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Chinese Communist Party

January 17, 2023

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP),[2] officially the Communist Party of China (CPC),[3] is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).[4][5] Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang, and, in 1949, Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Since then, the CCP has governed China with eight smaller parties within its united front and has sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Each successive leader of the CCP has added their own theories to the party's constitution, which outlines the ideological beliefs of the party, collectively referred to as socialism with Chinese characteristics. As of 2022, the CCP has more than 96 million members, making it the second largest political party by party membership in the world after India's Bharatiya Janata Party. The Chinese public generally refers to the CCP as simply "the Party".[3]

Communist Party of China
中国共产党
Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng
AbbreviationCCP (common)
CPC (official)
General SecretaryXi Jinping
Standing Committee
Founders
... and others
Founded
HeadquartersZhongnanhai, Xicheng District, Beijing
NewspaperPeople's Daily
Youth wingCommunist Youth League of China
Armed wing
Research officeCentral Policy Research Office
Membership (2022) 96,710,000
Ideology
International affiliationIMCWP
Colours  Red
Slogan"Serve the People"[note 2]
National People's Congress (13th)
2,090 / 2,980
NPC Standing Committee
118 / 175
Party flag
Website
cpc.people.com.cn
Communist Party of China
"Communist Party of China" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese中国共产党
Traditional Chinese中國共產黨
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng
Wade–GilesChung1-kuo2 Kung4-ch'an3 Tang3
IPA[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ kʊ̂ŋ.ʈʂʰàn.tàŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationJūng-gwok Guhng-cháan-dóng
JyutpingZung1-gwok3 Gung6-caan2-dong2
IPA[tsóŋ.kʷɔ̄ːk̚ kòŋ.tsʰǎːn.tɔ̌ːŋ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng
Tibetan name
Tibetanཀྲུང་གོ་གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང
Transcriptions
Wyliekrung go gung khran tang
Zhuang name
ZhuangCunghgoz Gungcanjdangj
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicДундад улсын (Хятадын) Эв хамт (Kоммунист) Нам
Mongolian scriptᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ
(ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ)
ᠡᠪ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ
(ᠺᠣᠮᠮᠤᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ)
ᠨᠠᠮ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCDumdad ulcyn (Khyatadyn) Av khamt (Kommunist) Нam
Uyghur name
Uyghurجۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiJunggo Kommunistik Partiyisi
Yengi YeziⱪJunggo Kommunistik Partiyisi
Siril YëziqiҖуңго Коммунистик Партийиcи
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍‍ᡳ
(ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ ‍‍ᡳ)
ᡤᡠᠩᡮᠠᠨ
ᡥᠣᡴᡳ
RomanizationDulimbai gurun-i (Jungg'o-i) Gungcan Hoki

In 1921, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao led the founding of the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International. For the first six years of its history, the CCP aligned itself with the Kuomintang (KMT) as the organized left wing of the larger nationalist movement. However, when the right wing of the KMT, led by Chiang Kai-shek, turned on the CCP and massacred tens of thousands of the party's members, the two parties split and began a prolonged civil war. During the next ten years of guerrilla warfare, Mao Zedong rose to become the most influential figure in the CCP, and the party established a strong base among the rural peasantry with its land reform policies. Support for the CCP continued to grow throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War, and after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the CCP emerged triumphant in the communist revolution against the KMT government. After the retreat of the KMT to Taiwan, the CCP established the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949.

Mao Zedong continued to be the most influential member of the CCP until his death in 1976, although he periodically withdrew from public leadership as his health declined. Under Mao, the party completed its land reform program, launched a series of five-year plans, and eventually split with the Soviet Union. Although Mao attempted to purge the party of capitalist and reactionary elements during the Cultural Revolution, after his death, these policies were only briefly continued by the Gang of Four before a less radical faction seized control. During the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping directed the CCP away from Maoist orthodoxy and towards a policy of economic liberalization. The official explanation for these reforms was that China is still in the primary stage of socialism, a developmental stage similar to the capitalist mode of production. Since the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CCP has emphasized its relations with the ruling parties of the remaining socialist states and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties each year. The CCP has also established relations with several non-communist parties, including dominant nationalist parties of many developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, as well as social democratic parties in Europe.

The Chinese Communist Party is organized on the basis of democratic centralism, a principle that entails open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision. The highest body of the CCP is the National Congress, convened every fifth year. When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee is the highest body, but since that body usually only meets once a year, most duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee. Members of the latter are seen as the top leadership of the party and the state.[6] Today the party's leader holds the offices of general secretary (responsible for civilian party duties), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) (responsible for military affairs), and State President (a largely ceremonial position). Because of these posts, the party leader is seen as the country's paramount leader. The current leader is Xi Jinping, who was elected at the 18th National Congress held on 8–15 November 2012 and retained his position at the 19th National Congress in 2017 and the 20th National Congress in 2022.

History

Main article: History of the Chinese Communist Party

Founding and early history

The CCP traces its origins to the May Fourth Movement of 1919, during which radical Western ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals.[7] Other influences stemming from the Bolshevik revolution and Marxist theory inspired the CCP.[8] Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao were among the first to publicly support Leninism and world revolution. Both regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere.[9] Study circles were, according to Cai Hesen, "the rudiments [of our party]".[10] Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, but by 1920 many grew sceptical about their ability to bring about reforms.[11]

The CCP was founded on 1 July 1921 with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International, according to the party's official account of its history.[12][13] However, party documents suggest that the party's actual founding date was 23 July 1921, the first day of the 1st National Congress of the CCP.[14] The founding National Congress of the CCP was held 23–31 July 1921.[15] With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, among them Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong,[16] the CCP organization and authorities grew tremendously.[17] While it was originally held in a house in the Shanghai French Concession, French police interrupted the meeting on 30 July[18] and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province.[18] A dozen delegates attended the congress, with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend,[18] the latter sending a personal representative in his stead.[18] The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a communist party as a branch of the Communist International (Comintern) and elected Chen as its leader. Chen then served as the first general secretary of the Communist Party[18] and was referred to as "China's Lenin".[19]

The Soviets hoped to foster pro-Soviet forces in [[East Asia] to fight against anti-communist countries, particularly Japan. They attempted to contact the warlord Wu Peifu, but failed.[20][21] The Soviets then contacted the Kuomintang (KMT), which was leading the Guangzhou government parallel to the Beiyang government. On 6 October 1923, the Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin to Guangzhou, and the Soviets established friendly relations with the KMT. The Central Committee of the CCP,[22] Soviet leader Joseph Stalin,[23] and the Comintern[24] all hoped that the CCP would eventually control the KMT and called their opponents "rightists".[25][note 3] KMT leader Sun Yat-sen eased the conflict between the communists and their opponents. CCP membership grew tremendously after the 4th congress in 1925, from 900 to 2,428.[27] The CCP still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement and claim descent from him[28] as he is viewed as a proto-communist[29][30] and the economic element of Sun's ideology was socialism.[31] Sun stated, "Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism".[32]

The communists dominated the left wing of the KMT and struggled for power with the party's right-wing factions.[25] When Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists.[25] Chiang, Sun's former assistant, was not actively anti-communist at that time,[33] even though he hated the theory of class struggle and the CCP's seizure of power.[26] The communists proposed removing Chiang's power.[34] When Chiang gradually gained the support of Western countries, the conflict between him and the communists became more and more intense. Chiang asked the Kuomintang to join the Comintern to rule out the secret expansion of communists within the KMT, while Chen Duxiu hoped that the communists would completely withdraw from the KMT.[35]

In April 1927, both Chiang and the CCP were preparing for conflict.[36] Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China.[37] Ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiang's arrival, he turned on them, massacring 5,000[note 4] with the aid of the Green Gang.[37][40][41] Chiang's army then marched on Wuhan, but was prevented from taking the city by CCP General Ye Ting and his troops.[42] Chiang's allies also attacked communists; for example, in Beijing, Li Dazhao and 19 other leading communists were executed by Zhang Zuolin.[43][38] Angered by these events, the peasant movement supported by the CCP became more violent. Ye Dehui, a famous scholar, was killed by communists in Changsha, and in revenge, KMT general He Jian and his troops gunned down hundreds of peasant militiamen.[44] That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by KMT troops, with the CCP losing approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members.[38]

Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War

Further information: Chinese Civil War, Chinese Soviet Republic, Chinese Red Army, Long March, Second Sino-Japanese War, and Chinese Communist Revolution

The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government,[38] but on 15 July 1927 the Wuhan government expelled all communists from the KMT.[45] The CCP reacted by founding the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, better known as the "Red Army", to battle the KMT. A battalion led by General Zhu De was ordered to take the city of Nanchang on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the Nanchang uprising. Initially successful, Zhu and his troops were forced to retreat after five days, marching south to Shantou, and from there being driven into the wilderness of Fujian.[45] Mao Zedong was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army, and led four regiments against Changsha in the Autumn Harvest Uprising, hoping to spark peasant uprisings across Hunan.[46] His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on 9 September, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha but could not take it; by 15 September, he accepted defeat, with 1,000 survivors marching east to the Jinggang Mountains of Jiangxi.[46][47][48]

The near-destruction of the CCP's urban organizational apparatus led to institutional changes within the party.[49] The party adopted democratic centralism, a way to organize revolutionary parties, and established a politburo to function as the standing committee of the central committee.[49] The result was increased centralization of power within the party.[49] At every level of the party this was duplicated, with standing committees now in effective control.[49] After being expelled from the party, Chen Duxiu went on to lead China's Trotskyist movement. Li Lisan was able to assume de facto control of the party organization by 1929–1930.[49] Li's leadership was a failure, leaving the CCP on the brink of destruction.[49] The Comintern became involved, and by late 1930, his powers had been taken away.[49] By 1935 Mao had become a member of Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP and the party's informal military leader, with Zhou Enlai and Zhang Wentian, the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies.[49] The conflict with the KMT led to the reorganization of the Red Army, with power now centralized in the leadership through the creation of CCP political departments charged with supervising the army.[49]

The Second Sino-Japanese War paused the conflict between the CCP and the KMT.[50] The Second United Front was established between the CCP and the KMT to repel the Japanese invaders.[51] While the front formally existed until 1945, all collaboration between the two parties had ended by 1940.[51] Despite their formal alliance, the CCP used the opportunity to expand and carve out independent bases of operations to prepare for the coming war with the KMT.[52] In 1939 the KMT began to restrict CCP expansion within China.[52] This led to frequent clashes between CCP and KMT forces[52] but which subsided rapidly on the realisation on both sides that civil war amidst a foreign invasion was not an option.[52] Yet, by 1943, the CCP was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT.[52]

Mao Zedong became the Chairman of the CCP in 1945. From 1945 until 1949, the war had been reduced to two parties: the CCP and the KMT.[53] This period lasted through four stages; the first was from August 1945 (when the Japanese surrendered) to June 1946 (when the peace talks between the CCP and the KMT ended).[53] By 1945, the KMT had three-times more soldiers under its command than the CCP and initially appeared to be prevailing.[53] With the cooperation of the U.S. and Japan, the KMT was able to retake major parts of the country.[53] However, KMT rule over the reconquered territories would prove unpopular because of endemic party corruption.[53] Notwithstanding its huge numerical superiority, the KMT failed to reconquer the rural territories which made up the CCP's stronghold.[53] Around the same time, the CCP launched an invasion of Manchuria, where they were assisted by the Soviet Union.[53] The second stage, lasting from July 1946 to June 1947, saw the KMT extend its control over major cities such as Yan'an, the CCP headquarters for much of the war.[53] The KMT's successes were hollow; the CCP had tactically withdrawn from the cities, and instead attacked KMT authorities by instigating protests amongst students and intellectuals in the cities. The KMT responded to these demonstrations with heavy-handed repression.[54] In the meantime, the KMT was struggling with factional infighting and Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic control over the party, which weakened the KMT's ability to respond to attacks.[54] The third stage, lasting from July 1947 to August 1948, saw a limited counteroffensive by the CCP.[54] The objective was clearing "Central China, strengthening North China, and recovering Northeast China."[55] This disastrous counteroffensive, coupled with military desertions from the KMT, resulted in the KMT losing 2 million of its 3 million troops by the spring of 1948 and a significant decline in support for KMT rule.[54] The CCP was consequently able to cut off KMT garrisons in Manchuria and retake several lost territories.[55] The last stage, lasting from September 1948 to December 1949, saw the communists go on the offensive and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole.[55] Mao's proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949 marked the end of the second phase of the Chinese Civil War (or the Chinese Communist Revolution, as it is called by the CCP).[55]

Becoming the sole ruling party of China

Further information: Proclamation of the People's Republic of China

Mao proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) before a massive crowd at Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949. The CCP headed the Central People's Government.[56] From this time through the 1980s, top leaders of the CCP (such as Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping) were largely the same military leaders prior to the PRC's founding.[57] As a result, informal personal ties between political and military leaders dominated civil-military relations.[57]

 
Chinese communists celebrate Joseph Stalin's birthday, 1949.

Stalin proposed a one-party constitution when Liu Shaoqi visited the Soviet Union in 1952.[58] The Constitution of the PRC in 1954 subsequently abolished the previous coalition government and established the CCP's one-party system.[59][60] Mao said that China should implement a multi-party system under the CCP's leadership at the CCP's 8th Congress in 1956.[61] He had not previously made such a proposal,[62] but the CCP nonetheless retained most of its political power even after the announcement.[63] In 1957, the CCP launched the Anti-Rightist Campaign against political dissents and prominent figures from other minor parties, which resulted in the political persecution of at least 550,000 people. The campaign significantly damaged the limited pluralistic nature in the socialist republic and solidified the country's status as a de facto one-party state.[64][65][66][67]

The Anti-Rightist Campaign led to the catastrophic results of the Second Five Year Plan from 1958 to 1962, known as the Great Leap Forward. In an effort to transform the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized one, the CCP collectivized farmland, formed people's communes, and diverted labour to factories. General mismanagement and exaggerations of harvests by CCP officials led to the Great Chinese Famine, which resulted in an estimated 15 to 45 million deaths,[68][69] making it the largest famine in recorded history.[70][71][72][73]

Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution

Main articles: Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution

During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which was going through a period of "de-Stalinization" under Nikita Khrushchev.[74] By that time, Mao had begun saying that the "continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, leading to the Cultural Revolution in which millions were persecuted and killed.[75] During the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Dehuai, and He Long were purged or exiled, and the Gang of Four, led by Mao's wife Jiang Qing, emerged to fill in the power vacuum left behind.

Reforms under Deng Xiaoping

Main article: Chinese economic reform

Following Mao's death in 1976, a power struggle between CCP chairman Hua Guofeng and vice-chairman Deng Xiaoping erupted.[76] Deng won the struggle, and became China's paramount leader in 1978.[76] Deng, alongside Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang, spearheaded the "reform and opening-up" policies, and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, opening China to the world's markets.[77] In reversing some of Mao's "leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist state could use the market economy without itself being capitalist.[78] While asserting the political power of the CCP, the change in policy generated significant economic growth.[7] This was justified on the basis that "Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth", a principle reinforced through a 1978 article that aimed to combat dogmatism and criticized the "Two Whatevers" policy.[79] The new ideology, however, was contested on both sides of the spectrum, by Maoists to the left of the CCP's leadership, as well as by those supporting political liberalization. With other social factors, the conflicts culminated in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.[80] The protests having been crushed and the reformist party general secretary Zhao Ziyang under house arrest, Deng's economic policies resumed and by the early 1990s the concept of a socialist market economy had been introduced.[81] In 1997, Deng's beliefs (officially called "Deng Xiaoping Theory") were embedded into the CCP's constitution.[82]

Further reforms under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao

CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as paramount leader in the 1990s and continued most of his policies.[83] In the 1990s, the CCP transformed from a veteran revolutionary leadership that was both leading militarily and politically, to a political elite increasingly renewed according to institutionalized norms in the civil bureaucracy.[57] Leadership was largely selected based on rules and norms on promotion and retirement, educational background, and managerial and technical expertise.[57] There is a largely separate group of professionalized military officers, serving under top CCP leadership largely through formal relationships within institutional channels.[57]

As part of Jiang Zemin's nominal legacy, the CCP ratified the "Three Represents" for the 2003 revision of the party's constitution, as a "guiding ideology" to encourage the party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people."[84] The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and bourgeois elements into the party.[84] Hu Jintao, Jiang Zemin's successor as general secretary, took office in 2002.[85] Unlike Mao, Deng and Jiang Zemin, Hu laid emphasis on collective leadership and opposed one-man dominance of the political system.[85] The insistence on focusing on economic growth led to a wide range of serious social problems. To address these, Hu introduced two main ideological concepts: the "Scientific Outlook on Development" and "Harmonious Socialist Society".[86] Hu resigned from his post as CCP general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the 18th National Congress held in 2012, and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping.[87][88]

Leadership of Xi Jinping

Since taking power, Xi has initiated a wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign, while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades. Commentators have described the campaign as a defining part of Xi's leadership as well as "the principal reason why he has been able to consolidate his power so quickly and effectively."[89] Foreign commentators have likened him to Mao.[90] Xi's leadership has also overseen an increase in the Party's role in China.[91] Xi has added his ideology, named after himself, into the CCP constitution in 2017.[92] As has been speculated, Xi Jinping may not retire from his top posts after serving for 10 years in 2022.[57][93]

Since 2014, the CCP has led efforts in Xinjiang that involve the detention of more than 1 million Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in internment camps, as well as other repressive measures. This has been described as a genocide by academics and some governments.[94][95] On the other hand, a greater number of countries signed a letter penned to the Human Rights Council supporting the policies as an effort to combat terrorism in the region.[96][97][98]

 
A temporary monument displayed in Changsha, Hunan Province, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding

Celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding, one of the Two Centenaries, took place on 1 July 2021.[99]

On July 6, 2021, Xi chaired the Communist Party of China and World Political Parties Summit, which involved representatives from 500 political parties across 160 countries.[100] Xi urged the participants to oppose "technology blockades," and "developmental decoupling" in order to work towards "building a community with a shared future for mankind."[100]

Ideology

Main article: Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party

Formal ideology

Further information: Generations of Chinese leadership
 
A monument dedicated to Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right) in Shanghai

The core ideology of the party has evolved with each distinct generation of Chinese leadership. As both the CCP and the People's Liberation Army promote their members according to seniority, it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese leadership.[101] In official discourse, each group of leadership is identified with a distinct extension of the ideology of the party. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China by reference to these "generations".

Marxism–Leninism was the first official ideology of the CCP.[102] According to the CCP, "Marxism–Leninism reveals the universal laws governing the development of history of human society."[102] To the CCP, Marxism–Leninism provides a "vision of the contradictions in capitalist society and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies".[102] According to the People's Daily, Mao Zedong Thought "is Marxism–Leninism applied and developed in China".[102] Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials.[103]

Deng Xiaoping Theory was added to the party constitution at the 14th National Congress in 1992.[82] The concepts of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "the primary stage of socialism" were credited to the theory.[82] Deng Xiaoping Theory can be defined as a belief that state socialism and state planning is not by definition communist, and that market mechanisms are class neutral.[104] In addition, the party needs to react to the changing situation dynamically; to know if a certain policy is obsolete or not, the party had to "seek truth from facts" and follow the slogan "practice is the sole criterion for the truth".[105] At the 14th National Congress, Jiang reiterated Deng's mantra that it was unnecessary to ask if something was socialist or capitalist, since the important factor was whether it worked.[106]

The "Three Represents", Jiang Zemin's contribution to the party's ideology, was adopted by the party at the 16th National Congress. The Three Represents defines the role of the CCP, and stresses that the Party must always represent the requirements for developing China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people."[107][108] Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values. Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.[109] Jiang disagreed, and had concluded that attaining the communist mode of production, as formulated by earlier communists, was more complex than had been realized, and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production, as it had to develop naturally, by following the economic laws of history.[110] The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "new social strata", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labor and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."[111]

In 2003 the 3rd Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee conceived and formulated the ideology of the Scientific Outlook on Development (SOD).[112] It is considered to be Hu Jintao's contribution to the official ideological discourse.[113] The SOD incorporates scientific socialism, sustainable development, social welfare, a humanistic society, increased democracy, and, ultimately, the creation of a Socialist Harmonious Society. According to official statements by the CCP, the concept integrates "Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development."[114]

 
A billboard advertising Xi Jinping Thought in Shenzhen, Guangdong

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, commonly known as Xi Jinping Thought, was added to the party constitution in the 19th National Congress in 2017.[92] Xi himself has described the thought as part of the broad framework created around socialism with Chinese characteristics. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of previous party ideologies as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adapted to Chinese conditions" and contemporary considerations.[115]

The party combines elements of both socialist patriotism[116][117][118][119] and Chinese nationalism.[120]

Economics

Deng did not believe that the fundamental difference between the capitalist mode of production and the socialist mode of production was central planning versus free markets. He said, "A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity".[78] Jiang Zemin supported Deng's thinking, and stated in a party gathering that it did not matter if a certain mechanism was capitalist or socialist, because the only thing that mattered was whether it worked.[81] It was at this gathering that Jiang Zemin introduced the term socialist market economy, which replaced Chen Yun's "planned socialist market economy".[81] In his report to the 14th National Congress Jiang Zemin told the delegates that the socialist state would "let market forces play a basic role in resource allocation."[121] At the 15th National Congress, the party line was changed to "make market forces further play their role in resource allocation"; this line continued until the 3rd Plenary Session [zh] of the 18th Central Committee,[121] when it was amended to "let market forces play a decisive role in resource allocation."[121] Despite this, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee upheld the creed "Maintain the dominance of the public sector and strengthen the economic vitality of the state-owned economy."[121]

"... their theory that capitalism is the ultimate [force] has been shaken, and socialist development has experienced a miracle. Western capitalism has suffered reversals, a financial crisis, a credit crisis, a crisis of confidence, and their self-conviction has wavered. Western countries have begun to reflect, and openly or secretively compare themselves against China's politics, economy and path."

— Xi Jinping, on the inevitability of socialism[122]

The CCP views the world as organized into two opposing camps; socialist and capitalist.[123] They insist that socialism, on the basis of historical materialism, will eventually triumph over capitalism.[123] In recent years, when the party has been asked to explain the capitalist globalization occurring, the party has returned to the writings of Karl Marx.[123] Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist.[124] The reason being that if globalization was purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternative socialist form of modernity.[124] Globalization, as with the market economy, therefore does not have one specific class character (neither socialist nor capitalist) according to the party.[124] The insistence that globalization is not fixed in nature comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism.[124] Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization, globalization can be turned into a vehicle supporting socialism.[125]

Analysis and criticism

While foreign analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CCP itself disagrees.[126] Critics of the CCP argue that Jiang Zemin ended the party's formal commitment to Marxism–Leninism with the introduction of the ideological theory, the Three Represents.[127] However, party theorist Leng Rong disagrees, claiming that "President Jiang rid the Party of the ideological obstacles to different kinds of ownership ... He did not give up Marxism or socialism. He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism—which is why we talk about a 'socialist market economy' with Chinese characteristics."[127] The attainment of true "communism" is still described as the CCP's and China's "ultimate goal".[128] While the CCP claims that China is in the primary stage of socialism, party theorists argue that the current development stage "looks a lot like capitalism".[128] Alternatively, certain party theorists argue that "capitalism is the early or first stage of communism."[128] Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism.[128] For example, Robert Lawrence Kuhn, a former foreign adviser to the Chinese government, stated: "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. But the 100-year horizon comes from serious political theorists."[128]

American political scientist and sinologist David Shambaugh argues that before the "Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth" campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge.[129] However, under Deng's leadership this relationship was turned upside down, with decision making justifying ideology.[129] Chinese policy-makers have described the Soviet Union's state ideology as "rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality", believing that this was one of the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Therefore, Shambaugh argues, Chinese policy-makers believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party's rule.[129]

British sinologist Kerry Brown argues that the CCP does not have an ideology, and that the party organization is pragmatic and interested only in what works.[130] The party itself argues against this assertion. Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is "threatening to divide us" and that "the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak ... Ideological and cultural fields are our main targets".[130] As such, the CCP puts a great deal of effort into the party schools and into crafting its ideological message.[130]

Governance

Collective leadership

Further information: Collective leadership

Collective leadership, the idea that decisions will be taken through consensus, is the ideal in the CCP.[131] The concept has its origins back to Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party.[132] At the level of the central party leadership this means that, for instance, all members of the Politburo Standing Committee are of equal standing (each member having only one vote).[131] A member of the Politburo Standing Committee often represents a sector; during Mao's reign, he controlled the People's Liberation Army, Kang Sheng, the security apparatus, and Zhou Enlai, the State Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[131] This counts as informal power.[131] Despite this, in a paradoxical relation, members of a body are ranked hierarchically (despite the fact that members are in theory equal to one another).[131] Informally, the collective leadership is headed by a "leadership core"; that is, the paramount leader, the person who holds the offices of CCP general secretary, CMC chairman and PRC president.[133] Before Jiang Zemin's tenure as paramount leader, the party core and collective leadership were indistinguishable.[134] In practice, the core was not responsible to the collective leadership.[134] However, by the time of Jiang, the party had begun propagating a responsibility system, referring to it in official pronouncements as the "core of the collective leadership".[134]

Democratic centralism

Further information: Democratic centralism

"[Democratic centralism] is centralized on the basis of democracy and democratic under centralized guidance. This is the only system that can give full expression to democracy with full powers vested in the people's congresses at all levels and, at the same time, guarantee centralized administration with the governments at each level ..."

— Mao Zedong, from his speech entitled "Our General Programme"[135]

The CCP's organizational principle is democratic centralism, a principle that entails open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision.[136][137] It is based on two principles: democracy (synonymous in official discourse with "socialist democracy" and "inner-party democracy") and centralism.[135] This has been the guiding organizational principle of the party since the 5th National Congress, held in 1927.[135] In the words of the party constitution, "The Party is an integral body organized under its program and constitution and on the basis of democratic centralism".[135] Mao once quipped that democratic centralism was "at once democratic and centralized, with the two seeming opposites of democracy and centralization united in a definite form." Mao claimed that the superiority of democratic centralism lay in its internal contradictions, between democracy and centralism, and freedom and discipline.[135] Currently, the CCP is claiming that "democracy is the lifeline of the Party, the lifeline of socialism".[135] But for democracy to be implemented, and functioning properly, there needs to be centralization.[135] The goal of democratic centralism was not to obliterate capitalism or its policies but instead it is the movement towards regulating capitalism while involving socialism and democracy.[138] Democracy in any form, the CCP claims, needs centralism, since without centralism there will be no order.[135]

Shuanggui

Further information: Shuanggui

Shuanggui is an intra-party disciplinary process conducted by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). This formally independent internal control institution conducts shuanggui on members accused of "disciplinary violations", a charge which generally refers to political corruption. The process, which literally translates to "double regulation", aims to extract confessions from members accused of violating party rules. According to the Dui Hua Foundation, tactics such as cigarette burns, beatings and simulated drowning are among those used to extract confessions. Other reported techniques include the use of induced hallucinations, with one subject of this method reporting that "In the end I was so exhausted, I agreed to all the accusations against me even though they were false."[139]

United front

Further information: United front (China), First United Front, and Second United Front

The CCP employs a political strategy that it terms "united front work" that involves groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests.[140][141] United front work is managed primarily but not exclusively by the United Front Work Department (UFWD).[142] The united front has historically been a popular front that has included eight legally-permitted political parties alongside other people's organizations which have nominal representation in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).[143] However, the CPPCC is a body without real power.[144] While consultation does take place, it is supervised and directed by the CCP.[144] Under Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.[145][146]

Organization

Main article: Organization of the Chinese Communist Party

Central organization

 
The 18th National Congress, convened in November 2012

The National Congress is the party's highest body, and, since the 9th National Congress in 1969, has been convened every five years (prior to the 9th Congress they were convened on an irregular basis). According to the party's constitution, a congress may not be postponed except "under extraordinary circumstances."[147] The party constitution gives the National Congress six responsibilities:[148]

  1. electing the Central Committee;
  2. electing the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI);
  3. examining the report of the outgoing Central Committee;
  4. examining the report of the outgoing CCDI;
  5. discussing and enacting party policies; and,
  6. revising the party's constitution.

In practice, the delegates rarely discuss issues at length at the National Congresses. Most substantive discussion takes place before the congress, in the preparation period, among a group of top party leaders.[148] In between National Congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution.[149] The CCDI is responsible for supervising party's internal anti-corruption and ethics system.[150] In between congresses the CCDI is under the authority of the Central Committee.[150]

 
Front cover of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party

The Central Committee, as the party's highest decision-making institution between national congresses, elects several bodies to carry out its work.[151] The first plenary session of a newly elected central committee elects the general secretary of the Central Committee, the party's leader; the Central Military Commission (CMC); the Politburo; the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC); and since 2013, the Central National Security Commission (CNSC). The first plenum also endorses the composition of the Secretariat and the leadership of the CCDI.[151] According to the party constitution, the general secretary must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), and is responsible for convening meetings of the PSC and the Politburo, while also presiding over the work of the Secretariat.[152] The Politburo "exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when a plenum is not in session".[153] The PSC is the party's highest decision-making institution when the Politburo, the Central Committee and the National Congress are not in session.[154] It convenes at least once a week.[155] It was established at the 8th National Congress, in 1958, to take over the policy-making role formerly assumed by the Secretariat.[156] The Secretariat is the top implementation body of the Central Committee, and can make decisions within the policy framework established by the Politburo; it is also responsible for supervising the work of organizations that report directly into the Central Committee, for example departments, commissions, publications, and so on.[157] The CMC is the highest decision-making institution on military affairs within the party, and controls the operations of the People's Liberation Army.[158] The general secretary has, since Jiang Zemin, also served as Chairman of the CMC.[158] Unlike the collective leadership ideal of other party organs, the CMC chairman acts as commander-in-chief with full authority to appoint or dismiss top military officers at will.[158] The CNSC "co-ordinates security strategies across various departments, including intelligence, the military, foreign affairs and the police in order to cope with growing challenges to stability at home and abroad."[159] The general secretary serves as the Chairman of the CNSC.[160]

A first plenum of the Central Committee also elects heads of departments, bureaus, central leading groups and other institutions to pursue its work during a term (a "term" being the period elapsing between national congresses, usually five years).[147] The General Office is the party's "nerve centre", in charge of day-to-day administrative work, including communications, protocol, and setting agendas for meetings.[161] The CCP currently has four main central departments: the Organization Department, responsible for overseeing provincial appointments and vetting cadres for future appointments,[162] the Publicity Department (formerly "Propaganda Department"), which oversees the media and formulates the party line to the media,[163][164] the International Department, functioning as the party's "foreign affairs ministry" with other parties,[165] and the United Front Work Department, which oversees work with the country's non-communist parties, mass organizations, and influence groups outside of the country.[163] The CC also has direct control over the Central Policy Research Office, which is responsible for researching issues of significant interest to the party leadership,[166] the Central Party School, which provides political training and ideological indoctrination in communist thought for high-ranking and rising cadres,[167] the Party History Research Centre, which sets priorities for scholarly research in state-run universities and the Central Party School,[168] and the Compilation and Translation Bureau, which studies and translates the classical works of Marxism.[169] The party's newspaper, the People's Daily, is under the direct control of the Central Committee[170] and is published with the objectives "to tell good stories about China and the (Party)" and to promote its party leader.[171] The theoretical magazines Seeking Truth from Facts and Study Times are published by the Central Party School.[167] The China Media Group, which oversees China Central Television (CCTV), China National Radio (CNR) and China Radio International (CRI), is under the direct control of the Publicity Department.[172] The various offices of the "Central Leading Groups", such as the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, the Taiwan Affairs Office, and the Central Finance Office, also report to the central committee during a plenary session.[173] Additionally, CCP has sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA) through its Central Military Commission.[174]

Lower-level organizations

After seizing political power, the CCP extended the dual party-state command system to all government institutions, social organizations, and economic entities.[175] The State Council and the Supreme Court each has a party core group (党组), established since November 1949. Party committees permeate in every state administrative organ as well as the People's Consultation Conferences and mass organizations at all levels.[176] Party committees exist inside of companies, both private and state-owned.[177] Modelled after the Soviet Nomenklatura system, the party committee's organization department at each level has the power to recruit, train, monitor, appoint, and relocate these officials.[178]

Party committees exist at the level of provinces, cities, counties, and neighbourhoods.[179][180] These committees play a key role in directing local policy by selecting local leaders and assigning critical tasks.[6][181] The Party secretary at each level is more senior than that of the leader of the government, with the CCP standing committee being the main source of power.[181] Party committee members in each level are selected by the leadership in the level above, with provincial leaders selected by the central Organizational Department, and not removable by the local party secretary.[181]

In theory, however, party committees are elected by party congresses at their own level.[179] Local party congresses are supposed to be held every fifth year, but under extraordinary circumstances they may be held earlier or postponed. However that decision must be approved by the next higher level of the local party committee.[179] The number of delegates and the procedures for their election are decided by the local party committee, but must also have the approval of the next higher party committee.[179]

A local party congress has many of the same duties as the National Congress, and it is responsible for examining the report of the local Party Committee at the corresponding level; examining the report of the local Commission for Discipline Inspection at the corresponding level; discussing and adopting resolutions on major issues in the given area; and electing the local Party Committee and the local Commission for Discipline Inspection at the corresponding level.[179] Party committees of "a province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, city divided into districts, or autonomous prefecture [are] elected for a term of five years", and include full and alternate members.[179] The party committees "of a county (banner), autonomous county, city not divided into districts, or municipal district [are] elected for a term of five years", but full and alternate members "must have a Party standing of three years or more."[179] If a local Party Congress is held before or after the given date, the term of the members of the Party Committee shall be correspondingly shortened or lengthened.[179]

Vacancies in a Party Committee shall be filled by an alternate members according to the order of precedence, which is decided by the number of votes an alternate member got during his or hers election.[179] A Party Committee must convene for at least two plenary meetings a year.[179] During its tenure, a Party Committee shall "carry out the directives of the next higher Party organizations and the resolutions of the Party congresses at the corresponding levels."[179] The local Standing Committee (analogous to the Central Politburo) is elected at the first plenum of the corresponding Party Committee after the local party congress.[179] A Standing Committee is responsible to the Party Committee at the corresponding level and the Party Committee at the next higher level.[179] A Standing Committee exercises the duties and responsibilities of the corresponding Party Committee when it is not in session.[179]

Funding

The funding of all CCP organizations mainly comes from state fiscal revenue. Data for the proportion of total CCP organizations’ expenditures in total China fiscal revenue is unavailable. However, occasionally small local governments in China release such data. For example, on 10 October 2016, the local government of Mengmao Township, Ruili City, Yunnan Province released a concise fiscal revenue and expenditure report for the year 2014. According to this report, the fiscal Revenue amounted to RMB 29,498,933.58, and CCP organization' expenditures amounted to RMB 1,660,115.50, that is, 5.63% of fiscal revenue is used by the CCP for its own operation. This value is similar to the social security and employment expenditure of the whole town—RMB 1,683,064.90.[182]

Members

"It is my will to join the Communist Party of China, uphold the Party's program, observe the provisions of the Party constitution, fulfill a Party member's duties, carry out the Party's decisions, strictly observe Party discipline, guard Party secrets, be loyal to the Party, work hard, fight for communism throughout my life, be ready at all times to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people, and never betray the Party."

— Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath[183]

The CCP reached 96.71 million members at the end of 2021.[184] It is the second largest political party in the world after India's Bharatiya Janata Party.[185]

To join the CCP, an applicant must go through an approval process. In 2014, only 2 million applications were accepted out of some 22 million applicants.[186] Admitted members then spend a year as a probationary member.[183]

In contrast to the past, when emphasis was placed on the applicants' ideological criteria, the current CCP stresses technical and educational qualifications.[183] To become a probationary member, the applicant must take an admission oath before the party flag.[183] The relevant CCP organization is responsible for observing and educating probationary members.[183] Probationary members have duties similar to those of full members, with the exception that they may not vote in party elections nor stand for election.[183] Many join the CCP through the Communist Youth League.[183] Under Jiang Zemin, private entrepreneurs were allowed to become party members.[183] According to the CCP constitution, a member, in short, must follow orders, be disciplined, uphold unity, serve the Party and the people, and promote the socialist way of life.[179] Members enjoy the privilege of attending Party meetings, reading relevant Party documents, receiving Party education, participating in Party discussions through the Party's newspapers and journals, making suggestions and proposal, making "well-grounded criticism of any Party organization or member at Party meetings" (even of the central party leadership), voting and standing for election, and of opposing and criticizing Party resolutions ("provided that they resolutely carry out the resolution or policy while it is in force"); and they have the ability "to put forward any request, appeal, or complaint to higher Party organizations, even up to the Central Committee, and ask the organizations concerned for a responsible reply."[179] No party organization, including the CCP central leadership, can deprive a member of these rights.[179]

 
Badge given to party members

As of 30 June 2016, individuals who identify as farmers, herdsmen and fishermen make up 26 million members; members identifying as workers totalled 7.2 million.[186][187] Another group, the "Managing, professional and technical staff in enterprises and public institutions", made up 12.5 million, 9 million identified as working in administrative staff and 7.4 million described themselves as party cadres.[187]

As of 2021, CCP membership had become more educated, younger, and less blue-collar than previously.[184] As of 2022, around 30-35% of Chinese entrepreneurs have been Party members.[188]

28.43 million women are CCP members (less than a third of the party).[184] Women in China have low participation rates as political leaders. Women's disadvantage is most evident in their severe under representation in the more powerful political positions.[189] At the top level of decision making, no woman has ever been among the nine members of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party's Politburo. Just 3 of 27 government ministers are women, and importantly, since 1997, China has fallen to 53rd place from 16th in the world in terms of female representation at its parliament, the National People's Congress, according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union.[190] Party leaders such as Zhao Ziyang have vigorously opposed the participation of women in the political process.[191] Within the party women face a glass ceiling.[192]

Communist Youth League

Main article: Communist Youth League of China

The Communist Youth League (CYL) is the CCP's youth wing, and the largest mass organization for youth in China.[193] According to the CCP's constitution the CYL is a "mass organization of advanced young people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China; it functions as a party school where a large number of young people learn about socialism with Chinese characteristics and about communism through practice; it is the Party's assistant and reserve force."[179] To join, an applicant has to be between the ages of 14 and 28.[193] It controls and supervises Young Pioneers, a youth organization for children below the age of 14.[193] The organizational structure of CYL is an exact copy of the CCP's; the highest body is the National Congress, followed by the Central Committee [zh], Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee.[194] However, the Central Committee (and all central organs) of the CYL work under the guidance of the CCP central leadership.[179] Therefore, in a peculiar situation, CYL bodies are both responsible to higher bodies within CYL and the CCP, a distinct organization.[179] As of the 17th National Congress (held in 2013), CYL had 89 million members.[195]

Symbols

Main article: Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party
 
 
Flag of the Chinese Communist Party from 1942 to 1996 (top) and from 1996 onwards (bottom)

At the beginning of its history, the CCP did not have a single official standard for the flag, but instead allowed individual party committees to copy the flag of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[196] The Central Politburo decreed the establishment of a sole official flag on 28 April 1942: "The flag of the CPC has the length-to-width proportion of 3:2 with a hammer and sickle in the upper-left corner, and with no five-pointed star. The Political Bureau authorizes the General Office to custom-make a number of standard flags and distribute them to all major organs".[196]

According to People's Daily, "The standard party flag is 120 centimeters (cm) in length and 80 cm in width. In the center of the upper-left corner (a quarter of the length and width to the border) is a yellow hammer-and-sickle 30 cm in diameter. The flag sleeve (pole hem) is in white and 6.5 cm in width. The dimension of the pole hem is not included in the measure of the flag. The red color symbolizes revolution; the hammer-and-sickle are tools of workers and peasants, meaning that the Communist Party of China represents the interests of the masses and the people; the yellow color signifies brightness."[196] In total the flag has five dimensions, the sizes are "no. 1: 388 cm in length and 192 cm in width; no. 2: 240 cm in length and 160 cm in width; no. 3: 192 cm in length and 128 cm in width; no. 4: 144 cm in length and 96 cm in width; no. 5: 96 cm in length and 64 cm in width."[196]

On 21 September 1966, the CCP General Office issued the "Regulations on the Production and Use of the CPC Flag and Emblem", which stated that the emblem and flag were the official symbols and signs of the party.[196] Article 53 of the CCP constitution states that "the Party emblem and flag are the symbol and sign of the Communist Party of China."[179]

Party-to-party relations

The International Liaison Department of the CCP is responsible for dialogue with global political parties.[197]

Communist parties

The CCP continues to have relations with non-ruling communist and workers' parties and attends international communist conferences, most notably the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties.[198] While the CCP retains contact with major parties such as the Communist Party of Portugal,[199] the Communist Party of France,[200] the Communist Party of the Russian Federation,[201] the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia,[202] the Communist Party of Brazil,[203] the Communist Party of Greece,[204] the Communist Party of Nepal[205] and the Communist Party of Spain,[206] the party also retains relations with minor communist and workers' parties, such as the Communist Party of Australia,[207] the Workers Party of Bangladesh, the Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) (Barua), the Communist Party of Sri Lanka, the Workers' Party of Belgium, the Hungarian Workers' Party, the Dominican Workers' Party, the Nepal Workers Peasants Party, and the Party for the Transformation of Honduras, for instance.[208] In recent years, noting the self-reform of the European social democratic movement in the 1980s and 1990s, the CCP "has noted the increased marginalization of West European communist parties."[209]

Ruling parties of socialist states

The CCP has retained close relations with the ruling parties of socialist states still espousing communism: Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam.[210] It spends a fair amount of time analysing the situation in the remaining socialist states, trying to reach conclusions as to why these states survived when so many did not, following the collapse of the Eastern European socialist states in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.[211] In general, the analyses of the remaining socialist states and their chances of survival have been positive, and the CCP believes that the socialist movement will be revitalized sometime in the future.[211]

The ruling party which the CCP is most interested in is the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV).[212] In general the CPV is considered a model example of socialist development in the post-Soviet era.[212] Chinese analysts on Vietnam believe that the introduction of the Doi Moi reform policy at the 6th CPV National Congress is the key reason for Vietnam's current success.[212]

While the CCP is probably the organization with most access to North Korea, writing about North Korea is tightly circumscribed.[211] The few reports accessible to the general public are those about North Korean economic reforms.[211] While Chinese analysts of North Korea tend to speak positively of North Korea in public, in official discussions circa 2008 they show much disdain for North Korea's economic system, the cult of personality which pervades society, the Kim family, the idea of hereditary succession in a socialist state, the security state, the use of scarce resources on the Korean People's Army and the general impoverishment of the North Korean people.[213] Circa 2008, there are those analysts who compare the current situation of North Korea with that of China during the Cultural Revolution.[214][needs update] Over the years, the CCP has tried to persuade the Workers' Party of Korea (or WPK, North Korea's ruling party) to introduce economic reforms by showing them key economic infrastructure in China.[214] For instance, in 2006 the CCP invited then-WPK general secretary Kim Jong-il to Guangdong to showcase the success economic reforms had brought China.[214] In general, the CCP considers the WPK and North Korea to be negative examples of a ruling communist party and socialist state.[214]

There is a considerable degree of interest in Cuba within the CCP.[212] Fidel Castro, the former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), is greatly admired, and books have been written focusing on the successes of the Cuban Revolution.[212] Communication between the CCP and the PCC has increased since the 1990s.[215] At the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, which discussed the possibility of the CCP learning from other ruling parties, praise was heaped on the PCC.[215] When Wu Guanzheng, a Central Politburo member, met with Fidel Castro in 2007, he gave him a personal letter written by Hu Jintao: "Facts have shown that China and Cuba are trustworthy good friends, good comrades, and good brothers who treat each other with sincerity. The two countries' friendship has withstood the test of a changeable international situation, and the friendship has been further strengthened and consolidated."[216]

Non-communist parties

Since the decline and fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the CCP has begun establishing party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.[165] These relations are sought so that the CCP can learn from them.[217] For instance, the CCP has been eager to understand how the People's Action Party of Singapore (PAP) maintains its total domination over Singaporean politics through its "low-key presence, but total control."[218] According to the CCP's own analysis of Singapore, the PAP's dominance can be explained by its "well-developed social network, which controls constituencies effectively by extending its tentacles deeply into society through branches of government and party-controlled groups."[218] While the CCP accepts that Singapore is a liberal democracy, they view it as a guided democracy led by the PAP.[218] Other differences are, according to the CCP, "that it is not a political party based on the working class—instead it is a political party of the elite. ... It is also a political party of the parliamentary system, not a revolutionary party."[219] Other parties which the CCP studies and maintains strong party-to-party relations with are the United Malays National Organization, which has ruled Malaysia (1957–2018, 2020–present), and the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, which dominated Japanese politics since 1955.[220]

Since Jiang Zemin's time, the CCP has made friendly overtures to its erstwhile foe, the Kuomintang. The CCP emphasizes strong party-to-party relations with the KMT so as to strengthen the probability of the reunification of Taiwan with mainland China.[221] However, several studies have been written on the KMT's loss of power in 2000 after having ruled Taiwan since 1949 (the KMT officially ruled mainland China from 1928 to 1949).[221] In general, one-party states or dominant-party states are of special interest to the party and party-to-party relations are formed so that the CCP can study them.[221] The longevity of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party is attributed to the personalization of power in the al-Assad family, the strong presidential system, the inheritance of power, which passed from Hafez al-Assad to his son Bashar al-Assad, and the role given to the Syrian military in politics.[222]

 
Xi Jinping (second from left) with Enrique Peña Nieto (second from right), the former President of Mexico and a leading member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party

Circa 2008, the CCP has been especially interested in Latin America,[222] as shown by the increasing number of delegates sent to and received from these countries.[222] Of special fascination for the CCP is the 71-year-long rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Mexico.[222] While the CCP attributed the PRI's long reign in power to the strong presidential system, tapping into the machismo culture of the country, its nationalist posture, its close identification with the rural populace and the implementation of nationalization alongside the marketization of the economy,[222] the CCP concluded that the PRI failed because of the lack of inner-party democracy, its pursuit of social democracy, its rigid party structures that could not be reformed, its political corruption, the pressure of globalization, and American interference in Mexican politics.[222] While the CCP was slow to recognize the pink tide in Latin America, it has strengthened party-to-party relations with several socialist and anti-American political parties over the years.[223] The CCP has occasionally expressed some irritation over Hugo Chávez's anti-capitalist and anti-American rhetoric.[223] Despite this, the CCP reached an agreement in 2013 with the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which was founded by Chávez, for the CCP to educate PSUV cadres in political and social fields.[224] By 2008, the CCP claimed to have established relations with 99 political parties in 29 Latin American countries.[223]

Social democratic movements in Europe have been of great interest to the CCP since the early 1980s.[223] With the exception of a short period in which the CCP forged party-to-party relations with far-right parties during the 1970s in an effort to halt "Soviet expansionism", the CCP's relations with European social democratic parties were its first serious efforts to establish cordial party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.[223] The CCP credits the European social democrats with creating a "capitalism with a human face".[223] Before the 1980s, the CCP had a highly negative and dismissive view of social democracy, a view dating back to the Second International and the Marxist–Leninist view on the social democratic movement.[223] By the 1980s, that view had changed and the CCP concluded that it could actually learn something from the social democratic movement.[223] CCP delegates were sent all over Europe to observe.[225] By the 1980s, most European social democratic parties were facing electoral decline and in a period of self-reform.[225] The CCP followed this with great interest, laying most weight on reform efforts within the British Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany.[225] The CCP concluded that both parties were re-elected because they modernized, replacing traditional state socialist tenets with new ones supporting privatization, shedding the belief in big government, conceiving a new view of the welfare state, changing their negative views of the market and moving from their traditional support base of trade unions to entrepreneurs, the young and students.[226]

Electoral history

National People's Congress elections

Election General Secretary Seats +/– Position
1982–1983 Hu Yaobang
1,861 / 2,978
   1st
1987–1988 Zhao Ziyang
1,986 / 2,979
   125   1st
1993–1994 Jiang Zemin
2,037 / 2,979
   51   1st
1997–1998
2,130 / 2,979
   93   1st
2002–2003 Hu Jintao
2,178 / 2,985
   48   1st
2007–2008
2,099 / 2,987
   79   1st
2012–2013 Xi Jinping
2,157 / 2,987
   58   1st
2017–2018
2,119 / 2,980
   38   1st

See also

Notes

  1. ^ During the Chinese Civil War, party officials were only able to confirm from available documents that the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in July 1921, but not the specific date of the meeting. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared 1 July the party's "anniversary day". Although the exact date of the 1st National Congress was later determined by party officials to be 23 July 1921, the date of the anniversary has not been changed.[1]
  2. ^ Chinese: 为人民服务; pinyin: Wèi Rénmín Fúwù
  3. ^ Chiang Kai-shek strongly opposed this label and the CCP's analysis of the KMT. He believed that the KMT served all Chinese, regardless of political leanings.[26]
  4. ^ "In the next weeks five thousand Communists were butchered by the stammering machine-guns of the Kuomintang and by the knives of the criminal gangs whom Chiang recruited for slaughter."[38]
    Other sources give different estimates, e.g. 5,000–10,000.[39]

References

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  212. ^ a b c d e Shambaugh 2008, p. 84.
  213. ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 82–83.
  214. ^ a b c d Shambaugh 2008, p. 83.
  215. ^ a b Shambaugh 2008, p. 85.
  216. ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 85–86.
  217. ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 86–92.
  218. ^ a b c Shambaugh 2008, p. 93.
  219. ^ Shambaugh 2008, p. 94.
  220. ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 95–96.
  221. ^ a b c Shambaugh 2008, p. 96.
  222. ^ a b c d e f Shambaugh 2008, p. 97.
  223. ^ a b c d e f g h Shambaugh 2008, p. 98.
  224. ^ . El Universal. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  225. ^ a b c Shambaugh 2008, p. 99.
  226. ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 99–100.

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Journal articles

  • Abrami, Regina; Malesky, Edmund; Zheng, Yu (2008). "Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China" (PDF). University of California Press. pp. 1–46. (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
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  • Dynon, Nicholas (July 2008). ""Four Civilizations" and the Evolution of Post-Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology". The China Journal. Vol. 60. University of Chicago Press. pp. 83–109. JSTOR 20647989.
  • Li, Cheng (19 November 2009). "Intra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously?". Vol. 30, no. 4. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–14. from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  • Mahoney, Josef Gregory; Yi, Jiexiong; Li, Xiuling (April 2009). "A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms: Interview with Jiexiong". pp. 177–192. JSTOR 40404544.
  • Köllner, Patrick (August 2013). "Informal Institutions in Autocracies: Analytical Perspectives and the Case of the Chinese Communist Party" (PDF). No. 232. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. pp. 1–30. (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  • Miller, H. Lyman (19 November 2009). (PDF). Vol. 32, no. 9. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2013.

External links

  •   Media related to Communist Party of China (category) at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Quotations related to Chinese Communist Party at Wikiquote
  • Official website  

January 17, 2023
chinese, communist, party, officially, communist, party, china, founding, sole, ruling, party, people, republic, china, under, leadership, zedong, emerged, victorious, chinese, civil, against, kuomintang, 1949, proclaimed, establishment, people, republic, chin. The Chinese Communist Party CCP 2 officially the Communist Party of China CPC 3 is the founding and sole ruling party of the People s Republic of China PRC 4 5 Under the leadership of Mao Zedong the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang and in 1949 Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People s Republic of China Since then the CCP has governed China with eight smaller parties within its united front and has sole control over the People s Liberation Army PLA Each successive leader of the CCP has added their own theories to the party s constitution which outlines the ideological beliefs of the party collectively referred to as socialism with Chinese characteristics As of 2022 the CCP has more than 96 million members making it the second largest political party by party membership in the world after India s Bharatiya Janata Party The Chinese public generally refers to the CCP as simply the Party 3 Communist Party of China 中国共产党 Zhōngguo GongchǎndǎngAbbreviationCCP common CPC official General SecretaryXi JinpingStanding CommitteeXi JinpingLi QiangZhao LejiWang HuningCai QiDing XuexiangLi XiFoundersChen DuxiuLi Dazhao and others 1st National Congress representatives Henk SneevlietVladimir Neumann de zh Li DaLi HanjunZhang GuotaoLiu Renjing zh Mao ZedongHe ShuhengDong BiwuChen TanqiuWang JinmeiDeng Enming zh Chen GongboZhou FohaiBao Huiseng zh Founded23 July 1921 101 years ago 1921 07 23 1st National Congress note 1 Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party 106 Rue Wantz Shanghai French ConcessionHeadquartersZhongnanhai Xicheng District BeijingNewspaperPeople s DailyYouth wingCommunist Youth League of ChinaArmed wingPeople s Liberation ArmyPeople s Armed PoliceMilitia of ChinaResearch officeCentral Policy Research OfficeMembership 2022 96 710 000IdeologySocialism with Chinese characteristics CommunismMarxism LeninismMao Zedong ThoughtDeng Xiaoping TheoryThree RepresentsScientific Outlook on DevelopmentXi Jinping ThoughtSocialist patriotism Chinese nationalismInternational affiliationIMCWPColours RedSlogan Serve the People note 2 National People s Congress 13th 2 090 2 980NPC Standing Committee118 175Party flagWebsitecpc wbr people wbr com wbr cnPolitics of ChinaPolitical partiesElectionsCommunist Party of China Communist Party of China in simplified top and traditional bottom Chinese charactersChinese nameSimplified Chinese中国共产党Traditional Chinese中國共產黨Hanyu PinyinZhōngguo GongchǎndǎngTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngguo GongchǎndǎngWade GilesChung1 kuo2 Kung4 ch an3 Tang3IPA ʈʂʊ ŋ kwo kʊ ŋ ʈʂʰa n ta ŋ Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationJung gwok Guhng chaan dongJyutpingZung1 gwok3 Gung6 caan2 dong2IPA tso ŋ kʷɔ ːk ko ŋ tsʰa ːn tɔ ːŋ Southern MinHokkien POJTiong kok Kiōng san tongTibetan nameTibetanཀ ང ག ག ང ཁ ན ཏངTranscriptionsWyliekrung go gung khran tangZhuang nameZhuangCunghgoz GungcanjdangjMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicDundad ulsyn Hyatadyn Ev hamt Kommunist NamMongolian scriptᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠺᠣᠮᠮᠤᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠨᠠᠮTranscriptionsSASM GNCDumdad ulcyn Khyatadyn Av khamt Kommunist NamUyghur nameUyghurجۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى TranscriptionsLatin YeziqiJunggo Kommunistik PartiyisiYengi YeziⱪJunggo Kommunistik PartiyisiSiril YeziqiҖungo Kommunistik PartijiciManchu nameManchu scriptᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ ᡳ ᡤᡠᠩᡮᠠᠨᡥᠣᡴᡳRomanizationDulimbai gurun i Jungg o i Gungcan HokiIn 1921 Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao led the founding of the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International For the first six years of its history the CCP aligned itself with the Kuomintang KMT as the organized left wing of the larger nationalist movement However when the right wing of the KMT led by Chiang Kai shek turned on the CCP and massacred tens of thousands of the party s members the two parties split and began a prolonged civil war During the next ten years of guerrilla warfare Mao Zedong rose to become the most influential figure in the CCP and the party established a strong base among the rural peasantry with its land reform policies Support for the CCP continued to grow throughout the Second Sino Japanese War and after the Japanese surrender in 1945 the CCP emerged triumphant in the communist revolution against the KMT government After the retreat of the KMT to Taiwan the CCP established the People s Republic of China on 1 October 1949 Mao Zedong continued to be the most influential member of the CCP until his death in 1976 although he periodically withdrew from public leadership as his health declined Under Mao the party completed its land reform program launched a series of five year plans and eventually split with the Soviet Union Although Mao attempted to purge the party of capitalist and reactionary elements during the Cultural Revolution after his death these policies were only briefly continued by the Gang of Four before a less radical faction seized control During the 1980s Deng Xiaoping directed the CCP away from Maoist orthodoxy and towards a policy of economic liberalization The official explanation for these reforms was that China is still in the primary stage of socialism a developmental stage similar to the capitalist mode of production Since the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the CCP has emphasized its relations with the ruling parties of the remaining socialist states and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties each year The CCP has also established relations with several non communist parties including dominant nationalist parties of many developing countries in Africa Asia and Latin America as well as social democratic parties in Europe The Chinese Communist Party is organized on the basis of democratic centralism a principle that entails open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed upon decision The highest body of the CCP is the National Congress convened every fifth year When the National Congress is not in session the Central Committee is the highest body but since that body usually only meets once a year most duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee Members of the latter are seen as the top leadership of the party and the state 6 Today the party s leader holds the offices of general secretary responsible for civilian party duties Chairman of the Central Military Commission CMC responsible for military affairs and State President a largely ceremonial position Because of these posts the party leader is seen as the country s paramount leader The current leader is Xi Jinping who was elected at the 18th National Congress held on 8 15 November 2012 and retained his position at the 19th National Congress in 2017 and the 20th National Congress in 2022 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding and early history 1 2 Chinese Civil War and Second Sino Japanese War 1 3 Becoming the sole ruling party of China 1 4 Sino Soviet split and Cultural Revolution 1 5 Reforms under Deng Xiaoping 1 6 Further reforms under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao 1 7 Leadership of Xi Jinping 2 Ideology 2 1 Formal ideology 2 2 Economics 2 3 Analysis and criticism 3 Governance 3 1 Collective leadership 3 2 Democratic centralism 3 3 Shuanggui 3 4 United front 4 Organization 4 1 Central organization 4 2 Lower level organizations 4 3 Funding 4 4 Members 4 5 Communist Youth League 5 Symbols 6 Party to party relations 6 1 Communist parties 6 1 1 Ruling parties of socialist states 6 2 Non communist parties 7 Electoral history 7 1 National People s Congress elections 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10 1 Citations 10 2 Sources 10 2 1 Books 10 2 2 Journal articles 11 External linksHistoryMain article History of the Chinese Communist Party Founding and early history The CCP traces its origins to the May Fourth Movement of 1919 during which radical Western ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals 7 Other influences stemming from the Bolshevik revolution and Marxist theory inspired the CCP 8 Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao were among the first to publicly support Leninism and world revolution Both regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere 9 Study circles were according to Cai Hesen the rudiments of our party 10 Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement but by 1920 many grew sceptical about their ability to bring about reforms 11 Site of the first CCP Congress in the former Shanghai French Concession The CCP was founded on 1 July 1921 with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International according to the party s official account of its history 12 13 However party documents suggest that the party s actual founding date was 23 July 1921 the first day of the 1st National Congress of the CCP 14 The founding National Congress of the CCP was held 23 31 July 1921 15 With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921 among them Chen Duxiu Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong 16 the CCP organization and authorities grew tremendously 17 While it was originally held in a house in the Shanghai French Concession French police interrupted the meeting on 30 July 18 and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing Zhejiang province 18 A dozen delegates attended the congress with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend 18 the latter sending a personal representative in his stead 18 The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a communist party as a branch of the Communist International Comintern and elected Chen as its leader Chen then served as the first general secretary of the Communist Party 18 and was referred to as China s Lenin 19 The Soviets hoped to foster pro Soviet forces in East Asia to fight against anti communist countries particularly Japan They attempted to contact the warlord Wu Peifu but failed 20 21 The Soviets then contacted the Kuomintang KMT which was leading the Guangzhou government parallel to the Beiyang government On 6 October 1923 the Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin to Guangzhou and the Soviets established friendly relations with the KMT The Central Committee of the CCP 22 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin 23 and the Comintern 24 all hoped that the CCP would eventually control the KMT and called their opponents rightists 25 note 3 KMT leader Sun Yat sen eased the conflict between the communists and their opponents CCP membership grew tremendously after the 4th congress in 1925 from 900 to 2 428 27 The CCP still treats Sun Yat sen as one of the founders of their movement and claim descent from him 28 as he is viewed as a proto communist 29 30 and the economic element of Sun s ideology was socialism 31 Sun stated Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism 32 The communists dominated the left wing of the KMT and struggled for power with the party s right wing factions 25 When Sun Yat sen died in March 1925 he was succeeded by a rightist Chiang Kai shek who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists 25 Chiang Sun s former assistant was not actively anti communist at that time 33 even though he hated the theory of class struggle and the CCP s seizure of power 26 The communists proposed removing Chiang s power 34 When Chiang gradually gained the support of Western countries the conflict between him and the communists became more and more intense Chiang asked the Kuomintang to join the Comintern to rule out the secret expansion of communists within the KMT while Chen Duxiu hoped that the communists would completely withdraw from the KMT 35 In April 1927 both Chiang and the CCP were preparing for conflict 36 Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords Chiang Kai shek turned on the communists who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China 37 Ignoring the orders of the Wuhan based KMT government he marched on Shanghai a city controlled by communist militias Although the communists welcomed Chiang s arrival he turned on them massacring 5 000 note 4 with the aid of the Green Gang 37 40 41 Chiang s army then marched on Wuhan but was prevented from taking the city by CCP General Ye Ting and his troops 42 Chiang s allies also attacked communists for example in Beijing Li Dazhao and 19 other leading communists were executed by Zhang Zuolin 43 38 Angered by these events the peasant movement supported by the CCP became more violent Ye Dehui a famous scholar was killed by communists in Changsha and in revenge KMT general He Jian and his troops gunned down hundreds of peasant militiamen 44 That May tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by KMT troops with the CCP losing approximately 15 000 of its 25 000 members 38 Chinese Civil War and Second Sino Japanese War Further information Chinese Civil War Chinese Soviet Republic Chinese Red Army Long March Second Sino Japanese War and Chinese Communist Revolution Flag of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government 38 but on 15 July 1927 the Wuhan government expelled all communists from the KMT 45 The CCP reacted by founding the Workers and Peasants Red Army of China better known as the Red Army to battle the KMT A battalion led by General Zhu De was ordered to take the city of Nanchang on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the Nanchang uprising Initially successful Zhu and his troops were forced to retreat after five days marching south to Shantou and from there being driven into the wilderness of Fujian 45 Mao Zedong was appointed commander in chief of the Red Army and led four regiments against Changsha in the Autumn Harvest Uprising hoping to spark peasant uprisings across Hunan 46 His plan was to attack the KMT held city from three directions on 9 September but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause attacking the Third Regiment Mao s army made it to Changsha but could not take it by 15 September he accepted defeat with 1 000 survivors marching east to the Jinggang Mountains of Jiangxi 46 47 48 The near destruction of the CCP s urban organizational apparatus led to institutional changes within the party 49 The party adopted democratic centralism a way to organize revolutionary parties and established a politburo to function as the standing committee of the central committee 49 The result was increased centralization of power within the party 49 At every level of the party this was duplicated with standing committees now in effective control 49 After being expelled from the party Chen Duxiu went on to lead China s Trotskyist movement Li Lisan was able to assume de facto control of the party organization by 1929 1930 49 Li s leadership was a failure leaving the CCP on the brink of destruction 49 The Comintern became involved and by late 1930 his powers had been taken away 49 By 1935 Mao had become a member of Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP and the party s informal military leader with Zhou Enlai and Zhang Wentian the formal head of the party serving as his informal deputies 49 The conflict with the KMT led to the reorganization of the Red Army with power now centralized in the leadership through the creation of CCP political departments charged with supervising the army 49 The Second Sino Japanese War paused the conflict between the CCP and the KMT 50 The Second United Front was established between the CCP and the KMT to repel the Japanese invaders 51 While the front formally existed until 1945 all collaboration between the two parties had ended by 1940 51 Despite their formal alliance the CCP used the opportunity to expand and carve out independent bases of operations to prepare for the coming war with the KMT 52 In 1939 the KMT began to restrict CCP expansion within China 52 This led to frequent clashes between CCP and KMT forces 52 but which subsided rapidly on the realisation on both sides that civil war amidst a foreign invasion was not an option 52 Yet by 1943 the CCP was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT 52 Mao Zedong became the Chairman of the CCP in 1945 From 1945 until 1949 the war had been reduced to two parties the CCP and the KMT 53 This period lasted through four stages the first was from August 1945 when the Japanese surrendered to June 1946 when the peace talks between the CCP and the KMT ended 53 By 1945 the KMT had three times more soldiers under its command than the CCP and initially appeared to be prevailing 53 With the cooperation of the U S and Japan the KMT was able to retake major parts of the country 53 However KMT rule over the reconquered territories would prove unpopular because of endemic party corruption 53 Notwithstanding its huge numerical superiority the KMT failed to reconquer the rural territories which made up the CCP s stronghold 53 Around the same time the CCP launched an invasion of Manchuria where they were assisted by the Soviet Union 53 The second stage lasting from July 1946 to June 1947 saw the KMT extend its control over major cities such as Yan an the CCP headquarters for much of the war 53 The KMT s successes were hollow the CCP had tactically withdrawn from the cities and instead attacked KMT authorities by instigating protests amongst students and intellectuals in the cities The KMT responded to these demonstrations with heavy handed repression 54 In the meantime the KMT was struggling with factional infighting and Chiang Kai shek s autocratic control over the party which weakened the KMT s ability to respond to attacks 54 The third stage lasting from July 1947 to August 1948 saw a limited counteroffensive by the CCP 54 The objective was clearing Central China strengthening North China and recovering Northeast China 55 This disastrous counteroffensive coupled with military desertions from the KMT resulted in the KMT losing 2 million of its 3 million troops by the spring of 1948 and a significant decline in support for KMT rule 54 The CCP was consequently able to cut off KMT garrisons in Manchuria and retake several lost territories 55 The last stage lasting from September 1948 to December 1949 saw the communists go on the offensive and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole 55 Mao s proclamation of the founding of the People s Republic of China on 1 October 1949 marked the end of the second phase of the Chinese Civil War or the Chinese Communist Revolution as it is called by the CCP 55 Becoming the sole ruling party of China Further information Proclamation of the People s Republic of China Mao proclaimed the founding of the People s Republic of China PRC before a massive crowd at Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949 The CCP headed the Central People s Government 56 From this time through the 1980s top leaders of the CCP such as Mao Zedong Lin Biao Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping were largely the same military leaders prior to the PRC s founding 57 As a result informal personal ties between political and military leaders dominated civil military relations 57 Chinese communists celebrate Joseph Stalin s birthday 1949 Stalin proposed a one party constitution when Liu Shaoqi visited the Soviet Union in 1952 58 The Constitution of the PRC in 1954 subsequently abolished the previous coalition government and established the CCP s one party system 59 60 Mao said that China should implement a multi party system under the CCP s leadership at the CCP s 8th Congress in 1956 61 He had not previously made such a proposal 62 but the CCP nonetheless retained most of its political power even after the announcement 63 In 1957 the CCP launched the Anti Rightist Campaign against political dissents and prominent figures from other minor parties which resulted in the political persecution of at least 550 000 people The campaign significantly damaged the limited pluralistic nature in the socialist republic and solidified the country s status as a de facto one party state 64 65 66 67 The Anti Rightist Campaign led to the catastrophic results of the Second Five Year Plan from 1958 to 1962 known as the Great Leap Forward In an effort to transform the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized one the CCP collectivized farmland formed people s communes and diverted labour to factories General mismanagement and exaggerations of harvests by CCP officials led to the Great Chinese Famine which resulted in an estimated 15 to 45 million deaths 68 69 making it the largest famine in recorded history 70 71 72 73 Sino Soviet split and Cultural Revolution This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2022 Main articles Sino Soviet split and Cultural Revolution During the 1960s and 1970s the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which was going through a period of de Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev 74 By that time Mao had begun saying that the continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete leading to the Cultural Revolution in which millions were persecuted and killed 75 During the Cultural Revolution party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi Deng Xiaoping Peng Dehuai and He Long were purged or exiled and the Gang of Four led by Mao s wife Jiang Qing emerged to fill in the power vacuum left behind Reforms under Deng Xiaoping Main article Chinese economic reform Following Mao s death in 1976 a power struggle between CCP chairman Hua Guofeng and vice chairman Deng Xiaoping erupted 76 Deng won the struggle and became China s paramount leader in 1978 76 Deng alongside Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang spearheaded the reform and opening up policies and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics opening China to the world s markets 77 In reversing some of Mao s leftist policies Deng argued that a socialist state could use the market economy without itself being capitalist 78 While asserting the political power of the CCP the change in policy generated significant economic growth 7 This was justified on the basis that Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth a principle reinforced through a 1978 article that aimed to combat dogmatism and criticized the Two Whatevers policy 79 The new ideology however was contested on both sides of the spectrum by Maoists to the left of the CCP s leadership as well as by those supporting political liberalization With other social factors the conflicts culminated in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 80 The protests having been crushed and the reformist party general secretary Zhao Ziyang under house arrest Deng s economic policies resumed and by the early 1990s the concept of a socialist market economy had been introduced 81 In 1997 Deng s beliefs officially called Deng Xiaoping Theory were embedded into the CCP s constitution 82 Further reforms under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as paramount leader in the 1990s and continued most of his policies 83 In the 1990s the CCP transformed from a veteran revolutionary leadership that was both leading militarily and politically to a political elite increasingly renewed according to institutionalized norms in the civil bureaucracy 57 Leadership was largely selected based on rules and norms on promotion and retirement educational background and managerial and technical expertise 57 There is a largely separate group of professionalized military officers serving under top CCP leadership largely through formal relationships within institutional channels 57 As part of Jiang Zemin s nominal legacy the CCP ratified the Three Represents for the 2003 revision of the party s constitution as a guiding ideology to encourage the party to represent advanced productive forces the progressive course of China s culture and the fundamental interests of the people 84 The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and bourgeois elements into the party 84 Hu Jintao Jiang Zemin s successor as general secretary took office in 2002 85 Unlike Mao Deng and Jiang Zemin Hu laid emphasis on collective leadership and opposed one man dominance of the political system 85 The insistence on focusing on economic growth led to a wide range of serious social problems To address these Hu introduced two main ideological concepts the Scientific Outlook on Development and Harmonious Socialist Society 86 Hu resigned from his post as CCP general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the 18th National Congress held in 2012 and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping 87 88 Leadership of Xi Jinping Since taking power Xi has initiated a wide reaching anti corruption campaign while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades Commentators have described the campaign as a defining part of Xi s leadership as well as the principal reason why he has been able to consolidate his power so quickly and effectively 89 Foreign commentators have likened him to Mao 90 Xi s leadership has also overseen an increase in the Party s role in China 91 Xi has added his ideology named after himself into the CCP constitution in 2017 92 As has been speculated Xi Jinping may not retire from his top posts after serving for 10 years in 2022 57 93 Since 2014 the CCP has led efforts in Xinjiang that involve the detention of more than 1 million Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in internment camps as well as other repressive measures This has been described as a genocide by academics and some governments 94 95 On the other hand a greater number of countries signed a letter penned to the Human Rights Council supporting the policies as an effort to combat terrorism in the region 96 97 98 A temporary monument displayed in Changsha Hunan Province to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the CCP s founding Celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the CCP s founding one of the Two Centenaries took place on 1 July 2021 99 On July 6 2021 Xi chaired the Communist Party of China and World Political Parties Summit which involved representatives from 500 political parties across 160 countries 100 Xi urged the participants to oppose technology blockades and developmental decoupling in order to work towards building a community with a shared future for mankind 100 IdeologyMain article Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party Formal ideology Further information Generations of Chinese leadership A monument dedicated to Karl Marx left and Friedrich Engels right in Shanghai The core ideology of the party has evolved with each distinct generation of Chinese leadership As both the CCP and the People s Liberation Army promote their members according to seniority it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese leadership 101 In official discourse each group of leadership is identified with a distinct extension of the ideology of the party Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People s Republic of China by reference to these generations Marxism Leninism was the first official ideology of the CCP 102 According to the CCP Marxism Leninism reveals the universal laws governing the development of history of human society 102 To the CCP Marxism Leninism provides a vision of the contradictions in capitalist society and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies 102 According to the People s Daily Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism Leninism applied and developed in China 102 Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong but by leading party officials 103 Deng Xiaoping Theory was added to the party constitution at the 14th National Congress in 1992 82 The concepts of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the primary stage of socialism were credited to the theory 82 Deng Xiaoping Theory can be defined as a belief that state socialism and state planning is not by definition communist and that market mechanisms are class neutral 104 In addition the party needs to react to the changing situation dynamically to know if a certain policy is obsolete or not the party had to seek truth from facts and follow the slogan practice is the sole criterion for the truth 105 At the 14th National Congress Jiang reiterated Deng s mantra that it was unnecessary to ask if something was socialist or capitalist since the important factor was whether it worked 106 The Three Represents Jiang Zemin s contribution to the party s ideology was adopted by the party at the 16th National Congress The Three Represents defines the role of the CCP and stresses that the Party must always represent the requirements for developing China s advanced productive forces the orientation of China s advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people 107 108 Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics 109 Jiang disagreed and had concluded that attaining the communist mode of production as formulated by earlier communists was more complex than had been realized and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production as it had to develop naturally by following the economic laws of history 110 The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists officially referred to as the new social strata to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in honest labor and work and through their labour contributed to build ing socialism with Chinese characteristics 111 In 2003 the 3rd Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee conceived and formulated the ideology of the Scientific Outlook on Development SOD 112 It is considered to be Hu Jintao s contribution to the official ideological discourse 113 The SOD incorporates scientific socialism sustainable development social welfare a humanistic society increased democracy and ultimately the creation of a Socialist Harmonious Society According to official statements by the CCP the concept integrates Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development 114 A billboard advertising Xi Jinping Thought in Shenzhen Guangdong Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era commonly known as Xi Jinping Thought was added to the party constitution in the 19th National Congress in 2017 92 Xi himself has described the thought as part of the broad framework created around socialism with Chinese characteristics In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi s colleagues the Thought is said to be a continuation of previous party ideologies as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody Marxism adapted to Chinese conditions and contemporary considerations 115 The party combines elements of both socialist patriotism 116 117 118 119 and Chinese nationalism 120 Economics Deng did not believe that the fundamental difference between the capitalist mode of production and the socialist mode of production was central planning versus free markets He said A planned economy is not the definition of socialism because there is planning under capitalism the market economy happens under socialism too Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity 78 Jiang Zemin supported Deng s thinking and stated in a party gathering that it did not matter if a certain mechanism was capitalist or socialist because the only thing that mattered was whether it worked 81 It was at this gathering that Jiang Zemin introduced the term socialist market economy which replaced Chen Yun s planned socialist market economy 81 In his report to the 14th National Congress Jiang Zemin told the delegates that the socialist state would let market forces play a basic role in resource allocation 121 At the 15th National Congress the party line was changed to make market forces further play their role in resource allocation this line continued until the 3rd Plenary Session zh of the 18th Central Committee 121 when it was amended to let market forces play a decisive role in resource allocation 121 Despite this the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee upheld the creed Maintain the dominance of the public sector and strengthen the economic vitality of the state owned economy 121 their theory that capitalism is the ultimate force has been shaken and socialist development has experienced a miracle Western capitalism has suffered reversals a financial crisis a credit crisis a crisis of confidence and their self conviction has wavered Western countries have begun to reflect and openly or secretively compare themselves against China s politics economy and path Xi Jinping on the inevitability of socialism 122 The CCP views the world as organized into two opposing camps socialist and capitalist 123 They insist that socialism on the basis of historical materialism will eventually triumph over capitalism 123 In recent years when the party has been asked to explain the capitalist globalization occurring the party has returned to the writings of Karl Marx 123 Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system the party s leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist 124 The reason being that if globalization was purely capitalist it would exclude an alternative socialist form of modernity 124 Globalization as with the market economy therefore does not have one specific class character neither socialist nor capitalist according to the party 124 The insistence that globalization is not fixed in nature comes from Deng s insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism 124 Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization globalization can be turned into a vehicle supporting socialism 125 Analysis and criticism While foreign analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking the CCP itself disagrees 126 Critics of the CCP argue that Jiang Zemin ended the party s formal commitment to Marxism Leninism with the introduction of the ideological theory the Three Represents 127 However party theorist Leng Rong disagrees claiming that President Jiang rid the Party of the ideological obstacles to different kinds of ownership He did not give up Marxism or socialism He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism which is why we talk about a socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics 127 The attainment of true communism is still described as the CCP s and China s ultimate goal 128 While the CCP claims that China is in the primary stage of socialism party theorists argue that the current development stage looks a lot like capitalism 128 Alternatively certain party theorists argue that capitalism is the early or first stage of communism 128 Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism 128 For example Robert Lawrence Kuhn a former foreign adviser to the Chinese government stated When I first heard this rationale I thought it more comic than clever a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics But the 100 year horizon comes from serious political theorists 128 American political scientist and sinologist David Shambaugh argues that before the Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth campaign the relationship between ideology and decision making was a deductive one meaning that policy making was derived from ideological knowledge 129 However under Deng s leadership this relationship was turned upside down with decision making justifying ideology 129 Chinese policy makers have described the Soviet Union s state ideology as rigid unimaginative ossified and disconnected from reality believing that this was one of the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union Therefore Shambaugh argues Chinese policy makers believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party s rule 129 British sinologist Kerry Brown argues that the CCP does not have an ideology and that the party organization is pragmatic and interested only in what works 130 The party itself argues against this assertion Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is threatening to divide us and that the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak Ideological and cultural fields are our main targets 130 As such the CCP puts a great deal of effort into the party schools and into crafting its ideological message 130 GovernanceCollective leadership Further information Collective leadership Collective leadership the idea that decisions will be taken through consensus is the ideal in the CCP 131 The concept has its origins back to Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party 132 At the level of the central party leadership this means that for instance all members of the Politburo Standing Committee are of equal standing each member having only one vote 131 A member of the Politburo Standing Committee often represents a sector during Mao s reign he controlled the People s Liberation Army Kang Sheng the security apparatus and Zhou Enlai the State Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 131 This counts as informal power 131 Despite this in a paradoxical relation members of a body are ranked hierarchically despite the fact that members are in theory equal to one another 131 Informally the collective leadership is headed by a leadership core that is the paramount leader the person who holds the offices of CCP general secretary CMC chairman and PRC president 133 Before Jiang Zemin s tenure as paramount leader the party core and collective leadership were indistinguishable 134 In practice the core was not responsible to the collective leadership 134 However by the time of Jiang the party had begun propagating a responsibility system referring to it in official pronouncements as the core of the collective leadership 134 Democratic centralism Further information Democratic centralism Democratic centralism is centralized on the basis of democracy and democratic under centralized guidance This is the only system that can give full expression to democracy with full powers vested in the people s congresses at all levels and at the same time guarantee centralized administration with the governments at each level Mao Zedong from his speech entitled Our General Programme 135 The CCP s organizational principle is democratic centralism a principle that entails open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed upon decision 136 137 It is based on two principles democracy synonymous in official discourse with socialist democracy and inner party democracy and centralism 135 This has been the guiding organizational principle of the party since the 5th National Congress held in 1927 135 In the words of the party constitution The Party is an integral body organized under its program and constitution and on the basis of democratic centralism 135 Mao once quipped that democratic centralism was at once democratic and centralized with the two seeming opposites of democracy and centralization united in a definite form Mao claimed that the superiority of democratic centralism lay in its internal contradictions between democracy and centralism and freedom and discipline 135 Currently the CCP is claiming that democracy is the lifeline of the Party the lifeline of socialism 135 But for democracy to be implemented and functioning properly there needs to be centralization 135 The goal of democratic centralism was not to obliterate capitalism or its policies but instead it is the movement towards regulating capitalism while involving socialism and democracy 138 Democracy in any form the CCP claims needs centralism since without centralism there will be no order 135 Shuanggui Further information Shuanggui Shuanggui is an intra party disciplinary process conducted by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection CCDI This formally independent internal control institution conducts shuanggui on members accused of disciplinary violations a charge which generally refers to political corruption The process which literally translates to double regulation aims to extract confessions from members accused of violating party rules According to the Dui Hua Foundation tactics such as cigarette burns beatings and simulated drowning are among those used to extract confessions Other reported techniques include the use of induced hallucinations with one subject of this method reporting that In the end I was so exhausted I agreed to all the accusations against me even though they were false 139 United front Further information United front China First United Front and Second United Front The CCP employs a political strategy that it terms united front work that involves groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests 140 141 United front work is managed primarily but not exclusively by the United Front Work Department UFWD 142 The united front has historically been a popular front that has included eight legally permitted political parties alongside other people s organizations which have nominal representation in the National People s Congress and the Chinese People s Political Consultative Conference CPPCC 143 However the CPPCC is a body without real power 144 While consultation does take place it is supervised and directed by the CCP 144 Under Xi Jinping the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope 145 146 OrganizationMain article Organization of the Chinese Communist Party Central organization The 18th National Congress convened in November 2012 The National Congress is the party s highest body and since the 9th National Congress in 1969 has been convened every five years prior to the 9th Congress they were convened on an irregular basis According to the party s constitution a congress may not be postponed except under extraordinary circumstances 147 The party constitution gives the National Congress six responsibilities 148 electing the Central Committee electing the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection CCDI examining the report of the outgoing Central Committee examining the report of the outgoing CCDI discussing and enacting party policies and revising the party s constitution In practice the delegates rarely discuss issues at length at the National Congresses Most substantive discussion takes place before the congress in the preparation period among a group of top party leaders 148 In between National Congresses the Central Committee is the highest decision making institution 149 The CCDI is responsible for supervising party s internal anti corruption and ethics system 150 In between congresses the CCDI is under the authority of the Central Committee 150 Front cover of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party The Central Committee as the party s highest decision making institution between national congresses elects several bodies to carry out its work 151 The first plenary session of a newly elected central committee elects the general secretary of the Central Committee the party s leader the Central Military Commission CMC the Politburo the Politburo Standing Committee PSC and since 2013 the Central National Security Commission CNSC The first plenum also endorses the composition of the Secretariat and the leadership of the CCDI 151 According to the party constitution the general secretary must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee PSC and is responsible for convening meetings of the PSC and the Politburo while also presiding over the work of the Secretariat 152 The Politburo exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when a plenum is not in session 153 The PSC is the party s highest decision making institution when the Politburo the Central Committee and the National Congress are not in session 154 It convenes at least once a week 155 It was established at the 8th National Congress in 1958 to take over the policy making role formerly assumed by the Secretariat 156 The Secretariat is the top implementation body of the Central Committee and can make decisions within the policy framework established by the Politburo it is also responsible for supervising the work of organizations that report directly into the Central Committee for example departments commissions publications and so on 157 The CMC is the highest decision making institution on military affairs within the party and controls the operations of the People s Liberation Army 158 The general secretary has since Jiang Zemin also served as Chairman of the CMC 158 Unlike the collective leadership ideal of other party organs the CMC chairman acts as commander in chief with full authority to appoint or dismiss top military officers at will 158 The CNSC co ordinates security strategies across various departments including intelligence the military foreign affairs and the police in order to cope with growing challenges to stability at home and abroad 159 The general secretary serves as the Chairman of the CNSC 160 A first plenum of the Central Committee also elects heads of departments bureaus central leading groups and other institutions to pursue its work during a term a term being the period elapsing between national congresses usually five years 147 The General Office is the party s nerve centre in charge of day to day administrative work including communications protocol and setting agendas for meetings 161 The CCP currently has four main central departments the Organization Department responsible for overseeing provincial appointments and vetting cadres for future appointments 162 the Publicity Department formerly Propaganda Department which oversees the media and formulates the party line to the media 163 164 the International Department functioning as the party s foreign affairs ministry with other parties 165 and the United Front Work Department which oversees work with the country s non communist parties mass organizations and influence groups outside of the country 163 The CC also has direct control over the Central Policy Research Office which is responsible for researching issues of significant interest to the party leadership 166 the Central Party School which provides political training and ideological indoctrination in communist thought for high ranking and rising cadres 167 the Party History Research Centre which sets priorities for scholarly research in state run universities and the Central Party School 168 and the Compilation and Translation Bureau which studies and translates the classical works of Marxism 169 The party s newspaper the People s Daily is under the direct control of the Central Committee 170 and is published with the objectives to tell good stories about China and the Party and to promote its party leader 171 The theoretical magazines Seeking Truth from Facts and Study Times are published by the Central Party School 167 The China Media Group which oversees China Central Television CCTV China National Radio CNR and China Radio International CRI is under the direct control of the Publicity Department 172 The various offices of the Central Leading Groups such as the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office the Taiwan Affairs Office and the Central Finance Office also report to the central committee during a plenary session 173 Additionally CCP has sole control over the People s Liberation Army PLA through its Central Military Commission 174 Lower level organizations After seizing political power the CCP extended the dual party state command system to all government institutions social organizations and economic entities 175 The State Council and the Supreme Court each has a party core group 党组 established since November 1949 Party committees permeate in every state administrative organ as well as the People s Consultation Conferences and mass organizations at all levels 176 Party committees exist inside of companies both private and state owned 177 Modelled after the Soviet Nomenklatura system the party committee s organization department at each level has the power to recruit train monitor appoint and relocate these officials 178 Party committees exist at the level of provinces cities counties and neighbourhoods 179 180 These committees play a key role in directing local policy by selecting local leaders and assigning critical tasks 6 181 The Party secretary at each level is more senior than that of the leader of the government with the CCP standing committee being the main source of power 181 Party committee members in each level are selected by the leadership in the level above with provincial leaders selected by the central Organizational Department and not removable by the local party secretary 181 In theory however party committees are elected by party congresses at their own level 179 Local party congresses are supposed to be held every fifth year but under extraordinary circumstances they may be held earlier or postponed However that decision must be approved by the next higher level of the local party committee 179 The number of delegates and the procedures for their election are decided by the local party committee but must also have the approval of the next higher party committee 179 A local party congress has many of the same duties as the National Congress and it is responsible for examining the report of the local Party Committee at the corresponding level examining the report of the local Commission for Discipline Inspection at the corresponding level discussing and adopting resolutions on major issues in the given area and electing the local Party Committee and the local Commission for Discipline Inspection at the corresponding level 179 Party committees of a province autonomous region municipality directly under the central government city divided into districts or autonomous prefecture are elected for a term of five years and include full and alternate members 179 The party committees of a county banner autonomous county city not divided into districts or municipal district are elected for a term of five years but full and alternate members must have a Party standing of three years or more 179 If a local Party Congress is held before or after the given date the term of the members of the Party Committee shall be correspondingly shortened or lengthened 179 Vacancies in a Party Committee shall be filled by an alternate members according to the order of precedence which is decided by the number of votes an alternate member got during his or hers election 179 A Party Committee must convene for at least two plenary meetings a year 179 During its tenure a Party Committee shall carry out the directives of the next higher Party organizations and the resolutions of the Party congresses at the corresponding levels 179 The local Standing Committee analogous to the Central Politburo is elected at the first plenum of the corresponding Party Committee after the local party congress 179 A Standing Committee is responsible to the Party Committee at the corresponding level and the Party Committee at the next higher level 179 A Standing Committee exercises the duties and responsibilities of the corresponding Party Committee when it is not in session 179 Funding The funding of all CCP organizations mainly comes from state fiscal revenue Data for the proportion of total CCP organizations expenditures in total China fiscal revenue is unavailable However occasionally small local governments in China release such data For example on 10 October 2016 the local government of Mengmao Township Ruili City Yunnan Province released a concise fiscal revenue and expenditure report for the year 2014 According to this report the fiscal Revenue amounted to RMB 29 498 933 58 and CCP organization expenditures amounted to RMB 1 660 115 50 that is 5 63 of fiscal revenue is used by the CCP for its own operation This value is similar to the social security and employment expenditure of the whole town RMB 1 683 064 90 182 Members It is my will to join the Communist Party of China uphold the Party s program observe the provisions of the Party constitution fulfill a Party member s duties carry out the Party s decisions strictly observe Party discipline guard Party secrets be loyal to the Party work hard fight for communism throughout my life be ready at all times to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people and never betray the Party Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath 183 The CCP reached 96 71 million members at the end of 2021 184 It is the second largest political party in the world after India s Bharatiya Janata Party 185 To join the CCP an applicant must go through an approval process In 2014 only 2 million applications were accepted out of some 22 million applicants 186 Admitted members then spend a year as a probationary member 183 In contrast to the past when emphasis was placed on the applicants ideological criteria the current CCP stresses technical and educational qualifications 183 To become a probationary member the applicant must take an admission oath before the party flag 183 The relevant CCP organization is responsible for observing and educating probationary members 183 Probationary members have duties similar to those of full members with the exception that they may not vote in party elections nor stand for election 183 Many join the CCP through the Communist Youth League 183 Under Jiang Zemin private entrepreneurs were allowed to become party members 183 According to the CCP constitution a member in short must follow orders be disciplined uphold unity serve the Party and the people and promote the socialist way of life 179 Members enjoy the privilege of attending Party meetings reading relevant Party documents receiving Party education participating in Party discussions through the Party s newspapers and journals making suggestions and proposal making well grounded criticism of any Party organization or member at Party meetings even of the central party leadership voting and standing for election and of opposing and criticizing Party resolutions provided that they resolutely carry out the resolution or policy while it is in force and they have the ability to put forward any request appeal or complaint to higher Party organizations even up to the Central Committee and ask the organizations concerned for a responsible reply 179 No party organization including the CCP central leadership can deprive a member of these rights 179 Badge given to party members As of 30 June 2016 individuals who identify as farmers herdsmen and fishermen make up 26 million members members identifying as workers totalled 7 2 million 186 187 Another group the Managing professional and technical staff in enterprises and public institutions made up 12 5 million 9 million identified as working in administrative staff and 7 4 million described themselves as party cadres 187 As of 2021 CCP membership had become more educated younger and less blue collar than previously 184 As of 2022 update around 30 35 of Chinese entrepreneurs have been Party members 188 28 43 million women are CCP members less than a third of the party 184 Women in China have low participation rates as political leaders Women s disadvantage is most evident in their severe under representation in the more powerful political positions 189 At the top level of decision making no woman has ever been among the nine members of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party s Politburo Just 3 of 27 government ministers are women and importantly since 1997 China has fallen to 53rd place from 16th in the world in terms of female representation at its parliament the National People s Congress according to the Inter Parliamentary Union 190 Party leaders such as Zhao Ziyang have vigorously opposed the participation of women in the political process 191 Within the party women face a glass ceiling 192 Communist Youth League Main article Communist Youth League of China The Communist Youth League CYL is the CCP s youth wing and the largest mass organization for youth in China 193 According to the CCP s constitution the CYL is a mass organization of advanced young people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China it functions as a party school where a large number of young people learn about socialism with Chinese characteristics and about communism through practice it is the Party s assistant and reserve force 179 To join an applicant has to be between the ages of 14 and 28 193 It controls and supervises Young Pioneers a youth organization for children below the age of 14 193 The organizational structure of CYL is an exact copy of the CCP s the highest body is the National Congress followed by the Central Committee zh Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee 194 However the Central Committee and all central organs of the CYL work under the guidance of the CCP central leadership 179 Therefore in a peculiar situation CYL bodies are both responsible to higher bodies within CYL and the CCP a distinct organization 179 As of the 17th National Congress held in 2013 CYL had 89 million members 195 SymbolsMain article Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party Flag of the Chinese Communist Party from 1942 to 1996 top and from 1996 onwards bottom At the beginning of its history the CCP did not have a single official standard for the flag but instead allowed individual party committees to copy the flag of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 196 The Central Politburo decreed the establishment of a sole official flag on 28 April 1942 The flag of the CPC has the length to width proportion of 3 2 with a hammer and sickle in the upper left corner and with no five pointed star The Political Bureau authorizes the General Office to custom make a number of standard flags and distribute them to all major organs 196 According to People s Daily The standard party flag is 120 centimeters cm in length and 80 cm in width In the center of the upper left corner a quarter of the length and width to the border is a yellow hammer and sickle 30 cm in diameter The flag sleeve pole hem is in white and 6 5 cm in width The dimension of the pole hem is not included in the measure of the flag The red color symbolizes revolution the hammer and sickle are tools of workers and peasants meaning that the Communist Party of China represents the interests of the masses and the people the yellow color signifies brightness 196 In total the flag has five dimensions the sizes are no 1 388 cm in length and 192 cm in width no 2 240 cm in length and 160 cm in width no 3 192 cm in length and 128 cm in width no 4 144 cm in length and 96 cm in width no 5 96 cm in length and 64 cm in width 196 On 21 September 1966 the CCP General Office issued the Regulations on the Production and Use of the CPC Flag and Emblem which stated that the emblem and flag were the official symbols and signs of the party 196 Article 53 of the CCP constitution states that the Party emblem and flag are the symbol and sign of the Communist Party of China 179 Party to party relationsThe International Liaison Department of the CCP is responsible for dialogue with global political parties 197 Communist parties The CCP continues to have relations with non ruling communist and workers parties and attends international communist conferences most notably the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties 198 While the CCP retains contact with major parties such as the Communist Party of Portugal 199 the Communist Party of France 200 the Communist Party of the Russian Federation 201 the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 202 the Communist Party of Brazil 203 the Communist Party of Greece 204 the Communist Party of Nepal 205 and the Communist Party of Spain 206 the party also retains relations with minor communist and workers parties such as the Communist Party of Australia 207 the Workers Party of Bangladesh the Communist Party of Bangladesh Marxist Leninist Barua the Communist Party of Sri Lanka the Workers Party of Belgium the Hungarian Workers Party the Dominican Workers Party the Nepal Workers Peasants Party and the Party for the Transformation of Honduras for instance 208 In recent years noting the self reform of the European social democratic movement in the 1980s and 1990s the CCP has noted the increased marginalization of West European communist parties 209 Ruling parties of socialist states The CCP has retained close relations with the ruling parties of socialist states still espousing communism Cuba Laos North Korea and Vietnam 210 It spends a fair amount of time analysing the situation in the remaining socialist states trying to reach conclusions as to why these states survived when so many did not following the collapse of the Eastern European socialist states in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 211 In general the analyses of the remaining socialist states and their chances of survival have been positive and the CCP believes that the socialist movement will be revitalized sometime in the future 211 The ruling party which the CCP is most interested in is the Communist Party of Vietnam CPV 212 In general the CPV is considered a model example of socialist development in the post Soviet era 212 Chinese analysts on Vietnam believe that the introduction of the Doi Moi reform policy at the 6th CPV National Congress is the key reason for Vietnam s current success 212 While the CCP is probably the organization with most access to North Korea writing about North Korea is tightly circumscribed 211 The few reports accessible to the general public are those about North Korean economic reforms 211 While Chinese analysts of North Korea tend to speak positively of North Korea in public in official discussions circa 2008 they show much disdain for North Korea s economic system the cult of personality which pervades society the Kim family the idea of hereditary succession in a socialist state the security state the use of scarce resources on the Korean People s Army and the general impoverishment of the North Korean people 213 Circa 2008 there are those analysts who compare the current situation of North Korea with that of China during the Cultural Revolution 214 needs update Over the years the CCP has tried to persuade the Workers Party of Korea or WPK North Korea s ruling party to introduce economic reforms by showing them key economic infrastructure in China 214 For instance in 2006 the CCP invited then WPK general secretary Kim Jong il to Guangdong to showcase the success economic reforms had brought China 214 In general the CCP considers the WPK and North Korea to be negative examples of a ruling communist party and socialist state 214 There is a considerable degree of interest in Cuba within the CCP 212 Fidel Castro the former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba PCC is greatly admired and books have been written focusing on the successes of the Cuban Revolution 212 Communication between the CCP and the PCC has increased since the 1990s 215 At the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee which discussed the possibility of the CCP learning from other ruling parties praise was heaped on the PCC 215 When Wu Guanzheng a Central Politburo member met with Fidel Castro in 2007 he gave him a personal letter written by Hu Jintao Facts have shown that China and Cuba are trustworthy good friends good comrades and good brothers who treat each other with sincerity The two countries friendship has withstood the test of a changeable international situation and the friendship has been further strengthened and consolidated 216 Non communist parties Since the decline and fall of communism in Eastern Europe the CCP has begun establishing party to party relations with non communist parties 165 These relations are sought so that the CCP can learn from them 217 For instance the CCP has been eager to understand how the People s Action Party of Singapore PAP maintains its total domination over Singaporean politics through its low key presence but total control 218 According to the CCP s own analysis of Singapore the PAP s dominance can be explained by its well developed social network which controls constituencies effectively by extending its tentacles deeply into society through branches of government and party controlled groups 218 While the CCP accepts that Singapore is a liberal democracy they view it as a guided democracy led by the PAP 218 Other differences are according to the CCP that it is not a political party based on the working class instead it is a political party of the elite It is also a political party of the parliamentary system not a revolutionary party 219 Other parties which the CCP studies and maintains strong party to party relations with are the United Malays National Organization which has ruled Malaysia 1957 2018 2020 present and the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan which dominated Japanese politics since 1955 220 Since Jiang Zemin s time the CCP has made friendly overtures to its erstwhile foe the Kuomintang The CCP emphasizes strong party to party relations with the KMT so as to strengthen the probability of the reunification of Taiwan with mainland China 221 However several studies have been written on the KMT s loss of power in 2000 after having ruled Taiwan since 1949 the KMT officially ruled mainland China from 1928 to 1949 221 In general one party states or dominant party states are of special interest to the party and party to party relations are formed so that the CCP can study them 221 The longevity of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba ath Party is attributed to the personalization of power in the al Assad family the strong presidential system the inheritance of power which passed from Hafez al Assad to his son Bashar al Assad and the role given to the Syrian military in politics 222 Xi Jinping second from left with Enrique Pena Nieto second from right the former President of Mexico and a leading member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party Circa 2008 the CCP has been especially interested in Latin America 222 as shown by the increasing number of delegates sent to and received from these countries 222 Of special fascination for the CCP is the 71 year long rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI in Mexico 222 While the CCP attributed the PRI s long reign in power to the strong presidential system tapping into the machismo culture of the country its nationalist posture its close identification with the rural populace and the implementation of nationalization alongside the marketization of the economy 222 the CCP concluded that the PRI failed because of the lack of inner party democracy its pursuit of social democracy its rigid party structures that could not be reformed its political corruption the pressure of globalization and American interference in Mexican politics 222 While the CCP was slow to recognize the pink tide in Latin America it has strengthened party to party relations with several socialist and anti American political parties over the years 223 The CCP has occasionally expressed some irritation over Hugo Chavez s anti capitalist and anti American rhetoric 223 Despite this the CCP reached an agreement in 2013 with the United Socialist Party of Venezuela PSUV which was founded by Chavez for the CCP to educate PSUV cadres in political and social fields 224 By 2008 the CCP claimed to have established relations with 99 political parties in 29 Latin American countries 223 Social democratic movements in Europe have been of great interest to the CCP since the early 1980s 223 With the exception of a short period in which the CCP forged party to party relations with far right parties during the 1970s in an effort to halt Soviet expansionism the CCP s relations with European social democratic parties were its first serious efforts to establish cordial party to party relations with non communist parties 223 The CCP credits the European social democrats with creating a capitalism with a human face 223 Before the 1980s the CCP had a highly negative and dismissive view of social democracy a view dating back to the Second International and the Marxist Leninist view on the social democratic movement 223 By the 1980s that view had changed and the CCP concluded that it could actually learn something from the social democratic movement 223 CCP delegates were sent all over Europe to observe 225 By the 1980s most European social democratic parties were facing electoral decline and in a period of self reform 225 The CCP followed this with great interest laying most weight on reform efforts within the British Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany 225 The CCP concluded that both parties were re elected because they modernized replacing traditional state socialist tenets with new ones supporting privatization shedding the belief in big government conceiving a new view of the welfare state changing their negative views of the market and moving from their traditional support base of trade unions to entrepreneurs the young and students 226 Electoral historyNational People s Congress elections Election General Secretary Seats Position1982 1983 Hu Yaobang 1 861 2 978 1st1987 1988 Zhao Ziyang 1 986 2 979 125 1st1993 1994 Jiang Zemin 2 037 2 979 51 1st1997 1998 2 130 2 979 93 1st2002 2003 Hu Jintao 2 178 2 985 48 1st2007 2008 2 099 2 987 79 1st2012 2013 Xi Jinping 2 157 2 987 58 1st2017 2018 2 119 2 980 38 1stSee also China portal Communism portal Politics portalList of Chinese Communist Party members Politics of the People s Republic of China Succession of power in the People s Republic of ChinaNotes During the Chinese Civil War party officials were only able to confirm from available documents that the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in July 1921 but not the specific date of the meeting In June 1941 the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared 1 July the party s anniversary day Although the exact date of the 1st National Congress was later determined by party officials to be 23 July 1921 the date of the anniversary has not been changed 1 Chinese 为人民服务 pinyin Wei Renmin Fuwu Chiang Kai shek strongly opposed this label and the CCP s analysis of the KMT He believed that the KMT served all Chinese regardless of political leanings 26 In the next weeks five thousand Communists were butchered by the stammering machine guns of the Kuomintang and by the knives of the criminal gangs whom Chiang recruited for slaughter 38 Other sources give different estimates e g 5 000 10 000 39 ReferencesCitations 楊立傑 30 April 2013 共产主义小组的建立与中国共产党的成立 Xinhua in Chinese Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Chinese Communist Party Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 2 October 2019 Retrieved 13 August 2020 a b Style Guide PRC China CCP or Chinese Asia Media Centre New Zealand Asia New Zealand Foundation Retrieved 19 June 2022 Chinese Communist Party CCP May also 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0061708763 Musto Marcello 2008 Karl Marx s Grundrisse Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later Routledge ISBN 978 1134073825 Smith Ivian West Nigel 2012 Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0810871748 Ogden Chris 2013 Handbook of China s Governance and Domestic Politics Routledge ISBN 978 1136579530 Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development 2005 Governance in China OECD Publishing ISBN 978 9264008441 Pantsov Alexander 2015 Deng Xiaoping A Revolutionary Life 1st ed Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199392032 Saich Tony From Rebel to Ruler One Hundred Years of the Chinese Communist Party 2021 Saich Tony Finding Allies and Making Revolution The Early Years of the Chinese Communist Party 2020 Saich Tony Governance and Politics of China 2015 Saich Tony Yang Benjamin 1995 The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party Documents and Analysis M E Sharpe ISBN 978 1563241550 Schram Stuart 1966 Mao Tse Tung Simon amp 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1 46 Archived PDF from the original on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 9 December 2013 Brown Kerry 2 August 2012 The Communist Party of China and Ideology PDF China An International Journal 10 2 52 68 doi 10 1353 chn 2012 0013 Archived PDF from the original on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 19 March 2022 Chambers David Ian 30 April 2002 Edging in from the Cold The Past and Present State of Chinese Intelligence Historiography Journal of the American Intelligence Professional Vol 56 no 3 Central Intelligence Agency pp 31 46 Archived from the original on 29 July 2020 Retrieved 6 March 2016 Dynon Nicholas July 2008 Four Civilizations and the Evolution of Post Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology The China Journal Vol 60 University of Chicago Press pp 83 109 JSTOR 20647989 Li Cheng 19 November 2009 Intra Party Democracy in China Should We Take It Seriously Vol 30 no 4 China Leadership Monitor pp 1 14 Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 Retrieved 9 December 2013 Mahoney Josef Gregory Yi Jiexiong Li Xiuling April 2009 A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms Interview with Jiexiong pp 177 192 JSTOR 40404544 Kollner Patrick August 2013 Informal Institutions in Autocracies Analytical Perspectives and the Case of the Chinese Communist Party PDF No 232 German Institute of Global and Area Studies pp 1 30 Archived PDF from the original on 17 November 2020 Retrieved 9 December 2013 Miller H Lyman 19 November 2009 Hu Jintao and the Party Politburo PDF Vol 32 no 9 China Leadership Monitor pp 1 11 Archived from the original PDF on 13 April 2020 Retrieved 9 December 2013 External links Media related to Communist Party of China category at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Chinese Communist Party at Wikiquote Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chinese Communist Party amp oldid 1134167026, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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