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Kamma (caste)

December 02, 2023

This article is about the caste. For the ballet score Khamma by Claude Debussy, see Khamma (ballet).

Kamma is a Hindu caste from South India. The community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region of the erstwhile Guntur district and Ongole division in Andhra Pradesh.[1][2] Propelled by their military activity in the Vijayanagara Empire, Kammas are believed to have spread out from the region during the Vijayanagara period, followed by some in-migration during the British period and out-migration again during the twentieth century.[3] Today they are regarded as the richest group in Andhra Pradesh[4] and are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana).[5][6]

Kamma
ReligionsHinduism
Languages
Country
Region
StatusForward caste

They also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.[7] In recent times, a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States.[8]

Origins

 
[Interactive fullscreen map + nearby articles]
Kammanadu region
Main article: Kammanadu

The modern community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region in coastal Andhra Pradesh.[2][9] The region, lying between the Gundlakamma river and the Krishna river in the erstwhile Guntur district (which included the three subdistricts later transferred to the Ongole district in 1970), had an identity dating back to ancient times. The term "kamma" either referred to the two rivers that formed the boundaries of the region,[10] or to the Buddhist monastic institutions called sanghakammas believed to have been once prevalent in the region.[11]

As the people of the region migrated to other parts, they were often referred to as the Kamma community (kamma-kula).[12] Terms such as kamma-brahmana, kamma-komati, kamma-sreshti and kamma-kapu are attested in inscriptions as descriptions of people.[13][14][15] The migration was apparently quite extensive, and was made by possible by the Kammanadu's strategic location with access to the Deccan plateau as well as to the regions in the south and southwest.[16] By 1872, only one-fourth of their total population was living in the original region. But the migrants retained links to the homeland and returned to it whenever the situation was favourable.[17]

Medieval history

Post-Kakatiya period

The tradition holds that the Kammas, along with Velamas and Reddis, evolved out of the community of Kapus (cultivators) in the post-Kakatiya period. A popular legend collected by Edgar Thurston narrates that Kammas originated from the youngest son of a certain Belthi Reddi, who managed to recover his mother's ear-ornament (called "kamma" in Telugu) that had been appropriated by Emperor Prataparudra's minister. The other sons of Belthi Reddi are similarly said to have given rise to the other prominent caste communities of the Telugu people.[18]

Vijayanagara period

Kammas served as ministers, military generals, and governors in the Vijayanagara Empire.[19][20] During the reign of Krishnadevaraya, Kammas are said to have formed the bulwark of the Vijayanagara army. Their role in protecting the last great Hindu kingdom of India was significant.[21][non-primary source needed] Krishnadevaraya's court had a significant presence of Kamma officers, and they entered into matrimonial alliances with the royal family.[19] It's possible that the influence of Kamma generals led to the importance of the Telugu language in Vijayanagara and the rise of Telugu colonies in Tamil Nadu.[22][page needed] During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kamma Nayaks (commanders) were appointed as governors in many areas of Tamil Nadu.[23] Some of the notable Kamma Nayak clans of Vijayanagara include the Pemmasanis, Sayapanenis, and Ravellas.

Of the Pemmasani Nayaks, they controlled parts of Rayalaseema and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century.[24] Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was a leading military commander under Krishnadevaraya, and Rama Raya and the Aravidus rose to power following a civil war largely because of the support of Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu.[25] Pemmasani Pedda Timmaraja was the minister of Sriranga I and later for Venkata II, the latter of whom oversaw the revival of the Vijayanagara Empire.[26] It is also known that a Pemmasani Nayak, Timmanayudu, had court poets and ministers of his own, such as Channamaraju.[27] Pemmasani Timmanayudu also assisted Venkata II in putting down a rebellion by the Nandyala Chiefs led by Krishnamaraja in 1580.[28] The Pemmasani Nayaks are associated with Gandikota, where they started as commandants and later gained control of Gandikota Seema from the Nandyala Chiefs. Numerous Hindu temples, such as Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple[29] and Chintalarayaswamy Temple,[29] were constructed and patronized by the Pemmasanis.

The Sayapaneni Nayaks started in service of Vijayanagara when Krishnadevaraya granted administrative control of the Dupadu Region to Shayappanayadu, a twenty-year old from the family.[30] According to the Dupati kaifiyat, this area was consolidated by Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, who are Shayappa Nayudu's descendants, and their rule is presented as a peaceful epoch.[31] Although modest actors in the Deccan, their main strength lay in their ability to shift allegiances, facilitated by Niyogi Brahmins, as seen with their initial allegiance to the Vijayanagara Empire and later to the Qutb Shahis and the Nizams after Vijayanagara's demise.[32]

The Ravella Nayaks were another prominent clan that served the Vijayanagara Empire militarily and administratively since the Sangama Dynasty,[19] and they exercised control (on behalf of Vijayanagara) over Srisailam,[19] Udayagiri, Podili, and Kochcherlakota Seemas (regions) at various periods.[33] The exploits of this clan are described by the poet Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi in Sovgandhika Prasavapaharanamu, including mentions of defeating the Qutb Shahis, Gajapatis, and recapturing forts like Adoni.[33][34] Noted individuals in the Ravella Nayaks include Ravella Linga II, who is surmised to be one of the chief generals of the Vijayanagara Army during the reign of Rama Raya.[33]

When the Vijayanagara Empire was troubled after the Battle of Tallikota in 1565, the Pemmasani Nayaks, Ravella Nayaks and Sayapaneni Nayaks helped the Aravidu Dynasty in keeping the Muslims at bay. It took another 90 years to consolidate the Muslim power in Andhra country with the capture of Gandikota in 1652 and the defeat of Pemmasani Timmanayudu by Mir Jumla.[28] Following the Battle of Talikota, many Kamma Nayaks either migrated to the dominions of the Madurai and Thanjavur Nayaks where they governed villages and supplied military officers[35] or obtained favours from the Qutb Shahis and Mughals and settled in Telugu regions as local military chiefs.[36]

Qutb Shahi and Nizam period

Kammas were also in service of the Qutb Shahis.[37] Their roles included serving as the regional aristocracy,[38] revenue officers[39] and military commanders.[37] During the reign of the Qutb Shahis and Nizams, the Sayapaneni Nayaks (1626–1802) ruled a block of territory between the Krishna River and Nellore as vassals.[40][41] It was also in the Qutb Shahi period that the Vasireddy clan of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu received the deshmukhi of the Nandigama pargana in 1670. Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, a Kamma zamindar, controlled 551 towns and villages in the Guntur and Krishna Districts, had a retinue of several thousand men, and became known for his patronization of Hindu religious rituals, festivals, temples, and Brahmins.[42] The Kamma Yarlagadda zamindars of Challapalli obtained their zamindari in 1596 and deshmukhi jurisdiction in 1640, and they assisted the Muslim rulers in their military expeditions and collection of land taxes.[43] This conferred on the Yarlagaddas the privileges of maintaining their own military force and control over the inhabitants in their area.[43]

Following Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's reign, coastal Andhra witnessed a series of widespread rebellions against the local Mughal officials that enabled Kamma warrior chiefs to usurp administrative power over hundreds, if not thousands, of square miles of land.[44] In the 1600-1800s, Kammas acquired land in the interior Deccan Plateau due to grants that were given by the Nizam of Hyderabad to encourage cultivation in uncultivated areas of Telangana.[45][46] Moreover, in the Telangana region, Muslim rulers collected taxes through intermediaries from the dominant castes, such as the Kammas, who were given the title Chowdary.[46]

British period

Although the 1802 Permanent Settlement by the British benefited the Kamma landed aristocracy by reinforcing the Zamindari system,[47] most Kammas saw their landholdings consolidated, and their influence consequently increased, by the introduction of the ryotwari system as a replacement for the zamindari system in the 19th century.[48] Akin to the jenmis of Kerala, there were also big Kamma ryotwari landlords in Andhra.[49] Some Kammas also were in the Madras Army of the British East India Company. Among Telugu Hindus, the East India Company army initially recruited predominantly from the Kamma, Raju, and Velama castes and restricted recruitment from other castes.[50][51]

In the 1872 census, the Kammas made up 40 per cent of the agricultural population of the Krishna district (which included the present Guntur district until 1904). Along with Brahmins, they formed the dominant community of the district.[52] By 1921, their population in the district increased to 47 per cent, representing a large in-migration. Following Brahminical traditions, Kammas emulated the rituals of the Brahmins,[53] and the literate Kammas learned the Vedas, wore the sacred threads, taught Sanskrit and even performed pujas for the lower-caste members, which is said to have generated controversies.[54] Despite their attachment to Brahminical orthodoxy, the Kammas also related to the Kapus in a narrative.[54] Kammas formed the Kamma Mahajana Sabha, a caste association, in 1910, which received encouragement from the political leaders. Ranga also started a Madras Kamma Association in 1919 and founded a journal Kamma Patrika, later renamed to Ryot Patrika.[55] Kamma caste associations also spawned in Tamil Nadu in the 1920s, with two Kamma zamindars leading the Kamma Mahajana Sabha and the Dakshina Desa Kamma Mahasabha.[56] Kammas constituted 6 per cent of the population in the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency in 1921, a figure slightly higher than Brahmins, but lagging far behind the 'Kapu or Reddi'.[57]

Construction of dams and barrages and establishment of an irrigation system in Godavari and Krishna River deltas by Arthur Cotton was a great boon to the Kamma farmers. Availability of water and the natural propensity for hard work made the Kammas wealthy and prosperous.[58] The money was put to good use by establishing numerous schools and libraries and encouraging their children to take up modern education.[59] In 1921, Kammas had the highest literacy rate among other dominant castes, such as Reddis and Kapus, though it was lower than Brahmins.[56] The money was also invested into various companies, industries, such as food processing and transportation, and moneylending.[53] The Kammas of Tamil Nadu, who speak Telugu at home,[60] have also excelled in the cultivation of black cotton soils and later diversified into various industrial enterprises, particularly in Coimbatore and Kovilpatti.[61][62] Coimbatore was known as the ‘Manchester of South India’ and its textile industry, which is the main economic sector in the city, is almost entirely controlled by affluent Kamma families that were the landed aristocracy of Kongu Nadu.[63]

By the mid 20th century, many Kammas had benefited greatly from the numerous educational institutes that had proliferated throughout Coastal Andhra such as Andhra Christian College or Guntur Medical College. Many of these were high-fee private educational institutes also formed by wealthy members of the dominant castes who often gave preference to students from their community in admissions.

Today

Today they are regarded as the wealthiest group in Andhra Pradesh[4] and an entrepreneurial community influential in various industries, such as information technology, real estate, media and Telugu cinema.[64][65][66] They are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana).[5][6] In united-Andhra Pradesh (including present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Kammas made up 4.8% of the total state population in the last census.[64][when?] Kammas also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.[7]

Migration to USA

In recent times, a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States.[8] Starting in the 1950s, some members of the dominant castes from Andhra Pradesh had gone to the US for higher education. After the lifting of immigration quota system in 1965, the highly-educated doctors, engineers and scientists started moving to US. Kammas, mainly from well-off families and having benefited from the spread of educational institutions in Coastal Andhra, took up the opportunity to move. After the IT boom in the 1990s, even more migrated to America. The success of those who migrated already incentivized more of their relatives and members of their network to migrate as well, and today having an "NRI child" is seen as a matter of pride for Kamma parents in coastal Andhra. For Kamma and other dominant caste women, although some have been sent by families for higher studies in America, many have moved to America due to marriage with NRI men.[67]

Classification

The varna system of Brahmanic ritual ranking never took hold in South Indian society outside Kerala. There were essentially three classes: Brahmin, non-Brahmin and Dalit.[68] Kammas naturally fall into the non-Brahmin class.[69] Classification of social groups in the Andhra region has changed frequently as the various communities jostle for status.[70] During the British Raj, the Kammas were considered to be "upper Shudra"/"Sat Shudra", along with the Reddy and Velama castes, under the varna system.[71][72][73]

Selig Harrison said in 1956 that

Kamma lore nurtures the image of a once-proud warrior clan reduced by Reddi chicanery to its present peasant status. Reddi duplicity, recounted by Kamma historian K. Bhavaiah Choudary, was first apparent in 1323 AD at the downfall of Andhra's Kakatiya dynasty. Reciting voluminous records to prove that Kammas dominated the Kakatiya court, Chaudary suggests that the Reddis, also influential militarists at the time, struck a deal at Kamma expense with the Moslem conquerors of the Kakatiya regime. The Kammas lost their noble rank and were forced into farming.[74]

Politics

Prior to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, creating the new state of Telangana, the Kammas and the Reddys were politically and economically dominant in the state.[6] From 1953 to 1983, many Kammas initially associated themselves with the Indian National Congress and offered the party financing and media support.[75] During the 1980s, they played a key role in state and national politics with the inception of the Telugu Desam Party by its then President N. T. Rama Rao also called as NTR.[76]

Notable people

References

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  2. ^ a b Sastry, P. V. Parabrahma (1996), Rural Studies in Early Andhra, V.R. Publication, p. 59 Quote: "The modern Kamma sect of people in Andhra desa is originally of the Kapu families hailing from Kamma nadu or Kamma rashtra of the medieval period."
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Bibliography

  • Benbabaali, Dalel (2018), "Caste Dominance and Territory in South India: Understanding Kammas' socio-spatial mobility", Modern Asian Studies, 52 (6): 1938–1976, doi:10.1017/S0026749X16000755, ISSN 0026-749X, S2CID 150042014
  • Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2011), "Elite Groups in a South Indian District: 1788–1858", The Journal of Asian Studies, 24 (2): 261–281, doi:10.2307/2050565, ISSN 0021-9118, JSTOR 2050565, S2CID 153984852
  • Hanumantha Rao, B. S. L. (1995). Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra. Hyderabad: Telugu University. ISBN 9788186073087.
  • Harrison, Selig S. (June 1956). "Caste and the Andhra Communists". The American Political Science Review. 50 (2): 378–404. doi:10.2307/1951675. JSTOR 1951675. S2CID 147317455.
  • Keiko, Yamada (2008), "Politics and representation of caste identity in regional historiography: A case study of Kammas in Andhra", The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 45 (3): 353–380, doi:10.1177/001946460804500302, S2CID 145663799

Further reading

  • Frykenberg, Robert Eric (1973) [1968]. "Traditional Processes of Power in South India: An Historical Analysis of Local Influence". In Bendix, Reinhard (ed.). State and Society: A reader in comparative political sociology. University of California Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-520-02490-7.
  • Gough, Kathleen (1981). Rural Society in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04019-1.

December 02, 2023
kamma, caste, this, article, about, caste, ballet, score, khamma, claude, debussy, khamma, ballet, kamma, hindu, caste, from, south, india, community, kammas, believed, have, originated, from, agriculturists, kammanadu, region, erstwhile, guntur, district, ong. This article is about the caste For the ballet score Khamma by Claude Debussy see Khamma ballet Kamma is a Hindu caste from South India The community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region of the erstwhile Guntur district and Ongole division in Andhra Pradesh 1 2 Propelled by their military activity in the Vijayanagara Empire Kammas are believed to have spread out from the region during the Vijayanagara period followed by some in migration during the British period and out migration again during the twentieth century 3 Today they are regarded as the richest group in Andhra Pradesh 4 and are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu speaking regions of India the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 5 6 KammaReligionsHinduismLanguagesTeluguCountryIndiaRegionAndhra PradeshTelanganaTamil NaduKarnatakaStatusForward casteThey also have a notable albeit smaller presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka 7 In recent times a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States 8 Contents 1 Origins 2 Medieval history 2 1 Post Kakatiya period 2 2 Vijayanagara period 2 3 Qutb Shahi and Nizam period 2 4 British period 2 5 Today 2 5 1 Migration to USA 3 Classification 4 Politics 5 Notable people 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further readingOrigins nbsp Interactive fullscreen map nearby articles Kammanadu region Main article Kammanadu The modern community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region in coastal Andhra Pradesh 2 9 The region lying between the Gundlakamma river and the Krishna river in the erstwhile Guntur district which included the three subdistricts later transferred to the Ongole district in 1970 had an identity dating back to ancient times The term kamma either referred to the two rivers that formed the boundaries of the region 10 or to the Buddhist monastic institutions called sanghakammas believed to have been once prevalent in the region 11 As the people of the region migrated to other parts they were often referred to as the Kamma community kamma kula 12 Terms such as kamma brahmana kamma komati kamma sreshti and kamma kapu are attested in inscriptions as descriptions of people 13 14 15 The migration was apparently quite extensive and was made by possible by the Kammanadu s strategic location with access to the Deccan plateau as well as to the regions in the south and southwest 16 By 1872 only one fourth of their total population was living in the original region But the migrants retained links to the homeland and returned to it whenever the situation was favourable 17 Medieval historyPost Kakatiya period The tradition holds that the Kammas along with Velamas and Reddis evolved out of the community of Kapus cultivators in the post Kakatiya period A popular legend collected by Edgar Thurston narrates that Kammas originated from the youngest son of a certain Belthi Reddi who managed to recover his mother s ear ornament called kamma in Telugu that had been appropriated by Emperor Prataparudra s minister The other sons of Belthi Reddi are similarly said to have given rise to the other prominent caste communities of the Telugu people 18 Vijayanagara period Kammas served as ministers military generals and governors in the Vijayanagara Empire 19 20 During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Kammas are said to have formed the bulwark of the Vijayanagara army Their role in protecting the last great Hindu kingdom of India was significant 21 non primary source needed Krishnadevaraya s court had a significant presence of Kamma officers and they entered into matrimonial alliances with the royal family 19 It s possible that the influence of Kamma generals led to the importance of the Telugu language in Vijayanagara and the rise of Telugu colonies in Tamil Nadu 22 page needed During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire Kamma Nayaks commanders were appointed as governors in many areas of Tamil Nadu 23 Some of the notable Kamma Nayak clans of Vijayanagara include the Pemmasanis Sayapanenis and Ravellas Of the Pemmasani Nayaks they controlled parts of Rayalaseema and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century 24 Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was a leading military commander under Krishnadevaraya and Rama Raya and the Aravidus rose to power following a civil war largely because of the support of Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu 25 Pemmasani Pedda Timmaraja was the minister of Sriranga I and later for Venkata II the latter of whom oversaw the revival of the Vijayanagara Empire 26 It is also known that a Pemmasani Nayak Timmanayudu had court poets and ministers of his own such as Channamaraju 27 Pemmasani Timmanayudu also assisted Venkata II in putting down a rebellion by the Nandyala Chiefs led by Krishnamaraja in 1580 28 The Pemmasani Nayaks are associated with Gandikota where they started as commandants and later gained control of Gandikota Seema from the Nandyala Chiefs Numerous Hindu temples such as Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple 29 and Chintalarayaswamy Temple 29 were constructed and patronized by the Pemmasanis The Sayapaneni Nayaks started in service of Vijayanagara when Krishnadevaraya granted administrative control of the Dupadu Region to Shayappanayadu a twenty year old from the family 30 According to the Dupati kaifiyat this area was consolidated by Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu who are Shayappa Nayudu s descendants and their rule is presented as a peaceful epoch 31 Although modest actors in the Deccan their main strength lay in their ability to shift allegiances facilitated by Niyogi Brahmins as seen with their initial allegiance to the Vijayanagara Empire and later to the Qutb Shahis and the Nizams after Vijayanagara s demise 32 The Ravella Nayaks were another prominent clan that served the Vijayanagara Empire militarily and administratively since the Sangama Dynasty 19 and they exercised control on behalf of Vijayanagara over Srisailam 19 Udayagiri Podili and Kochcherlakota Seemas regions at various periods 33 The exploits of this clan are described by the poet Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi in Sovgandhika Prasavapaharanamu including mentions of defeating the Qutb Shahis Gajapatis and recapturing forts like Adoni 33 34 Noted individuals in the Ravella Nayaks include Ravella Linga II who is surmised to be one of the chief generals of the Vijayanagara Army during the reign of Rama Raya 33 When the Vijayanagara Empire was troubled after the Battle of Tallikota in 1565 the Pemmasani Nayaks Ravella Nayaks and Sayapaneni Nayaks helped the Aravidu Dynasty in keeping the Muslims at bay It took another 90 years to consolidate the Muslim power in Andhra country with the capture of Gandikota in 1652 and the defeat of Pemmasani Timmanayudu by Mir Jumla 28 Following the Battle of Talikota many Kamma Nayaks either migrated to the dominions of the Madurai and Thanjavur Nayaks where they governed villages and supplied military officers 35 or obtained favours from the Qutb Shahis and Mughals and settled in Telugu regions as local military chiefs 36 Qutb Shahi and Nizam period Kammas were also in service of the Qutb Shahis 37 Their roles included serving as the regional aristocracy 38 revenue officers 39 and military commanders 37 During the reign of the Qutb Shahis and Nizams the Sayapaneni Nayaks 1626 1802 ruled a block of territory between the Krishna River and Nellore as vassals 40 41 It was also in the Qutb Shahi period that the Vasireddy clan of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu received the deshmukhi of the Nandigama pargana in 1670 Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu a Kamma zamindar controlled 551 towns and villages in the Guntur and Krishna Districts had a retinue of several thousand men and became known for his patronization of Hindu religious rituals festivals temples and Brahmins 42 The Kamma Yarlagadda zamindars of Challapalli obtained their zamindari in 1596 and deshmukhi jurisdiction in 1640 and they assisted the Muslim rulers in their military expeditions and collection of land taxes 43 This conferred on the Yarlagaddas the privileges of maintaining their own military force and control over the inhabitants in their area 43 Following Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb s reign coastal Andhra witnessed a series of widespread rebellions against the local Mughal officials that enabled Kamma warrior chiefs to usurp administrative power over hundreds if not thousands of square miles of land 44 In the 1600 1800s Kammas acquired land in the interior Deccan Plateau due to grants that were given by the Nizam of Hyderabad to encourage cultivation in uncultivated areas of Telangana 45 46 Moreover in the Telangana region Muslim rulers collected taxes through intermediaries from the dominant castes such as the Kammas who were given the title Chowdary 46 British period Although the 1802 Permanent Settlement by the British benefited the Kamma landed aristocracy by reinforcing the Zamindari system 47 most Kammas saw their landholdings consolidated and their influence consequently increased by the introduction of the ryotwari system as a replacement for the zamindari system in the 19th century 48 Akin to the jenmis of Kerala there were also big Kamma ryotwari landlords in Andhra 49 Some Kammas also were in the Madras Army of the British East India Company Among Telugu Hindus the East India Company army initially recruited predominantly from the Kamma Raju and Velama castes and restricted recruitment from other castes 50 51 In the 1872 census the Kammas made up 40 per cent of the agricultural population of the Krishna district which included the present Guntur district until 1904 Along with Brahmins they formed the dominant community of the district 52 By 1921 their population in the district increased to 47 per cent representing a large in migration Following Brahminical traditions Kammas emulated the rituals of the Brahmins 53 and the literate Kammas learned the Vedas wore the sacred threads taught Sanskrit and even performed pujas for the lower caste members which is said to have generated controversies 54 Despite their attachment to Brahminical orthodoxy the Kammas also related to the Kapus in a narrative 54 Kammas formed the Kamma Mahajana Sabha a caste association in 1910 which received encouragement from the political leaders Ranga also started a Madras Kamma Association in 1919 and founded a journal Kamma Patrika later renamed to Ryot Patrika 55 Kamma caste associations also spawned in Tamil Nadu in the 1920s with two Kamma zamindars leading the Kamma Mahajana Sabha and the Dakshina Desa Kamma Mahasabha 56 Kammas constituted 6 per cent of the population in the Telugu speaking areas of the Madras Presidency in 1921 a figure slightly higher than Brahmins but lagging far behind the Kapu or Reddi 57 Construction of dams and barrages and establishment of an irrigation system in Godavari and Krishna River deltas by Arthur Cotton was a great boon to the Kamma farmers Availability of water and the natural propensity for hard work made the Kammas wealthy and prosperous 58 The money was put to good use by establishing numerous schools and libraries and encouraging their children to take up modern education 59 In 1921 Kammas had the highest literacy rate among other dominant castes such as Reddis and Kapus though it was lower than Brahmins 56 The money was also invested into various companies industries such as food processing and transportation and moneylending 53 The Kammas of Tamil Nadu who speak Telugu at home 60 have also excelled in the cultivation of black cotton soils and later diversified into various industrial enterprises particularly in Coimbatore and Kovilpatti 61 62 Coimbatore was known as the Manchester of South India and its textile industry which is the main economic sector in the city is almost entirely controlled by affluent Kamma families that were the landed aristocracy of Kongu Nadu 63 By the mid 20th century many Kammas had benefited greatly from the numerous educational institutes that had proliferated throughout Coastal Andhra such as Andhra Christian College or Guntur Medical College Many of these were high fee private educational institutes also formed by wealthy members of the dominant castes who often gave preference to students from their community in admissions Today Today they are regarded as the wealthiest group in Andhra Pradesh 4 and an entrepreneurial community influential in various industries such as information technology real estate media and Telugu cinema 64 65 66 They are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu speaking regions of India the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 5 6 In united Andhra Pradesh including present day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Kammas made up 4 8 of the total state population in the last census 64 when Kammas also have a notable albeit smaller presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka 7 Migration to USA In recent times a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States 8 Starting in the 1950s some members of the dominant castes from Andhra Pradesh had gone to the US for higher education After the lifting of immigration quota system in 1965 the highly educated doctors engineers and scientists started moving to US Kammas mainly from well off families and having benefited from the spread of educational institutions in Coastal Andhra took up the opportunity to move After the IT boom in the 1990s even more migrated to America The success of those who migrated already incentivized more of their relatives and members of their network to migrate as well and today having an NRI child is seen as a matter of pride for Kamma parents in coastal Andhra For Kamma and other dominant caste women although some have been sent by families for higher studies in America many have moved to America due to marriage with NRI men 67 ClassificationThe varna system of Brahmanic ritual ranking never took hold in South Indian society outside Kerala There were essentially three classes Brahmin non Brahmin and Dalit 68 Kammas naturally fall into the non Brahmin class 69 Classification of social groups in the Andhra region has changed frequently as the various communities jostle for status 70 During the British Raj the Kammas were considered to be upper Shudra Sat Shudra along with the Reddy and Velama castes under the varna system 71 72 73 Selig Harrison said in 1956 thatKamma lore nurtures the image of a once proud warrior clan reduced by Reddi chicanery to its present peasant status Reddi duplicity recounted by Kamma historian K Bhavaiah Choudary was first apparent in 1323 AD at the downfall of Andhra s Kakatiya dynasty Reciting voluminous records to prove that Kammas dominated the Kakatiya court Chaudary suggests that the Reddis also influential militarists at the time struck a deal at Kamma expense with the Moslem conquerors of the Kakatiya regime The Kammas lost their noble rank and were forced into farming 74 PoliticsPrior to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh creating the new state of Telangana the Kammas and the Reddys were politically and economically dominant in the state 6 From 1953 to 1983 many Kammas initially associated themselves with the Indian National Congress and offered the party financing and media support 75 During the 1980s they played a key role in state and national politics with the inception of the Telugu Desam Party by its then President N T Rama Rao also called as NTR 76 Notable peopleN T Rama Rao 77 N G Ranga Velagapudi Ramakrishna 77 Nara Chandrababu Naidu Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu Mullapudi Harishchandra Prasad 77 Akkineni Nageswara Rao 77 D Ramanaidu 77 References Nagabhuṣaṇasarma M Sastry M V Seṣagiriravu C 1995 History and culture of the Andhras Telugu University p 80 ISBN 9788186073070 Quote Next to birth and profession it was region which accounted for sectarian sub divisions in all the castes like those of Kammanadu being called Kamma Brahmana Kamma Kapu Kamma Sresthi and so on a b Sastry P V Parabrahma 1996 Rural Studies in Early Andhra V R Publication p 59 Quote The modern Kamma sect of people in Andhra desa is originally of the Kapu families hailing from Kamma nadu or Kamma rashtra of the medieval period Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 6 7 These waves of military migration towards the South of the Indian peninsula from the fifteenth century onwards explain the significant presence of Kammas in Tamil Nadu where they again turned into agriculturalists in times of peace Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 pp 357 359 Interestingly their population in the Krishna delta in the 1872 census was one fourth of their total strength in the entire Madras Presidency but had increased by 1921 to about 47 per cent Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 p 14 The post independence territorial recompositions provided them with new opportunities for investment in Telangana where they bought land in the proximity of irrigation projects a b Xiang Biao 2007 Global Body Shopping An Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry Princeton University Press p 31 ISBN 978 0 691 11852 9 a b Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 2 3 Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 p 356 a b c Srinivasulu K September 2002 Caste Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories PDF London Overseas Development Institute pp 3 4 Retrieved 30 March 2013 a b Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 6 7 25 29 29 30 a b Bhaskar T L S Bhat Chandrashekhar 2007 Contextualising Diasporic Identity In Oonk Gijsbert ed Global Indian Diasporas Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory Amsterdam University Press pp 108 109 112 ISBN 978 90 5356 035 8 Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 p 356 their actual dominance was originally limited to two districts on the lower banks of the Krishna River namely Krishna and Guntur districts Lincoln Bommala Abraham 1992 A study of place names of Bapaṭla Taluk a study on onomastics B Subhashini p 118 Here Kamma indicates a stream Cf Gundlakamma Prakasam District Perakamma a big Kamma River Krishna Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 6 7 According to epigraphical records the Krishna delta area was known as Kammanadu during the Chola empire a toponym that probably came from the Buddhist monastic institutions called sanghakammas Hanumantha Rao 1995 pp 52 53 Pramila Kasturi 1 January 2002 Economic and social conditions of Andhra Desa A D 1000 to 1323 A D Bharatiay Kala Prakashan p 189 ISBN 9788186050927 Sarma M Somasekhara Sōmasekharasarma Mallampalli 1948 History of the Reddi Kingdoms circa 1325 A D to Circa 1448 A D Andhra University p 278 Nagabhuṣaṇasarma Modali Sastry Mudigonda Veerabhadra Seṣagiriravu Cimakurti 1995 History and culture of the Andhras Telugu University p 80 ISBN 9788186073070 Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 p 356 Its historical prominence however derived from the fact that it opened into the extensive Deccan plateau Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 pp 357 359 their population in the Krishna delta in the 1872 census was one fourth of their total strength in the entire Madras Presidency but had increased by 1921 to about 47 per cent Talbot Austin Cynthia 2001 Pre colonial India in Practice Society Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra Oxford University Press p 206 ISBN 978 0 19803 123 9 a b c d Hanumantha Rao 1995 p 158 Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 p 7 Jackson William 2005 Vijayanagara Voices Ashgate Publishing p 124 ISBN 0 7546 3950 9 Hanumantha Rao 1995 Dutt K I 1936 Kamma Commanders of the Vijayanagara Empire Journal of the Andhra Historical Society X 223 Stein 1989 p 88 Controlling numerous villages and many large towns these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century Murthy N S Ramachandra 1 January 1996 Forts of Andhra Pradesh From the Earliest Times Upto 16th C A D Bharatiya Kala Prakashan p 202 ISBN 9788186050033 Heras Henry The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara B G Paul And Co Madras pp 266 307 Proceedings Of The Annual Conference South Indian History Congress 18 37 1999 a b Yellapracada Sriramamurty Political History of Gandikota During the Vijayanagar Period 1336 to 1669 AD Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 21 278 288 via JSTOR a b Ramaswami N S 1976 Temples of Tadpatri Govt of Andhra Pradesh pp 10 11 D Attilio Daniel 1995 The Last Vijayanagara Kings Overlordship and Underlordship in South India 1550 1650 University of Wisconsin Madison p 50 Narayana Rao Velcheru 2001 Textures of Time Writing History in South India 1600 1800 Delhi Other Press ISBN 81 7824 023 8 OCLC 49616884 The principality is consolidated by Shayappa and by his son and grandson Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu whose rule is presented as re presenting a rather peaceful epoch Narayana Rao Velcheru 2003 Textures of Time Writing History in South India New York Other Press ISBN 1 59051 044 5 OCLC 50143515 Their main strength lies in their capacity to shift allegiances on a pragmatic basis usually through the mediation of a Niyogi Brahmin the Kamma Nayaks thus create their political base under Vijayanagara shift to the Qutb Shahi state of Golconda using a common enemy the Boyas of the region to build a case and then to the post Mughal state of Asaf Jati Nizams in Hyderabad a b c Dutt K I 1936 Kamma Commanders of the Vijayanagara Empire Journal of the Andhra Historical Society X 223 224 Ray Nisith Ranjan 1978 Sources of the History of India Vol 1 Institute of Historical Studies p 152 Gough Kathleen 26 February 1982 Rural Society in Southeast India Cambridge University Press p 29 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511557606 ISBN 978 0 521 23889 2 Satyanarayana A 2007 Society Economy and Polity in Modern Andhra Kanishka Publishers Distributors p 7 ISBN 978 81 7391 971 8 a b Chapter III Economics Political Economic and Social Background of Deccan 17th 18th Century p 57 https shodhganga inflibnet ac in bitstream 10603 25652 10 10 chapter 203 pdfhttps shodhganga inflibnet ac in bitstream 10603 25652 10 10 chapter 203 pdf Reddy Pedarapu Chenna 1 January 2006 Readings In Society And Religion Of Medieval South India Research India Press p 163 ISBN 9788189131043 Proceedings of Seminar on Industries and Crafts in Andhra Desa 17th and 18th Centuries A D Department of History Osmania University 1996 p 57 Narayanarau V Shulman D D Subrahmanyam S 2002 Textures of Time Writing History in South India Other Press LLC p 264 ISBN 1 59051 044 5 Richards John F 1993 Power administration and finance in Mughal India Variorum p 331 ISBN 978 0 86078 366 4 Frykenberg Elite Groups in a South Indian District 2011 pp 269 270 a b Satyanarayana A 2007 Society Economy and Polity in Modern Andhra Kanishka Publishers Distributors pp 6 7 ISBN 978 81 7391 971 8 Richards John F 1970 Mughal Rule in Golconda 1687 1724 University of California Berkeley p 185 Sherman Taylor C 25 August 2015 Muslim Belonging in Secular India Cambridge University Press p 60 ISBN 978 1 107 09507 6 a b Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 8 Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 1946 Kumar P Pratap 2013 Andhra Pradesh Economic and social relations In Berger Peter Heidemann Frank eds The Modern Anthropology of India Ethnography Themes and Theory Routledge p 18 ISBN 9781134061112 Satyanarayana A 1991 Andhra Peasants Under British Rule Agrarian Relations and the Rural Economy 1900 1940 South Asia Publications p 108 ISBN 978 0 945921 16 5 Pati Biswamoy 25 February 2010 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India Exploring Transgressions Contests and Diversities Routledge p 170 ISBN 978 1 135 22514 8 Chattopadhyaya Haraprasad 1957 The Sepoy Mutiny 1857 A Social Study and Analysis Bookland p 77 Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 p 357 a b Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 1946 a b Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 pp 358 359 Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 pp 360 361 a b Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 1947 1948 Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 p 356 Murty K R 2001 Parties Elections and Mobilisation New Delhi Anmol Publications p 20 Bhattacharya Sabyasachi 2002 Education and the disprivileged nineteenth and twentieth century India Orient Blackswan p 58 ISBN 978 81 250 2192 6 Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 27 Stein Burton 1989 Vijayanagara Cambridge University Press p 46 ISBN 0 521 26693 9 Chari Sharad 2004 Fraternal Capital Stanford University Press p 162 ISBN 0 8047 4873 X Benbabaali Caste Dominance and Territory in South India 2018 pp 26 a b Murali Kanta 2 February 2017 Caste Class and Capital The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India Cambridge University Press p 164 ISBN 978 1 108 17954 6 Jodhka Surinder S Naudet Jules 15 May 2019 Mapping the Elite Power Privilege and Inequality Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 909791 3 Keiko Politics and representation of caste identity 2008 p 355 356 Roohi Sanam 10 December 2017 Caste kinship and the realisation of American Dream high skilled Telugu migrants in the U S A Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 16 2756 2770 doi 10 1080 1369183X 2017 1314598 ISSN 1369 183X Fox Richard G January 1969 Varna Schemes and Ideological Integration in Indian Society Comparative Studies in Society and History 11 1 27 45 doi 10 1017 S0010417500005132 S2CID 145053341 When recognition of a regional varna scheme has been unavoidable such as the tripartite division into Brahmins non Brahmins and Untouchables in much of the South it has been explained in terms of an historical corruption or breakdown of the standard four class system rather than regarded as a functional entity in its own right Gopi K N 1978 Process of Urban Fringe Development A Model Concept Publishing Company p 35 Kumar P Pratap 2013 Andhra Pradesh Economic and social relations In Berger Peter Heidemann Frank eds The Modern Anthropology of India Ethnography Themes and Theory Routledge p 14 ISBN 9781134061112 Bhattacharya Sabyasachi 2002 Education and the disprivileged nineteenth and twentieth century India Orient Blackswan p 17 ISBN 978 81 250 2192 6 Jaffrelot Christophe 2002 The subordinate caste revolution In Alyssa Ayres Philip Oldenburg eds India briefing quickening the pace of change M E Sharpe p 138 ISBN 978 0 7656 0813 0 Irschick Eugene F 3 September 2018 A History of the New India Past and Present Routledge p 164 ISBN 978 1 317 43617 1 Harrison Caste and the Andhra Communists 1956 Pingle Gautam 2011 Reddys Kammas and Telangana Economic and Political Weekly 46 36 19 21 ISSN 0012 9976 JSTOR 41719929 Political Parties in South Asia S K Mitra and M Enskat 2004 Praeger Greenwood p 115 ISBN 0 275 96832 4 a b c d e Khammas of AP have money power so they just go get it Retrieved 7 September 2016 BibliographyBenbabaali Dalel 2018 Caste Dominance and Territory in South India Understanding Kammas socio spatial mobility Modern Asian Studies 52 6 1938 1976 doi 10 1017 S0026749X16000755 ISSN 0026 749X S2CID 150042014 Frykenberg Robert Eric 2011 Elite Groups in a South Indian District 1788 1858 The Journal of Asian Studies 24 2 261 281 doi 10 2307 2050565 ISSN 0021 9118 JSTOR 2050565 S2CID 153984852 Hanumantha Rao B S L 1995 Socio cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra Hyderabad Telugu University ISBN 9788186073087 Harrison Selig S June 1956 Caste and the Andhra Communists The American Political Science Review 50 2 378 404 doi 10 2307 1951675 JSTOR 1951675 S2CID 147317455 Keiko Yamada 2008 Politics and representation of caste identity in regional historiography A case study of Kammas in Andhra The Indian Economic and Social History Review 45 3 353 380 doi 10 1177 001946460804500302 S2CID 145663799Further readingFrykenberg Robert Eric 1973 1968 Traditional Processes of Power in South India An Historical Analysis of Local Influence In Bendix Reinhard ed State and Society A reader in comparative political sociology University of California Press p 107 ISBN 0 520 02490 7 Gough Kathleen 1981 Rural Society in Southeast Asia Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 04019 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kamma caste amp oldid 1179326079, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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