The arts

This article is about the group of creative disciplines. For the concept of art, see Art. For other uses, see Art (disambiguation).

"Arts" redirects here. For the acronym, see ARTS.

The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling and cultural participation. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing and being, in an extremely broad range of media. Both highly dynamic and a characteristically constant feature of human life, they have developed into innovative, stylized and sometimes intricate forms. This is often achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training and/or theorizing within a particular tradition, across generations and even between civilizations. The arts are a vehicle through which human beings cultivate distinct social, cultural and individual identities, while transmitting values, impressions, judgments, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life and experiences across time and space.

Clockwise, from left to right:

• A tambourine player at a traditional debaa dance festival in Mayotte
• Still Life with Profile of Laval by Paul Gauguin, 1886
• The title page of Shakespeare's sonnets in a 1609 edition by Thomas Thorpe
• Las Lajas Shrine, Nariño Department, Colombia
• A Bian Lian performer.

Prominent examples of the arts include:

• visual arts (including architecture, ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography, and sculpting),
• literary arts (including fiction, drama, poetry, and prose),
• performing arts (including dance, music, and theatre) and

They can employ skill and imagination to produce objects, performances, convey insights and experiences, and construct new environments and spaces.

The arts can refer to common, popular or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated and systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can be discrete and self-contained, or combine and interweave with other art forms, such as the combination of artwork with the written word in comics. They can also develop or contribute to some particular aspect of a more complex art form, as in cinematography. By definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually re-defined. The practice of modern art, for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, and self-criticism or questioning that art and its conditions of production, reception, and possibility can undergo.

As both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity, and as ends in themselves, the arts can simultaneously be a form of response to the world, and a way that our responses, and what we deem worthwhile goals or pursuits, are transformed. From prehistoric cave paintings, to ancient and contemporary forms of ritual, to modern-day films, art has served to register, embody and preserve our ever shifting relationships to each other and to the world.

Definition

Further information: Art and Classificatory disputes about art

 

Allegory of the Arts by Hans Rottenhammer, second half of the 16th century, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

There are several possible meanings for the definitions of the terms Art and Arts.^[a] The first meaning of the word art is " way of doing ".^[2] The most basic present meaning defines the arts as specific activities that produce sensitivity in humans.^[3] The arts are also referred to as bringing together all creative and imaginative activities, without including science.^[4][5] In its most basic abstract definition, art is a documented expression of a sentient being through or on an accessible medium so that anyone can view, hear or experience it. The act itself of producing an expression can also be referred to as a certain art, or as art in general. Whether this solidified expression, or the act of producing it, is "good" or has value depends on those who access and rate it. Such public rating is dependent on various subjective factors. Merriam-Webster defines "the arts" as "painting, sculpture, music, theater, literature, etc., considered as a group of activities done by people with skill and imagination".^[6] Similarly, the United States Congress, in the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act, defined "the arts" as follows:

The term "the arts" includes, but is not limited to, music (instrumental and vocal), dance, drama, folk art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and craft arts, industrial design, costume and fashion design, motion pictures, television, radio, film, video, tape and sound recording, the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major art forms, all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country. (sic) and the study and application of the arts to the human environment.^[7]

Art is a global activity in which a large number of disciplines are included, such as: fine arts, liberal arts, visual arts, decorative arts, applied arts, design, crafts, performing arts, and so on.^[4] We are talking about "the arts" when several of them are mentioned: "As in all arts the enjoyment increases with the knowledge of the art".^[8]

The arts can be divided into several areas, the fine arts which bring together, in the broad sense, all the arts whose aim is to produce true aesthetic pleasure,^[9] decorative arts and applied arts which relate to an aesthetic side in everyday life.^[10]

History and classifications

Main articles: History of art, History of music, and History of literature

 

The Venus of Brassempouy

In Ancient Greece, all art and craft was referred to by the same word, techne. Thus, there was no distinction among the arts. Ancient Greek art brought the veneration of the animal form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g. Zeus' thunderbolt). In Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical truths.

Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. Religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and instead expresses religious ideas through calligraphy and geometrical designs.

Classifications

Main article: Outline of the arts

 

Lawrence Alma-Tadema's Catullus-at-Lesbia's (1865)

In the Middle Ages, the Artes Liberales (liberal arts) were taught in European universities as part of the Trivium, an introductory curriculum involving grammar, rhetoric, and logic,^[11] and of the Quadrivium, a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.^[12] The Artes Mechanicae (consisting of vestiaria – tailoring and weaving; agricultura – agriculture; architectura – architecture and masonry; militia and venatoria – warfare, hunting, military education, and the martial arts; mercatura – trade; coquinaria – cooking; and metallaria – blacksmithing and metallurgy)^{[13][not specific enough to verify]} were practised and developed in guild environments. The modern distinction between "artistic" and "non-artistic" skills did not develop until the Renaissance. In modern academia, the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the humanities. Some subjects in the humanities are history, linguistics, literature, theology, philosophy, and logic.

The arts have also been classified as seven: painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, performing and cinema. Some view literature, painting, sculpture, and music as the main four arts, of which the others are derivative; drama is literature with acting, dance is music expressed through motion, and song is music with literature and voice.^[14] Film is sometimes called the "eighth" and comics the "ninth art".^[15]

Visual arts

Main article: Visual art

Further information: Plastic arts and Work of art

Architecture

Main article: Architecture

 

The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. The word architecture comes from the Greek arkhitekton, "master builder, director of works," from αρχι- (arkhi) "chief" + τεκτων (tekton) "builder, carpenter".^[16] A wider definition would include the design of the built environment, from the macrolevel of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of creating furniture. Architectural design usually must address both feasibility and cost for the builder, as well as function and aesthetics for the user.

 

Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728

In modern usage, architecture is the art and discipline of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of, a complex object or system. The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of abstract things such as music or mathematics, the apparent architecture of natural things, such as geological formations or the structure of biological cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-made things such as software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or physical artefacts) to the elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components. Planned architecture manipulates space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing aesthetics. This distinguishes it from applied science or engineering, which usually concentrate more on the functional and feasibility aspects of the design of constructions or structures.

In the field of building architecture, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more complex, such as for a hospital or a stadium, to the apparently simpler, such as planning residential houses. Many architectural works may be seen also as cultural and political symbols, or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been central to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live.

Ceramics

Main article: Ceramic art

 

Chinese blue and white porcelain jar, Ming dynasty, 15th century

Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials (including clay), which may take forms such as pottery, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. While some ceramic products are considered fine art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial, or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology. Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as "art pottery."^[17] In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery. In modern ceramic engineering usage, "ceramics" is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae.

Conceptual art

Main article: Conceptual art

Conceptual art is art wherein the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.^[18] Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s,^[19] its popular usage, particularly in the United Kingdom, developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practise the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.^[20]

Drawing

Main article: Drawing

Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools which can simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a drafter, draftswoman, or draughtsman.^[21] Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as illustrations, comics and animation. Comics are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".^[22]

Painting

Main article: Painting

 

The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

Painting is a mode of creative expression, and can be done in numerous forms. Drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), composition, narration (as in narrative art), or abstraction (as in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.^[23] Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or political in nature (as in Artivism).

Modern painters have extended the practice considerably to include, for example, collage. Collage is not painting in the strict sense since it includes other materials. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw, wood or strands of hair for their artwork texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer.

Photography

Main article: Fine art photography

Photography as an art form refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer. Art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism, which provides a visual account for news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.

Sculpture

Main article: Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials; but since modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded, or cast.

Literary arts

Main articles: Language and Literature

 

Sonnet 18

Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare part of the Fair Youth sequence of sonnets.

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Literature is literally "acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary. The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)." The term has generally come to identify a collection of writings, which in Western culture are mainly prose (both fiction and non-fiction), drama and poetry. In much, if not all of the world, the artistic linguistic expression can be oral as well, and include such genres as epic, legend, myth, ballad, other forms of oral poetry, and as folktale. Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship.^[22]

Performing arts

Main article: Performing arts

 

Adumu, a traditional Maasai jumping dance

Performing arts comprise dance, music, theatre, opera, mime, and other art forms in which a human performance is the principal product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts where the product is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.^[24] Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, magicians, comedians, dancers, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such as songwriting and stagecraft. Performers often adapt their appearance with tools such as costume and stage makeup.

Dance

Main article: Dance

Dance generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting.^[25][26][b] Choreography is the art of making dances,^[31] and the person who does this is called a choreographer.^[32] Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as Folk dance) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while Martial arts "kata" are often compared to dances.

Music

Main article: Music

 

A musical score of the opening measures from Piano Sonata No. 11 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.  Play 

Music is often defined as an art form whose medium is the combination of sounds.^[33] Though scholars agree that music generally consists of a few core elements, their exact definitions are debated.^[34] Commonly identified aspects include pitch (which governs melody and harmony), duration (including rhythm and tempo), intensity (including dynamics) and timbre.^[35] Though considered a cultural universal, definitions of music vary wildly throughout the world as they are based on diverse views of nature, the supernatural, and humanity.^[36] Music is often differentiated into composition and performance, while musical improvisation may be regarded as an intermediary tradition.^[37] Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial.^[38]

Theatre

Main article: Theatre

Theatre or theater (from Greek theatron (θέατρον); from theasthai, "behold"^[39]) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle – indeed, any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera, ballet, mime, kabuki, classical Indian dance, Chinese opera and mummers' plays.

Multidisciplinary artistic works

Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as film, opera and performance art. While opera is often categorized in the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines several artistic disciplines in a singular artistic experience. In a typical traditional opera, the entire work uses the following: the sets (visual arts), costumes (fashion), acting (dramatic performing arts), the libretto, or the words/story (literature), and singers and an orchestra (music).

 

Ernestine Schumann-Heink as Waltraute

The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead Gesamtkunstwerk ("synthesis of the arts"), sometimes referred to as "Music Drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components which were as important as the music. Classical ballet is another form which emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.

Other works in the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways, such as performance art. Performance art is a performance over time which combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which can be improvised. Performance art may be scripted, unscripted, random or carefully organized; even audience participation may occur. John Cage is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. Cage's composition Living Room Music composed in 1940 is a "quartet" for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, which can be found in a living room of a typical house, hence the title.

Other arts

There is no clear line between art and culture. Cultural fields like gastronomy are sometimes considered as arts.^[40]

Applied arts

Main article: Applied arts

The applied arts are the application of design and decoration to everyday, functional, objects to make them aesthetically pleasing.^[41] The applied arts includes fields such as industrial design, illustration, and commercial art.^[42] The term "applied art" is used in distinction to the fine arts, where the latter is defined as arts that aims to produce objects which are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but have no primary everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap.

Video games

Main articles: Video game and Video games as an art form

Video games, electronic games involving interaction using an input device such as a controller or keyboard,^[43] have a history that dates back to when the first video games were created as early as 1950.^[44][45] By the 1960s, arcade video games had emerged^[46]—in the following decades, games for both stationary and portable dedicated video game systems,^[47][48] personal computer games, and mobile games were introduced,^[49] each with varying market share in the video game industry.^[50] Video games are played in either single-player or multiplayer^[51] and have many unique genres,^[52] the most popular of which are action games and shooter games.^[53]

Within the video game community, there is debate surrounding whether video games should be classified as an art form, and whether game developers—AAA or indie—should be classified as artists.^[54] Hideo Kojima, a video game designer considered a "gaming arteur", argued that video games are a type of service rather than an art form in 2006.^[55][56] In social sciences, cultural economists show how playing video games is conducive to involvement in more traditional art forms.^[57] In 2011, the National Endowment of the Arts included video games in its definition of a "work of art",^[58] and the Smithsonian American Art Museum presented an exhibit titled The Art of the Video Game in 2012.^[59]

Arts critique

• Architecture criticism
• Art criticism
• Dance criticism
• Film criticism
• Music criticism
• Television criticism
• Theatre criticism
• Literary criticism

See also

• Arts in education
• The arts and politics

Notes

1. The term Art comes from the Latin ars.^[1]
2. The term 'Dance' is also used to describe the steps or pattern for one particular dance,^[27] a certain musical form or genre,^[28] a social gathering for dancing,^[29] or motion in inanimate objects (e.g. "the dance of the waters [...] was visible for over a mile around").^[30]

References

1. "art (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
2. Valéry 1935, p. 683.
3. "Définition de l'art" [Definition of art] (in French). Éditions Larousse. from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
4. "Art Definition: Meaning, Classification of Visual Arts". visual-arts-cork.com. from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
5. "The arts definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
6. "Definition of The Arts by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
7. Van Camp 2006.
8. Hemingway 2003, p. 11.
9. "Définition de Beaux-Arts" [Definition of Fine Arts] (in French). Bayard Presse. from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The fine arts include painting, sculpture, certain graphic arts and architecture. Music and poetry are sometimes called fine art.
10. "Définition de arts appliqués" [Definition of applied arts] (in French). L'Internaute. from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The applied arts bring together under one banner all the activities that bring an aesthetic side to everyday life. These arts are practiced by designers, who are in charge of embellishing what surrounds the individual.
11. Onions, Friedrichsen & Burchfield 1991, p. 994.
12. "Quadrivium" . The New International Encyclopædia. 1905 – via Wikisource. The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.
13. In his commentary on Martianus Capella's early fifth century work, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, one of the main sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts
14. Rowlands & Landauer 2001.
15. Ryynänen 2020, p. 37.
16. Harper 2016.
17. . web.archive.org. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
18. LeWitt 1967, pp. 79–83.
19. Huntsman 2015, p. 221.
20. . web.archive.org. 11 December 2004. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
21. "The definition of draftsman". Dictionary.com. from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
22. Miller 2007, p. 23.
23. Perry 2014, p. 85.
24. Honderich 2006.
25. Fraleigh 1987, p. 3.
26. OED, § 1.
27. OED, § 2.
28. OED, § 2b.
29. OED, § 3.
30. OED, § 4.
31. Goodwin & Halfyard 2011, § para. 1.
32. Goodwin & Halfyard 2011, § para. 3.
33. Nettl 2001, §I "3. General encyclopedias": "There may be disagreement on the need for explicit definition, but all these works maintain that music involves sounds and their combination, that it is both art and science".
34. Gardner 1983, p. 104.
35. Owen 2000, p. 6.
36. Nettl 2001, §I "5. Looking to the vernacular and to behaviour".
37. Nettl 2001, §III "5. Music among the arts".
38. Nettl 2001, §III "6. Classification or Typology".
39. Harper, Douglas (2001–2016). "theater (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
40. Desai, DeSimone & Henig 2013.
41. Chilvers 2004, p. 29.
42. "Define Applied art at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
43. Wolf 2012, p. 3-7.
44. Donovan 2010.
45. Griffiths 2013, p. 14-15.
46. Smith 2019, p. 119–20, 188–91.
47. Marino-Nachison 2014.
48. Steinbock & Wilson 2007, p. 150.
49. Dal 2016, p. 6-7.
50. Nakamura 2019.
51. Oosterhu & Feireiss 2006, p. 130.
52. Apperley (2006), p. 6-23.
53. "Essential facts about the computer and video game industry" Entertainment Software Association report, 2016, "MWEB". from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
54. Pratt, Charles J. The Art History... Of Games? Games As Art May Be A Lost Cause 9 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Gamasutra. 8 February 2010.
55. Gibson 2006.
56. Parker 2012, p. 42.
57. Borowiecki & Prieto-Rodriguez 2013, pp. 239–258.
58. Barber 2012.
59. Parker 2012, p. 46.

Sources

Books

• Chilvers, Ian (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Art (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860476-1.
• Dal, Yong Jin (27 July 2016). Mobile Gaming in Asia: Politics, Culture and Emerging Technologies. Springer. ISBN 9789402408263. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
• Donovan, Tristan (2010). Replay: The History of Video Games. East Sussex: Yellow Ant. ISBN 978-0-9565072-0-4. OCLC 639031262.
• Fraleigh, Sondra Horton (1987). Dance and the Lived Body: A Descriptive Aesthetics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-7170-2.
• Gardner, Howard (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02508-4.
• Griffiths, Devin C. (2013). Virtual Ascendance: Video Games and the Remaking of Reality. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-1694-5. OCLC 843079344.
• Hemingway, Ernest (2003) [1932]. "1". Death in the Afternoon (1st Scribner trade pbk. ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-85922-4.
• Honderich, Ted, ed. (2006). "Performing Arts". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7.
• Huntsman, Penny (28 September 2015). Thinking About Art: A Thematic Guide to Art History. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-90517-3.
• Miller, Ann (2007). Reading bande dessinée : critical approaches to French-language comic strip. ISBN 978-1-84150-177-2.
• Goodwin, Noël; Halfyard, Janet (2011). "Choreography". In Latham, Alison (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957903-7. from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.(subscription required)
• Nettl, Bruno (2001). "Music". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
• Oosterhu; Feireiss, Lukas (March 2006). The Architecture Co-laboratory: Game Set and Match II : on Computer Games, Advanced Geometries, and Digital Technologies. Delft: Delft University of Technology. p. 180. ISBN 9789059730366.
• Onions, Charles Talbut; Friedrichsen, George Washington Salisbury; Burchfield, Robert William (1991). The Oxford dictionary of English etymology. Oxford: at The Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861112-7.
• Owen, Harold (2000). Music Theory Resource Book. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511539-0.
• Ryynänen, Max (2020). On the Philosophy of Central European Art: The History of an Institution and Its Global Competitors. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-79363-418-4. OCLC 1229134245. from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
• Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2.
• Steinbock, Dan; Wilson, Johnny L. (28 January 2007). The Mobile Revolution. Kogan Page. ISBN 978-0-7494-4850-9.
• Wolf, Mark J. P. (16 August 2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-37936-9. OCLC 768800401.

Articles

• Apperley, Thomas H. (2006). (PDF). Simulation & Gaming. 37 (1): 6–23. doi:10.1177/1046878105282278. S2CID 17373114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
• LeWitt, Solomon (June 1967). "Paragraphs on Conceptual Art". Artforum. Vol. 5, no. 10. from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
• Borowiecki, Karol J.; Prieto-Rodriguez, Juan (2013). "Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions?". Journal of Cultural Economics. 39 (3): 239–258. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.676.2381. doi:10.1007/s10824-014-9229-y. S2CID 49572910.
• Diedrich, Cajus G. (1 April 2015). "'Neanderthal bone flutes': simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens". Open Science. 2 (4): 140022. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240022D. doi:10.1098/rsos.140022. PMC 4448875. PMID 26064624.
• Parker, Felan (12 December 2012). "An Art World for Artgames". Loading... 7 (11). ISSN 1923-2691. from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
• Perry, Lincoln (Summer 2014). "The Music of Painting". The American Scholar. 83 (3).

Online

• Barber, Bonnie (16 August 2012). "Professor Mary Flanagan Participates in White House Consortium". Darthmouth News. from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
• Gibson, Ellie (24 January 2006). "Games aren't art, says Kojima". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
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Further reading

• Barron, Christina (29 April 2012). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
• Feynman, Richard (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02417-2.
• Kennicott, Philip (18 March 2012). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
• Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.

External links

 

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