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Religion in Iraq

January 20, 2023

Religion in Iraq dates back to Ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 3500 BC and 400 AD, after which they were replaced by the expansion of Syriac Christianity. Islam would first arrive in Mesopotamia in the 7th century via Islamic invasions, were it currently forms the modern majority.[1][2]

Religion in Iraq (CIA WorldFactbook 2019)[3]

  Islam (official) (95 to 98%) (95%)
  Christianity (1.25%)
  Yazidism (1.25%)
  Irreligion and others (incl. Yarsanism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá'í, Mandaeanism) (2.5%)

A national census has not been held since 1987.[4] Today, the country is overwhelmingly Muslim, who are split into two distinct sects, Shia and Sunni. According to the CIA World Factbook, approximately 95% to 98% of the population are Muslims.[5]

The remaining 5% follow Christianity, Yazidism, religious syncretism, Mandaeism, Shabakism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism.

History

Main articles: Ancient Mesopotamian religion and Sumerian religion

The religious development of Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian culture in general, especially in the south, was not particularly influenced by the movements of the various peoples into and throughout the area. Rather, Mesopotamian religion was a consistent and coherent tradition which adapted to the internal needs of its adherents over millennia of development.[1]

 
The god Marduk and his dragon Mušḫuššu

There was increasing syncretism between the Sumerian and Akkadian cultures and deities, with the Akkadians typically preferring to worship fewer deities but elevating them to greater positions of power. Circa 2335 BC, Sargon of Akkad conquered all of Mesopotamia, uniting its inhabitants into the world's first empire and spreading its domination into ancient Iran, the Levant, Anatolia, Canaan and the Arabian Peninsula. The Akkadian Empire endured for two centuries before collapsing due to economic decline, internal strife and attacks from the north east by the Gutian people.


Islam

Main article: Islam in Iraq

Islam is the most common religion in Iraq. Iraq's Muslims follow two distinct traditions, Shia and Sunni Islam. According to CIA World Factbook, Iraq is approximately 95% to 98% Muslim. Iraq is home to many religious sites important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims.

 
A 2003 CIA Factbook map which shows the distribution of ethnoreligious groups in Iraq.

Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and served as the capital of the Abassids. The city of Karbala has substantial prominence in Shia Islam as a result of the Battle of Karbala, which was fought on the site of the modern city on October 10, 680. Similarly, Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Alī ibn Abī Tālib (also known as "Imām Alī"). The Shia consider him to be the righteous caliph and first imām. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shia Islamic world even though his grave is debatable and it is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims.

The city of Kufa was home to the famed Sunni scholar Abu Hanifah, whose school of thought is followed by a sizable number of Sunnis across the globe. Likewise, Samarra is home to the al-Askari Mosque, containing the mausoleums of the Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams, respectively, as well as the shrine of Muhammad al-Mahdi, known as the "Hidden Imam", who is the twelfth and final Imam of the Shia of the Ja'farī Madhhab. This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for Ja'farī Shia Muslims. In addition, some female relatives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are buried in Samarra, making the city one of the most significant sites of worship for Shia and a venerated location for Sunnis.

Smaller sects of Islam exist in the country, such as the small Shia Shaykhist community concentrated in Basra and Karbala.

Arabs

Iraqi Arabs are a mix between Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims. The Arab Sunni Muslims live mainly in the area of the so-called Sunni Triangle, but there are other communities in other parts of the country, whereas the Arab Shia Muslims live mainly in Southeast Iraq. The capital Baghdad is mixed of Arab Sunni Muslims and Arab Shia Muslims as well as other religions.

Kurds

See also: Kurds in Iraq

Iraqi Kurds are 98% Sunni Muslims, with a Shia Feyli minority of 2%.[6] Most Kurds are located in the northern areas of the country. Most Iraqi Kurdish Muslims follow the Shafi school of Islamic law and some are also members of either the Qadiri or the Naqshbandi Sufi tariqah.[6]

Turkmens/Turkomans

About 75% of Iraqi Turkmen are Sunni Muslims, and about 25% practice Shia Islam.[7][8] Collectively, most Iraqi Turkmen are secular, having internalized the secularist interpretation of state–religion affairs practiced in the Republic of Turkey.[7] The religious and tribal factors and tensions inherent in Iraq's political culture do not significantly affect the Iraqi Turkmen Sunnis and Shias.[9]

Christianity

Main article: Christianity in Iraq

Christianity was brought to Iraq in 40's AD/CE by Thomas the Apostle, Thaddaeus of Edessa and his pupils Aggagi and Mari. Thomas and Thaddeus

 
Baghdad Latin Church
 
Syriac Catholic Church in Baghdad

belonged to the twelve Apostles.[10] Iraq's Original People and Indigenous Assyrian people represent roughly 3%-5% of the population (earlier CIA Factbook), mostly living in Northern Iraq, concentrated in the Ninewa and Dahuk governorates. There are no official statistics, and estimates vary greatly. In 1950 Assyrian Christians may have numbered 10–12% of the population of 5.0 million. They were 8% or 1.4 in a population of 16.3 million in 1987 and 1.5 million in 2003 of 26 million. Emigration has been high since the 1970s. Since the 2003 Iraq War. There has been no official census since 2003, when the Assyrian Christian population in Iraq numbered 1.2–2.1 million.

Iraqi Christians are divided into four church bodies:

Yazidism

Main article: Yazidis
 
Yazidi leaders meet the Chaldean patriarch Audishu V Khayyath in Mosul, c.1895

The Yazidis are a group[11] in Iraq who number just over 650,000. Yazidism, or Sherfedin, dates back to pre-Islamic times. Mosul is the principal holy site of the Yazidi faith. The holiest Yazid shrine is that of Sheikh Adi located at the necropolis of Lalish.[citation needed]

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism was one of the dominant religions in Northern Mesopotamia before the Islamic era. Currently,[12] Zoroastrianism is an officially recognized religion in Iraqi and Iran.

Zoroastrianism has become the fastest growing religion with Kurds, especially in Northern Iraq.[13] Because of the religion's strong ties to Kurdish culture, there has been a recent rebirth of Zoroastrianism in the region, and as of August 2015 the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) officially recognized Zoroastrianism as a religion within Iranian People called Kurds within Iraq.[14] Arguably the world's oldest monotheistic religion, Zoroastrianism (Zardashti in Kurdish) has almost disappeared in the last century until recent years. According to Yasna, an association that promotes Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan, since 2014 about 15,000 people have registered with the organization, most of them Kurds converting from Islam.[15][16][17] The Kurds in Iraq have converted to Zoroastrianism from a Muslim background since 2015, with the first new Zoroastrian temples being built and opened in 2016.[18]

Many Kurdish people converted from Islam to Zoroastrianism, especially after ISIL attacked Northern Iraq.[19][20] The surge in Kurdish Muslims converting to Zoroastrianism, the faith of their ancestors is largely attributed to disillusionment with Islam after the years of violence and barbarism perpetrated by the ISIS terrorist group.[21][22]

On 21 September 2016, the first official Zoroastrian fire temple of Iraqi Kurds opened in Sulaymaniyah. Attendees celebrated the occasion by lighting a ritual fire and beating the frame drum or daf.[23]

There are no accurate numbers on the population of Zoroastrians in Iraq because they are listed as "Muslims" on their government-issued documents.[24]

Mandaeism

Main articles: Mandaeism and Mandaeans
 
Mandi in Nasiriya, southern Iraq, 2016

According to the Haran Gawaita, a text that tells the history of the Mandaean people, the Mandaeans arrived in the Parthian Empire during the reign of Artabanus II, and later moved to southern Babylonia.[25][26] This would make the Iraqi presence of Mandaeans approximately 2000 years old, making it the third oldest continually-practiced faith in Iraqi society after Zoroastrianism and Judaism. However, Mandaeans believe their religion predates Judaism and Christianity as a monotheistic faith tracing it back to their first prophet Adam.[27] Until the 2003 Iraq war, there were about 60,000 estimated Mandaeans living in Iraq.[28][29] The oldest independent confirmation of Mandaean existence in the region is Kartir's inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht. The Mandaean faith is commonly known as the last surviving Gnostic religion. John the Baptist, known as Yahia Yuhanna, is considered to have been the final Mandaean prophet and first true Ris'Amma, or Ethnarch, of the Mandaean people. Most Iraqi Mandaeans live near waterways because of the practice of total immersion (or baptism) in flowing water every Sunday. The highest concentrations are in Amarah, Nasiriyah and Basra. Besides these southern regions and Ahvaz in Iran, large numbers of Mandaeans can be found in Baghdad, giving them easy access to the Tigris River.

Judaism

Main articles: History of the Jews in Iraq and Iraqi Jews in Israel

Judaism first came to Iraq under the rule of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. It was a part of the Babylonian Captivity. After the Six-Day War in Israel, rioting caused the majority of Jews to flee. Present estimates of the Jewish population in Baghdad are eight (2007),[30] seven (2008)[31] and five (2013)[citation needed]. Among the American forces stationed in Iraq, there were only three Jewish chaplains.[32]

Hinduism

There were 3,801 (0.01%) Hindus in Iraq in 2010 according to ARDA.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Mesopotamian religion | Facts, Names, Gods, Temples, & Practices". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  2. ^ L. Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia 3 volume set. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576073445.
  3. ^ "Iraq". 25 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Iraq: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  5. ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. 25 May 2022.
  6. ^ a b Szanto, Edith (2020), Lukens-Bull, Ronald; Woodward, Mark (eds.), "Islam in Kurdistan: Religious Communities and Their Practices in Contemporary Northern Iraq", Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_88-1, ISBN 978-3-319-73653-2, S2CID 226565009, retrieved 2020-12-09
  7. ^ a b Oğuzlu, Tarik H. (2004), "Endangered community:The Turkoman identity in Iraq", Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Routledge, 24 (2): 313, doi:10.1080/1360200042000296681, hdl:11693/49129, S2CID 56385519
  8. ^ Jawhar, Raber Tal'at (2010), "The Iraqi Turkmen Front", in Catusse, Myriam; Karam, Karam (eds.), Returning to Political Parties?, The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, pp. 313–328, ISBN 978-1-886604-75-9
  9. ^ Oğuzlu 2004, 314.
  10. ^ Suha Rassam (2005). Christianity in Iraq. Gracewing Publications. ISBN 9780852446331. from the original on 2016-01-21.
  11. ^ Spät, Eszter (2018). "Yezidi Identity Politics and Political Ambitions in the Wake of the ISIS Attack". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 20 (5): 427. doi:10.1080/19448953.2018.1406689. S2CID 148897618.
  12. ^ Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut; Williams, Alan (2016). The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition. London: I.B Tauris. ISBN 9781784536336.
  13. ^ Szanto, Edith (2018-05-15). ": Neo-Zoroastrianism among the Iraqi Kurds". Iran and the Caucasus. 22 (1): 96–110. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20180108. ISSN 1609-8498.
  14. ^ PS21 (2015-11-26). "The curious rebirth of Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurds". PS21. from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  15. ^ www.israelhayom.com https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/10/02/zoroastrians-make-comeback-in-northern-iraq-but-still-face-stigma/. Retrieved 2020-10-20. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ^ "Zoroastrian faith returns to Kurdistan in response to ISIS violence". Rudaw. from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  17. ^ "Hamazor Issue #2 2017: "Kurds reclaims its ancient Zoroastrian Faith" (PDF). Hamazor. (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-30.
  18. ^ "Converts must die: Kurdistan's Zoroastrians outraged by Islamic preacher". Rudaw. from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  19. ^ "Head of Zoroastrian temple says people are returning to their roots". Rudaw. from the original on 2016-03-27.
  20. ^ "Zoroastrianism in Iraq seeks official recognition – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. from the original on 2016-05-16.
  21. ^ "Iraqi Kurds turn to Zoroastrianism as faith, identity entwine". France24. 23 October 2019.
  22. ^ Fatah, Lara (26 November 2015). "The curious rebirth of Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurds". Projects 21. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  23. ^ "Hopes for Zoroastrianism revival in Kurdistan as first temple opens its doors". Rudaw. 2016-09-21. from the original on 2016-09-26. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  24. ^ "Zoroastrianism in Iraq seeks official recognition". Al-Monitor. 2016-02-17. from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  25. ^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen. The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People. Oxford University Press, 2002.p4
  26. ^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen(2010). Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View. In Horsley, Richard (March 2010). Christian Origins. ISBN 9781451416640.(pp94-11). Minneapolis: Fortress Press
  27. ^ "The People of the Book and the Hierarchy of Discrimination".
  28. ^ Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention 2007-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, Kai Thaler, Yale Daily News, 9 March 2007.
  29. ^ "Save the Gnostics" by Nathaniel Deutsch, 6 October 2007, New York Times.
  30. ^ . Time. July 27, 2007. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011.
  31. ^ Baghdad Jews Have Become a Fearful Few 2017-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  32. ^ "American Soldiers in Iraq Enlist in a Different Kind of Service". Jewish Daily Forward. 11 July 2008. from the original on 2008-07-12.
  33. ^ "Most Hindu Nations (2010)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2022.

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January 20, 2023
religion, iraq, dates, back, ancient, mesopotamia, particularly, sumer, akkad, assyria, babylonia, between, circa, 3500, after, which, they, were, replaced, expansion, syriac, christianity, islam, would, first, arrive, mesopotamia, century, islamic, invasions,. Religion in Iraq dates back to Ancient Mesopotamia particularly Sumer Akkad Assyria and Babylonia between circa 3500 BC and 400 AD after which they were replaced by the expansion of Syriac Christianity Islam would first arrive in Mesopotamia in the 7th century via Islamic invasions were it currently forms the modern majority 1 2 Religion in Iraq CIA WorldFactbook 2019 3 Islam official 95 to 98 95 Christianity 1 25 Yazidism 1 25 Irreligion and others incl Yarsanism Zoroastrianism Baha i Mandaeanism 2 5 A national census has not been held since 1987 4 Today the country is overwhelmingly Muslim who are split into two distinct sects Shia and Sunni According to the CIA World Factbook approximately 95 to 98 of the population are Muslims 5 The remaining 5 follow Christianity Yazidism religious syncretism Mandaeism Shabakism Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism Contents 1 History 2 Islam 2 1 Arabs 2 2 Kurds 2 3 Turkmens Turkomans 3 Christianity 4 Yazidism 5 Zoroastrianism 6 Mandaeism 7 Judaism 8 Hinduism 9 See also 10 ReferencesHistory EditMain articles Ancient Mesopotamian religion and Sumerian religion The religious development of Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian culture in general especially in the south was not particularly influenced by the movements of the various peoples into and throughout the area Rather Mesopotamian religion was a consistent and coherent tradition which adapted to the internal needs of its adherents over millennia of development 1 The god Marduk and his dragon Musḫussu There was increasing syncretism between the Sumerian and Akkadian cultures and deities with the Akkadians typically preferring to worship fewer deities but elevating them to greater positions of power Circa 2335 BC Sargon of Akkad conquered all of Mesopotamia uniting its inhabitants into the world s first empire and spreading its domination into ancient Iran the Levant Anatolia Canaan and the Arabian Peninsula The Akkadian Empire endured for two centuries before collapsing due to economic decline internal strife and attacks from the north east by the Gutian people Islam EditMain article Islam in Iraq Islam is the most common religion in Iraq Iraq s Muslims follow two distinct traditions Shia and Sunni Islam According to CIA World Factbook Iraq is approximately 95 to 98 Muslim Iraq is home to many religious sites important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims A 2003 CIA Factbook map which shows the distribution of ethnoreligious groups in Iraq Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and served as the capital of the Abassids The city of Karbala has substantial prominence in Shia Islam as a result of the Battle of Karbala which was fought on the site of the modern city on October 10 680 Similarly Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib also known as Imam Ali The Shia consider him to be the righteous caliph and first imam The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shia Islamic world even though his grave is debatable and it is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims The city of Kufa was home to the famed Sunni scholar Abu Hanifah whose school of thought is followed by a sizable number of Sunnis across the globe Likewise Samarra is home to the al Askari Mosque containing the mausoleums of the Ali al Hadi and Hasan al Askari the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams respectively as well as the shrine of Muhammad al Mahdi known as the Hidden Imam who is the twelfth and final Imam of the Shia of the Ja fari Madhhab This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for Ja fari Shia Muslims In addition some female relatives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are buried in Samarra making the city one of the most significant sites of worship for Shia and a venerated location for Sunnis Smaller sects of Islam exist in the country such as the small Shia Shaykhist community concentrated in Basra and Karbala Arabs Edit Iraqi Arabs are a mix between Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims The Arab Sunni Muslims live mainly in the area of the so called Sunni Triangle but there are other communities in other parts of the country whereas the Arab Shia Muslims live mainly in Southeast Iraq The capital Baghdad is mixed of Arab Sunni Muslims and Arab Shia Muslims as well as other religions Kurds Edit See also Kurds in Iraq Iraqi Kurds are 98 Sunni Muslims with a Shia Feyli minority of 2 6 Most Kurds are located in the northern areas of the country Most Iraqi Kurdish Muslims follow the Shafi school of Islamic law and some are also members of either the Qadiri or the Naqshbandi Sufi tariqah 6 Turkmens Turkomans Edit About 75 of Iraqi Turkmen are Sunni Muslims and about 25 practice Shia Islam 7 8 Collectively most Iraqi Turkmen are secular having internalized the secularist interpretation of state religion affairs practiced in the Republic of Turkey 7 The religious and tribal factors and tensions inherent in Iraq s political culture do not significantly affect the Iraqi Turkmen Sunnis and Shias 9 Christianity EditMain article Christianity in IraqChristianity was brought to Iraq in 40 s AD CE by Thomas the Apostle Thaddaeus of Edessa and his pupils Aggagi and Mari Thomas and Thaddeus Baghdad Latin Church Syriac Catholic Church in Baghdad belonged to the twelve Apostles 10 Iraq s Original People and Indigenous Assyrian people represent roughly 3 5 of the population earlier CIA Factbook mostly living in Northern Iraq concentrated in the Ninewa and Dahuk governorates There are no official statistics and estimates vary greatly In 1950 Assyrian Christians may have numbered 10 12 of the population of 5 0 million They were 8 or 1 4 in a population of 16 3 million in 1987 and 1 5 million in 2003 of 26 million Emigration has been high since the 1970s Since the 2003 Iraq War There has been no official census since 2003 when the Assyrian Christian population in Iraq numbered 1 2 2 1 million Iraqi Christians are divided into four church bodies Chaldeans Catholic Assyrians Chaldean Catholic Church Assyrians or Nestorian group Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East West Syriac or Jacobite group Syriac Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox group Archdiocese of Baghdad under jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East Yazidism EditMain article Yazidis Yazidi leaders meet the Chaldean patriarch Audishu V Khayyath in Mosul c 1895 The Yazidis are a group 11 in Iraq who number just over 650 000 Yazidism or Sherfedin dates back to pre Islamic times Mosul is the principal holy site of the Yazidi faith The holiest Yazid shrine is that of Sheikh Adi located at the necropolis of Lalish citation needed Zoroastrianism EditZoroastrianism was one of the dominant religions in Northern Mesopotamia before the Islamic era Currently 12 Zoroastrianism is an officially recognized religion in Iraqi and Iran Zoroastrianism has become the fastest growing religion with Kurds especially in Northern Iraq 13 Because of the religion s strong ties to Kurdish culture there has been a recent rebirth of Zoroastrianism in the region and as of August 2015 the Kurdistan Regional Government KRG officially recognized Zoroastrianism as a religion within Iranian People called Kurds within Iraq 14 Arguably the world s oldest monotheistic religion Zoroastrianism Zardashti in Kurdish has almost disappeared in the last century until recent years According to Yasna an association that promotes Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan since 2014 about 15 000 people have registered with the organization most of them Kurds converting from Islam 15 16 17 The Kurds in Iraq have converted to Zoroastrianism from a Muslim background since 2015 with the first new Zoroastrian temples being built and opened in 2016 18 Many Kurdish people converted from Islam to Zoroastrianism especially after ISIL attacked Northern Iraq 19 20 The surge in Kurdish Muslims converting to Zoroastrianism the faith of their ancestors is largely attributed to disillusionment with Islam after the years of violence and barbarism perpetrated by the ISIS terrorist group 21 22 On 21 September 2016 the first official Zoroastrian fire temple of Iraqi Kurds opened in Sulaymaniyah Attendees celebrated the occasion by lighting a ritual fire and beating the frame drum or daf 23 There are no accurate numbers on the population of Zoroastrians in Iraq because they are listed as Muslims on their government issued documents 24 Mandaeism EditMain articles Mandaeism and Mandaeans Mandi in Nasiriya southern Iraq 2016 According to the Haran Gawaita a text that tells the history of the Mandaean people the Mandaeans arrived in the Parthian Empire during the reign of Artabanus II and later moved to southern Babylonia 25 26 This would make the Iraqi presence of Mandaeans approximately 2000 years old making it the third oldest continually practiced faith in Iraqi society after Zoroastrianism and Judaism However Mandaeans believe their religion predates Judaism and Christianity as a monotheistic faith tracing it back to their first prophet Adam 27 Until the 2003 Iraq war there were about 60 000 estimated Mandaeans living in Iraq 28 29 The oldest independent confirmation of Mandaean existence in the region is Kartir s inscription at Ka ba ye Zartosht The Mandaean faith is commonly known as the last surviving Gnostic religion John the Baptist known as Yahia Yuhanna is considered to have been the final Mandaean prophet and first true Ris Amma or Ethnarch of the Mandaean people Most Iraqi Mandaeans live near waterways because of the practice of total immersion or baptism in flowing water every Sunday The highest concentrations are in Amarah Nasiriyah and Basra Besides these southern regions and Ahvaz in Iran large numbers of Mandaeans can be found in Baghdad giving them easy access to the Tigris River Judaism EditMain articles History of the Jews in Iraq and Iraqi Jews in Israel Judaism first came to Iraq under the rule of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon It was a part of the Babylonian Captivity After the Six Day War in Israel rioting caused the majority of Jews to flee Present estimates of the Jewish population in Baghdad are eight 2007 30 seven 2008 31 and five 2013 citation needed Among the American forces stationed in Iraq there were only three Jewish chaplains 32 Hinduism EditThere were 3 801 0 01 Hindus in Iraq in 2010 according to ARDA 33 See also EditAncient Mesopotamian religion Culture of Iraq Demographics of IraqReferences Edit a b Mesopotamian religion Facts Names Gods Temples amp Practices Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 10 25 L Sandler Stanley 2002 Ground Warfare An International Encyclopedia 3 volume set ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1576073445 Iraq 25 May 2022 Iraq Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report Freedom House Retrieved 2022 01 03 The World Factbook CIA 25 May 2022 a b Szanto Edith 2020 Lukens Bull Ronald Woodward Mark eds Islam in Kurdistan Religious Communities and Their Practices in Contemporary Northern Iraq Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives Cham Springer International Publishing pp 1 16 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 73653 2 88 1 ISBN 978 3 319 73653 2 S2CID 226565009 retrieved 2020 12 09 a b Oguzlu Tarik H 2004 Endangered community The Turkoman identity in Iraq Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs Routledge 24 2 313 doi 10 1080 1360200042000296681 hdl 11693 49129 S2CID 56385519 Jawhar Raber Tal at 2010 The Iraqi Turkmen Front in Catusse Myriam Karam Karam eds Returning to Political Parties The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies pp 313 328 ISBN 978 1 886604 75 9 Oguzlu 2004 314 Suha Rassam 2005 Christianity in Iraq Gracewing Publications ISBN 9780852446331 Archived from the original on 2016 01 21 Spat Eszter 2018 Yezidi Identity Politics and Political Ambitions in the Wake of the ISIS Attack Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 20 5 427 doi 10 1080 19448953 2018 1406689 S2CID 148897618 Stewart Sarah Hintze Almut Williams Alan 2016 The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion History and Tradition London I B Tauris ISBN 9781784536336 Szanto Edith 2018 05 15 Neo Zoroastrianism among the Iraqi Kurds Iran and the Caucasus 22 1 96 110 doi 10 1163 1573384X 20180108 ISSN 1609 8498 PS21 2015 11 26 The curious rebirth of Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurds PS21 Archived from the original on 2017 04 17 Retrieved 2017 04 17 www israelhayom com https www israelhayom com 2020 10 02 zoroastrians make comeback in northern iraq but still face stigma Retrieved 2020 10 20 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Zoroastrian faith returns to Kurdistan in response to ISIS violence Rudaw Archived from the original on 2017 04 17 Retrieved 2017 04 17 Hamazor Issue 2 2017 Kurds reclaims its ancient Zoroastrian Faith PDF Hamazor Archived PDF from the original on 2017 09 30 Converts must die Kurdistan s Zoroastrians outraged by Islamic preacher Rudaw Archived from the original on 2017 04 17 Retrieved 2017 04 17 Head of Zoroastrian temple says people are returning to their roots Rudaw Archived from the original on 2016 03 27 Zoroastrianism in Iraq seeks official recognition Al Monitor the Pulse of the Middle East Al Monitor Archived from the original on 2016 05 16 Iraqi Kurds turn to Zoroastrianism as faith identity entwine France24 23 October 2019 Fatah Lara 26 November 2015 The curious rebirth of Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurds Projects 21 Retrieved 14 October 2020 Hopes for Zoroastrianism revival in Kurdistan as first temple opens its doors Rudaw 2016 09 21 Archived from the original on 2016 09 26 Retrieved 2016 10 08 Zoroastrianism in Iraq seeks official recognition Al Monitor 2016 02 17 Archived from the original on 2017 04 08 Retrieved 2017 04 17 Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen The Mandaeans Ancient Texts and Modern People Oxford University Press 2002 p4 Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 2010 Turning the Tables on Jesus The Mandaean View In Horsley Richard March 2010 Christian Origins ISBN 9781451416640 pp94 11 Minneapolis Fortress Press The People of the Book and the Hierarchy of Discrimination Iraqi minority group needs U S attention Archived 2007 10 25 at the Wayback Machine Kai Thaler Yale Daily News 9 March 2007 Save the Gnostics by Nathaniel Deutsch 6 October 2007 New York Times The Last Jews of Baghdad Time July 27 2007 Archived from the original on November 12 2011 Baghdad Jews Have Become a Fearful Few Archived 2017 11 14 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times American Soldiers in Iraq Enlist in a Different Kind of Service Jewish Daily Forward 11 July 2008 Archived from the original on 2008 07 12 Most Hindu Nations 2010 QuickLists gt Compare Nations gt Religions gt The Association of Religion Data Archives 2010 Retrieved February 20 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Religion in Iraq amp oldid 1122207526, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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