communal riots as other regions during the partition, the Peshawari Hindus cited economic issues, security challenges and religious violence as reasons for their emigration after independence. A wave of similar migrations continued in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.[42][44] After living in India for some time, these Hindus are able to secure Indian citizenship. The elderly Peshawari Hindus are distinguishable due to their Peshawari clothing and the Peshawari turban which some of them wear, and they converse in Pashto or the local Peshawari dialect. However, the younger generation is not fluent in these languages.[42][43]

Since the 1970s, thousands of Afghan Hindus have also settled in India while escaping war and persecution. Many of them had lived in the Pashtun areas for generations, spoke Pashto, and practiced a culture that was Pashtun-influenced.[45]

Diaspora

A secondary diaspora of Pathans from India also exists, including those who were transported from British India to various other colonies as indentured workers in the early 19th century.[46]

Distribution

North India

Further information: Pathans of Kashmir, Pathans of Punjab, and Pathans of Uttar Pradesh

In July 1954, over 100,000 Pashtun tribespeople living in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir were granted Indian nationality.[47] They are a mostly endogamous, Pashto-speaking community whose ancestors migrated from what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan prior to India's independence.[48] The village of Gotli Bagh in Ganderbal district is home to around 10,000 Pashtuns.[48] The community observes Pashtun customs such as jirga for mediation on disputes, and Pashto television channels like Khyber TV are followed to keep up to date with news in the region.[48] They mostly marry within their community, which has allowed their language and culture to be preserved intact.[48]

The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims, some of whom are of Pathan origin.[49] It is notably the only Muslim-majority city in Indian Punjab, since the partition in 1947.[50] The princely Malerkotla State was established and ruled by a Pathan dynasty of Sherwani and Lodi origins.[50][49] The Pathans in Malerkotla were considered an influential group and were principally landowners. Their numbers dwindled after many of them migrated to Pakistan.[49] They are principally divided into the Yusufzai, Lodi, Kakar and Sherwani tribes.[49] The rulers of the state historically shared a harmonious relationship with their Hindu and Sikh subjects, giving them protection and equal rights as minorities, which is one of the reasons why the city was mostly spared from violence during the partition.[50] Even after independence, members of the royal Pathan family have continued to receive political support in state elections.[49]

Chandigarh is a common destination for Afghan students who pursue tertiary education in India. They numbered up to 500 as of 2019, and were enrolled in different institutes including Panjab University.[51][52] The princely Pataudi State, which was founded by the Pataudi family and ruled by the Nawab of Pataudi, was centred in Pataudi in modern Haryana's Gurgaon district. The Pataudis were of Afghan descent, whose ancestors arrived in India in the late 15th century as mercenaries of the Pashtun emperor Bahlul Lodi, during the latter's reign.[53][54] According to Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, the family are "basically Afghans with a bit of Turkish blood."[55]

There is a small community of Pashto-speaking[56] Hindus and Sikhs who migrated from Parachinar (in Pakistan's Kurram District) to Himachal Pradesh in 1948. They have an organisation known as the Akhil Bharatiya Parachinar Biradari, which seeks to gain Scheduled Tribal status for the community in order to secure various government incentives and opportunities committed under the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for "displaced" communities.[57] They are settled in a village also named "Parachinar" in Bharmour in Chamba district.[56] These Parachinaris are noted for their Pathan dresses and turbans, their traditional Chitrali-influenced dance known as the gharra, and the Pashto dialect which they speak.[56]

According to Sohail Hashmi, the Peshawari dress and turban were a common site on the streets of Delhi up until the 1960s.[26] The area of Jangpura has long been a hub for Pathan Muslims, possibly due to its proximity to the Nizamuddin Dargah.[26]

Across North India, the Pathan population is chiefly spread over 74 districts.[13] Beginning in the 17th century, tens of thousands of "Rohilla" Pashtuns migrated into modern Uttar Pradesh and settled in what became known as the Rohilkhand region.[12][10]

Central India

Further information: Pathans of Madhya Pradesh

Western India

Further information: Pathans of Gujarat and Pathans of Rajasthan

Pathans are noted as one of the Muslim castes living in Diu, which is part of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[58]

Pathans are noted as one of the many Muslim communities in the state of Goa. They use the surname Khan, while the women may use Khatun, Khatu or Bibi. It has been noted that they freely marry outside their community.[58]

Mumbai has been home to a Pathan community since the 19th century, mostly originating from the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan.[11] Afghanistan has maintained a consulate-general in Bombay since 1915, alluding to the historic presence of Afghans and Pathans in the city.[11]

The Afghan-born Karim Lala was one of the three most influential dons in the Mumbai underworld for decades. As the head of the "Pathan Gang", a mafia group comprising mostly ethnic Pathans involved in various types of organised crime,[59] Karim Lala wielded significant political clout and was well known to both the elite and common man of Mumbai.[60][61]

East India

Further information: Pathans in Bihar

There are Pathan families present in the city of Ranchi.[62][63][64]

Odisha was historically one of the territories conquered by Pathans, most notably under Khwaja Usman.[65][66][67]

The Bengal region was historically one of the territories ruled by Pathan dynasties in India.[65] The Karrani dynasty, the last of the dynasties to hold the Bengal Sultanate, was of Pashtun origin.[68] The city of Kolkata has been home to a large Afghan and Pathan community for generations, where they are known by the term Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul") and have historically constituted an integral part of the city's cultural fabric.[69][70] The term is derived from the iconic and much-romanticised short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, which essays the tale of an Afghan merchant who journeys all the way to Kolkata and sells dry fruit.[69][70] Once numbering over 10,000 in 2001,[70] their population has reduced to no more than 2,000 to 5,000[69] as of 2015.[70] Many of them were famous for working as traditional moneylenders, an industry which declined following the introduction of microfinance.[70]

South India

Further information: Pathans of Tamil Nadu

During the British Raj in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Pashtun prisoners were amongst those who were transported "across the water" to the penal colony on the Andaman Islands for incarceration.[12] One such incarceree who was serving life imprisonment on the island, Sher Ali Afridi, became known as the assassin of Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India, while the latter was visiting the settlement in 1872.[71]

According to Kumar Suresh Singh, in the state of Karnataka, the Pathans are "distributed in all districts."[63]

According to S. N. Sadasivan, the Travancore region was home to a group of Pathan Muslims who were descendants of sepoys employed by the maharajas of Travancore.[72] Susan Bayly notes that the 18th-century Travancorean maharajas actively recruited Pathan soldiers to train and lead their armies, as did many other South Indian kingdoms, who were keen to bolster their military capacities with the experiences of such men.[73]

The former Hyderabad State had a Pathan community, and also an organisation known as the Pakhtoon Jirga which looked after the interests of the Pashtuns living within that state.[74]

Northeast India

There are some Afghan businessmen who have been living in Assam for several decades. They are also known as Kabuliwalas.[75]

Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh in A Short History of Manipur mentions Pathans as one of the communities among the Manipuri Muslims.[76]

In Sikkim, the Muslims are categorised into two main social classes: the ashraf (aristocracy) and ajlaf (commoners). The former usually includes people of "Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds."[77]

Culture

In India, the Muslim surname Khan is largely synonymous with and commonly used by Pathans as per Pashtun naming conventions, although not all Khans are necessarily of Pathan descent.[78][13] The female equivalent used by Pathan women is Khanum or Bibi.[13] In the caste system present among medieval Indian Muslim society, the Pathans (historically also known as ethnic 'Afghans') were classified as one of the ashraf castes – those who claimed descent from foreign immigrants,[78] and who claimed the status of nobility by virtue of conquests and Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent.[79]

The earlier generations of Indian Pathans spoke their native language Pashto, while some still adhere to the traditional code and Pashtun way of life known as Pashtunwali.[11] The Pashtun empires in India historically used the Dari Persian language.[80] As a result of cultural assimilation with Indians over the course of several centuries, most Pathans in India lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead adopted Hindustani or other local dialects.[16][5]

Cuisine

See also: Pashtun cuisine

Pathan cuisine is known for its high emphasis on meat-based dishes. Typically, meat is either: boiled or roasted; marinated and barbecued in the form of tikka pieces placed on skewers in a grill; formed into different types of kebabs; cooked in large quantities in curries with mild spices; or prepared in a clay pot (e.g. handi gosht) – and eaten by hand with bread (e.g. Peshawari naan[81] or roti), which is baked on a tandoor oven.[10][82][83] Usually, the meat is kept intact and allowed to cook in its own fat.[84] The chapli kebab, which originated in Peshawar, is a popular snack in Indian cities.[85] Afghan immigrants in India have popularised other unique Afghan foods, such as the Afghani burger,[86] Afghani naan,[84] mantu dumplings,[84] and Kabuli pulao.[87] Afghan and Pathan recipes rely less on spices, and tend to be flavoured with salt, garlic, pepper, raisins, pinenuts, walnuts, and various dried or fresh fruits.[84] Lajpat Nagar in Delhi is a hub of Pathan cuisines due to its sizable Afghan population.[87]

Tandoori chicken was popularised in India by Kundan Lal Gujral, a Punjabi Hindu-"Pathan" chef from Peshawar who moved to Delhi in 1947 and founded the Moti Mahal Delux chain of restaurants. Due to the Peshawari influences on Gujral's cooking, it is often regarded as a Punjabi-Pathan dish.[83][88] Kundal Lal also invented the iconic butter chicken and dal makhani.[82][83]

Education

Each year, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations grants 2,325 scholarships to international students, with six-hundred and seventy-five spots being reserved especially for Afghans.[89] In India, an increasing number of native students are learning Pashto at academic institutions such as the Jawaharlal Nehru University.[90]

Entertainment industry

 
Soha Ali Khan, an actress belonging to the Pataudi family.

Cinema

See also: Khans of Bollywood

The city of Peshawar in the North-West Frontier Province gave birth to several prominent actors in the Hindi film industry, Bollywood.[22][91][31][92] Some Indian actors also have ancestry in Balochistan[93][94] and Afghanistan.[95] The Qissa Khwani Bazaar area of Peshawar is the location of the ancestral homes of the Kapoor family, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan.[96] Notably, the Hindko-origin[97] Dilip Kumar (born Yusuf Khan)[98][99][100] and Shah Rukh Khan,[101][102][103] or the Punjabi-origin Hindu Pathans like the Kapoor family,[22][104][105] while not ethnically Pathans, are often referred to as "Pathans" due to their culture and origins in Peshawar.[22][106] Actor Naseeruddin Shah, along with his sons Imaad, Vivaan and nephew Mohommed Ali, belong to the family of the 19th-century Afghan warlord Jan-Fishan Khan, who was born in Paghman of Saiyid descent, and moved to India in the 1850s where he became the first Nawab of Sardhana.[107][108]

Most of the Khans of Bollywood, however, belong to the Pathan community,[22] including the Peshawar-born actor Jayant (born Zakaria Khan) and his son Amjad Khan;[22] Kader Khan, who belonged to the Kakar tribe with parents from Kandahar and Pishin;[109] the Tanoli-origin siblings Feroz, Sanjay and Akbar Khan, whose father settled in Bangalore from Ghazni,[110][95] and their descendants Fardeen and Zayed Khan;[22] the renowned screenwriter Salim Khan and his sons Salman, Arbaaz and Sohail Khan (see Salim Khan family), whose Alakozai[15] or Akazai[13] ancestors migrated to Indore from the Swat region;[22] the director-cum-producer siblings Nasir and Tahir Hussain – the former being the father of Mansoor Khan and maternal grandfather of Imran Khan, and the latter known as the father of Aamir, Faisal and Nikhat Khan – along with their nephew Tariq Khan, whose Pathan ancestors hailed from Herat;[111][22][95][15] Saif Ali Khan,[103] along with his sister Soha Ali Khan and daughter Sara Ali Khan, who, of royal Pataudi lineage, have relatives in Pakistan and ancestors that migrated from Afghanistan;[53][54] and Irrfan Khan.[112] Actress Madhubala, who is sometimes called the "Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood," was a Yusufzai Pathan.[96] There have also been other Pathan film directors, producers and scriptwriters, such as Zia Sarhadi;[22] Farah and Sajid Khan, who have Pathan ancestry from Peshawar;[95] and in recent times, Kabir Khan.[22]

 
Adnan Sami, a pop singer and composer, while performing.

Music

Pathans have contributed to Indian music as well; the sarod, a stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music, descends from the Pashtun rubab and was invented by the Bangash musical gharana which migrated to India (whose descendants include ustads Sakhawat Hussain, Hafiz Ali Khan, and the latter's son Amjad Ali Khan).[113][114] G. M. Durrani was a noted Bollywood playback singer, music director and radio artist during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.[115] In pop music, the Pakistani-origin Adnan Sami has been called the "reigning King of Indipop."[22][116]

In popular culture

Pathan characters have been portrayed in many Bollywood films, creating a subgenre of what are known as "Pathan movies".[22][117] The 1947 theatrical play Pathan was produced by Prithviraj Kapoor's Prithvi Theatre, and was commercially successful across India. Prithviraj played the lead role while his sons Raj, Shammi and Shashi also acted.[22][118] Kabuliwala (1961), in which Balraj Sahni essays the role of the protagonist, has been called the "mother of all Pathan movies".[22] It is based on the short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, featuring the story of a wandering Afghan merchant in Bengal in pre-partition India. Earlier, a Bengali film based on this story was released in 1957.[22]

It is believed that the famous Pathan character of Sher Khan, which was scripted by Salim–Javed and portrayed by Pran in Zanjeer (1973), was based on the Mumbai mafia don Karim Lala.[22] The song Yaari Hai Imaan Mera, Yaar Meri Zindagi ("friendship is my faith, the friend is my life") from that movie features an influence of the Pashtun instrument rubab, and is danced to by men in the attan style.[22][119] In 2013, a remake of the film was released in Hindi and Telugu simultaneously, in which Sanjay Dutt and Sri Hari reprised the role of Sher Khan, respectively.[120] They featured in a qawwali-style Pathan dance number, Khochey Pathan Ki Zubaan.[121]

The action film Qurbani (1980), in which a police officer named Amjad Khan (played by Amjad Khan himself) chases two fugitives (played by Feroz Khan and Vinod Khanna), featured a song Qurbani Qurbani which was set in a "Pathan's den". In the song, the three protagonists donned Pathan getup.[122] Khuda Gawah (1992) stars Amitabh Bachchan as an Afghan tribesman who settles accounts with his enemies after finding himself trapped in an Indian prison, and was partially shot in Afghanistan.[22][123]

Literature and media

Urdu poetry in India developed under the influence of Pathans, in addition to various other communities belonging to the Perso-Arabic sphere of influence.[124] One such prominent poet was Josh Malihabadi, an Afridi Pathan.[125] His cousin, Abdur Razzaq Malihabadi, was also a writer.[126]

Pashto in India

Pashto literature thrived in North India from the early 16th century up until the turn of the 19th century, even while Persian remained the dominant language of the region during the Mughal period.[127][128] It was a provincial language spoken mainly by Pashtun administrative and military elites, and other Pashtun settlers and temporary dwellers in India.[127] Extant manuscripts have provided evidence of Pashto verses and poetry emerging from the Ganges region.[127] Pir Roshan, a Sufi who is regarded as one of the earliest Pashto writers, was a Pashtun from Waziristan who was born in Jalandhar.[129] He inspired the Roshani movement which, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, gave rise to prominent Pashto poets and writers in the Indian subcontinent.[129][127] The area forming modern-day Uttar Pradesh was among the few regions in India where Pashto literature continuously developed; Pashtun litterateurs from the Rohilla community produced works in the language up until the late 18th century.[127]

The All India Radio (AIR) operates a Pashto-language service.[130] Pashto was the first external radio service of AIR, broadcasting its inaugural transmission on 1 October 1939 for Pashto-listeners across British India's North-West Frontier Province and Afghanistan. Its purpose was to counter German radio propanda infiltrating Afghanistan, Iran and West Asian nations following the outbreak of World War II.[131][132] The Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies (CPCAS) at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University offers bachelor-level degrees in Pashto.[133][134][135]

The language is also used by Afghan Pashtun expatriates living in India.[136]

 
Zakir Husain, India's third president, on a 1998 postage stamp.

Military

In British colonial India, the Pathans were classified as one of the "martial races" and enlisted in large numbers into the British Indian Army.[12][137] The 40th Pathans, which later became part of the Pakistan Army, remained for some time the only all-Pathan regiment in British India.[138] From 1897 to 1908, the number of Pathan servicemen in the British Indian Army arose from 2,500 to 10,500.[8] Around a quarter were Afridis, and a large number were drawn from the tribal areas forming British India's northwestern frontier with Afghanistan. They comprised, in total, 67 companies across 43 regiments.[139] By the time of World War I, their numbers had increased to 28,000.[140][141]

Politics

Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun nationalist and close friend of Mahatma Gandhi who, as leader of the Congress-allied Khudai Khidmatgar, was one of the prominent members of the Indian independence movement against British rule before the partition.[142][15] After 1947, he became a Pakistani citizen.[143] Zakir Husain, an Afridi Pathan, was an economist and politician who served as the third president of India from 1967 to 1969. Prior to that, he was the second vice president of India, and also served as the governor of Bihar.[103] His maternal grandson Salman Khurshid served as India's minister for minority affairs, law and justice, and external affairs in successive terms.[144][103] Mohammad Yunus was a career diplomat who served as India's ambassador in various countries, and also became a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha in 1989.[145]

Sport

 
Irfan Pathan, while bowling in the nets.

Pathans have represented the Indian national cricket team both before and after independence. They include Jahangir Khan, a Burki Pathan who played for India between 1932 and 1936, later becoming a cricket administrator in Pakistan.[146] Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi, the eighth Nawab of Pataudi, played for both England and India in the 1930s and 1940s, eventually captaining the Indian side in 1946.[54] His son, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, also played Test cricket as a batsman for India between 1961 and 1975 and became the country's youngest captain when appointed in 1962.[54][103] The all-rounder Salim Durani (who in official cricketing records is referred to as the first Afghan-born Test cricketer, but was born near the Khyber Pass)[147] represented India in Test cricket in the 1960s and 1970s.[54] The brother duo of Yusuf and Irfan Pathan have together represented India at the national level across all formats.[14]

In field hockey, Feroze Khan was a gold medalist for India at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was a Pathan from Jalandhar, and migrated to Pakistan in the early 1950s.[148][149] Ahmed Khan became a gold medalist for India at the 1936 Summer Olympics, while his son Aslam Sher Khan was a member of the Indian squad which won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup. They were Pathans from Bhopal.[150][151]

In squash, Abdul Bari was one of India's leading players in the 1940s and represented the country at the 1950 British Open.[152] Yusuf Khan was a ten-time all-India champion[153] who later migrated to Seattle, United States, and turned to coaching several professional players;[154][155] his daughters Shabana and Latasha Khan represented the US.[153][156]

Ghaus Mohammad was the first Indian tennis player to qualify for Wimbledon quarter-finals, in 1939. He was an Afridi Pathan from Malihabad.[125]

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b Bhattacharya, Ravik (15 February 2018). "Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans". The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
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  8. ^ a b George Morton-Jack (24 February 2015). The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-1-107-11765-5. 'Pathan', an Urdu and a Hindi term, was usually used by the British when speaking in English. They preferred it to 'Pashtun', 'Pashtoon', 'Pakhtun' or 'Pukhtun', all Pashtu versions of the same word, which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects.
  9. ^ James William Spain (1963). The Pathan Borderland. Mouton. The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand.
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  12. ^ a b c d Robert L. Canfield; Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek (4 October 2010). Ethnicity, Authority, and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small. Routledge. pp. 145, 153, 154, 212. ISBN 978-1-136-92749-2.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jasim Khan (27 December 2015). Being Salman. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 34, 35, 37, 38–. ISBN 978-81-8475-094-2. Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan...One has to travel roughly forty-five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand. This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived. They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun tribe...
  14. ^ a b c d Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). "Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan". Hindustan Times. Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. The three most famous Indian Pathans are Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it's our duty to help put an end to this menace", Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.
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  16. ^ a b Nile Green (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Univ of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-520-29413-4.
  17. ^ Abubakar Siddique (15 June 2014). The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Hurst. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-1-84904-499-8.
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  19. ^ Joyce A. Quinn; Susan L. Woodward (3 February 2015). Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features. ABC-CLIO. pp. 332–. ISBN 978-1-61069-446-9.
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  23. ^ Reena Nanda (10 February 2018). From Quetta to Delhi: A Partition Story. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-93-86643-44-5.
  24. ^ Romi Khosla; Nitin Rai (2005). The idea of Delhi. Marg Publications on behalf of the National Centre for the Performing Arts (India). p. 60. ISBN 9788185026695. One of the first popular beliefs that was challenged with this narrative was the ethnic description of refugees as "Punjabis." Leela Ram described himself and the group as Hindu Pathans with a distinct Derawali/Frontier identity. But curiously, this was not a sort of opening definition that preceded the rest of the account, rather an insistence that they were Punjabis like everybody else even though they spoke a different language/dialect from the Punjabis.
  25. ^ Vijay, Tarun (11 December 2019). "From Hindukush to Hindustan, no place for the Hindus?". Times of India. Retrieved 30 May 2020. And Hindus, once a large majority in Afghanistan, the Afghan Hindus, the Pathan Hindus simply became extinct and turned refugees taking shelter in Germany and other countries. Hindustan never bothers about them. There are some Afghan Hindus living in Delhi. You can meet them to know what it cost them to be here.
  26. ^ a b c Hashmi, Sohail (15 August 2017). "The Role of Partition in Making Delhi What It Is Today". The Wire. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wangchuk, Rinchen Norbu; Hegde, Vinayak (8 August 2018). "Hindu Pashtuns: How One Granddaughter Uncovered India's Forgotten Links to Afghanistan". The Better India. from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  28. ^ Bose, Mihir (4 April 2017). "Why did Winston Churchill hate the Hindus and prefer the Muslims?". Quartz India. Retrieved 29 April 2020. Bhagat Ram Talwar, later known as Silver, was the only quintuple spy in World War-II, working for the British, Russians, Germans, Italians, and the Japanese. Silver, who identified as a "Hindu Pathan," was born and raised in the northwest region of the subcontinent bordering Afghanistan.
  29. ^ India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1959). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. p. 4111. The Minister of Rehabilitation (Shri Mehr Chand Khanna): I never said that; I object to what has been said by the hon. Member. (Interruption). You live in U.P. and you talk of West Bengal! Shrf S. M. Banerjee: You belong to the Frontier Province and you talk of the whole country. Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order, order. Shri Mehr Chand Khanna: Bengal. So will I, a Pathan, like to be in Pathan land. So will a Maharashtrian like to be, so will a Gujerati like to be in his own place.
  30. ^ India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1970). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. I asked, "What is the Pathan doing in Hindu Maha Sabha ?" He stood up and said, "I am a Hindu Pathan and I am trying to do what you and others are doing in Bengal." Then I said he must be Mehr Chand Khanna.
  31. ^ a b Khan, M. Ilyas (29 November 2012). "Bollywood's Shah Rukh Khan, Dilip Kumar and the Peshawar club". BBC News. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Kapoor's father, Prithviraj, was the first self-confessed Hindu "Pathan" from Peshawar to make a mark in Bollywood as an actor and producer.
  32. ^ a b Madhu Jain (17 April 2009). Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 75, 214. ISBN 978-81-8475-813-9. Like his father, Raj Kapoor spent much of his childhood in Peshawar. Born in Samundari on 14 December 1924 he was the only one of Prithviraj's children to speak Pashto and imbibe Pathan culture directly... While Raj Kapoor spent many of his impressionable years in the North West Frontier, for Shashi Kapoor it was just a place his father had left behind when he went to Bombay to become an actor. It was somewhere he went for a holiday as a child, or to attend a family wedding. Being a Pathan was more central to the identity of the eldest brother. Pathaniyat for Shammi Kapoor did not go much beyond a Pathan servant of the family...
  33. ^ Tejaswini Ganti (2013). Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-415-58384-8. Shammi Kapoor, a successful star of the 1960s and the younger brother of Raj Kapoor (see chapter 3) reflects on the polyglot nature of Bombay and the Hindi film industry... "I, for one, belong to Peshawar. I'm a Pathan. Someone from Pakistan sent me an email and they said, "How do you qualify as a Pathan? Pathans are only Muslims." So I'm writing to him that Pathan is not a religious group, but a community of people. I come from there...
  34. ^ Khan, Wajahat S. (8 October 2009). "TalkBack with Wajahat Khan and Anil Kapoor, Episode 33 Part 1". TalkBack with Dawn News. Retrieved 31 May 2020 – via YouTube. I'm a Pathan's son. My father, my grandfather, they all were Pathans from Peshawar...
  35. ^ Seta, Keyur (29 July 2018). "FC Mehra: Suspended air force man who became a successful producer". Cinestaan. from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020. My family hailed from Peshawar [in the erstwhile North West Frontier Province, now in Pakistan] and we are what we call Hindu Pathans," FC Mehra's son, filmmaker Umesh Mehra, said.
  36. ^ Raza, Munnazzah (25 June 2015). "Zaiqay Frontier Kay: Cookbook in Urdu and Hindi attempts to bring Pakistan and India closer". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 29 May 2020. Written by the late Pushpa Kumari Bagai, this book is a collection of her special culinary traditions – 80 vegetarian cuisine recipes, each one reflecting the history and culture of the Hindu Pathan community of Dera Ismail Khan.
  37. ^ "Award-winning Zaiqay Frontier Ke presented to the queen of Bhutan". Daily Times. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ...Pushpa Kumari Bagai, who herself was the custodian and exponent of a very special culinary tradition – the vegetarian cuisine of the Hindu Pathans of Dera Ismail Khan.
  38. ^ Qurratulain Hyder; Qurratulʻain Ḥaidar (1999). River of Fire. New Directions. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-8112-1418-6. The citizens of Lucknow had never heard of Hindu Pathans who were now wandering the lanes of Aminabad, uprooted from the North West Frontier Province.
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  64. ^ Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Rajendra Behari Lal; India. Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee (1969). Cultural Configuration of Ranchi: Survey of an Emerging Industrial City of Tribal India, 1960-62. J. N. Basu; [distributor: Bookland. p. 55. Muslims, as indicated earlier, forms 17.8 % of the total number of families in Ranchi city. These Muslim families are divided into 22 castes. The principal castes are Pathan...
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  77. ^ Islam and the Modern Age. Indiana University. 2000. p. 111. In Sikkim Muslims are mainly categorized into two divisions in terms of social ranking. The first is known as Ashraf or Araf or Khas and the second is called as Ajlaf or Aam. Among these two groups the former is regarded as of aristocrats and the latter as of commoners. In the first category there are Muslim groups consisting of Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds...
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  83. ^ a b c Monish Gujral (5 January 2004). Moti Mahal's Tandoori Trail. Roli Books Private Limited. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-93-5194-023-4. One of this intrepid breed to whom defeat was a dirty word was Kundan Lal Gujral. He was a Punjabi-Pathan from the North-West Frontier Province. This area, in what later became part of West Pakistan, comprised a unique blend of not only Hindu-Muslim culture but also a Punjabi-Pathan mix.
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  102. ^ "Shahrukh's cousins eager to meet him". Dawn. 26 July 2005. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015. Mr Ahmed said that the celebrity understood Hindko and loved to speak in his mother-tongue despite having been born away from Hindko speaking area.
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Further reading

  • Gommans, Jos J. L. (2007). "Afghāns in India". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.

January 20, 2023
pathans, india, citizens, residents, india, ethnic, pashtun, ancestry, pathan, local, hindi, urdu, term, individual, belongs, pashtun, ethnic, group, descends, from, term, additionally, finds, mention, among, western, sources, mainly, colonial, literature, bri. Pathans in India are citizens or residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry Pathan is the local Hindi Urdu term for an individual who belongs to the Pashtun ethnic group or descends from it 6 7 The term additionally finds mention among Western sources mainly in the colonial era literature of British India 8 9 Historically the term Afghan was also synonymous with the Pathans 10 The Pathans originate from the region straddling Pakistan and Afghanistan 11 12 Pathans in IndiaTotal population3 2 million 2018 AIPJH estimate 1 2 3 21 677 2011 census figure of Pashto speakers 4 Regions with significant populationsUttar PradeshBiharMadhya PradeshDelhiGujaratRajasthanMaharashtraJammu and KashmirPunjabWest Bengalvarious other locationsLanguagesUrdu HindiPashtoDari 5 othersReligionMajority Sunni Islam Minority Shia Islam Hinduism and SikhismRelated ethnic groupsAfghans in India a The census figure only records individuals who speak Pashto as their first language rather than the total number of individuals of full or partial Pashtun ancestry 1 There are varying estimates of the population of Pathan descent living in India ranging from 3 2 million people per the All India Pakhtoon Jirga e Hind 1 2 3 to around 10 million 13 Khan Mohammad Atif an academic at the University of Lucknow estimates that the total population of Pathans in India may be twice their population in Afghanistan 14 In the 2011 Census of India 21 677 individuals reported Pashto as their mother tongue 4 Large scale Pashtun migration into India began in the 11th and 12th centuries as a result of the many Muslim empires and dynasties founded by Pashtuns on the Indian subcontinent 13 Pashtuns also arrived as traders officers administrators diplomats travelers religious saints and preachers 5 students and as soldiers serving in the armies of India s rulers In many cases migration and settlement occurred amongst whole clans 15 Today the Pathans are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across the length and breadth of India with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of northern and central India 13 15 14 Following the partition of India in 1947 many of them migrated to Pakistan 13 The majority of Indian Pathans are Urdu speaking communities 13 who have assimilated into the local society over the course of generations 16 Pathans have influenced and contributed to various fields in India particularly politics the entertainment industry and sports 14 Contents 1 History 2 Demographics 2 1 Hindu Pathans 2 2 Diaspora 3 Distribution 3 1 North India 3 2 Central India 3 3 Western India 3 4 East India 3 5 South India 3 6 Northeast India 4 Culture 4 1 Cuisine 5 Education 6 Entertainment industry 6 1 Cinema 6 2 Music 6 3 In popular culture 7 Literature and media 7 1 Pashto in India 8 Military 9 Politics 10 Sport 11 See also 12 References 13 Further readingHistory EditThe Pathans of India are a community who trace their ancestry to the Pashtun regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan 11 The Pashtun homeland is located in Central Asia and the northwestern region of South Asia 17 it roughly stretches from areas south of the Amu River in Afghanistan to west of the Indus River in Pakistan mainly consisting of southwestern eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in western Pakistan 18 with the Durand Line acting as the border between the two countries 11 The Hindu Kush mountains straddle the north of the region 6 19 Geographically the Pathans are an eastern Iranic ethnic group who lived west of the Indo Aryan ethnicities of the northern Indian subcontinent 20 Some Pashtuns from the Ghilji tribe historically used to seasonally migrate to India in winter as nomadic merchants They would buy goods there and transport these by camel caravan in summer for sale or barter in Afghanistan 21 Demographics EditPathans of India descend from different tribes and clans Some of the common Pashtun tribes found in India include the Afridis Ahmadzais Barakzais Bettanis Durranis Kakars Khattaks Lodis Orakzais Shinwaris and Yusufzais 22 10 Hindu Pathans Edit Prithviraj Kapoor in the 1951 film Awaara The actor of Punjabi descent identified as a Hindu Pathan and spoke Pashto 22 The term Hindu Pathan is often used as self identification by some Indian Hindus who hailed from or were born in the predominately Pashtun regions of British India now Pakistan 23 24 as well as those who arrived from Afghanistan 25 The 1947 partition of India led to an exodus of Hindus settled in the former North West Frontier Province NWFP and Baluchistan which are part of modern Pakistan into the newly independent India 26 27 Notable people from these regions mainly Peshawar who identified as Hindu Pathans include the Punjabi origin independence activist Bhagat Ram Talwar 28 and union minister Mehr Chand Khanna 29 30 Prithviraj Kapoor 31 the progenitor of Bollywood s Kapoor family along with his sons Raj 32 Shammi 33 and Shashi Kapoor 32 also of Punjabi descent 22 his cousin Surinder Kapoor father of Anil Kapoor 34 actor Vinod Khanna 15 and film producer F C Mehra father of Umesh Mehra 35 Pushpa Kumari Bagai writes that the Hindu Pathans in India especially those who migrated from the Saraiki speaking area of Dera Ismail Khan had their own unique vegetarian cuisine 36 37 In her historical magnum opus River of Fire writer Qurratulain Hyder makes reference to Hindu Pathans from the NWFP who were displaced by the partition and settled in India 38 Some Hindus who lived in Balochistan prior to 1947 and later migrated to India following the partition had a highly Pashtunized culture and spoke a form of Pashto or Balochi 27 39 40 They identified themselves culturally as Pathans and members of the Kakari tribe Originating from Quetta and Loralai they brought their customs and practices with themselves to India where they became known as the Sheenkhalai Pashto for the blue skinned 27 This name stemmed from a novel tradition their womenfolk practiced who would adorn their faces hands and skin with permanent tattoos to enhance their appearance These decorative tribal tattoos were considered a form of art and beauty in their culture however they were looked down upon by other Indians 27 The women wore a traditional hand embroidered dress known as the kakrai kameez similar to a firaq the upper garment worn by Pashtun females 27 They also listened to Pashto music and would teach the language to their children 27 Due to their different culture and appearance they were often stereotyped and considered Muslims or foreigners by the locals 27 41 The Sheenkhalai numbering up to 500 at the time of partition settled mostly in Rajasthan in Uniara Jaipur and Chittorgarh and Punjab and adopted Indian culture 27 In recent years there have been efforts to revive their indigenous culture In 2018 former Afghan president Hamid Karzai met members of this community and inaugurated the Sheenkhalai Art Project during the Jaipur Literature Festival 27 A feature length documentary titled Sheenkhalai The Blue Skin produced by Shilpi Batra Adwani a third generation Sheenkhalai herself explores the history and origins of this community and was funded by the India Afghanistan Foundation 27 From the 1950s and onwards some Pakistani Hindus from Peshawar and surrounding areas moved to India settling chiefly in Amritsar Jalandhar Ludhiana and Firozpur as well as in Delhi Rajasthan and other places across India As of 2005 they numbered over 3 000 families including both Hindus and Sikhs 42 43 Amritsar itself was home to over 500 Peshawari families and most of them lived in an area known as the Peshawari Mohalla where they had set up a Hindu temple for the community They were mainly businesspeople 42 43 According to the Hindustan Times around 250 Hindu and Sikh families were living in an area named Mini Peshawar near Chheharta in Amritsar as of 2016 43 Although Peshawar was not as violently affected by communal riots as other regions during the partition the Peshawari Hindus cited economic issues security challenges and religious violence as reasons for their emigration after independence A wave of similar migrations continued in the 1980s 1990s and 2000s 42 44 After living in India for some time these Hindus are able to secure Indian citizenship The elderly Peshawari Hindus are distinguishable due to their Peshawari clothing and the Peshawari turban which some of them wear and they converse in Pashto or the local Peshawari dialect However the younger generation is not fluent in these languages 42 43 Since the 1970s thousands of Afghan Hindus have also settled in India while escaping war and persecution Many of them had lived in the Pashtun areas for generations spoke Pashto and practiced a culture that was Pashtun influenced 45 Diaspora Edit A secondary diaspora of Pathans from India also exists including those who were transported from British India to various other colonies as indentured workers in the early 19th century 46 Distribution EditNorth India Edit Further information Pathans of Kashmir Pathans of Punjab and Pathans of Uttar Pradesh In July 1954 over 100 000 Pashtun tribespeople living in Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir were granted Indian nationality 47 They are a mostly endogamous Pashto speaking community whose ancestors migrated from what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan prior to India s independence 48 The village of Gotli Bagh in Ganderbal district is home to around 10 000 Pashtuns 48 The community observes Pashtun customs such as jirga for mediation on disputes and Pashto television channels like Khyber TV are followed to keep up to date with news in the region 48 They mostly marry within their community which has allowed their language and culture to be preserved intact 48 The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims some of whom are of Pathan origin 49 It is notably the only Muslim majority city in Indian Punjab since the partition in 1947 50 The princely Malerkotla State was established and ruled by a Pathan dynasty of Sherwani and Lodi origins 50 49 The Pathans in Malerkotla were considered an influential group and were principally landowners Their numbers dwindled after many of them migrated to Pakistan 49 They are principally divided into the Yusufzai Lodi Kakar and Sherwani tribes 49 The rulers of the state historically shared a harmonious relationship with their Hindu and Sikh subjects giving them protection and equal rights as minorities which is one of the reasons why the city was mostly spared from violence during the partition 50 Even after independence members of the royal Pathan family have continued to receive political support in state elections 49 Chandigarh is a common destination for Afghan students who pursue tertiary education in India They numbered up to 500 as of 2019 and were enrolled in different institutes including Panjab University 51 52 The princely Pataudi State which was founded by the Pataudi family and ruled by the Nawab of Pataudi was centred in Pataudi in modern Haryana s Gurgaon district The Pataudis were of Afghan descent whose ancestors arrived in India in the late 15th century as mercenaries of the Pashtun emperor Bahlul Lodi during the latter s reign 53 54 According to Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi the family are basically Afghans with a bit of Turkish blood 55 There is a small community of Pashto speaking 56 Hindus and Sikhs who migrated from Parachinar in Pakistan s Kurram District to Himachal Pradesh in 1948 They have an organisation known as the Akhil Bharatiya Parachinar Biradari which seeks to gain Scheduled Tribal status for the community in order to secure various government incentives and opportunities committed under the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for displaced communities 57 They are settled in a village also named Parachinar in Bharmour in Chamba district 56 These Parachinaris are noted for their Pathan dresses and turbans their traditional Chitrali influenced dance known as the gharra and the Pashto dialect which they speak 56 According to Sohail Hashmi the Peshawari dress and turban were a common site on the streets of Delhi up until the 1960s 26 The area of Jangpura has long been a hub for Pathan Muslims possibly due to its proximity to the Nizamuddin Dargah 26 Across North India the Pathan population is chiefly spread over 74 districts 13 Beginning in the 17th century tens of thousands of Rohilla Pashtuns migrated into modern Uttar Pradesh and settled in what became known as the Rohilkhand region 12 10 Central India Edit Further information Pathans of Madhya Pradesh Western India Edit Further information Pathans of Gujarat and Pathans of Rajasthan Pathans are noted as one of the Muslim castes living in Diu which is part of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 58 Pathans are noted as one of the many Muslim communities in the state of Goa They use the surname Khan while the women may use Khatun Khatu or Bibi It has been noted that they freely marry outside their community 58 Mumbai has been home to a Pathan community since the 19th century mostly originating from the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan 11 Afghanistan has maintained a consulate general in Bombay since 1915 alluding to the historic presence of Afghans and Pathans in the city 11 The Afghan born Karim Lala was one of the three most influential dons in the Mumbai underworld for decades As the head of the Pathan Gang a mafia group comprising mostly ethnic Pathans involved in various types of organised crime 59 Karim Lala wielded significant political clout and was well known to both the elite and common man of Mumbai 60 61 East India Edit Further information Pathans in Bihar There are Pathan families present in the city of Ranchi 62 63 64 Odisha was historically one of the territories conquered by Pathans most notably under Khwaja Usman 65 66 67 The Bengal region was historically one of the territories ruled by Pathan dynasties in India 65 The Karrani dynasty the last of the dynasties to hold the Bengal Sultanate was of Pashtun origin 68 The city of Kolkata has been home to a large Afghan and Pathan community for generations where they are known by the term Kabuliwala people of Kabul and have historically constituted an integral part of the city s cultural fabric 69 70 The term is derived from the iconic and much romanticised short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892 which essays the tale of an Afghan merchant who journeys all the way to Kolkata and sells dry fruit 69 70 Once numbering over 10 000 in 2001 70 their population has reduced to no more than 2 000 to 5 000 69 as of 2015 70 Many of them were famous for working as traditional moneylenders an industry which declined following the introduction of microfinance 70 South India Edit Further information Pathans of Tamil Nadu During the British Raj in the 19th and early 20th centuries Pashtun prisoners were amongst those who were transported across the water to the penal colony on the Andaman Islands for incarceration 12 One such incarceree who was serving life imprisonment on the island Sher Ali Afridi became known as the assassin of Lord Mayo the Viceroy of India while the latter was visiting the settlement in 1872 71 According to Kumar Suresh Singh in the state of Karnataka the Pathans are distributed in all districts 63 According to S N Sadasivan the Travancore region was home to a group of Pathan Muslims who were descendants of sepoys employed by the maharajas of Travancore 72 Susan Bayly notes that the 18th century Travancorean maharajas actively recruited Pathan soldiers to train and lead their armies as did many other South Indian kingdoms who were keen to bolster their military capacities with the experiences of such men 73 The former Hyderabad State had a Pathan community and also an organisation known as the Pakhtoon Jirga which looked after the interests of the Pashtuns living within that state 74 Northeast India Edit There are some Afghan businessmen who have been living in Assam for several decades They are also known as Kabuliwalas 75 Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh in A Short History of Manipur mentions Pathans as one of the communities among the Manipuri Muslims 76 In Sikkim the Muslims are categorised into two main social classes the ashraf aristocracy and ajlaf commoners The former usually includes people of Sayyad Shaikh Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds 77 Culture EditIn India the Muslim surname Khan is largely synonymous with and commonly used by Pathans as per Pashtun naming conventions although not all Khans are necessarily of Pathan descent 78 13 The female equivalent used by Pathan women is Khanum or Bibi 13 In the caste system present among medieval Indian Muslim society the Pathans historically also known as ethnic Afghans were classified as one of the ashraf castes those who claimed descent from foreign immigrants 78 and who claimed the status of nobility by virtue of conquests and Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent 79 The earlier generations of Indian Pathans spoke their native language Pashto while some still adhere to the traditional code and Pashtun way of life known as Pashtunwali 11 The Pashtun empires in India historically used the Dari Persian language 80 As a result of cultural assimilation with Indians over the course of several centuries most Pathans in India lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead adopted Hindustani or other local dialects 16 5 Cuisine Edit See also Pashtun cuisine Pathan cuisine is known for its high emphasis on meat based dishes Typically meat is either boiled or roasted marinated and barbecued in the form of tikka pieces placed on skewers in a grill formed into different types of kebabs cooked in large quantities in curries with mild spices or prepared in a clay pot e g handi gosht and eaten by hand with bread e g Peshawari naan 81 or roti which is baked on a tandoor oven 10 82 83 Usually the meat is kept intact and allowed to cook in its own fat 84 The chapli kebab which originated in Peshawar is a popular snack in Indian cities 85 Afghan immigrants in India have popularised other unique Afghan foods such as the Afghani burger 86 Afghani naan 84 mantu dumplings 84 and Kabuli pulao 87 Afghan and Pathan recipes rely less on spices and tend to be flavoured with salt garlic pepper raisins pinenuts walnuts and various dried or fresh fruits 84 Lajpat Nagar in Delhi is a hub of Pathan cuisines due to its sizable Afghan population 87 Tandoori chicken was popularised in India by Kundan Lal Gujral a Punjabi Hindu Pathan chef from Peshawar who moved to Delhi in 1947 and founded the Moti Mahal Delux chain of restaurants Due to the Peshawari influences on Gujral s cooking it is often regarded as a Punjabi Pathan dish 83 88 Kundal Lal also invented the iconic butter chicken and dal makhani 82 83 Education EditEach year the Indian Council for Cultural Relations grants 2 325 scholarships to international students with six hundred and seventy five spots being reserved especially for Afghans 89 In India an increasing number of native students are learning Pashto at academic institutions such as the Jawaharlal Nehru University 90 Entertainment industry Edit Soha Ali Khan an actress belonging to the Pataudi family Cinema Edit See also Khans of Bollywood The city of Peshawar in the North West Frontier Province gave birth to several prominent actors in the Hindi film industry Bollywood 22 91 31 92 Some Indian actors also have ancestry in Balochistan 93 94 and Afghanistan 95 The Qissa Khwani Bazaar area of Peshawar is the location of the ancestral homes of the Kapoor family Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan 96 Notably the Hindko origin 97 Dilip Kumar born Yusuf Khan 98 99 100 and Shah Rukh Khan 101 102 103 or the Punjabi origin Hindu Pathans like the Kapoor family 22 104 105 while not ethnically Pathans are often referred to as Pathans due to their culture and origins in Peshawar 22 106 Actor Naseeruddin Shah along with his sons Imaad Vivaan and nephew Mohommed Ali belong to the family of the 19th century Afghan warlord Jan Fishan Khan who was born in Paghman of Saiyid descent and moved to India in the 1850s where he became the first Nawab of Sardhana 107 108 Most of the Khans of Bollywood however belong to the Pathan community 22 including the Peshawar born actor Jayant born Zakaria Khan and his son Amjad Khan 22 Kader Khan who belonged to the Kakar tribe with parents from Kandahar and Pishin 109 the Tanoli origin siblings Feroz Sanjay and Akbar Khan whose father settled in Bangalore from Ghazni 110 95 and their descendants Fardeen and Zayed Khan 22 the renowned screenwriter Salim Khan and his sons Salman Arbaaz and Sohail Khan see Salim Khan family whose Alakozai 15 or Akazai 13 ancestors migrated to Indore from the Swat region 22 the director cum producer siblings Nasir and Tahir Hussain the former being the father of Mansoor Khan and maternal grandfather of Imran Khan and the latter known as the father of Aamir Faisal and Nikhat Khan along with their nephew Tariq Khan whose Pathan ancestors hailed from Herat 111 22 95 15 Saif Ali Khan 103 along with his sister Soha Ali Khan and daughter Sara Ali Khan who of royal Pataudi lineage have relatives in Pakistan and ancestors that migrated from Afghanistan 53 54 and Irrfan Khan 112 Actress Madhubala who is sometimes called the Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood was a Yusufzai Pathan 96 There have also been other Pathan film directors producers and scriptwriters such as Zia Sarhadi 22 Farah and Sajid Khan who have Pathan ancestry from Peshawar 95 and in recent times Kabir Khan 22 Adnan Sami a pop singer and composer while performing Music Edit Pathans have contributed to Indian music as well the sarod a stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music descends from the Pashtun rubab and was invented by the Bangash musical gharana which migrated to India whose descendants include ustads Sakhawat Hussain Hafiz Ali Khan and the latter s son Amjad Ali Khan 113 114 G M Durrani was a noted Bollywood playback singer music director and radio artist during the 1930s 1940s and 1950s 115 In pop music the Pakistani origin Adnan Sami has been called the reigning King of Indipop 22 116 In popular culture Edit Pathan characters have been portrayed in many Bollywood films creating a subgenre of what are known as Pathan movies 22 117 The 1947 theatrical play Pathan was produced by Prithviraj Kapoor s Prithvi Theatre and was commercially successful across India Prithviraj played the lead role while his sons Raj Shammi and Shashi also acted 22 118 Kabuliwala 1961 in which Balraj Sahni essays the role of the protagonist has been called the mother of all Pathan movies 22 It is based on the short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892 featuring the story of a wandering Afghan merchant in Bengal in pre partition India Earlier a Bengali film based on this story was released in 1957 22 It is believed that the famous Pathan character of Sher Khan which was scripted by Salim Javed and portrayed by Pran in Zanjeer 1973 was based on the Mumbai mafia don Karim Lala 22 The song Yaari Hai Imaan Mera Yaar Meri Zindagi friendship is my faith the friend is my life from that movie features an influence of the Pashtun instrument rubab and is danced to by men in the attan style 22 119 In 2013 a remake of the film was released in Hindi and Telugu simultaneously in which Sanjay Dutt and Sri Hari reprised the role of Sher Khan respectively 120 They featured in a qawwali style Pathan dance number Khochey Pathan Ki Zubaan 121 The action film Qurbani 1980 in which a police officer named Amjad Khan played by Amjad Khan himself chases two fugitives played by Feroz Khan and Vinod Khanna featured a song Qurbani Qurbani which was set in a Pathan s den In the song the three protagonists donned Pathan getup 122 Khuda Gawah 1992 stars Amitabh Bachchan as an Afghan tribesman who settles accounts with his enemies after finding himself trapped in an Indian prison and was partially shot in Afghanistan 22 123 Literature and media EditUrdu poetry in India developed under the influence of Pathans in addition to various other communities belonging to the Perso Arabic sphere of influence 124 One such prominent poet was Josh Malihabadi an Afridi Pathan 125 His cousin Abdur Razzaq Malihabadi was also a writer 126 Pashto in India Edit Pashto literature thrived in North India from the early 16th century up until the turn of the 19th century even while Persian remained the dominant language of the region during the Mughal period 127 128 It was a provincial language spoken mainly by Pashtun administrative and military elites and other Pashtun settlers and temporary dwellers in India 127 Extant manuscripts have provided evidence of Pashto verses and poetry emerging from the Ganges region 127 Pir Roshan a Sufi who is regarded as one of the earliest Pashto writers was a Pashtun from Waziristan who was born in Jalandhar 129 He inspired the Roshani movement which during the late 16th and 17th centuries gave rise to prominent Pashto poets and writers in the Indian subcontinent 129 127 The area forming modern day Uttar Pradesh was among the few regions in India where Pashto literature continuously developed Pashtun litterateurs from the Rohilla community produced works in the language up until the late 18th century 127 The All India Radio AIR operates a Pashto language service 130 Pashto was the first external radio service of AIR broadcasting its inaugural transmission on 1 October 1939 for Pashto listeners across British India s North West Frontier Province and Afghanistan Its purpose was to counter German radio propanda infiltrating Afghanistan Iran and West Asian nations following the outbreak of World War II 131 132 The Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies CPCAS at New Delhi s Jawaharlal Nehru University offers bachelor level degrees in Pashto 133 134 135 The language is also used by Afghan Pashtun expatriates living in India 136 Zakir Husain India s third president on a 1998 postage stamp Military EditIn British colonial India the Pathans were classified as one of the martial races and enlisted in large numbers into the British Indian Army 12 137 The 40th Pathans which later became part of the Pakistan Army remained for some time the only all Pathan regiment in British India 138 From 1897 to 1908 the number of Pathan servicemen in the British Indian Army arose from 2 500 to 10 500 8 Around a quarter were Afridis and a large number were drawn from the tribal areas forming British India s northwestern frontier with Afghanistan They comprised in total 67 companies across 43 regiments 139 By the time of World War I their numbers had increased to 28 000 140 141 Politics EditAbdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun nationalist and close friend of Mahatma Gandhi who as leader of the Congress allied Khudai Khidmatgar was one of the prominent members of the Indian independence movement against British rule before the partition 142 15 After 1947 he became a Pakistani citizen 143 Zakir Husain an Afridi Pathan was an economist and politician who served as the third president of India from 1967 to 1969 Prior to that he was the second vice president of India and also served as the governor of Bihar 103 His maternal grandson Salman Khurshid served as India s minister for minority affairs law and justice and external affairs in successive terms 144 103 Mohammad Yunus was a career diplomat who served as India s ambassador in various countries and also became a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha in 1989 145 Sport Edit Irfan Pathan while bowling in the nets Pathans have represented the Indian national cricket team both before and after independence They include Jahangir Khan a Burki Pathan who played for India between 1932 and 1936 later becoming a cricket administrator in Pakistan 146 Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi the eighth Nawab of Pataudi played for both England and India in the 1930s and 1940s eventually captaining the Indian side in 1946 54 His son Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi also played Test cricket as a batsman for India between 1961 and 1975 and became the country s youngest captain when appointed in 1962 54 103 The all rounder Salim Durani who in official cricketing records is referred to as the first Afghan born Test cricketer but was born near the Khyber Pass 147 represented India in Test cricket in the 1960s and 1970s 54 The brother duo of Yusuf and Irfan Pathan have together represented India at the national level across all formats 14 In field hockey Feroze Khan was a gold medalist for India at the 1928 Summer Olympics He was a Pathan from Jalandhar and migrated to Pakistan in the early 1950s 148 149 Ahmed Khan became a gold medalist for India at the 1936 Summer Olympics while his son Aslam Sher Khan was a member of the Indian squad which won the 1975 Men s Hockey World Cup They were Pathans from Bhopal 150 151 In squash Abdul Bari was one of India s leading players in the 1940s and represented the country at the 1950 British Open 152 Yusuf Khan was a ten time all India champion 153 who later migrated to Seattle United States and turned to coaching several professional players 154 155 his daughters Shabana and Latasha Khan represented the US 153 156 Ghaus Mohammad was the first Indian tennis player to qualify for Wimbledon quarter finals in 1939 He was an Afridi Pathan from Malihabad 125 See also Edit India portal Pakistan portal Afghanistan portalPashtuns Pathans in Sri Lanka Baloch people in India Afghans in India Pakistanis in IndiaReferences Edit a b c Ali Arshad 15 February 2018 Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan s great granddaughter seeks citizenship for Phastoons in India Daily News and Analysis Retrieved 21 February 2019 Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday Yasmin the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga e Hind said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship a b Frontier Gandhi s granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans The News International 16 February 2018 Retrieved 28 May 2020 a b Bhattacharya Ravik 15 February 2018 Frontier Gandhi s granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans The Indian Express Retrieved 28 May 2020 a b Census of India 2011 Language PDF Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India 2011 Retrieved 28 May 2020 a b c Nile Green 16 February 2012 Making Space Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India OUP India pp 102 116 117 ISBN 978 0 19 908875 1 a b Pashtun Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 29 May 2020 Pashtun also spelled Pushtun or Pakhtun Hindustani Pathan Persian Afghan Pashto speaking people residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan von Furer Haimendorf Christoph 1985 Tribal populations and cultures of the Indian subcontinent Handbuch der Orientalistik 2 7 Leiden E J Brill p 126 ISBN 90 04 07120 2 OCLC 240120731 Retrieved 22 July 2019 a b George Morton Jack 24 February 2015 The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition Cambridge University Press pp 3 ISBN 978 1 107 11765 5 Pathan an Urdu and a Hindi term was usually used by the British when speaking in English They preferred it to Pashtun Pashtoon Pakhtun or Pukhtun all Pashtu versions of the same word which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects James William Spain 1963 The Pathan Borderland Mouton The most familiar name in the west is Pathan a Hindi term adopted by the British which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand a b c d Haleem Safia 24 July 2007 Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India Khyber org Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 Retrieved 1 July 2020 a b c d e f Lentin Sifra 12 December 2019 Bombay s Pathans living by a code Gateway House Archived from the original on 17 April 2020 Retrieved 29 May 2020 a b c d Robert L Canfield Gabriele Rasuly Paleczek 4 October 2010 Ethnicity Authority and Power in Central Asia New Games Great and Small Routledge pp 145 153 154 212 ISBN 978 1 136 92749 2 a b c d e f g h i Jasim Khan 27 December 2015 Being Salman Penguin Books Limited pp 34 35 37 38 ISBN 978 81 8475 094 2 Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan One has to travel roughly forty five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun tribe a b c d Alavi Shams Ur Rehman 11 December 2008 Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan Hindustan Times Pathans are now scattered across the country and have pockets of influence in parts of UP Bihar and other states They have also shone in several fields especially Bollywood and sports The three most famous Indian Pathans are Dilip Kumar Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties with that country we have a common ancestry and feel it s our duty to help put an end to this menace Atif added Academicians social activists writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative The All India Muslim Majlis All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga a b c d e f Swarup Shubhangi 27 January 2011 The Kingdom of Khan Open Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Retrieved 6 June 2020 a b Nile Green 2017 Afghanistan s Islam From Conversion to the Taliban Univ of California Press pp 18 ISBN 978 0 520 29413 4 Abubakar Siddique 15 June 2014 The Pashtun Question The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan Hurst pp 28 ISBN 978 1 84904 499 8 Shane Scott 5 December 2009 The War in Pashtunistan The New York Times Retrieved 2 October 2017 Joyce A Quinn Susan L Woodward 3 February 2015 Earth s Landscape An Encyclopedia of the World s Geographic Features 2 volumes An Encyclopedia of the World s Geographic Features ABC CLIO pp 332 ISBN 978 1 61069 446 9 Andrew Simpson 30 August 2007 Language and National Identity in Asia OUP Oxford pp 105 ISBN 978 0 19 153308 2 Ghilzay Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 4 June 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Lentin Sifra 30 January 2020 The Khans of Bombay s Hindi film industry Gateway House Archived from the original on 22 April 2020 Retrieved 28 May 2020 Reena Nanda 10 February 2018 From Quetta to Delhi A Partition Story Bloomsbury Publishing pp 135 ISBN 978 93 86643 44 5 Romi Khosla Nitin Rai 2005 The idea of Delhi Marg Publications on behalf of the National Centre for the Performing Arts India p 60 ISBN 9788185026695 One of the first popular beliefs that was challenged with this narrative was the ethnic description of refugees as Punjabis Leela Ram described himself and the group as Hindu Pathans with a distinct Derawali Frontier identity But curiously this was not a sort of opening definition that preceded the rest of the account rather an insistence that they were Punjabis like everybody else even though they spoke a different language dialect from the Punjabis Vijay Tarun 11 December 2019 From Hindukush to Hindustan no place for the Hindus Times of India Retrieved 30 May 2020 And Hindus once a large majority in Afghanistan the Afghan Hindus the Pathan Hindus simply became extinct and turned refugees taking shelter in Germany and other countries Hindustan never bothers about them There are some Afghan Hindus living in Delhi You can meet them to know what it cost them to be here a b c Hashmi Sohail 15 August 2017 The Role of Partition in Making Delhi What It Is Today The Wire Retrieved 30 May 2020 a b c d e f g h i j Wangchuk Rinchen Norbu Hegde Vinayak 8 August 2018 Hindu Pashtuns How One Granddaughter Uncovered India s Forgotten Links to Afghanistan The Better India Archived from the original on 7 July 2019 Retrieved 28 May 2020 Bose Mihir 4 April 2017 Why did Winston Churchill hate the Hindus and prefer the Muslims Quartz India Retrieved 29 April 2020 Bhagat Ram Talwar later known as Silver was the only quintuple spy in World War II working for the British Russians Germans Italians and the Japanese Silver who identified as a Hindu Pathan was born and raised in the northwest region of the subcontinent bordering Afghanistan India Parliament Lok Sabha 1959 Lok Sabha Debates Lok Sabha Secretariat p 4111 The Minister of Rehabilitation Shri Mehr Chand Khanna I never said that I object to what has been said by the hon Member Interruption You live in U P and you talk of West Bengal Shrf S M Banerjee You belong to the Frontier Province and you talk of the whole country Mr Deputy Speaker Order order Shri Mehr Chand Khanna Bengal So will I a Pathan like to be in Pathan land So will a Maharashtrian like to be so will a Gujerati like to be in his own place India Parliament Lok Sabha 1970 Lok Sabha Debates Lok Sabha Secretariat I asked What is the Pathan doing in Hindu Maha Sabha He stood up and said I am a Hindu Pathan and I am trying to do what you and others are doing in Bengal Then I said he must be Mehr Chand Khanna a b Khan M Ilyas 29 November 2012 Bollywood s Shah Rukh Khan Dilip Kumar and the Peshawar club BBC News Retrieved 28 May 2020 Kapoor s father Prithviraj was the first self confessed Hindu Pathan from Peshawar to make a mark in Bollywood as an actor and producer a b Madhu Jain 17 April 2009 Kapoors The First Family of Indian Cinema Penguin Books Limited pp 75 214 ISBN 978 81 8475 813 9 Like his father Raj Kapoor spent much of his childhood in Peshawar Born in Samundari on 14 December 1924 he was the only one of Prithviraj s children to speak Pashto and imbibe Pathan culture directly While Raj Kapoor spent many of his impressionable years in the North West Frontier for Shashi Kapoor it was just a place his father had left behind when he went to Bombay to become an actor It was somewhere he went for a holiday as a child or to attend a family wedding Being a Pathan was more central to the identity of the eldest brother Pathaniyat for Shammi Kapoor did not go much beyond a Pathan servant of the family Tejaswini Ganti 2013 Bollywood A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema Routledge p 183 ISBN 978 0 415 58384 8 Shammi Kapoor a successful star of the 1960s and the younger brother of Raj Kapoor see chapter 3 reflects on the polyglot nature of Bombay and the Hindi film industry I for one belong to Peshawar I m a Pathan Someone from Pakistan sent me an email and they said How do you qualify as a Pathan Pathans are only Muslims So I m writing to him that Pathan is not a religious group but a community of people I come from there Khan Wajahat S 8 October 2009 TalkBack with Wajahat Khan and Anil Kapoor Episode 33 Part 1 TalkBack with Dawn News Retrieved 31 May 2020 via YouTube I m a Pathan s son My father my grandfather they all were Pathans from Peshawar Seta Keyur 29 July 2018 FC Mehra Suspended air force man who became a successful producer Cinestaan Archived from the original on 30 July 2019 Retrieved 31 May 2020 My family hailed from Peshawar in the erstwhile North West Frontier Province now in Pakistan and we are what we call Hindu Pathans FC Mehra s son filmmaker Umesh Mehra said Raza Munnazzah 25 June 2015 Zaiqay Frontier Kay Cookbook in Urdu and Hindi attempts to bring Pakistan and India closer The Express Tribune Retrieved 29 May 2020 Written by the late Pushpa Kumari Bagai this book is a collection of her special culinary traditions 80 vegetarian cuisine recipes each one reflecting the history and culture of the Hindu Pathan community of Dera Ismail Khan Award winning Zaiqay Frontier Ke presented to the queen of Bhutan Daily Times 30 August 2015 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Pushpa Kumari Bagai who herself was the custodian and exponent of a very special culinary tradition the vegetarian cuisine of the Hindu Pathans of Dera Ismail Khan Qurratulain Hyder Qurratulʻain Ḥaidar 1999 River of Fire New Directions p 272 ISBN 978 0 8112 1418 6 The citizens of Lucknow had never heard of Hindu Pathans who were now wandering the lanes of Aminabad uprooted from the North West Frontier Province George Anesha 27 January 2019 See the blue skinned Pashtun Hindus brought to life in a new film Hindustan Times Retrieved 31 May 2020 Khan Naimat 30 June 2020 70 years on one Pashtun town still safeguards its old Hindu Muslim brotherhood Arab News Pakistan Retrieved 1 July 2020 Hindu Pashtuns who are considered Pakistani Muslims by many BBC Punjabi in Punjabi 13 April 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2020 via YouTube a b c d Walia Varinder 14 April 2005 Peshawaris strive to keep their identity alive The Tribune Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 Retrieved 2 June 2020 a b c d Kaur Usmeet 3 October 2016 Mini Peshawar stands united for peace in Punjab Hindustan Times Retrieved 2 June 2020 Kahol Vikas 16 August 2012 Indian citizenship marred with struggle for Pak Hindus India Today Retrieved 2 June 2020 Kumar Ruchi 1 January 2017 The decline of Afghanistan s Hindu and Sikh communities Al Jazeera Retrieved 31 May 2020 Historically Hinduism thrived in Afghanistan particularly in Pashtun areas Chickrie Raymond March 2003 The Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname Guyana org Retrieved 2 July 2020 Dated July 20 1954 Pakhtoons in Kashmir The Hindu 20 July 2004 Retrieved 29 May 2020 a b c d Wani Ieshan Bashir 24 July 2018 In Kashmir community of Pashtuns strives to protect its culture identity WION Retrieved 5 June 2020 a b c d e Anna Bigelow 4 February 2010 Sharing the Sacred Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India OUP USA pp 42 43 63 93 146 199 285 ISBN 978 0 19 536823 9 a b c Bhardwaj Ananya 30 August 2016 Why Punjab s Malerkotla did not boil over after Quran desecration Hindustan Times Retrieved 28 May 2020 Ovais Dar 2 April 2019 For Afghan students Chandigarh is their second home The Indian Express Retrieved 5 June 2020 Arshi Arshdeep 20 May 2018 Panjab University in Chandigarh a favourite among Afghan Iranian students Hindustan Times Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b Santhanam Kausalya 26 September 2011 Pataudi The Afghan connection The Hindu Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b c d e Ezekiel Gulu 27 June 2017 Afghan cricket The Indian connection Rediff Archived from the original on 2 June 2019 Retrieved 31 May 2020 Phatarphekar Pramila N 4 July 2005 Nawabiyat At Its Nadir Outlook India Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b c Meet the new Pathan from HP Times of India 14 April 2007 Retrieved 2 July 2020 Parachinaris seek tribal status The Tribune 10 June 2001 Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b A B de Bragnanca Pereira 14 May 2008 Ethnography of Goa Daman and Diu Penguin Books Limited pp 76 83 ISBN 978 93 5118 208 5 The Muslim castes of Goa are Sayyads Sheiks Pathans The Muslim castes of Diu are Agia Bhati Kapatia Dobji Khoja Fakir priest Ghanchi oilman Hora Khatik butcher Khoja Meman Mir Nalia Pangi gar Pathan Karim Lala The man who shaped Mumbai s underworld Deccan Herald 17 January 2020 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Singh Sunil Tiwari Vaibhav 17 January 2020 All About Karim Lala The Name That Fueled Sena Congress Spat NDTV Retrieved 29 May 2020 Who was Karim Lala Indian Express 16 January 2020 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Alpa Shah 2 August 2010 In the Shadows of the State Indigenous Politics Environmentalism and Insurgency in Jharkhand India Duke University Press pp 42 ISBN 978 0 8223 9293 4 a b Kumar Suresh Singh 1998 India s Communities Oxford University Press pp 2775 2809 ISBN 978 0 19 563354 2 In Bihar the Pathan also known as Khan are distributed in the districts of Gaya Nawada Aurangabad Patna Munger Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Saran Bhagalpur Ranchi and Hazaribagh In Karnataka the Pathan are distributed in all districts Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi Rajendra Behari Lal India Planning Commission Research Programmes Committee 1969 Cultural Configuration of Ranchi Survey of an Emerging Industrial City of Tribal India 1960 62 J N Basu distributor Bookland p 55 Muslims as indicated earlier forms 17 8 of the total number of families in Ranchi city These Muslim families are divided into 22 castes The principal castes are Pathan a b Swarupa Gupta 24 June 2009 Notions of Nationhood in Bengal Perspectives on Samaj c 1867 1905 BRILL pp 133 134 ISBN 978 90 474 2958 6 Khwaja Usman Banglapedia 14 September 2014 Retrieved 2 July 2020 Jadunath Sarkar 1994 A History of Jaipur C 1503 1938 Orient Blackswan pp 78 ISBN 978 81 250 0333 5 Haroon Rashid 2008 History of the Pathans The Ghurghushti Beitani and Matti tribes of Pathans Haroon Rashid p 341 a b c The Kabuliwala Afghans of Kolkata BBC News 23 May 2015 Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b c d e Acharya Namrata 28 March 2015 New face of the Indian Afghan Business Standard Retrieved 2 July 2020 Imran Khan 2012 Pakistan A Personal History Bantam p 314 ISBN 978 0 85750 064 9 S N Sadasivan 2000 A Social History of India APH Publishing pp 462 ISBN 978 81 7648 170 0 Susan Bayly 22 April 2004 Saints Goddesses and Kings Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society 1700 1900 Cambridge University Press pp 98 ISBN 978 0 521 89103 5 Taylor C Sherman 25 August 2015 Muslim Belonging in Secular India Negotiating Citizenship in Postcolonial Hyderabad Cambridge University Press pp 46 ISBN 978 1 316 36871 8 From the Mountains of Afghanistan to the Tea Gardens of Assam The Journey of the Kabuliwalas at a Glance Sentinel Assam 14 September 2018 Archived from the original on 2 July 2020 Retrieved 2 July 2020 R K Jhalajit Singh 1965 A Short History of Manipur O K Store p 18 There are Pathans and Moghuls among the Manipuri Muslims Islam and the Modern Age Indiana University 2000 p 111 In Sikkim Muslims are mainly categorized into two divisions in terms of social ranking The first is known as Ashraf or Araf or Khas and the second is called as Ajlaf or Aam Among these two groups the former is regarded as of aristocrats and the latter as of commoners In the first category there are Muslim groups consisting of Sayyad Shaikh Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds a b James Sadler Hamilton 1994 Sitar Music in Calcutta An Ethnomusicological Study Motilal Banarsidass Publishe pp 31 ISBN 978 81 208 1210 9 Ghaus Ansari 1960 Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh A Study of Culture Contact Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society pp 32 35 OCLC 1104993 Journal of Historical Research Department of History University of Bihar Ranchi College 1959 p 13 Persian language which the Afghan rulers introducted sic into India was an Afghan product The architect of Dari Persian was a Khorassani Firdawsi Khorasan was a part of Afghanistan at that time Monisha Bharadwaj 16 July 2018 Indian Cookery Course Octopus pp 242 ISBN 978 0 85783 593 2 a b Colleen Taylor Sen 2004 Food Culture in India Greenwood Publishing Group pp 134 ISBN 978 0 313 32487 1 a b c Monish Gujral 5 January 2004 Moti Mahal s Tandoori Trail Roli Books Private Limited pp 9 ISBN 978 93 5194 023 4 One of this intrepid breed to whom defeat was a dirty word was Kundan Lal Gujral He was a Punjabi Pathan from the North West Frontier Province This area in what later became part of West Pakistan comprised a unique blend of not only Hindu Muslim culture but also a Punjabi Pathan mix a b c d Chaudhuri Sabyasachi Roy 29 December 2018 Afghani flavours New Indian Express Retrieved 12 July 2020 Sengupta Sushmita 30 November 2017 Chapli Kebab The Flat Minced Meat Marvel Is An Explosion of Flavours You Must Not Miss NDTV Food Retrieved 9 July 2020 Rana Sarika 20 April 2018 Have You Tried the Afghan Burger in Delhi It s Nothing Like What You d Expect NDTV Food Retrieved 9 July 2020 a b Verma Rahul 31 December 2017 Tried and Tasted Here s where to have some delicious Kabuli pulao amp momos in Delhi Hindustan Times Retrieved 9 July 2020 Sanghvi Vir 14 August 2019 The Taste With Vir The Tandoori Chicken is a Punjabi bird and we should say it loud Hindustan Times Retrieved 30 May 2020 Das Bijoyeta 3 June 2013 Afghan students flock to India s universities Al Jazeera Retrieved 5 June 2020 Pashto and Dari popular with Indian students at JNU Zee News 14 January 2015 Retrieved 5 June 2020 In India Pashto is a developing language and it is rising very fast For the mode of vacancy we students are looking for a good designation and this language can give me a better designation in Central Government of India jobs said Ambalika a student who has completed advanced diploma in Pashto language Pashto language is a native language of Afghanistan and the importance of this language is immense in India The students can get opportunities by learning Pashto language The relation between India and Afghanistan is very historic and it will continue in the future Learning the Afghan language is important to know more about India and Afghanistan relations said Syed Ul Rehman a student The Pashto language programme is running successfully as more students are enrolling for this course Uncovering the roots of Bollywood stars in Peshawar India Today 19 December 2014 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Arshad Sameer 27 January 2017 Once scorned how Peshawaris became Bollywood kings Times of India Retrieved 29 May 2020 Singh Mayank Pratap 6 September 2016 Kader Khan to Amjad Khan Bollywood legends who hail from Balochistan India Today Retrieved 29 May 2020 Yesvi Affan 29 August 2016 How Balochistan gave birth to the best of Bollywood Daily O Retrieved 29 May 2020 a b c d Khans in Bollywood Afghan traces their Pathan roots Deccan Herald 17 May 2011 Retrieved 29 May 2020 a b Khan Javed 18 January 2015 Madhubala From Peshawar with love Dawn Retrieved 29 May 2020 Venkatesh Karthik 6 July 2019 The strange and little known case of Hindko Live Mint Retrieved 29 May 2020 Taqi Mohammad 11 December 2012 A Legend By Any Definition Outlook India Retrieved 29 May 2020 And perhaps Dilip Kumar does not know but in Peshawar his screen name is pronounced Daleep with a thick Hindko accent Hindi cinema s iconic hero Dilip Kumar turns a year older Times of India 17 September 2013 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Born into a Hindko speaking Peshawari Pashtun family of 12 children Dilip Kumar was born in Peshawar now in Pakistan The King of Tragedy Dilip Kumar s 92nd birthday celebrated in the city The Express Tribune 11 December 2014 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Kumar was born as Yousuf Khan in the Hindko speaking Awan family on December 11 1922 in Mohallah Khudadad near Qissa Khwani Bazaar Peshawar Khan Omer Farooq 19 March 2010 SRK s ancestral home traced to Pakistan The Times of India Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 Retrieved 19 October 2014 There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh s identity who is widely considered as a Pathan In fact his entire family speaks Hindko language His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back revealed Maqsood Shahrukh s cousins eager to meet him Dawn 26 July 2005 Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 4 November 2015 Mr Ahmed said that the celebrity understood Hindko and loved to speak in his mother tongue despite having been born away from Hindko speaking area a b c d e Akbar Ahmed 27 February 2013 The Thistle and the Drone How America s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam Brookings Institution Press pp 34 ISBN 978 0 8157 2379 0 Anand Dev 19 August 2004 What If Prithviraj Kapoor Had Not Left Peshawar Outlook India Retrieved 29 May 2020 Shelley Cobb Neil Ewen 27 August 2015 First Comes Love Power Couples Celebrity Kinship and Cultural Politics Bloomsbury Publishing pp 111 ISBN 978 1 62892 120 5 Raj Gurovar 2018 The Legends of Bollywood Jaico Publishing House pp 51 ISBN 978 93 86867 99 5 In today s India I fear for the safety of my children Naseerudin Shah Muslim Mirror 21 December 2018 Retrieved 8 July 2020 The Illustrated Weekly of India Published for the proprietors Bennett Coleman amp Company Limited at the Times of India Press 1989 p 61 The cherry lipped cherub is obviously not as soft as he looks The arrogant Pathan Naseeruddin Shah has suddenly turned very charming Mahmood Rafay 1 January 2019 Kader Khan The Kakar from Balochistan who ruled Bollywood The Express Tribune Retrieved 29 May 2020 Bollywood actor Firoz Khan dies at 70 Dawn 27 April 2009 Retrieved 6 June 2020 Swarup Shubhangi 27 January 2011 My Name is Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan Open Archived from the original on 31 May 2020 Retrieved 1 June 2020 Saran Sathya 7 March 2020 Irrfan Khan The Man The Dreamer The Star review Kite runner to actor The Hindu Archived from the original on 8 March 2020 Retrieved 29 April 2020 We read with some surprise about the boy who preferred to fly kites than go hunting with his father prompting his father to tell him he was a Brahmin born in the family of Pathans Pradhan Aneesh 5 July 2014 Listen to the distinctive strains of old sarod masters before the gharanas mingled Scroll Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 Retrieved 31 May 2020 Gharanas of sarod players have their origins in the lineages of the Pathan communities that brought the Afghan rabab to India Javeri Lakshmi Govindrajan 16 February 2019 Tuning into a legacy Meet the sarod players Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash The Hindu Retrieved 31 May 2020 Parvez Amjad 17 July 2018 GM Durrani a runaway singer from Peshawar in the colonial era Daily Times Archived from the original on 20 July 2018 Retrieved 12 June 2020 Ojha Abhilasha 20 January 2003 Play it again Sami Rediff Archived from the original on 14 October 2018 Retrieved 31 May 2020 Foschini Fabrizio 28 August 2012 A Pathan Moustache Hair s Worth Afghans in Bollywood Bollywood in Afghanistan Afghanistan Analysts Network Archived from the original on 23 April 2020 Retrieved 8 July 2020 N Anjum 8 December 2003 Shashi Kapoor My tribute to Dad Rediff Retrieved 7 July 2020 Anna Morcom 5 July 2017 Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema Taylor amp Francis p 81 ISBN 978 1 351 56374 1 Thakkar Mehul S 17 December 2012 A trendy twist to Sher Khan Pune Mirror Retrieved 8 July 2020 Watch Sanjay Dutt the Sher Khan shakes a leg in new Zanjeer song Hindustan Times 30 August 2013 Retrieved 8 July 2020 Qurbani Cine Blitz Blitz Publications 5 2 90 1979 This gigantic set of a Pathan s den was impressively done with Feroz Vinod and 40 junior artistes making merry Feroz believes in authenticity all the way He bought himself a real silver sword as is befitting to a Pathan It cost the grand sum of Rs 16 590 a sound investment perhaps Sumant Mishra Amitabh Bachchan 2002 Main Amitabh Bachchan Bol Raha Hoon In Candid Conversation with Sumant Mishra Egmont Imagination ISBN 978 81 286 0152 1 Khuda Gawah has been shot in the picturesque valleys of Afghanistan and Nepal with Amitabh playing the role of an Afghan Pathan Muhammad Umar Memon 1979 Studies in the Urdu Ġazal and Prose Fiction University of Wisconsin p 2 The Urdu poetry which sprang up in India under the influence of Persian speaking Iranians Turks Arabs and Pathans naturally made use of the vast and accessible body of imagery and convention which was Arabo Iranian a b A Biblical Connection Times of India 11 March 2008 Retrieved 31 May 2020 Arsh Malsiani 1976 Abul Kalam Azad Publications Division Ministry of Information amp Broadcasting pp 106 ISBN 978 81 230 2264 2 When Azad heard about this incident he began to tease him and said Maulvi Saheb you are no Pathan Perhaps you are a Sheikh How could a Pathan of Malihabad keep quiet after being abused Abdur Razzak retorted It was no abuse just a compliment to your paper Azad was pleased with this retort and complimented Abdur Razzak on his self control a b c d e Pelevin Mikhail 16 April 2018 Pashto Literature in North India in the 16th 18th Centuries UCLA Program on Central Asia Archived from the original on 2 June 2020 Retrieved 2 June 2020 Rahman Tariq 2001 The Learning of Pashto in North India and Pakistan An Historical Account Journal of Asian History 35 2 158 187 JSTOR 41933263 Archived from the original on 5 June 2020 Retrieved 5 June 2020 a b Abubakar Siddique 2014 The Pashtun Question The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan Hurst pp 26 ISBN 978 1 84904 292 5 Air World Service Pashto All India Radio 2015 Archived from the original on 1 March 2020 Retrieved 1 June 2020 External Services Division Prasar Bharati 5 March 2020 Archived from the original on 5 November 2019 Retrieved 1 June 2020 External Services of AIR enters 80th year of its existence News on Air 1 October 2018 Archived from the original on 1 October 2018 Retrieved 2 June 2020 Homepage Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University 2020 Archived from the original on 13 May 2020 Retrieved 2 June 2020 Pashto and Dari popular with Indian students at JNU Business Standard 14 January 2015 Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 Retrieved 2 June 2020 Shankwar Aranya 15 March 2018 BA done MA unsure JNU s Pashto students ask What next Indian Express Archived from the original on 1 August 2018 Retrieved 2 June 2020 Ghosh Shrabona 24 December 2018 Afghani students plight continues still no sign of Pashto in curriculum The New Indian Express Retrieved 2 June 2020 Robert Johnson 12 December 2011 The Afghan Way of War How and Why They Fight Oxford University Press USA pp 25 ISBN 978 0 19 979856 8 Gordon Corrigan 1999 Sepoys in the Trenches The Indian Corps on the Western Front 1914 1915 Spellmount p 7 ISBN 978 1 86227 054 1 George Morton Jack 24 February 2015 The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition Cambridge University Press p 73 ISBN 978 1 107 11765 5 Muhammad Ayub 2002 An Army Its Role amp Rule Ghosia Colony p 36 Lakshman B Hamal 1995 Military History of Nepal Sharda Pustak Mandir p 309 Eknath Easwaran 8 November 1999 Nonviolent Soldier of Islam Badshah Khan a Man to Match His Mountains Blue Mountain Center of Meditation ISBN 978 1 888314 00 7 Christophe Jaffrelot 2015 The Pakistan Paradox Instability and Resilience Oxford University Press p 153 ISBN 978 0 19 023518 5 Khurshid Salman 12 August 2018 All the best my fellow Pathan The Week Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 Retrieved 31 May 2020 We both belong to the Pathan called Pashtuns in Afghanistan tribes of the North West Frontier who migrated to different parts of undivided India His clan settled in what is now Pakistan and my clan of Afridi Pathans including Pakistani cricketer Shahid Afridi s ancestors settled in Rohilkhand Masood Naved 19 June 2011 Mohammed Yunus 1916 2001 The Migrant from Pakistan Two Circles Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 Retrieved 9 June 2020 Peter Oborne 9 April 2015 Wounded Tiger A History of Cricket in Pakistan Simon and Schuster p 185 ISBN 978 1 84983 248 9 Rajamani R C 3 June 2011 Bowled over by Durrani The Hindu Business Line Retrieved 31 May 2020 World s oldest hockey Olympian Feroze dies Dawn 21 April 2005 Retrieved 1 June 2020 World s oldest Olympian Feroze Khan passes away Daily Times 22 April 2005 Archived from the original on 6 May 2005 Retrieved 1 June 2020 Khan Aslam Sher 1982 To Hell With Hockey My Father My Role Model Bharatiya Hockey Allied Publishers Retrieved 1 June 2020 After the 1936 Olympics Ahmed Sher Khan married a lissome Pathan lass called Ahmedi who bore him two daughters and me Rana Ajay 22 July 2011 When time stood still The Sunday Indian Retrieved 1 June 2020 With only eight minutes to go a barely known Pathan Aslam Sher Khan was sent in as a substitute for Michael Kindo Hussain Khalid 19 January 2020 The first Emperor The News Archived from the original on 1 February 2020 Retrieved 5 June 2020 Bari was also a Pathan who had settled in Bombay He was popular among CCI members who raised money for him to go and compete in the 1950 British Open in London a b Curiel Jonathan 19 May 2000 Seattle Sisters Won t Be Squashed Feud with sport s establishment taking some of the fun out of it Seattle Pi Retrieved 6 June 2020 Yusuf Khan Takes Squash Open Terrell Loses Consolation Match Harvard Crimson 16 November 1970 Retrieved 6 June 2020 Yusuf Khan Dies at 87 US Squash 1 November 2018 Retrieved 6 June 2020 Dicky Rutnagur 1997 Khans Unlimited A History of Squash in Pakistan Oxford University Press p 197 ISBN 978 0 19 577805 2 Yusuf Khan professional at the Cricket Club of India in Bombay was an Indian national when he migrated to America but is a Pathan Further reading EditGommans Jos J L 2007 Afghans in India In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Rowson Everett eds Encyclopaedia of Islam THREE Brill Online ISSN 1873 9830 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pathans in India amp oldid 1130315756 Hindu Pathans, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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