Cai Hesen (March 30, 1895 – August 4, 1931) was an early leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and a friend and comrade of Mao Zedong. Cai was born in Shanghai but grew up in Shuangfeng County in Hunan Province of China. He helped Mao organize the ChangshaNew People's Study Society. In 1919 he went to France on the Work-Study program, and his letters of advocacy were important in convincing Mao of the Bolshevik revolutionary approach. On his return to China, he was an important leader and organizer for the young Communist Party, spent several years in Moscow, and returned to China again in 1931. While organizing revolutionary activity in Hong Kong, he was arrested and given over to Canton authorities, who executed him in August, 1931.[1]
Cai's family included both merchants and scholar-officials, but his father had not done well in the family business and instead obtained a job in the Jiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai, where Cai was born, March 30, 1895, the fifth of six children. Cai's mother, left her husband, apparently angered at his taking a "secondary wife." She returned to Hunan in the spring of 1899, taking Cai and his younger sister, Cai Chang (蔡畅), and refusing to live with her husband even when he too returned. The family had little money but Cai found his apprenticeship in his father's business to be unbearable. Cai's mother sold her personal possessions to enable Cai to attend a village school at the age of sixteen. He then studied at Hunan First Normal School and at the Hunan First Normal University in Changsha. Cai studied under Yang Changji, and joined student movements with his fellow student Mao Zedong. In June 1917, he graduated.[2]
In April 1918, Cai, Mao Zedong, and a dozen others organized the New People's Study Society (Xin Min Xue Hui) in Changsha. It was said that "Hesen is the theorist and Mao the realist". Yang Changji had urged his students to stay away from holding public office and to serve society by maintaining independence and moral purity. Cai rejected this Neo-Confucian position. He declared that "what I advocate is to commit wrongs in order to achieve a greater good." When he heard that the anarchists and educators Cai Yuanpei and Li Shizeng had organized a Work-Study Program to send students to France who would finance their study by working in French factories, he and other members of the Society went to Beijing to seek their help.[3]
In FranceEdit
In 1919, he traveled to France for the Work-Study Program with his mother and his sister Cai Chang (蔡畅). On the ship he met and fell in love with Xiang Jingyu. At a time when "free love," that is, individual choice, was considered indecent, the two discussed political problems and theories, leading to a romantic relationship. In Paris, Cai organized the Work and Study Cooperative Society (Gongxue huzhu she) and advocated Marxist communism. In May 1920, Cai and Xiang Jingyu were married. Cai's conviction that only violent revolution could solve China's problems fractured the Work-Study student group, but Cai was determined to form a Marxist party among his Hunan fellow students.[4] Cai's letters to Mao Zedong, who was then in Beijing, were influential in their advocacy of Bolshevism. Mao replied, "there is not one word with which I do not agree."[5]
Cai Hesen and wife Xiang Jingyu
In July 1920, Cai and leaders of the New People's Study Society publicly attacked the leaders of the Work-Study Movement for their optimistic anarchist belief in cultural change, education, and communal values.[6] After the Chinese Communist Party was founded, Cai wrote and gained permission to establish an official branch in Europe. In the latter half of 1921, Cai was arrested by the French government for organizing a wave of protests against the Work-Study leadership over admissions to the Sino-French Institute at the University of Lyons, and was deported soon after.[7]
Revolutionary careerEdit
Cai and Xiang Jingyu returned to China to work in the Chinese Communist Party's central organization. He founded the first newspaper, The Guide (向导), of the CCP's central authority. Cai was a member of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6thCentral Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, as well as a member of the 5th and 6th Central Political Bureaus and other important positions. In 1925, he served as the CCP's representative to the international Communist movement in Moscow. While in Moscow, his marriage with Xiang broke up. (In 1928 she was betrayed to the police of the French concession in Wuhan and executed.) In 1927, Cai returned to China, but went to Moscow again in 1928 to cure disease.[1]
DeathEdit
In 1931 Cai returned to Shanghai to support the Guangdong provincial People's Committee. He then went to Hong Kong to direct party work there. He was betrayed by Gu Shunzhang when attending a meeting in Hong Kong. He was arrested in British Hong Kong and extradited to the Chinese authorities in Guangzhou, which was controlled by the warlord Chen Jitang. He was tortured and executed in August 1931, aged 36.[1] The ex-wife of Cai, Xiang Jingyu, was arrested a few years earlier in the Shanghai French Concession in Wuhan on 20 March 1928 due to the betrayal of members of her group to the police. The French officials turned her over to the Guomindang in April 1928. On the first of May of the same year, Xiang Jingyu was executed by Guomindang police.[8]
FamilyEdit
Cai Hesen's father was Cai Rongfeng (蔡蓉峰), and his mother was Ge Jianhao (葛健豪). His first wife was Xiang Jingyu, second wife was Li Yichun (李一纯). His younger sister Cai Chang was the wife of Li Fuchun.
Cai had four children: Cai Ni (蔡妮) and Cai Bo (蔡博) by Xiang Jingyu, and Cai Zhuan (蔡转) and Cai Lin (蔡霖) by Li Yichun.
^Barlow, Jeffrey G. (2002). "Xiang Jingyu (1895-1928)". Women in World History. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. pp. 875–878. ISBN0-7876-4075-1.
References and further readingEdit
Cai, Hesen (1983). "Lettre De Cai Hesen À Mao Zedong (13 Août 1920)". Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident: 143–149.
Gipoulon, Catherine (1983). "Document I : De Montargis À Pékin, En Quête D'un Plan Pour La Révolution : Une Lettre De Cai Hesen À Mao Zedong (13 Août 1920)". Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident. 2 (2): 139–142. doi:10.3406/oroc.1983.890.
"Ts'ai He-sen," in Klein, Donald W. and Anne B. Clark (1971). Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism 1921-1965. Vol 2. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN0674074106., pp. 851–852.
Levine, Marilyn Avra (1993). The Found Generation: Chinese Communists in Europe During the Twenties. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN0295972408.
Liu, Liyan (2007). "Cai Hesen: A Provincial Scholar Becomes a Young Radical". Twentieth-Century China. 32 (2): 84–110. doi:10.1179/tcc.2007.32.2.84.
Van de Ven, Hans J. (1991). From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920-1927. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 262. ISBN0520072715. Cai Hesen.
External linksEdit
CHINE-MONTARGIS Amitie Chine-Montargis.
October 21, 2023
hesen, march, 1895, august, 1931, early, leader, chinese, communist, party, friend, comrade, zedong, born, shanghai, grew, shuangfeng, county, hunan, province, china, helped, organize, changsha, people, study, society, 1919, went, france, work, study, program,. Cai Hesen March 30 1895 August 4 1931 was an early leader of the Chinese Communist Party CCP and a friend and comrade of Mao Zedong Cai was born in Shanghai but grew up in Shuangfeng County in Hunan Province of China He helped Mao organize the Changsha New People s Study Society In 1919 he went to France on the Work Study program and his letters of advocacy were important in convincing Mao of the Bolshevik revolutionary approach On his return to China he was an important leader and organizer for the young Communist Party spent several years in Moscow and returned to China again in 1931 While organizing revolutionary activity in Hong Kong he was arrested and given over to Canton authorities who executed him in August 1931 1 Cai Hesen蔡和森Cai Hesen in 1931BornMarch 30 1895Shanghai Qing EmpireDiedAugust 4 1931 1931 08 05 aged 36 Guangzhou Republic of ChinaCause of deathExecuted by the KuomintangOther namesRunhuanHexianZeyingLin BinAlma materHunan First Normal UniversityOccupationCommunist RevolutionaryChildren4Chinese nameSimplified Chinese蔡和森Traditional Chinese蔡和森TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinCai He SenWade GilesTs ai Ho senIn this Chinese name the family name is Cai Contents 1 Youth and education 2 In France 3 Revolutionary career 4 Death 5 Family 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References and further reading 9 External linksYouth and education EditCai s family included both merchants and scholar officials but his father had not done well in the family business and instead obtained a job in the Jiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai where Cai was born March 30 1895 the fifth of six children Cai s mother left her husband apparently angered at his taking a secondary wife She returned to Hunan in the spring of 1899 taking Cai and his younger sister Cai Chang 蔡畅 and refusing to live with her husband even when he too returned The family had little money but Cai found his apprenticeship in his father s business to be unbearable Cai s mother sold her personal possessions to enable Cai to attend a village school at the age of sixteen He then studied at Hunan First Normal School and at the Hunan First Normal University in Changsha Cai studied under Yang Changji and joined student movements with his fellow student Mao Zedong In June 1917 he graduated 2 In April 1918 Cai Mao Zedong and a dozen others organized the New People s Study Society Xin Min Xue Hui in Changsha It was said that Hesen is the theorist and Mao the realist Yang Changji had urged his students to stay away from holding public office and to serve society by maintaining independence and moral purity Cai rejected this Neo Confucian position He declared that what I advocate is to commit wrongs in order to achieve a greater good When he heard that the anarchists and educators Cai Yuanpei and Li Shizeng had organized a Work Study Program to send students to France who would finance their study by working in French factories he and other members of the Society went to Beijing to seek their help 3 In France EditIn 1919 he traveled to France for the Work Study Program with his mother and his sister Cai Chang 蔡畅 On the ship he met and fell in love with Xiang Jingyu At a time when free love that is individual choice was considered indecent the two discussed political problems and theories leading to a romantic relationship In Paris Cai organized the Work and Study Cooperative Society Gongxue huzhu she and advocated Marxist communism In May 1920 Cai and Xiang Jingyu were married Cai s conviction that only violent revolution could solve China s problems fractured the Work Study student group but Cai was determined to form a Marxist party among his Hunan fellow students 4 Cai s letters to Mao Zedong who was then in Beijing were influential in their advocacy of Bolshevism Mao replied there is not one word with which I do not agree 5 nbsp Cai Hesen and wife Xiang JingyuIn July 1920 Cai and leaders of the New People s Study Society publicly attacked the leaders of the Work Study Movement for their optimistic anarchist belief in cultural change education and communal values 6 After the Chinese Communist Party was founded Cai wrote and gained permission to establish an official branch in Europe In the latter half of 1921 Cai was arrested by the French government for organizing a wave of protests against the Work Study leadership over admissions to the Sino French Institute at the University of Lyons and was deported soon after 7 Revolutionary career EditCai and Xiang Jingyu returned to China to work in the Chinese Communist Party s central organization He founded the first newspaper The Guide 向导 of the CCP s central authority Cai was a member of the 2nd 3rd 4th 5th and 6th Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party as well as a member of the 5th and 6th Central Political Bureaus and other important positions In 1925 he served as the CCP s representative to the international Communist movement in Moscow While in Moscow his marriage with Xiang broke up In 1928 she was betrayed to the police of the French concession in Wuhan and executed In 1927 Cai returned to China but went to Moscow again in 1928 to cure disease 1 Death EditIn 1931 Cai returned to Shanghai to support the Guangdong provincial People s Committee He then went to Hong Kong to direct party work there He was betrayed by Gu Shunzhang when attending a meeting in Hong Kong He was arrested in British Hong Kong and extradited to the Chinese authorities in Guangzhou which was controlled by the warlord Chen Jitang He was tortured and executed in August 1931 aged 36 1 The ex wife of Cai Xiang Jingyu was arrested a few years earlier in the Shanghai French Concession in Wuhan on 20 March 1928 due to the betrayal of members of her group to the police The French officials turned her over to the Guomindang in April 1928 On the first of May of the same year Xiang Jingyu was executed by Guomindang police 8 Family EditCai Hesen s father was Cai Rongfeng 蔡蓉峰 and his mother was Ge Jianhao 葛健豪 His first wife was Xiang Jingyu second wife was Li Yichun 李一纯 His younger sister Cai Chang was the wife of Li Fuchun Cai had four children Cai Ni 蔡妮 and Cai Bo 蔡博 by Xiang Jingyu and Cai Zhuan 蔡转 and Cai Lin 蔡霖 by Li Yichun See also EditHistorical Museum of French Chinese FriendshipNotes Edit a b c Klein 1971 p 851 852 Levine 1993 p 49 50 Van de Ven 1991 p 32 34 Levine 1993 pp 53 54 Van de Ven 1991 p 35 Van de Ven 1991 pp 46 47 Klein 1971 pp 851 852 Barlow Jeffrey G 2002 Xiang Jingyu 1895 1928 Women in World History Waterford CT Yorkin Publications pp 875 878 ISBN 0 7876 4075 1 References and further reading EditCai Hesen 1983 Lettre De Cai Hesen A Mao Zedong 13 Aout 1920 Extreme Orient Extreme Occident 143 149 Gipoulon Catherine 1983 Document I De Montargis A Pekin En Quete D un Plan Pour La Revolution Une Lettre De Cai Hesen A Mao Zedong 13 Aout 1920 Extreme Orient Extreme Occident 2 2 139 142 doi 10 3406 oroc 1983 890 Ts ai He sen in Klein Donald W and Anne B Clark 1971 Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism 1921 1965 Vol 2 Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press ISBN 0674074106 pp 851 852 Levine Marilyn Avra 1993 The Found Generation Chinese Communists in Europe During the Twenties Seattle University of Washington Press ISBN 0295972408 Liu Liyan 2007 Cai Hesen A Provincial Scholar Becomes a Young Radical Twentieth Century China 32 2 84 110 doi 10 1179 tcc 2007 32 2 84 Van de Ven Hans J 1991 From Friend to Comrade The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party 1920 1927 Berkeley University of California Press p 262 ISBN 0520072715 Cai Hesen External links EditCHINE MONTARGIS Amitie Chine Montargis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cai Hesen amp oldid 1173512390, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
