Wikipedia
Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).
| Haplogroup P (K2b2) | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 46,000 years BP[1][2] |
| Possible place of origin | Central Asia, South Asia, or Southeast Asia[3][4][5] |
| Ancestor | K2b[6] |
| Descendants | P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) |
| Defining mutations | P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231 |
The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia.[7][8] The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians.[9][10] P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).
The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.
Origin and dispersal edit
Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonius" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there.[4][12] Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. concluded that the ancestral Eurasian haplogroups C, D, and F, either expanded from the Middle East or from Southeast Asia. Based on the modern distribution of basal lineages, the authors propose Southeast Asia as place of dispersal for all Eurasian lineages, before the split between West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian (including Oceanian) populations.[13]
According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 (now P1c), which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2 (now P1a), which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[14]
Structure edit
The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:[9][15]
Distribution edit
P1(xP1c) edit
Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).
P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.[4]
P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.[9] P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.[3][4][13][16]
Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia.[17][18][19] Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander,[20]
| Population | P* % | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Papua New Guinea | 0.69 | assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found[4] |
| New Zealand | 0 | |
| Fiji | 0 | |
| Solomon Islands | 0 | |
| French Polynesia | 0 | |
| Vanuatu | 0 | |
| New Caledonia | ||
| Guam | 0 | |
| Samoa | 0 | |
| Kiribati | ||
| Tonga | 0 | |
| Micronesia FDR | 0 | |
| Marshall Islands | 0 | |
| American Samoa | ||
| Northern Mariana Islands | ||
| Palau | ||
| Cook Islands | 0 | |
| Wallis and Futuna | 0 | |
| Tuvalu | 0 | |
| Nauru | ||
| Norfolk Island | ||
| Niue | 0 | small sample size |
| Tokelau | 0 | small sample size |
| Hawaii | 0 | small sample size from FTDNA |
| Australia | 0 | |
| Timor | 10.8 | |
| Aeta (Philippines) | 28 | |
| Austronesians (Philippines) | 0 | |
| Malaysia | 0 | |
| Flores | 0 | |
| Sulawesi | 0.6 | |
| East Indonesia | 0 | |
| Java Indonesia | 0 | |
| Bali Indonesia | 0 | |
| Sumatra Indonesia | 0 | |
| Borneo Indonesia | 0 | |
| West Papua Province | 0 | |
| Papua Province | 0 | |
| Sumba Indonesia | 3.2 |
P-M45 (P1c) edit
Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[21] and 35% among Nivkh males.
| Modern population | Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation | Reference | n | Percentage | Notes/SNPs tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuvinian | Turkic | [21] | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 |
| Nivkh | isolate | [22] | 17 | 35 | P-M45 |
| Altai-Kizhi | Turkic | [21] | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 |
| Todjin | Turkic | [21] | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 |
| Chukchi | Chukotkan | [22] | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 |
| Koryak | Chukotkan | [22] | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 |
| Yupik | Eskimo-Aleut | [22] | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 |
| Uighur | Turkic | [23] | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 |
| Kalmyk | Mongolic | [21] | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 |
| Turkmen | Turkic | [24] | 30 | 10 | P-M45 |
| Soyot | Turkic | [21] | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 |
| Uriankhai | Mongolic | [25] | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 |
| Khakas | Turkic | [21] | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 |
| Kazakh | Turkic | [24] | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 |
| Uzbek | Turkic | [24] | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 |
| Khasi-Khmuic | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Munda | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Nicobarese | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Southeast Asia | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Garo | Tibeto-Burman | [26] | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| India | Tibeto-Burman | [26] | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| East Asia | Tibeto-Burman | [26] | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Eastern India | unclear/various | [26] | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Southern Talysh, Iran | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan | Iranian | [27] | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Mazandarani | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Gilaki | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Tehran | Iranian | [27] | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Isfahan | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Bakhtiari | Iranian | [28] | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Iranian Arabs | Arabic | [28] | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| North Iran | Iranian | [29] | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Iran | Iranian | [29] | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Georgian | [30] | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Armenian | [30] | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Hvar | Croatian | [31] | 14 | ||
| Korčula | Croatian | [31] | 6 |
§ May include members of haplogroup R2.
| Population group | N | P (xQ, xR) | Q | R | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [32] | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |
| Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | ||||
| Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | ||||
| Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | ||||
| Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | ||||
| Saora | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | ||||
| Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | ||||
| Muslims of Manipur | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | ||||
| Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | ||||
| Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | ||||
| Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | ||||
| Katkari | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | ||||
| Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | ||||
| Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 |
Q edit
Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.
R edit
The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.
R1 edit
| Continental | Country | Population | Sample | R1a1 [a] | R1a1* [b] | R1a1a [c] | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasus | Ossetians | North | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 0.75 | [33] |
| Europe | Estonia | 100 | NA | 0.00 | 35.00 | [33] | |
| Europe | Romania | 335 | NA | 0.00 | 17.01 | [33] | |
| Europe | Croatia | Krk (island) | 74 | NA | 0.00 | 36.49 | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | Brac (island) | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 24.49 | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | Hvar (island) | 91 | NA | 0.00 | 6.59 | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | Korcula (island) | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 15.67 | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | mainland | 108 | NA | 0.00 | 26.85 | [33] |
| Europe | Bosnia-Herzegovina | Herzegovina | 141 | NA | 0.00 | 12.06 | [33] |
| Europe | Kosovo | Albanians | 114 | NA | 0.00 | 3.51 | [33] |
| Europe | Serbia | 113 | NA | 0.00 | 18.58 | [33] | |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonia | 79 | NA | 0.00 | 13.92 | [33] |
| Europe | Czech Republic | 53 | NA | 0.00 | 37.74 | [33] | |
| Europe | Belarus | Brest | 97 | NA | 0.00 | 58.8 | [34] |
| Europe | Belarus | 267 | NA | 0.00 | 54.7 | [34] | |
| Europe | Belarus | 50 | NA | 0.00 | 42.00 | [33] | |
| Europe | Russia | Russians | 39 | NA | 0.00 | 38.46 | [33] |
| Central Asia | Tajiks, Turkmens | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 7.89 | [33] | |
| North Asia | Russia | Tuvas | 104 | NA | 0.00 | 7.69 | [33] |
| North Asia | Russia | Altaians | 58 | NA | 0.00 | 41.38 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Jammu Jharkhand | 61 | NA | 0.00 | 37.70 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Andhra-Pradesh Jharkhand | 19 | NA | 0.00 | 26.32 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Madhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh | 54 | NA | 0.00 | 35.19 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Khatri-Punjab/Haryana | 15 | NA | 0.00 | 67.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Ahir-Punjab/Haryana | 24 | NA | 0.00 | 63.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Uttar-Pradesh Jharkhand | 171 | NA | 0.00 | 49.71 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Uttranchal Jharkhand | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 47.62 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | West-Bengal Chhattisgarh | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 48.98 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Asur Maharashtra | 88 | NA | 0.00 | 5.68 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Ho Madhya-Pradesh | 45 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Mawasi Orissa | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 3.70 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Mawasi Chhattisgarh | 12 | NA | 0.00 | 8.33 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Mahali Orissa | 32 | NA | 0.00 | 9.38 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Santhal Meghalaya | 20 | NA | 0.00 | 10.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Birhor Meghalaya | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 3.70 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Birhor | 35 | NA | 0.00 | 2.86 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Baiga | 23 | NA | 0.00 | 8.70 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Baiga | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 2.38 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Kharia | 37 | NA | 0.00 | 5.41 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Savara | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 9.52 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Meghwal Rajasthan | 50 | NA | 0.00 | 30.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Garo | 25 | NA | 0.00 | 4.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Lohana Gujarat | 20 | NA | 0.00 | 60.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | India | Khasi | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 4.76 | [33] |
| South Asia | Iran | 87 | NA | 0.00 | 10.34 | [33] | |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Sindhi | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 49.00 | [33] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Mohanna | 70 | NA | 0.00 | 71.00 | [33] |
| Europe | Turkey | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 3.37 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Armenia | 25 | NA | 0.00 | 4.00 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Megrels | 67 | NA | 0.00 | 8.96 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Abkhazes | 162 | NA | 0.00 | 9.26 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Avars | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 2.38 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Chamalals | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 7.41 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Bagvalals | 28 | NA | 0.00 | 3.57 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Andis | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 2.04 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Lezgis | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Darginians | 68 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Tabasarans | 43 | NA | 0.00 | 2.33 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Adyghes | 160 | NA | 0.00 | 11.25 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Karachays | 69 | NA | 0.00 | 27.54 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Kumyks | 76 | NA | 0.00 | 13.16 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Balkars | 136 | NA | 0.00 | 25.74 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Cherkessians | 126 | NA | 0.00 | 12.70 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Kabardians | 141 | NA | 0.71 | 13.48 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Abazas | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 19.10 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Nogays | 87 | NA | 0.00 | 12.64 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Karanogays | 77 | NA | 0.00 | 9.09 | [33] | |
| Caucasus | Tats | 10 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] | |
| Europe | Crete | 193 | NA | 0.00 | 8.81 | [33] | |
| Middle East | Oman | 121 | NA | 0.00 | 9.09 | [33] | |
| Middle East | Iran | 150 | NA | 0.67 | 12.67 | [33] | |
| Middle East | United Arab Emirates | 164 | NA | 0.00 | 7.32 | [33] | |
| Europe | Turkey | 523 | NA | 0.00 | 6.88 | [33] | |
| Europe | Lithuania | Aukštaičiai | 106 | 45.3 | NA | NA | [35] |
| Europe | Lithuania | Žemaičiai | 90 | 44.4 | NA | NA | [35] |
| Europe | Norway | North | 377 | 27.1 | NA | NA | [36] |
| Europe | Norway | Middle | 317 | 31.5 | NA | NA | [36] |
| Europe | Norway | West | 301 | 24.3 | NA | NA | [36] |
| Europe | Norway | East | 493 | 26.8 | NA | NA | [36] |
| Europe | Norway | Bergen | 93 | 28 | NA | NA | [36] |
| Europe | Norway | Oslo | 109 | 19.3 | NA | NA | [36] |
| Europe | Norway | South | 76 | 13.2 | NA | NA | [36] |
| Europe | Spain/Portugal | large survey | 1140 | NA | 0.00 | 1.2 | [37] |
| Europe | Greece | Greeks | 92 | NA | 0.00 | 16.3 | [38] |
| Europe | Greece | Macedonian Greeks | 57 | NA | 1.80 | 10.5 | [38] |
| Europe | Albania | 55 | NA | 0.00 | 9.1 | [38] | |
| Europe | Bosnia | Serbs | 81 | NA | 0.00 | 13.6 | [38] |
| Europe | Bosnia | Bosniacs | 84 | NA | 0.00 | 15.5 | [38] |
| Europe | Bosnia | Croats | 90 | NA | 0.00 | 12.2 | [38] |
| Europe | Croatia | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 27.0 | [38] | |
| Europe | Hungary | 53 | NA | 0.00 | 56.6 | [38] | |
| Europe | Czech Republic | 75 | NA | 0.00 | 41.3 | [38] | |
| Europe | Poland | 99 | NA | 0.00 | 56.6 | [38] | |
| Europe | Ukraine | 92 | NA | 0.00 | 50.0 | [38] | |
| Europe | Georgia | 66 | NA | 0.00 | 10.6 | [38] | |
| Europe | Russia | Balkarians | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 13.2 | [38] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Albanian language | 64 | NA | 0.00 | 1.6 | [38] |
| Europe | Croatia | Osijek | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 37.9 | [38] |
| Europe | Slovenia | Slovenians | 75 | NA | 0.00 | 38.70 | [38] |
| Europe | Italy | North East | 67 | NA | 0.00 | 10.4 | [38] |
| - | - | Ashkenazi Cohen | 76 | NA | 0.00 | 1.3 | [39] |
| - | - | Sephardi Cohen | 69 | NA | 0.00 | 5.8 | [39] |
| Europe | - | Ashkenazi Levite | 60 | NA | 0.00 | 51.7 | [39] |
| - | - | Sephardi Levite | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 3.2 | [39] |
| Middle East | Israel | Ashkenazi | 100 | NA | 0.00 | 4.0 | [39] |
| Middle East | Israel | Sephardi | 63 | NA | 0.00 | 1.6 | [39] |
| Europe | Germany | 88 | NA | 0.00 | 12.5 | [39] | |
| Europe | Norway | 83 | NA | 0.00 | 21.7 | [39] | |
| Europe | Germany | Sorbs | 112 | NA | 0.00 | 63.4 | [39] |
| Europe | Belarus | 306 | NA | 0.33 | 51.0 | [39] | |
| Europe | Spain | Spanish Basques | 42 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
| Europe | British Crown | Channel Islands | 128 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Chippenham | 52 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Cornwall | 52 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Dorchester | 73 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Faversham | 55 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Midhurst | 80 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Morpeth | 95 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Norfolk | 121 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Penrith | 90 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Southwell | 70 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | Uttoxeter | 84 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
| Europe | England | York | 46 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Denmark/Germany | Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein | 190 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Ireland | Castlerea | 43 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
| Europe | British Crown | Isle of Man | 62 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Norway | 201 | NA | NA | 12.0 | [40] | |
| Europe | Scotland | Orkney | 121 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Ireland | Rush, Dublin | 76 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Scotland | Durness | 51 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Scotland | Oban | 42 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Scotland | Pitlochry | 41 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Scotland | Stonehaven | 44 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Scotland | Western Isles | 88 | NA | NA | 3.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Scotland | Shetland | 63 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Wales | Haverfordwest | 59 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Wales | Llangefni | 80 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Wales | Llanidloes | 57 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [40] |
| Europe | Turkey | 523 | NA | NA | 6.9 | [41] | |
| Europe | Italy | Sicily | 236 | NA | NA | 5.5 | [42] |
| Europe | Greece | 77 | NA | NA | 15.6 | [43] | |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Burusho | 97 | NA | NA | 25.8 | [43] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Kalash | 44 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [43] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pathan (Pashtun) | 96 | NA | NA | 44.8 | [43] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | 638 | NA | NA | 37.1 | [43] | |
| South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample) | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 10.5 | [44] |
| South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample) | 77 | NA | 0.00 | 3.9 | [44] |
| South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai | 37 | NA | 0.00 | 16.2 | [44] |
| South Asia | Nepal/India | Hindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal | 26 | NA | 0.00 | 69.2 | [44] |
| South Asia | India | Hindus New Delhi | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 34.7 | [44] |
| South Asia | India | Andhara Pradesh tribal | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 27.6 | [44] |
| Europe | Poland | 913 | NA | NA | 57.0 | [45] | |
| Europe | Germany | 1215 | NA | NA | 17.9 | [45] | |
| Europe | Germany | Berlin | 103 | NA | NA | 22.3 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Leipzig | 144 | NA | NA | 27.1 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Magdeburg | 100 | NA | NA | 21 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Rostock | 96 | NA | NA | 31.3 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Greifswald | 104 | NA | NA | 19.2 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Hamburg | 161 | NA | NA | 16.8 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Münster | 102 | NA | NA | 7.8 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Freiburg | 102 | NA | NA | 10.8 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Cologne | 96 | NA | NA | 15.6 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Mainz | 95 | NA | NA | 8.4 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | Munich | 95 | NA | NA | 14.3 | [45] |
| Europe | Greece | Nea Nikomedeia | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 21.1 | [46] |
| Europe | Greece | Sesklo/Dimini | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 10.5 | [46] |
| Europe | Greece | Lerna/Franchthi | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 1.8 | [46] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete | 193 | NA | 0.50 | 8.3 | [46] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete, Heraklion Prefecture | 104 | NA | 0.00 | 8.7 | [47] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete, Lasithi Plateau | 41 | NA | 0.00 | 29.3 | [47] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete, Lasithi Prefecture | 23 | NA | 0.00 | 17.4 | [47] |
| Europe | Ukraine | 94 | NA | NA | 43.6 | [48] | |
| Europe | Belarus | 68 | NA | NA | 45.6 | [49] | |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) | 20 | NA | NA | 50.0 | [50] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) | 11 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [50] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Turochak) | 19 | NA | NA | 36.8 | [50] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) | 43 | NA | NA | 58.1 | [50] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Kulada) | 46 | NA | NA | 52.2 | [50] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) | 7 | NA | NA | 28.6 | [50] |
| Europe | England | West Lancashire (standard 2-G[d]) | 49 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [51] |
| Europe | England | Wirral Peninsula (standard 2-G[d]) | 100 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [51] |
| Europe | England | West Lancashire (medieval[e]) | 42 | NA | NA | 16.7 | [51] |
| Europe | England | Wirral Peninsula (medieval[e]) | 37 | NA | NA | 13.5 | [51] |
| South Asia | India | South India, Chenchu | 41 | NA | NA | 26.8 | [52] |
| South Asia | India | South India, Koya | 41 | NA | NA | 2.4 | [52] |
| South Asia | India | West Bengal | 31 | NA | NA | 38.7 | [52] |
| South Asia | India | Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay | 43 | NA | NA | 41.9 | [52] |
| South Asia | India | Gujarat | 29 | NA | NA | 24.1 | [52] |
| South Asia | India | Lambadi | 35 | NA | NA | 8.6 | [52] |
| South Asia | India | Punjab | 66 | NA | NA | 47.0 | [52] |
| South Asia | Sri Lanka | Sinhalese | 39 | NA | NA | 12.8 | [52] |
| North Asia | Russia | Tuvan | 40 | NA | NA | 7.5 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Tofalar | 19 | NA | NA | 5.3 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Buryat | 13 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Yenisey Evenk | 31 | NA | NA | 9.7 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Okhotsk Evenk | 16 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Ulchi/Nanai | 53 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Upriver Negidal | 10 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Downriver Negidal | 7 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Ugedey | 20 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Nivkh | 17 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Kamchatka, Koryak | 27 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Kamchatka, Itel\'man | 18 | NA | NA | 22.2 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Chukotka, Chukchi | 24 | NA | NA | 4.2 | [22] |
| North Asia | Russia | Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo | 33 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Abazinians | 14 | NA | NA | 14.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Chechenians | 19 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Darginians | 26 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Ingushians | 22 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Kabardinians | 59 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Lezgi (Dagestan) | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Ossetians (Ardon) | 28 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Ossetians (Digora) | 31 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Rutulians | 24 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Abkhazians | 12 | NA | NA | 33.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Armenians | 100 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijanians | 72 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [27] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Georgians | 77 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [27] |
| Europe | Turkey | 39 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [27] | |
| Middle East | Iran | Isfahan | 50 | NA | NA | 18.0 | [27] |
| Middle East | Iran | Tehran | 80 | NA | NA | 20.0 | [27] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Balti | 13 | NA | NA | 15.0 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Brahui | 110 | NA | NA | 8.2 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Burusho | 94 | NA | NA | 27.7 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Hazara | 23 | NA | NA | 60.9 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Kalash | 44 | NA | NA | 9.1 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Kashmiri | 12 | NA | NA | 25.0 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Makrani Baluch | 25 | NA | NA | 24.0 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Makrani Negroid | 33 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Parsi | 90 | NA | NA | 26.7 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pathan (Pashtun) | 93 | NA | NA | 10.8 | [53] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Sindhi | 122 | NA | NA | 12.3 | [53] |
| Europe | Albania | Albanian | 51 | NA | NA | 9.8 | [54] |
| Europe | France | French Basque | 22 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Spain | Spanish Basque | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Italy | Calabrian | 37 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Spain | Catalan | 24 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Italy | Central/Northern | 50 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Croatia | Croatian | 58 | NA | NA | 29.3 | [54] |
| Europe | Czech Republic/Slovakia | Czech/Slovak | 45 | NA | NA | 26.7 | [54] |
| Europe | Netherlands | Dutch | 27 | NA | NA | 3.7 | [54] |
| Europe | Georgia | Georgian | 63 | NA | NA | 7.9 | [54] |
| Europe | Germany | German | 16 | NA | NA | 6.2 | [54] |
| Europe | Greece | Greek | 76 | NA | NA | 11.8 | [54] |
| Europe | Hungary | Hungarian | 45 | NA | NA | 60.0 | [54] |
| Middle East | Lebanon | Lebanese | 31 | NA | NA | 9.7 | [54] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonian | 20 | NA | NA | 35.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Poland | Polish | 55 | NA | NA | 56.4 | [54] |
| Europe | Saami | 24 | NA | NA | 8.3 | [54] | |
| Europe | Italy | Sardinian | 77 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Syria | Syrian | 20 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [54] |
| Europe | Turkey | Turkish | 30 | NA | NA | 6.6 | [54] |
| Asia | Russia | Udmurt | 43 | NA | NA | 37.2 | [54] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainian | 50 | NA | NA | 54.0 | [54] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | 85 | NA | NA | 16.5 | [55] | |
| South Asia | India | Rajput (of Rajasthan) | 29 | NA | NA | 31.3 | [55] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Southern | 91 | NA | NA | 31.9 | [55] |
| Southeast Asia | Cambodia | 6 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
| East Asia | China | 128 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
| East Asia | Japan | 23 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
| North Asia | Siberia | 18 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) | 64 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Dravidian) | 18 | NA | NA | 2.8 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) | 87 | NA | NA | 4.6 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Indo-European) | 21 | NA | NA | 19.1 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Dravidian Upper Caste | 59 | NA | NA | 28.8 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Dravidian Middle Caste | 85 | NA | NA | 11.8 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Dravidian Lower Caste | 29 | NA | NA | 24.1 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Indo-European Upper Caste | 86 | NA | NA | 45.4 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Indo-European Middle Caste | 48 | NA | NA | 50.4 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Indo-European Lower Caste | 50 | NA | NA | 26.0 | [55] |
| South Asia | India | Kashmiri Gujars | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 40.86 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Kashmiri Pandits | 51 | NA | 3.92 | 19.61 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Gujarat Brahmins | 64 | NA | 0.00 | 32.81 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Bihar Paswan | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 40.74 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Bihar Brahmins | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 60.53 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Himachal Pradesh Brahmin | 30 | NA | 0.00 | 47.37 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Indian Punjab Brahmins | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 35.71 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | West Bengal Brahmins | 30 | NA | 0.00 | 72.22 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Uttar Pradesh Brahmins | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 67.74 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Uttar Pradesh Kols | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 14.81 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Madhya Pradesh Saharia | 57 | NA | 22.8 | 28.07 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Madhya Pradesh Brahmins | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 38.1 | [56] |
| South Asia | India | Maharashtra Brahmins | 32 | NA | 0.00 | 43.33 | [56] |
| Europe | Moldova | Moldavians, Carahasani[57][58] | 72 | NA | NA | 34.7 | [58] |
| Europe | Moldava | Moldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava | 54 | NA | NA | 20.4 | [58] |
| Europe | Romania | Dniester-Carpathian region | - | NA | NA | 20.4 | [58] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district | 53 | NA | NA | 41.5 | [58] |
| Europe | Moldava | Gagauzes, Kongaz | 48 | NA | NA | 12.5 | [58] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Gagauzes, Etulia | 41 | NA | NA | 26.8 | [58] |
| East Asia | China | Dongxiang (Mongolian descent) | 49 | 28.0 | [59] | ||
| East Asia | China | Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent[59]) | 52 | NA | 17.0 | [59] | |
| East Asia | China | Bo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent | 47 | NA | 26.0 | [59] | |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Ararat | 44 | NA | 0.00 | 0.0 | [60] |
| Caucasus | Armenia/Georgia | \"Northern Armenians\" | 189 | NA | 0.53 | 4.2 | [60] |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Syunik (South Armenia) | 140 | NA | 0.00 | 9.3 | [60] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan/Armenia | Karabakh | 215 | NA | 0.00 | 5.6 | [60] |
| Middle East | Iran | Isfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent) | 56 | NA | 0.00 | 1.8 | [60] |
| Europe | Turkey | near Armenia | 90 | NA | 1.11 | 3.3 | [60] |
| Europe | Turkey | Istanbul University | 173 | NA | 0.00 | 10.4 | [60] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Baku | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 10.3 | [60] |
| Middle East | Syria | Damascus University | 44 | NA | 0.00 | 2.3 | [60] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Tbilisi | 68 | NA | 0.00 | 4.4 | [60] |
| Europe | Greece | Athens | 132 | NA | 0.00 | 6.1 | [60] |
| Europe | Mongolia | soldiers mainly from Khalkh | 402 | NA | 0.00 | 2.5 | [60] |
| Europe | Hungary | 215 | NA | 1.40 | 24.2 | [61] | |
| Europe | Wales | North Wales | 98 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [62] |
| Europe | England | English Midlands | 136 | NA | NA | 4.4 | [62] |
| Europe | England | East Anglia | 173 | NA | NA | 4.6 | [62] |
| Europe | Netherlands | Friesland | 94 | NA | NA | 7.4 | [62] |
| Europe | Norway | 83 | NA | NA | 21.7 | [62] | |
| Europe | United Kingdom | British | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| Europe | Scotland | Orkney | 26 | NA | NA | 27.0 | [24] |
| Europe | Russia | Pomor | 28 | NA | NA | 36.0 | [24] |
| Europe | Russia | Russian, North | 49 | NA | NA | 43.0 | [24] |
| Asia | Russia | Russian, Tashkent | 89 | NA | NA | 47.0 | [24] |
| Europe | Russia | Kazan Tatar | 38 | NA | NA | 24.0 | [24] |
| Europe | Russia | Saami | 23 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [24] |
| Asia | Russia | Nenets | 54 | NA | NA | 11.0 | [24] |
| Middle East | Lebanon | 50 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] | |
| Middle East | Iran | Tehran | 24 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
| Middle East | Iran | Shiraz | 12 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| Middle East | Iran | Esfahan | 16 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Svans (Svanetians) | 25 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [24] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Kazbegi | 25 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | South Ossetians | 17 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [24] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Lezgi in Azerbaijan | 12 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [24] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijanians | 21 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [24] |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Armenians | 47 | NA | NA | 9.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Pashtuns | 49 | NA | NA | 51.02 | [63] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Tajiks | 56 | NA | NA | 30.36 | [63] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Hazara | 60 | NA | NA | 6.66 | [63] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Uzbeks | 17 | NA | NA | 17.64 | [63] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Balochs | 13 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [63] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Nuristanis | 5 | NA | NA | 60.0 | [63] |
| Central Asia | Turkmenistan | Turkmen | 30 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan Kurd | 17 | NA | NA | 12.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Sinte Romani | 15 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Iranian (Samarkand) | 53 | NA | NA | 11.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Tajik (Samarkand) | 40 | NA | NA | 25.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Arab Bukhara | 42 | NA | NA | 19.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Crimean Tartar | 22 | NA | NA | 32.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Karakalpak | 44 | NA | NA | 18.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Kashkadarya | 19 | NA | NA | 16.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Bukhara | 58 | NA | NA | 28.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Surkhandarya | 68 | NA | NA | 29.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Khorezm | 70 | NA | NA | 30.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Tashkent | 43 | NA | NA | 28.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Fergana Valley | 63 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Samarkand | 45 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | <<link:2>> (near Afghanistan) | 25 | NA | NA | 68.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Bartangi | 30 | NA | NA | 40.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Shugnan | 44 | NA | NA | 23.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Yagnobi | 31 | NA | NA | 16.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Tajiks/Panjikent | 22 | NA | NA | 64.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Tajiks/Dushanbe | 16 | NA | NA | 19.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyz | 52 | NA | NA | 63.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Kyrgyzstan | Dungan (Sino-Tibetan) | 40 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Kazakhstan | Kazakhs | 54 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
| Central Asia | Kazakhstan | Uighur | 41 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [24] |
| South Asia | India | South India Sourashtran | 46 | NA | NA | 39.0 | [24] |
| South Asia | India | South India Kallar Dravidian | 84 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
| South Asia | India | South India Yadhava | 129 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Tuvinian | 42 | NA | NA | 14.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Mongolia | 24 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] | |
| East Asia | Korea | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] | |
| East Asia | China | Liqian from Yongchang | 87 | NA | NA | 1.1 | [64] |
| East Asia | China | Yugur from Sunan in Gansu | 52 | NA | NA | 1.9 | [64] |
| East Asia | China | Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai | 39 | NA | NA | 2.6 | [64] |
| East Asia | China | Uyghurs from Urumqi | 49 | NA | NA | NA | [64] |
| Europe | Italy | Sardinia | 10 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | England | Cornwall | 51 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Spain | Basque | 26 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Portugal | Northern | 328 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| North Africa | Algeria | 27 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| North Africa | 129 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] | ||
| North Africa | Tunisia | 'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba) | 46 | NA | 4.3 | 4.3 | [66] |
| Europe | Finland | 57 | 10.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Bulgaria | 24 | 12.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Netherlands | 84 | 13.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Germany | Bavarian | 80 | 15.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Sweden | Gotlander | 64 | 16.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Yugoslavian | 100 | 16.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Russia | Chuvash | 17 | 18.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Sweden | Northern | 48 | 19.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Romania | 45 | 20.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Iceland | 28 | 21.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Saami | 48 | 21.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Hungary | 36 | 22.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Estonia | 207 | 27.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Russia | Mari | 48 | 29.0 (Tambets disagrees) | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukraine | 27 | 30.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Germany | 30 | 30.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Norway | 52 | 31.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Lithuania | 38 | 34.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Slovenia | 70 | 37.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Czech Republic | 53 | 38.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Belarus | 41 | 39.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Latvia | 34 | 41.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Asia | Russia | 122 | 47.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Slovakia | 70 | 47.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Poland | 112 | 54.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Ireland | 57 | 1.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Ossetia | 47 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Cyprus | 45 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Italy | 99 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Spain | 126 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Portugal | Southern | 57 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Belgium | 92 | 4.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Turkey | 167 | 5.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | France | 40 | 5.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Georgia | 64 | 6.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Armenia | 89 | 6.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Denmark | 56 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Scotland | Western | 120 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Scotland | 43 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | Greece | 36 | 8.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
| Europe | England | East Anglia | 172 | 9.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Europe | Iceland | 181 | 23.8 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Norway | 112 | 17.9 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Sweden | 110 | 17.3 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Denmark | 12 | 16.7 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Ireland | 222 | 0.5 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Scotland | 61 | 6.6 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Britain | 32 | 9.4 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Germany | 32 | 9.4 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Greece | 42 | 4.8 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Italy | 332 | 2.7 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Asia | Russia | 30 | 43.3 | NA | NA | [67] | |
| Europe | Estonia | 74 | 36.5 | NA | NA | [68] | |
| Europe | Russia | Komi-Permyaks | 42 | 23.8 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Russia | Russian (Perm) | 37 | 43.2 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Russia - Mordovia | Mordovian Erzya | 46 | 39.1 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Russia - Mordovia | Mordovian Moksi | 46 | 21.7 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Estonia | Estonia Russian | 26 | 26.9 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainian | 6 | 50.0 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Bulgaria | Bulgarian | 808 | 17.5 | NA | NA | [69] |
| Europe | Turkey | Northeast Turkish | 11 | 18.2 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Turkey | Central Anatolian | 18 | 11.1 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Turkey | Southwest Turkish | 29 | 10.3 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Turkey | Southeast Turkish | 13 | 15.4 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Cyprus | Turkish Cypriots | 22 | 13.6 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Middle East | Talysh | 20 | 10.0 | NA | NA | [68] | |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azeri | 24 | 12.5 | NA | NA | [68] |
| Europe | Croatia | Mainland | 108 | 34.3 | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Bosnia-Herzogivina | Bosnians | 69 | 24.6 | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Bosnia-Herzogivina | Herzogivinians | 141 | 12.1 | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Serbia | Serbians | 113 | 15.9 | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Kosova | Albanians | 114 | 4.4 | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonians | 79 | 15.2 | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Romani | 57 | 1.8 | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Croatia | Mainland | 109 | 33.9 | NA | NA | [31] |
| Europe | Croatia | Krk | 74 | 28.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
| Europe | Croatia | Brač | 49 | 13.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
| Europe | Croatia | Hvar | 91 | 8.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
| Europe | Croatia | Korčula | 134 | 27.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
| Europe | Russia | North | 380 | 34.20 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Russia | Central | 364 | 46.50 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Russia | South | 484 | 55.40 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Portugal | 553 | 1.27 | NA | NA | [72] | |
| Europe | Sweden | Swedes | 141 | 18.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Estonia | Estonians | 209 | 33.5 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Latvia | Latvians | 86 | 38.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Russia | Mari | 111 | 47.7 (Rosser disagrees) | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Russia | Mordvin | 83 | 26.5 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Russia | Komi | 94 | 33 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Russia | Udmurt | 87 | 10.3 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Russia | Chuvash | 79 | 31.6 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Russia | Volga Tatars | 126 | 34.1 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | France | French | 61 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Hungary | Hungarians | 113 | 20.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Russia | Russians | 61 | 42.6 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Khant | 47 | 4.3 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Nganasan | 38 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Nenets | 148 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Selkup | 131 | 19.1 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Ket | 48 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Dolgan | 67 | 16.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Yakut | 155 | 1.9 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Buryat | 81 | 1.2 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Evenk | 96 | 1 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Evens | 31 | 6.5 | NA | NA | [73] |
| North Asia | Russia | Altaians | 98 | 46.9 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Norway | Norwegians | 72 | 23.6 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Europe | Denmark | Danes | 194 | 16.5 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Turkey | Kurds Zazaki speakers | 27 | NA | NA | 25.9 | [75] |
| Europe | Turkey | Kurds Kurmanji speakers | 87 | NA | NA | 12.7 | [75] |
| Middle East | Iraq | Kurds | 95 | NA | NA | 11.6 | [76] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Kurds | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [75] |
| Middle East | Jordan | Amman | 101 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [77] |
| Middle East | Jordan | Dead Sea | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [77] |
| Middle East | Iraq | Baghdad, different ethnic groups | 139 | NA | NA | [78] | |
| Europe | Russia | Arkhangelsk | 28 | NA | 0.00 | 17.9 | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Khanty | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 14.8 | [79] |
| Europe | Russia (Komi Republic) | Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District | 54 | NA | 0.00 | 29.6 | [79] |
| Europe | Russia (Komi Republic) | Komi from Priluzsky District | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 32.7 | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Kursk region Russian | 40 | NA | 0.00 | 52.5 | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Tver region Russian | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 57.9 | [79] |
| Continent | Population | #No. | Total% | R-P25* | R-V88 | R-M269 | R-M73 |
| Africa | Northern Africa | 691 | 5.9% | 0.0% | 5.2% | 0.7% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Central Sahel Region | 461 | 23.0% | 0.0% | 23.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Western Africa | 123 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Eastern Africa | 442 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Southern Africa | 105 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Western Europeans | 465 | 57.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 57.8% | 0.0% |
| Europe | North western Europeans | 43 | 55.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 55.8% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Central Europeans | 77 | 42.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 42.9% | 0.0% |
| Europe | North Eastern Europeans | 74 | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Russians | 60 | 6.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 6.7% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Eastern Europeans | 149 | 20.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 20.8% | 0.0% |
| Europe | South eastern Europeans | 510 | 13.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 12.9% | 0.0% |
| Asia | Western Asians | 328 | 5.8% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 5.5% | 0.0% |
| Asia | Southern Asians | 288 | 4.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 3.1% |
| Asia | South eastern Asians | 10 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Asia | North eastern Asians | 30 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Asia | Eastern Asians | 156 | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% |
| TOTAL | 5326 |
R2 edit
Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.
| Tibeto-Burman | Austro-Asiatic | Dravidian | Indo-European | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tribe | 5.75% | 10.94% | 5.00% | - |
| Lower Caste | - | - | 13.79% | 10.00% |
| Middle Caste | - | - | 3.53% | 18.75% |
| Upper Caste | - | - | 10.17% | 16.28% |
| Count | Sample Size | R-M124 Frequency % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| UAE[80] | 8 | 217 | 3.69% |
| Qatar[81] | 1 | 72 | 1.39% |
| Kuwait[82] | 1 | 153 | 0.65% |
| Yemen[81] | 1 | 104 | 0.96% |
| Jordan[77] | 2 | 146 | 1.37% |
| Lebanon[83] | 2 | 935 | 0.21% |
| Palestine[84] | 1 | 49 | 2.04% |
| Egypt[85] | 1 | 147 | 0.68% |
| R2b% | Population |
|---|---|
| 10.3% | Burusho |
| 6.8% | Kalash |
| 1.0% | Pashtuns |
| 3.4% | Gujarat |
| 0.63% | Pakistan |
P1a (P-B253, formerly P2) edit
The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P1a (P-B253).[9]
Notes edit
- ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
- ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
- ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
- ^ a b The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
- ^ a b For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:
"Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"
— Bowden, Balaresque, et al. (2008)
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... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district.
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