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Three Represents

January 05, 2024

The Three Represents or the important thought of Three Represents is a guiding socio-political theory within China credited to then-general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Jiang Zemin, which was ratified at the 16th Party Congress in 2002. The "Three Represents" defines the role of the CCP. Jiang Zemin first introduced his theory on 25 February 2000 while on an inspection tour in Maoming, Guangdong province.

Three Represents
A slogan in Futu, Hubei, which reads: "Practice the Thought of Three Represents, advance the reform on rural tax system", with the word "reform" (改革) blocked by a billboard.
Simplified Chinese三个代表
Traditional Chinese三個代表
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSānge Dàibiǎo
The important thought of Three Represents
Simplified Chinese「三个代表」重要思想
Traditional Chinese「三個代表」重要思想
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin"Sān ge dàibiǎo" zhòngyào sīxiǎng

Background edit

Further information: Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party

Following the tenure of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin articulated a new theory to define the new relationship between the party and the people, which is named "Three Represents."[1] The theory requires the CCP to:[1]

  1. Represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces.
  2. Represent the orientation of China's advanced culture.
  3. Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.

In this context, to "represent" means to incorporate.[2]: 50 

The "Three Represents" were written into the party constitution on March 14, 2004.[3]

Justification of the “Three Represents” edit

"The Three Represents" results from Jiang Zemin's efforts to grapple with the diverse class backgrounds of party members and their sometimes conflicting material interests.[4] Based on Mao's premise that the Communist Party should serve the people, it became important as China's private sector grew to bring "worthy people from all sectors who are loyal to the motherland and to socialism" into the Party.[5]: 50 

Jiang first delivered a speech about the "Three Represents" on 25 February 2000 during a symposium on party building in Guangzhou.[6] It brought wide attention and many interpretations of the meaning of the speech.[7]

Jiang said that by representing Chinese people in three levels, the party used the interests and demands of the overwhelming majority of the people to replace the specific interests of people from different quarters, especially the class nature of the working class. As Xiao Gongqin argues, the innovation of the “Three Represents” theory was meant to complete the historical ideology transformation of CCP from a revolutionary party to a ruling party. The CCP can keep its legitimacy under the ‘socialist market economy’ or any system that is conducive to the development of advanced productive forces, without promoting any revolutionary movement or keeping the ideal of egalitarianism.[8]

Zheng Bijian, the executive vice president of the Central Party School who has been active in helping to create the “Three Represents,” argued that a party of the whole people would be a catch-all party that would include diverse and conflicting interests. To include all of the broad mass of contemporary Chinese intellectuals, science and technology workers, cultural workers, and economic managers, in the category of the so-called ‘middle class’ would weaken or even obliterate the working class.[9]

In Jiang's speech on the "Three Represents" on the 80th anniversary of the founding of the CCP, he claimed that the expansion of "working class" would help the party remain advanced as the vanguard of the working class by expanding its popular support and increasing its social influence. Jiang made a statement on the concept of the working class that it includes intellectuals:

“With intellectuals being part of the working class, the scientific, technical and educational level of the working class has been raised considerably... Consequently some workers have changed their jobs. But this has not changed the status of the Chinese working class. On the contrary, this will serve to improve the overall quality of the working class and give play to its advantages as a group in the long run. The Chinese working class has always been the basic force for promoting the advanced productive forces in China. Our Party must remain the vanguard of the working class and unswervingly and wholeheartedly rely on the working class.”[10]

Influence and reception edit

Jiang's theory was the subject of significant internal debate.[11][12] Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics[11] or a mechanism to incorporate bourgeois elements into the discipline of the party.[13]: 76  Certain segments within the CCP criticized the "Three Represents" as being un-Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values.[11] Criticism originated on all ideological sides of the party.[12]

Jiang disagreed with the assertion that his theories were not Marxist, and concluded that attaining the communist mode of production (as formulated by earlier communists) was more complex than had been realized; it was useless to try to force a change, as it had to develop naturally by following the economic laws of history.[14][better source needed] The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "new social strata", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labour and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."[14][better source needed] Jiang's decision to allow capitalists into the CCP was criticized as "political misconduct" and "ideological confusions."[15] These critiques helped fuel the rise of the Chinese New Left movement.[15]

At the time Jiang announced the theory, most entrepreneurs who were members of the CCP had been party members before starting their businesses.[16] This change allowed for a new cohort of party members who could join after having had success in business.[16] The greatest jump in the numbers of party members who are also entrepreneurs came in 2001, not long after the announcement of the Three Represents.[16] In recent years (as of 2022), around 30-35% of Chinese entrepreneurs have been party members.[16]

Academic Lin Chun writes that while "nothing was politically incorrect in this banal statement" of the "Three Represents," "it simply signaled that the party no longer even pretended to be the vanguard of the working class."[12]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Bo, Zhiyue (September 2004). "Hu Jintao and the CCP's ideology: A historical perspective". Journal of Chinese Political Science. 9 (2): 27–45. doi:10.1007/BF02877001. ISSN 1080-6954. S2CID 148491989.
  2. ^ Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. OCLC 1348572572. S2CID 253067190.
  3. ^ Huang, Yibing (2020). An ideological history of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. pp. 474–475. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 49. doi:10.56159/eai.52060. ISBN 978-981-18-5206-0. OCLC 1354535847.
  5. ^ Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. OCLC 1348572572. S2CID 253067190.
  6. ^ Huang, Yibing (2020). An ideological history of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. pp. 468–469. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ 萧, 功秦 (2006). "改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察 - 中国知网". 天津社会科学. 天津社会科学. (04) (4): 45–49. doi:10.16240/j.cnki.1002-3976.2006.04.008. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  8. ^ 萧, 功秦 (2006). "改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察 - 中国知网". 天津社会科学. 天津社会科学. (04) (4): 45–49. doi:10.16240/j.cnki.1002-3976.2006.04.008. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  9. ^ Fewsmith, Joseph (December 2001). "Rethinking the Role of the CCP: Explicating Jiang Zemin's Party Anniversary Speech" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor. No.1 Part 2: 5.
  10. ^ "Jiang Zemin's Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China China". China Internet Information Center. 1 July 2001. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Dittmer, Lowell (2003). "Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin". Journal of East Asian Studies. 3 (1): 97–128. doi:10.1017/S1598240800001132. ISSN 1598-2408. JSTOR 23417742. S2CID 155266344.
  12. ^ a b c Lin, Chun (2006). The Transformation of Chinese Socialism. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. p. 258. doi:10.1515/9780822388364. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. OCLC 63178961.
  13. ^ Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084.
  14. ^ a b Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2004). The Man who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin. Crown Publishers. pp. 107–110. ISBN 978-1-4000-5474-9.
  15. ^ a b Moore, Scott (2022). China's Next Act: How Sustainability and Technology are Reshaping China's Rise and the World's Future. New York, NY. p. 17. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603994.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-760401-4. OCLC 1316703008.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ a b c d Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 13–14. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. OCLC 1348572572. S2CID 253067190.

Further reading edit

  • On the “Three Represents”, a collection of speeches by Jiang Zemin
  • Lewis, John W.; Xue Litai (2003). (PDF). The China Quarterly. 176 (176): 926–942. doi:10.1017/S0305741003000559. S2CID 154325971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2005.
  • Jiang Zemin's Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China (2001). China Internet Information Center.

January 05, 2024
three, represents, important, thought, guiding, socio, political, theory, within, china, credited, then, general, secretary, chinese, communist, party, jiang, zemin, which, ratified, 16th, party, congress, 2002, defines, role, jiang, zemin, first, introduced, . The Three Represents or the important thought of Three Represents is a guiding socio political theory within China credited to then general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party CCP Jiang Zemin which was ratified at the 16th Party Congress in 2002 The Three Represents defines the role of the CCP Jiang Zemin first introduced his theory on 25 February 2000 while on an inspection tour in Maoming Guangdong province Three RepresentsA slogan in Futu Hubei which reads Practice the Thought of Three Represents advance the reform on rural tax system with the word reform 改革 blocked by a billboard Simplified Chinese三个代表Traditional Chinese三個代表TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSange DaibiǎoThe important thought of Three RepresentsSimplified Chinese 三个代表 重要思想Traditional Chinese 三個代表 重要思想TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyin San ge daibiǎo zhongyao sixiǎngContents 1 Background 2 Justification of the Three Represents 3 Influence and reception 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingBackground editFurther information Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party Following the tenure of Deng Xiaoping Jiang Zemin articulated a new theory to define the new relationship between the party and the people which is named Three Represents 1 The theory requires the CCP to 1 Represent the development trend of China s advanced productive forces Represent the orientation of China s advanced culture Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people In this context to represent means to incorporate 2 50 The Three Represents were written into the party constitution on March 14 2004 3 Justification of the Three Represents edit The Three Represents results from Jiang Zemin s efforts to grapple with the diverse class backgrounds of party members and their sometimes conflicting material interests 4 Based on Mao s premise that the Communist Party should serve the people it became important as China s private sector grew to bring worthy people from all sectors who are loyal to the motherland and to socialism into the Party 5 50 Jiang first delivered a speech about the Three Represents on 25 February 2000 during a symposium on party building in Guangzhou 6 It brought wide attention and many interpretations of the meaning of the speech 7 Jiang said that by representing Chinese people in three levels the party used the interests and demands of the overwhelming majority of the people to replace the specific interests of people from different quarters especially the class nature of the working class As Xiao Gongqin argues the innovation of the Three Represents theory was meant to complete the historical ideology transformation of CCP from a revolutionary party to a ruling party The CCP can keep its legitimacy under the socialist market economy or any system that is conducive to the development of advanced productive forces without promoting any revolutionary movement or keeping the ideal of egalitarianism 8 Zheng Bijian the executive vice president of the Central Party School who has been active in helping to create the Three Represents argued that a party of the whole people would be a catch all party that would include diverse and conflicting interests To include all of the broad mass of contemporary Chinese intellectuals science and technology workers cultural workers and economic managers in the category of the so called middle class would weaken or even obliterate the working class 9 In Jiang s speech on the Three Represents on the 80th anniversary of the founding of the CCP he claimed that the expansion of working class would help the party remain advanced as the vanguard of the working class by expanding its popular support and increasing its social influence Jiang made a statement on the concept of the working class that it includes intellectuals With intellectuals being part of the working class the scientific technical and educational level of the working class has been raised considerably Consequently some workers have changed their jobs But this has not changed the status of the Chinese working class On the contrary this will serve to improve the overall quality of the working class and give play to its advantages as a group in the long run The Chinese working class has always been the basic force for promoting the advanced productive forces in China Our Party must remain the vanguard of the working class and unswervingly and wholeheartedly rely on the working class 10 Influence and reception editJiang s theory was the subject of significant internal debate 11 12 Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics 11 or a mechanism to incorporate bourgeois elements into the discipline of the party 13 76 Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values 11 Criticism originated on all ideological sides of the party 12 Jiang disagreed with the assertion that his theories were not Marxist and concluded that attaining the communist mode of production as formulated by earlier communists was more complex than had been realized it was useless to try to force a change as it had to develop naturally by following the economic laws of history 14 better source needed The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists officially referred to as the new social strata to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in honest labour and work and through their labour contributed to build ing socialism with Chinese characteristics 14 better source needed Jiang s decision to allow capitalists into the CCP was criticized as political misconduct and ideological confusions 15 These critiques helped fuel the rise of the Chinese New Left movement 15 At the time Jiang announced the theory most entrepreneurs who were members of the CCP had been party members before starting their businesses 16 This change allowed for a new cohort of party members who could join after having had success in business 16 The greatest jump in the numbers of party members who are also entrepreneurs came in 2001 not long after the announcement of the Three Represents 16 In recent years as of 2022 around 30 35 of Chinese entrepreneurs have been party members 16 Academic Lin Chun writes that while nothing was politically incorrect in this banal statement of the Three Represents it simply signaled that the party no longer even pretended to be the vanguard of the working class 12 See also editThree evils Three warfaresReferences edit a b Bo Zhiyue September 2004 Hu Jintao and the CCP s ideology A historical perspective Journal of Chinese Political Science 9 2 27 45 doi 10 1007 BF02877001 ISSN 1080 6954 S2CID 148491989 Marquis Christopher Qiao Kunyuan 2022 Mao and Markets The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise New Haven Yale University Press doi 10 2307 j ctv3006z6k ISBN 978 0 300 26883 6 JSTOR j ctv3006z6k OCLC 1348572572 S2CID 253067190 Huang Yibing 2020 An ideological history of the Communist Party of China Vol 3 Qian Zheng Guoyou Wu Xuemei Ding Li Sun Shelly Bryant Montreal Quebec pp 474 475 ISBN 978 1 4878 0425 1 OCLC 1165409653 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Pieke Frank N Hofman Bert eds 2022 CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Singapore National University of Singapore Press p 49 doi 10 56159 eai 52060 ISBN 978 981 18 5206 0 OCLC 1354535847 Marquis Christopher Qiao Kunyuan 2022 Mao and Markets The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise New Haven Yale University Press doi 10 2307 j ctv3006z6k ISBN 978 0 300 26883 6 JSTOR j ctv3006z6k OCLC 1348572572 S2CID 253067190 Huang Yibing 2020 An ideological history of the Communist Party of China Vol 3 Qian Zheng Guoyou Wu Xuemei Ding Li Sun Shelly Bryant Montreal Quebec pp 468 469 ISBN 978 1 4878 0425 1 OCLC 1165409653 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link 萧 功秦 2006 改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察 中国知网 天津社会科学 天津社会科学 04 4 45 49 doi 10 16240 j cnki 1002 3976 2006 04 008 Retrieved 17 April 2021 萧 功秦 2006 改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察 中国知网 天津社会科学 天津社会科学 04 4 45 49 doi 10 16240 j cnki 1002 3976 2006 04 008 Retrieved 17 April 2021 Fewsmith Joseph December 2001 Rethinking the Role of the CCP Explicating Jiang Zemin s Party Anniversary Speech PDF China Leadership Monitor No 1 Part 2 5 Jiang Zemin s Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China China China Internet Information Center 1 July 2001 Retrieved 17 April 2021 a b c Dittmer Lowell 2003 Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin Journal of East Asian Studies 3 1 97 128 doi 10 1017 S1598240800001132 ISSN 1598 2408 JSTOR 23417742 S2CID 155266344 a b c Lin Chun 2006 The Transformation of Chinese Socialism Durham N C Duke University Press p 258 doi 10 1515 9780822388364 ISBN 978 0 8223 3785 0 OCLC 63178961 Hammond Ken 2023 China s Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future New York NY 1804 Books ISBN 9781736850084 a b Kuhn Robert Lawrence 2004 The Man who Changed China The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin Crown Publishers pp 107 110 ISBN 978 1 4000 5474 9 a b Moore Scott 2022 China s Next Act How Sustainability and Technology are Reshaping China s Rise and the World s Future New York NY p 17 doi 10 1093 oso 9780197603994 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 760401 4 OCLC 1316703008 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b c d Marquis Christopher Qiao Kunyuan 2022 Mao and Markets The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise New Haven Yale University Press pp 13 14 doi 10 2307 j ctv3006z6k ISBN 978 0 300 26883 6 JSTOR j ctv3006z6k OCLC 1348572572 S2CID 253067190 Further reading editOn the Three Represents a collection of speeches by Jiang Zemin Lewis John W Xue Litai 2003 Social Change and Political Reform in China Meeting the Challenge of Success PDF The China Quarterly 176 176 926 942 doi 10 1017 S0305741003000559 S2CID 154325971 Archived from the original PDF on 2 May 2005 Jiang Zemin s Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China 2001 China Internet Information Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Three Represents amp oldid 1184642313, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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