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Udmurts

February 16, 2024

The Udmurts (Udmurt: Удмуртъёс, Udmurtjos) are a Permian (Finno-Ugric)[7] ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. During the course of the Russian Empire, Udmurts have been referred to mainly as Chud Otyatskaya (чудь отяцкая), Otyaks, Wotyaks[8] or Votyaks, all being exonyms.[not verified in body] Today such exonyms are considered offensive by Udmurts themselves and are mainly used against those who have forgotten the Udmurt language. The Udmurts are closely related to Komis to their north, both linguistically and culturally.

Udmurts
Удмуртъёс
Total population
396,000 (2021)
Regions with significant populations
Udmurtia
 Russia386,465 (2021)
 Kazakhstan5,824 (2009)
 Ukraine4,712 (2001)[1]
 Estonia193 (2011)[2]
 Latvia179 - 197 (2023)[3][4]
Languages
Udmurt, Russian
Religion
Majority:
Russian Orthodoxy
Minority:
Udmurt Vos
Protestantism
Pentecostalism[5]
Islam[6]
Related ethnic groups
Other Permians, especially Besermyan

Etymology edit

The name Udmurt comes from *odo-mort 'meadow people,' where the first part represents the Permic root *od(o)[9] meaning 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery'. The second part, murt, means 'person' (cf. Komi mort, Mari mari, Mordvin mirď-), probably an early borrowing from an Iranian language (such as Scythian): *mertä or *martiya meaning 'person, man' (cf. Persian mard). This, in turn, is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term *maryá- 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die' (< PIE *mer- 'to die'), compare Old Indic márya 'young warrior' and Old Indic marut 'chariot warrior', both connected specifically with horses and chariots.[10] This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as lugovye lyudi 'meadow people', alongside the traditional Russian name otyaki.[11]

On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general. Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh, who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto-Iranian entirely: *anta-marta meaning 'resident of outskirts, border zone' (cf. Antes) → Proto-Permic *odə-mort → Udmurt udmurt.[12]

Distribution edit

 
Udmurt resettlement area in the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region (data based on the 2010 Russian Census

Most Udmurt people live in Udmurtia. Small groups live in the neighboring areas of Kirov Oblast and Perm Krai, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Mari El.[citation needed]

The Udmurt population is shrinking; the Russian Census reported 552,299 in 2010, down from the 2002 Russian census figure of 637,000, in turn down from 746,562 in 1989.[citation needed] The 2021 census counted fewer Udmurts than had the 1926 census.

Udmurts in Russia (1926–2021)
Census 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010 2021
Population 503,970 599,893 615,640 678,393 685,718 714,883 636,906 552,299 386,465
Percentage 0.54% 0.55% 0.52% 0.52% 0.50% 0.49% 0.45% 0.40% 0.30%

Culture edit

See also: Udmurt cuisine

The Udmurt language belongs to the Uralic family.

The Udmurts have a national epic called Dorvyzhy. Their national musical instruments include the krez zither (similar to the Russian gusli) and a pipe-like wind instrument called the chipchirghan.[13]

A chapter in the French Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie from 1776 is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people.[8]James George Frazer also mentions a rite performed by the people in his book The Golden Bough.[14]

Many Udmurt people have red hair,[15][16] and a festival to celebrate the red-haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004.[17]

The Udmurts used to be semi-nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities. However, most Udmurts now live in towns. Although the clan-based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists, its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture.[18]

Genetics edit

According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others (2018), about 70% of Udmurt men carry the haplogroup N. Most of them belong to the subclade N1c and 16.8% of them belong the subclade N1b-P43. The second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is R1a (19%).[19]

The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts is U (23.5%). Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades U2 (10.4%) and U5 (9.3%). Nearly as common is H (22.5%). Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include T (16.5%), D (11%) and Z (6%).[19]

When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts, around 30% of it is Nganasan-like.[19][20] The rest can be modelled to be Srubnaya-like.[20]

See also edit

  • Besermyan (considered a subgroup of the Udmurts)

References edit

  1. ^ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
  2. ^ RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011
  3. ^ "Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia". data.stat.gov.lv.
  4. ^ Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP
  5. ^ "Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда"".
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-02-01.
  7. ^ "Udmurtiya | Republic in Russia, Culture & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  8. ^ a b Müller, C. G. (1776). "Les Wotyaks". Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie (in French). St. Petersburg. p. 65.
  9. ^ "уд | это... Что такое уд?".
  10. ^ Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.
  11. ^ A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", Linguistica Uralica Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.
  12. ^ Белых С. К., Напольских В. В. Этноним удмурт: исчерпаны ли альтернативы? Linguistica Uralica. T. 30, № 4. Tallinn, 1994.
  13. ^ Vitaly Michka (1 October 1994). Inside the New Russia. SC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-885024-17-6. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  14. ^ Frazer, James George (1913). The Golden Bough. Cambridge U. Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-108-04738-8. Annual expulsion of Satan among the Wotyaks of Russia
  15. ^ Mapped: Which countries have the most redheads? - The Telegraph
  16. ^ The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC News
  17. ^ Рыжий фестиваль - 2017 - Izhevsk city portal
  18. ^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 396. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  19. ^ a b c Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (2018). "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6151024. PMID 30241495.
  20. ^ a b Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Zaibert, Victor; Lavryashina, Maria; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Yusupov, Yuldash (2019). "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 6542712. PMID 31036896.

Further reading edit

  • Kralina, Nadezhda [ru]. "Сто сказок удмуртского народа" [A hundred fairy tales from the Udmurt people]. Ижевск: Удмуртское книжное издательство, 1961.
  • Levin, Isidor [de]. "III. Forschungsberichte: Die Volkserzählungen der Wotjaken (Udmurten) (Mit Beiträgen von Walter Anderson)". In: Fabula 5, no. Jahresband (1962): 101-155. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1962.5.1.101
  • Shushakova, Galina. "The Idea of Earthly and Unearthly worlds in the Udmurt fairy-tales". In: Folk Belief Today. Edited by Mare Kõiva and Kai Vassiljeva. Tartu: Estonian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Estonian Language; Estonian Museum of Literature, 1995. pp. 442-446. ISBN 9985-851-11-0.

External links edit

  • Udmurtology—(in Russian)
  • Udmurt language Wikipedia

February 16, 2024
udmurts, udmurt, Удмуртъёс, udmurtjos, permian, finno, ugric, ethnic, group, eastern, europe, speak, udmurt, language, during, course, russian, empire, have, been, referred, mainly, chud, otyatskaya, чудь, отяцкая, otyaks, wotyaks, votyaks, being, exonyms, ver. The Udmurts Udmurt Udmurtyos Udmurtjos are a Permian Finno Ugric 7 ethnic group in Eastern Europe who speak the Udmurt language During the course of the Russian Empire Udmurts have been referred to mainly as Chud Otyatskaya chud otyackaya Otyaks Wotyaks 8 or Votyaks all being exonyms not verified in body Today such exonyms are considered offensive by Udmurts themselves and are mainly used against those who have forgotten the Udmurt language The Udmurts are closely related to Komis to their north both linguistically and culturally Udmurts UdmurtyosTotal population396 000 2021 Regions with significant populationsUdmurtia Russia386 465 2021 Kazakhstan5 824 2009 Ukraine4 712 2001 1 Estonia193 2011 2 Latvia179 197 2023 3 4 LanguagesUdmurt RussianReligionMajority Russian Orthodoxy Minority Udmurt Vos Protestantism Pentecostalism 5 Islam 6 Related ethnic groupsOther Permians especially Besermyan Contents 1 Etymology 2 Distribution 3 Culture 4 Genetics 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology editThe name Udmurt comes from odo mort meadow people where the first part represents the Permic root od o 9 meaning meadow glade turf greenery The second part murt means person cf Komi mort Mari mari Mordvin mird probably an early borrowing from an Iranian language such as Scythian merta or martiya meaning person man cf Persian mard This in turn is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo Aryan term marya man literally mortal one who is bound to die lt PIE mer to die compare Old Indic marya young warrior and Old Indic marut chariot warrior both connected specifically with horses and chariots 10 This is supported by a document dated 1557 in which the Udmurts are referred to as lugovye lyudi meadow people alongside the traditional Russian name otyaki 11 On the other hand in the Russian tradition the name meadow people refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by V V Napolskikh and S K Belykh who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto Iranian entirely anta marta meaning resident of outskirts border zone cf Antes Proto Permic ode mort Udmurt udmurt 12 Distribution edit nbsp Udmurt resettlement area in the Idel Ural Volga Ural region data based on the 2010 Russian CensusMost Udmurt people live in Udmurtia Small groups live in the neighboring areas of Kirov Oblast and Perm Krai Bashkortostan Tatarstan and Mari El citation needed The Udmurt population is shrinking the Russian Census reported 552 299 in 2010 down from the 2002 Russian census figure of 637 000 in turn down from 746 562 in 1989 citation needed The 2021 census counted fewer Udmurts than had the 1926 census Udmurts in Russia 1926 2021 Census 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010 2021Population 503 970 599 893 615 640 678 393 685 718 714 883 636 906 552 299 386 465Percentage 0 54 0 55 0 52 0 52 0 50 0 49 0 45 0 40 0 30 Culture editSee also Udmurt cuisine The Udmurt language belongs to the Uralic family The Udmurts have a national epic called Dorvyzhy Their national musical instruments include the krez zither similar to the Russian gusli and a pipe like wind instrument called the chipchirghan 13 A chapter in the French Description de toutes les nations de l empire de Russie from 1776 is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people 8 James George Frazer also mentions a rite performed by the people in his book The Golden Bough 14 Many Udmurt people have red hair 15 16 and a festival to celebrate the red haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004 17 The Udmurts used to be semi nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities However most Udmurts now live in towns Although the clan based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture 18 Genetics editAccording to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others 2018 about 70 of Udmurt men carry the haplogroup N Most of them belong to the subclade N1c and 16 8 of them belong the subclade N1b P43 The second most common Y DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is R1a 19 19 The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts is U 23 5 Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades U2 10 4 and U5 9 3 Nearly as common is H 22 5 Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include T 16 5 D 11 and Z 6 19 When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts around 30 of it is Nganasan like 19 20 The rest can be modelled to be Srubnaya like 20 See also editBesermyan considered a subgroup of the Udmurts References edit State statistics committee of Ukraine National composition of population 2001 census Ukrainian RL0428 Rahvastik rahvuse soo ja elukoha jargi 31 detsember 2011 Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year Time period and Ethnicity National Statistical System of Latvia data stat gov lv Latvijas iedzivotaju sadalijums pec nacionala sastava un valstiskas piederibas 01 01 2023 PMLP Glavnaya stranica proekta Arena Nekommercheskaya Issledovatelskaya Sluzhba Sreda IZ article Archived from the original on 2018 02 01 Udmurtiya Republic in Russia Culture amp History Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2024 01 05 a b Muller C G 1776 Les Wotyaks Description de toutes les nations de l empire de Russie in French St Petersburg p 65 ud eto Chto takoe ud Christopher I Beckwith Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present Princeton Princeton University Press 2009 Page 397 A G Ivanov Udmurty Lugovye lyudi Linguistica Uralica Vol 27 No 3 1991 pp 188 92 Belyh S K Napolskih V V Etnonim udmurt ischerpany li alternativy Linguistica Uralica T 30 4 Tallinn 1994 Vitaly Michka 1 October 1994 Inside the New Russia SC Publishing ISBN 978 1 885024 17 6 Retrieved 17 June 2012 Frazer James George 1913 The Golden Bough Cambridge U Press p 155 ISBN 978 1 108 04738 8 Annual expulsion of Satan among the Wotyaks of Russia Mapped Which countries have the most redheads The Telegraph The people with the reddest hair in the world BBC News Ryzhij festival 2017 Izhevsk city portal Winston Robert ed 2004 Human The Definitive Visual Guide New York Dorling Kindersley p 396 ISBN 0 7566 0520 2 a b c Tambets Kristiina Yunusbayev Bayazit Hudjashov Georgi Ilumae Anne Mai Rootsi Siiri Honkola Terhi Vesakoski Outi Atkinson Quentin Skoglund Pontus Kushniarevich Alena Litvinov Sergey Reidla Maere Metspalu Ene Saag Lehti Rantanen Timo 2018 Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic speaking populations Genome Biology 19 1 139 doi 10 1186 s13059 018 1522 1 ISSN 1474 760X PMC 6151024 PMID 30241495 a b Jeong Choongwon Balanovsky Oleg Lukianova Elena Kahbatkyzy Nurzhibek Flegontov Pavel Zaporozhchenko Valery Immel Alexander Wang Chuan Chao Ixan Olzhas Khussainova Elmira Bekmanov Bakhytzhan Zaibert Victor Lavryashina Maria Pocheshkhova Elvira Yusupov Yuldash 2019 The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia Nature Ecology amp Evolution 3 6 966 976 doi 10 1038 s41559 019 0878 2 ISSN 2397 334X PMC 6542712 PMID 31036896 Further reading editKralina Nadezhda ru Sto skazok udmurtskogo naroda A hundred fairy tales from the Udmurt people Izhevsk Udmurtskoe knizhnoe izdatelstvo 1961 Levin Isidor de III Forschungsberichte Die Volkserzahlungen der Wotjaken Udmurten Mit Beitragen von Walter Anderson In Fabula 5 no Jahresband 1962 101 155 https doi org 10 1515 fabl 1962 5 1 101 Shushakova Galina The Idea of Earthly and Unearthly worlds in the Udmurt fairy tales In Folk Belief Today Edited by Mare Koiva and Kai Vassiljeva Tartu Estonian Academy of Sciences Institute of Estonian Language Estonian Museum of Literature 1995 pp 442 446 ISBN 9985 851 11 0 External links editUdmurtology in Russian Udmurt language Wikipedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Udmurts amp oldid 1201870948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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