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Literary criticism

March 21, 2023

For the event, see Literary Criticism (UIL).

Literary criticism (or literary studies) is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of literature's goals and methods. Though the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists.

Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of inquiry from literary theory is a matter of some controversy. For example, the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism[1] draws no distinction between literary theory and literary criticism, and almost always uses the terms together to describe the same concept. Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works, while theory may be more general or abstract.

Literary criticism is often published in essay or book form. Academic literary critics teach in literature departments and publish in academic journals, and more popular critics publish their reviews in broadly circulating periodicals such as The Times Literary Supplement, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Review of Books, the London Review of Books, the Dublin Review of Books, The Nation, Bookforum, and The New Yorker.

History

Classical and medieval criticism

Literary criticism is thought to have existed as far back as the classical period.[2] In the 4th century BC Aristotle wrote the Poetics, a typology and description of literary forms with many specific criticisms of contemporary works of art. Poetics developed for the first time the concepts of mimesis and catharsis, which are still crucial in literary studies. Plato's attacks on poetry as imitative, secondary, and false were formative as well. The Sanskrit Natya Shastra includes literary criticism on ancient Indian literature and Sanskrit drama.

Later classical and medieval criticism often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious traditions of hermeneutics and textual exegesis have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts. This was particularly the case for the literary traditions of the three Abrahamic religions: Jewish literature, Christian literature and Islamic literature.

Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic literature and Arabic poetry from the 9th century, notably by Al-Jahiz in his al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin and al-Hayawan, and by Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz in his Kitab al-Badi.[3]

Renaissance criticism

The literary criticism of the Renaissance developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary neoclassicism, proclaiming literature as central to culture, entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition. The birth of Renaissance criticism was in 1498, with the recovery of classic texts, most notably, Giorgio Valla's Latin translation of Aristotle's Poetics. The work of Aristotle, especially Poetics, was the most important influence upon literary criticism until the late eighteenth century. Lodovico Castelvetro was one of the most influential Renaissance critics who wrote commentaries on Aristotle's Poetics in 1570.

Baroque criticism

The seventeenth-century witnessed the first full-fledged crisis in modernity of the core critical-aesthetic principles inherited from classical antiquity, such as proportion, harmony, unity, decorum, that had long governed, guaranteed, and stabilized Western thinking about artworks.[4] Although Classicism was very far from spent as a cultural force, it was to be gradually challenged by a rival movement, namely Baroque, that favoured the transgressive and the extreme, without laying claim to the unity, harmony, or decorum that supposedly distinguished both nature and its greatest imitator, namely ancient art. The key concepts of the Baroque aesthetic, such as "conceit' (concetto), "wit" (acutezza, ingegno), and "wonder" (meraviglia), were not fully developed in literary theory until the publication of Emanuele Tesauro's Il Cannocchiale aristotelico (The Aristotelian Telescope) in 1654. This seminal treatise – inspired by Giambattista Marino's epic Adone and the work of the Spanish Jesuit philosopher Baltasar Gracián – developed a theory of metaphor as a universal language of images and as a supreme intellectual act, at once an artifice and an epistemologically privileged mode of access to truth.

Enlightenment criticism

 
Samuel Johnson, one of the most influential writers and critics of the 18th century. see: Samuel Johnson's literary criticism.

In the Enlightenment period (1700s–1800s), literary criticism became more popular. During this time literacy rates started to rise in the public;[5] no longer was reading exclusive for the wealthy or scholarly. With the rise of the literate public, the swiftness of printing and commercialization of literature, criticism arose too.[6] Reading was no longer viewed solely as educational or as a sacred source of religion; it was a form of entertainment.[7] Literary criticism was influenced by the values and stylistic writing, including clear, bold, precise writing and the more controversial criteria of the author's religious beliefs.[8] These critical reviews were published in many magazines, newspapers, and journals. The commercialization of literature and its mass production had its downside. The emergent literary market, which was expected to educate the public and keep them away from superstition and prejudice, increasingly diverged from the idealistic control of the Enlightenment theoreticians so that the business of Enlightenment became a business with the Enlightenment.[9] This development – particularly of emergence of entertainment literature – was addressed through an intensification of criticism.[9] Many works of Jonathan Swift, for instance, were criticized including his book Gulliver's Travels, which one critic described as "the detestable story of the Yahoos".[8]

19th-century Romantic criticism

The British Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new aesthetic ideas to literary studies, including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful, noble, or perfect, but that literature itself could elevate a common subject to the level of the sublime. German Romanticism, which followed closely after the late development of German classicism, emphasized an aesthetic of fragmentation that can appear startlingly modern to the reader of English literature, and valued Witz – that is, "wit" or "humor" of a certain sort – more highly than the serious Anglophone Romanticism. The late nineteenth century brought renown to authors known more for their literary criticism than for their own literary work, such as Matthew Arnold.

The New Criticism

However important all of these aesthetic movements were as antecedents, current ideas about literary criticism derive almost entirely from the new direction taken in the early twentieth century. Early in the century the school of criticism known as Russian Formalism, and slightly later the New Criticism in Britain and in the United States, came to dominate the study and discussion of literature in the English-speaking world. Both schools emphasized the close reading of texts, elevating it far above generalizing discussion and speculation about either authorial intention (to say nothing of the author's psychology or biography, which became almost taboo subjects) or reader response. This emphasis on form and precise attention to "the words themselves" has persisted, after the decline of these critical doctrines themselves.

Theory

In 1957 Northrop Frye published the influential Anatomy of Criticism. In his works Frye noted that some critics tend to embrace an ideology, and to judge literary pieces on the basis of their adherence to such ideology. This has been a highly influential viewpoint among modern conservative thinkers. E. Michael Jones, for example, argues in his Degenerate Moderns that Stanley Fish was influenced by his own adulterous affairs to reject classic literature that condemned adultery.[10] Jürgen Habermas in Erkenntnis und Interesse [1968] (Knowledge and Human Interests), described literary critical theory in literary studies as a form of hermeneutics: knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions – including the interpretation of texts which themselves interpret other texts.

 
Ferdinand de Saussure's theories of linguistics and semiotics were influential in developing structuralist approach to literary criticism.

In the British and American literary establishment, the New Criticism was more or less dominant until the late 1960s. Around that time Anglo-American university literature departments began to witness a rise of a more explicitly philosophical literary theory, influenced by structuralism, then post-structuralism, and other kinds of Continental philosophy. It continued until the mid-1980s, when interest in "theory" peaked. Many later critics, though undoubtedly still influenced by theoretical work, have been comfortable simply interpreting literature rather than writing explicitly about methodology and philosophical presumptions.

History of the book

Related to other forms of literary criticism, the history of the book is a field of interdisciplinary inquiry drawing on the methods of bibliography, cultural history, history of literature, and media theory. Principally concerned with the production, circulation, and reception of texts and their material forms, book history seeks to connect forms of textuality with their material aspects.

Among the issues within the history of literature with which book history can be seen to intersect are: the development of authorship as a profession, the formation of reading audiences, the constraints of censorship and copyright, and the economics of literary form.

Current state

Today, approaches based in literary theory and continental philosophy largely coexist in university literature departments, while conventional methods, some informed by the New Critics, also remain active. Disagreements over the goals and methods of literary criticism, which characterized both sides taken by critics during the "rise" of theory, have declined. Many critics feel that they now have a great plurality of methods and approaches from which to choose.[citation needed]

Some critics work largely with theoretical texts, while others read traditional literature; interest in the literary canon is still great, but many critics are also interested in nontraditional texts and women's literature, as elaborated on by certain academic journals such as Contemporary Women's Writing,[11] while some critics influenced by cultural studies read popular texts like comic books or pulp/genre fiction. Ecocritics have drawn connections between literature and the natural sciences. Darwinian literary studies studies literature in the context of evolutionary influences on human nature. And postcritique has sought to develop new ways of reading and responding to literary texts that go beyond the interpretive methods of critique. Many literary critics also work in film criticism or media studies. Some write intellectual history; others bring the results and methods of social history to bear on reading literature.[citation needed]

Key texts

Further information: Critical theory, Feminist literary criticism, and List of American literary critics

The Classical and medieval periods

The Renaissance period

The Enlightenment period

The 19th century

The 20th century

See also

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References

  1. ^ Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8010-0. OCLC 54374476.
  2. ^ "Literary Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  3. ^ van. Gelder, G. J. H. (1982). Beyond the Line: Classical Arabic Literary Critics on the Coherence and Unity of the Poem. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-90-04-06854-4. OCLC 10350183.
  4. ^ Jon R. Snyder, L’estetica del Barocco (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2005), 21–22.
  5. ^ Van Horn Melton, James (2001). The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-46573-1.
  6. ^ Voskuhl, Adelheid (2013). Androids in the Enlightenment: Mechanics, Artisans, and Cultures of the Self. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-226-03402-7.
  7. ^ Murray, Stuart (2009). The Library: An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-1-61608-453-0. OCLC 277203534.
  8. ^ a b Regan, Shaun; Dawson, Books (2013). Reading 1759: Literary Culture in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and France. Lewisburg [Pa.]: Bucknell University Press. pp. 125–130. ISBN 978-1-61148-478-6.
  9. ^ a b Hohendahl, Peter Uwe; Berghahn, Klaus L. (1988). A History of German Literary Criticism: 173–1980. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8032-7232-3.
  10. ^ Jones, E. Michael (1991). Degenerate Moderns: Modernity as Rationalized Sexual Misbehaviour. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 79–84. ISBN 978-0-89870-447-1. OCLC 28241358.
  11. ^ "Contemporary Women's Writing | Oxford Academic". OUP Academic. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  12. ^ Ussher, J. (1767). Clio Or, a Discourse on Taste: Addressed to a Young Lady. Davies. p. 3. Retrieved 10 October 2014.

External links

  • Literary Criticism
  • Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism Award Winners
  • Collection of Critical and Biographical Websites
  • (University of Zaragoza)
  • How to Do Literary Analysis: An Experimental Reflection Based on the Yellow Wall-Paper

March 21, 2023
literary, criticism, event, literary, criticism, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, b. For the event see Literary Criticism UIL This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Literary criticism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Literary criticism or literary studies is the study evaluation and interpretation of literature Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory which is the philosophical discussion of literature s goals and methods Though the two activities are closely related literary critics are not always and have not always been theorists Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of inquiry from literary theory is a matter of some controversy For example the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism 1 draws no distinction between literary theory and literary criticism and almost always uses the terms together to describe the same concept Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works while theory may be more general or abstract Literary criticism is often published in essay or book form Academic literary critics teach in literature departments and publish in academic journals and more popular critics publish their reviews in broadly circulating periodicals such as The Times Literary Supplement The New York Times Book Review The New York Review of Books the London Review of Books the Dublin Review of Books The Nation Bookforum and The New Yorker Contents 1 History 1 1 Classical and medieval criticism 1 2 Renaissance criticism 1 3 Baroque criticism 1 4 Enlightenment criticism 1 5 19th century Romantic criticism 1 6 The New Criticism 1 7 Theory 1 8 History of the book 1 9 Current state 2 Key texts 2 1 The Classical and medieval periods 2 2 The Renaissance period 2 3 The Enlightenment period 2 4 The 19th century 2 5 The 20th century 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditClassical and medieval criticism Edit Literary criticism is thought to have existed as far back as the classical period 2 In the 4th century BC Aristotle wrote the Poetics a typology and description of literary forms with many specific criticisms of contemporary works of art Poetics developed for the first time the concepts of mimesis and catharsis which are still crucial in literary studies Plato s attacks on poetry as imitative secondary and false were formative as well The Sanskrit Natya Shastra includes literary criticism on ancient Indian literature and Sanskrit drama Later classical and medieval criticism often focused on religious texts and the several long religious traditions of hermeneutics and textual exegesis have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts This was particularly the case for the literary traditions of the three Abrahamic religions Jewish literature Christian literature and Islamic literature Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic literature and Arabic poetry from the 9th century notably by Al Jahiz in his al Bayan wa l tabyin and al Hayawan and by Abdullah ibn al Mu tazz in his Kitab al Badi 3 Renaissance criticism Edit The literary criticism of the Renaissance developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary neoclassicism proclaiming literature as central to culture entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition The birth of Renaissance criticism was in 1498 with the recovery of classic texts most notably Giorgio Valla s Latin translation of Aristotle s Poetics The work of Aristotle especially Poetics was the most important influence upon literary criticism until the late eighteenth century Lodovico Castelvetro was one of the most influential Renaissance critics who wrote commentaries on Aristotle s Poetics in 1570 Baroque criticism Edit The seventeenth century witnessed the first full fledged crisis in modernity of the core critical aesthetic principles inherited from classical antiquity such as proportion harmony unity decorum that had long governed guaranteed and stabilized Western thinking about artworks 4 Although Classicism was very far from spent as a cultural force it was to be gradually challenged by a rival movement namely Baroque that favoured the transgressive and the extreme without laying claim to the unity harmony or decorum that supposedly distinguished both nature and its greatest imitator namely ancient art The key concepts of the Baroque aesthetic such as conceit concetto wit acutezza ingegno and wonder meraviglia were not fully developed in literary theory until the publication of Emanuele Tesauro s Il Cannocchiale aristotelico The Aristotelian Telescope in 1654 This seminal treatise inspired by Giambattista Marino s epic Adone and the work of the Spanish Jesuit philosopher Baltasar Gracian developed a theory of metaphor as a universal language of images and as a supreme intellectual act at once an artifice and an epistemologically privileged mode of access to truth Enlightenment criticism Edit Samuel Johnson one of the most influential writers and critics of the 18th century see Samuel Johnson s literary criticism In the Enlightenment period 1700s 1800s literary criticism became more popular During this time literacy rates started to rise in the public 5 no longer was reading exclusive for the wealthy or scholarly With the rise of the literate public the swiftness of printing and commercialization of literature criticism arose too 6 Reading was no longer viewed solely as educational or as a sacred source of religion it was a form of entertainment 7 Literary criticism was influenced by the values and stylistic writing including clear bold precise writing and the more controversial criteria of the author s religious beliefs 8 These critical reviews were published in many magazines newspapers and journals The commercialization of literature and its mass production had its downside The emergent literary market which was expected to educate the public and keep them away from superstition and prejudice increasingly diverged from the idealistic control of the Enlightenment theoreticians so that the business of Enlightenment became a business with the Enlightenment 9 This development particularly of emergence of entertainment literature was addressed through an intensification of criticism 9 Many works of Jonathan Swift for instance were criticized including his book Gulliver s Travels which one critic described as the detestable story of the Yahoos 8 19th century Romantic criticism Edit The British Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new aesthetic ideas to literary studies including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful noble or perfect but that literature itself could elevate a common subject to the level of the sublime German Romanticism which followed closely after the late development of German classicism emphasized an aesthetic of fragmentation that can appear startlingly modern to the reader of English literature and valued Witz that is wit or humor of a certain sort more highly than the serious Anglophone Romanticism The late nineteenth century brought renown to authors known more for their literary criticism than for their own literary work such as Matthew Arnold The New Criticism Edit However important all of these aesthetic movements were as antecedents current ideas about literary criticism derive almost entirely from the new direction taken in the early twentieth century Early in the century the school of criticism known as Russian Formalism and slightly later the New Criticism in Britain and in the United States came to dominate the study and discussion of literature in the English speaking world Both schools emphasized the close reading of texts elevating it far above generalizing discussion and speculation about either authorial intention to say nothing of the author s psychology or biography which became almost taboo subjects or reader response This emphasis on form and precise attention to the words themselves has persisted after the decline of these critical doctrines themselves Theory Edit In 1957 Northrop Frye published the influential Anatomy of Criticism In his works Frye noted that some critics tend to embrace an ideology and to judge literary pieces on the basis of their adherence to such ideology This has been a highly influential viewpoint among modern conservative thinkers E Michael Jones for example argues in his Degenerate Moderns that Stanley Fish was influenced by his own adulterous affairs to reject classic literature that condemned adultery 10 Jurgen Habermas in Erkenntnis und Interesse 1968 Knowledge and Human Interests described literary critical theory in literary studies as a form of hermeneutics knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions including the interpretation of texts which themselves interpret other texts Ferdinand de Saussure s theories of linguistics and semiotics were influential in developing structuralist approach to literary criticism In the British and American literary establishment the New Criticism was more or less dominant until the late 1960s Around that time Anglo American university literature departments began to witness a rise of a more explicitly philosophical literary theory influenced by structuralism then post structuralism and other kinds of Continental philosophy It continued until the mid 1980s when interest in theory peaked Many later critics though undoubtedly still influenced by theoretical work have been comfortable simply interpreting literature rather than writing explicitly about methodology and philosophical presumptions History of the book Edit Related to other forms of literary criticism the history of the book is a field of interdisciplinary inquiry drawing on the methods of bibliography cultural history history of literature and media theory Principally concerned with the production circulation and reception of texts and their material forms book history seeks to connect forms of textuality with their material aspects Among the issues within the history of literature with which book history can be seen to intersect are the development of authorship as a profession the formation of reading audiences the constraints of censorship and copyright and the economics of literary form Current state Edit Today approaches based in literary theory and continental philosophy largely coexist in university literature departments while conventional methods some informed by the New Critics also remain active Disagreements over the goals and methods of literary criticism which characterized both sides taken by critics during the rise of theory have declined Many critics feel that they now have a great plurality of methods and approaches from which to choose citation needed Some critics work largely with theoretical texts while others read traditional literature interest in the literary canon is still great but many critics are also interested in nontraditional texts and women s literature as elaborated on by certain academic journals such as Contemporary Women s Writing 11 while some critics influenced by cultural studies read popular texts like comic books or pulp genre fiction Ecocritics have drawn connections between literature and the natural sciences Darwinian literary studies studies literature in the context of evolutionary influences on human nature And postcritique has sought to develop new ways of reading and responding to literary texts that go beyond the interpretive methods of critique Many literary critics also work in film criticism or media studies Some write intellectual history others bring the results and methods of social history to bear on reading literature citation needed Key texts EditFurther information Critical theory Feminist literary criticism and List of American literary critics The Classical and medieval periods Edit Plato Ion Republic Cratylus Aristotle Poetics Rhetoric Horace Art of Poetry Longinus On the Sublime Plotinus On the Intellectual Beauties St Augustine On Christian Doctrine Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy Aquinas The Nature and Domain of Sacred Doctrine Dante The Banquet Letter to Can Grande Della Scala Boccaccio Life of Dante Genealogy of the Gentile Gods Christine de Pizan The Book of the City of Ladies Bharata Muni Natya Shastra Rajashekhara Inquiry into Literature Valmiki The Invention of Poetry from the Ramayana Anandavardhana Light on Suggestion Cao Pi A Discourse on Literature Lu Ji Rhymeprose on Literature Liu Xie The Literary Mind Wang Changling A Discussion of Literature and Meaning Sikong Tu The Twenty Four Classes of Poetry The Renaissance period Edit Lodovico Castelvetro ThePoeticsof Aristotle Translated and Explained Philip Sidney An Apology for Poetry Jacopo Mazzoni On the Defense of the Comedy of Dante Torquato Tasso Discourses on the Heroic Poem Francis Bacon The Advancement of Learning Henry Reynolds Mythomystes John Mandaville Composed in the mid 14th century most probably by a french physicianThe Enlightenment period Edit Thomas Hobbes Answer to Davenant s preface toGondibert Pierre Corneille Of the Three Unities of Action Time and Place John Dryden An Essay of Dramatic Poesy Nicolas Boileau Despreaux The Art of Poetry John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Dennis The Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism Joseph Addison On the Pleasures of the Imagination Spectator essays Giambattista Vico The New Science Edmund Burke A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful David Hume Of the Standard of Taste Samuel Johnson On Fiction Rasselas Preface toShakespeare Edward Young Conjectures on Original Composition Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Laocoon Joshua Reynolds Discourses on Art Richard Conversation Sharp Letters amp Essays in Prose amp Verse James Usher Clio or a Discourse on Taste 1767 12 Denis Diderot The Paradox of Acting Immanuel Kant Critique of Judgment Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman William Blake The Marriage of Heaven or Hell Letter to Thomas Butts Annotations to Reynolds Discourses A Descriptive Catalogue A Vision of the Last Judgment On Homer s Poetry Friedrich Schiller Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man Friedrich Schlegel Critical Fragments Athenaeum Fragments On Incomprehensibility The 19th century Edit William Wordsworth Preface to the Second Edition ofLyrical Ballads Anne Louise Germaine de Stael Literature in its Relation to Social Institutions Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling On the Relation of the Plastic Arts to Nature Samuel Taylor Coleridge Shakespeare s Judgment Equal to His Genius On the Principles of Genial Criticism The Statesman s Manual Biographia Literaria Wilhelm von Humboldt Collected Works John Keats letters to Benjamin Bailey George amp Thomas Keats John Taylor and Richard Woodhouse Arthur Schopenhauer The World as Will and Idea Thomas Love Peacock The Four Ages of Poetry Percy Bysshe Shelley A Defence of Poetry Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Conversations with Eckermann Maxim No 279 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel The Philosophy of Fine Art Giacomo Leopardi Zibaldone notebooks Francesco De Sanctis Critical Essays History of the Italian Literature Thomas Carlyle Symbols John Stuart Mill What is Poetry Ralph Waldo Emerson The Poet Charles Augustin Sainte Beuve What Is a Classic James Russell Lowell A Fable for Critics Edgar Allan Poe The Poetic Principle Matthew Arnold Preface to the 1853 Edition ofPoems The Function of Criticism at the Present Time The Study of Poetry Hippolyte Taine History of English Literature and Language Charles Baudelaire The Salon of 1859 Karl Marx The German Ideology Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Soren Kierkegaard Two Ages A Literary Review The Concept of Irony Friedrich Nietzsche The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music Truth and Falsity in an Ultramoral Sense Walter Pater Studies in the History of the Renaissance Emile Zola The Experimental Novel Anatole France The Adventures of the Soul Oscar Wilde The Decay of Lying Stephane Mallarme The Evolution of Literature The Book A Spiritual Mystery Mystery in Literature Leo Tolstoy What is Art The 20th century Edit Benedetto Croce Aesthetic Antonio Gramsci Prison Notebooks Umberto Eco The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas The Open Work A C Bradley Poetry for Poetry s Sake Sigmund Freud Creative Writers and Daydreaming Ferdinand de Saussure Course in General Linguistics Claude Levi Strauss The Structural Study of Myth T E Hulme Romanticism and Classicism Bergson s Theory of Art Walter Benjamin On Language as Such and On the Language of Man Viktor Shklovsky Art as Technique T S Eliot Tradition and the Individual Talent Hamlet and His Problems Irving Babbitt Romantic Melancholy Carl Jung On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry Leon Trotsky The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism Boris Eikhenbaum The Theory of the Formal Method Virginia Woolf A Room of One s Own I A Richards Practical Criticism Mikhail Bakhtin Epic and Novel Toward a Methodology for the Study of the Novel Georges Bataille The Notion of Expenditure John Crowe Ransom Poetry A Note in Ontology Criticism as Pure Speculation R P Blackmur A Critic s Job of Work Jacques Lacan The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud Gyorgy Lukacs The Ideal of the Harmonious Man in Bourgeois Aesthetics Art and Objective Truth Paul Valery Poetry and Abstract Thought Kenneth Burke Literature as Equipment for Living Ernst Cassirer Art W K Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley The Intentional Fallacy The Affective Fallacy Cleanth Brooks The Heresy of Paraphrase Irony as a Principle of Structure Jan Mukarovsky Standard Language and Poetic Language Jean Paul Sartre Why Write Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex Ronald Crane Toward a More Adequate Criticism of Poetic Structure Philip Wheelwright The Burning Fountain Theodor Adorno Cultural Criticism and Society Aesthetic Theory Roman Jakobson The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles Northrop Frye Anatomy of Criticism The Critical Path Gaston Bachelard The Poetics of Space Ernst Gombrich Art and Illusion Martin Heidegger The Nature of Language Language in the Poem Holderlin and the Essence of Poetry E D Hirsch Jr Objective Interpretation Noam Chomsky Aspects of the Theory of Syntax Jacques Derrida Structure Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences Roland Barthes The Structuralist Activity The Death of the Author Michel Foucault Truth and Power What Is an Author The Discourse on Language Hans Robert Jauss Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory Georges Poulet Phenomenology of Reading Raymond Williams The Country and the City Lionel Trilling The Liberal Imagination Julia Kristeva From One Identity to Another Women s Time Paul de Man Semiology and Rhetoric The Rhetoric of Temporality Harold Bloom The Anxiety of Influence The Dialectics of Poetic Tradition Poetry Revisionism Repression Chinua Achebe Colonialist Criticism Stanley Fish Normal Circumstances Literal Language Direct Speech Acts the Ordinary the Everyday the Obvious What Goes Without Saying and Other Special Cases Is There a Text in This Class Edward Said The World the Text and the Critic Secular Criticism Elaine Showalter Toward a Feminist Poetics Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar Infection in the Sentence The Madwoman in the Attic Murray Krieger A Waking Dream The Symbolic Alternative to Allegory Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari Anti Oedipus Capitalism and Schizophrenia Rene Girard The Sacrificial Crisis Helene Cixous The Laugh of the Medusa Jonathan Culler Beyond Interpretation Geoffrey Hartman Literary Commentary as Literature Wolfgang Iser The Repertoire Hayden White The Historical Text as Literary Artifact Hans Georg Gadamer Truth and Method Paul Ricoeur The Metaphorical Process as Cognition Imagination and Feeling Peter Szondi On Textual Understanding M H Abrams How to Do Things with Texts J Hillis Miller The Critic as Host Clifford Geertz Blurred Genres The Refiguration of Social Thought Filippo Tommaso Marinetti The Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism Tristan Tzara Unpretentious Proclamation Andre Breton The Surrealist Manifesto The Declaration of January 27 1925 Mina Loy Feminist Manifesto Yokomitsu Riichi Sensation and New Sensation Oswald de Andrade Cannibalist Manifesto Andre Breton Leon Trotsky and Diego Rivera Manifesto Towards a Free Revolutionary Art Hu Shih Some Modest Proposals for the Reform of Literature Octavio Paz The Bow and the LireSee also EditListen to this article 8 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 18 October 2006 2006 10 18 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Book review Comparative literature Critical lens Genre studies History of the book Literary critics Literary translation Philosophy and literature Poetic tradition Social criticism Translation criticismReferences Edit Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism 2nd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press 2005 ISBN 978 0 8018 8010 0 OCLC 54374476 Literary Theory Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved 1 December 2020 van Gelder G J H 1982 Beyond the Line Classical Arabic Literary Critics on the Coherence and Unity of the Poem Leiden Brill Publishers pp 1 2 ISBN 978 90 04 06854 4 OCLC 10350183 Jon R Snyder L estetica del Barocco Bologna Il Mulino 2005 21 22 Van Horn Melton James 2001 The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 82 ISBN 978 0 521 46573 1 Voskuhl Adelheid 2013 Androids in the Enlightenment Mechanics Artisans and Cultures of the Self Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 71 72 ISBN 978 0 226 03402 7 Murray Stuart 2009 The Library An Illustrated History New York Skyhorse pp 132 133 ISBN 978 1 61608 453 0 OCLC 277203534 a b Regan Shaun Dawson Books 2013 Reading 1759 Literary Culture in Mid Eighteenth Century Britain and France Lewisburg Pa Bucknell University Press pp 125 130 ISBN 978 1 61148 478 6 a b Hohendahl Peter Uwe Berghahn Klaus L 1988 A History of German Literary Criticism 173 1980 Lincoln University of Nebraska Press p 25 ISBN 978 0 8032 7232 3 Jones E Michael 1991 Degenerate Moderns Modernity as Rationalized Sexual Misbehaviour San Francisco Ignatius Press pp 79 84 ISBN 978 0 89870 447 1 OCLC 28241358 Contemporary Women s Writing Oxford Academic OUP Academic Retrieved 1 August 2019 Ussher J 1767 Clio Or a Discourse on Taste Addressed to a Young Lady Davies p 3 Retrieved 10 October 2014 External links EditDictionary of the History of Ideas Literary Criticism Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism Award Winners Internet Public Library Literary Criticism Collection of Critical and Biographical Websites A Bibliography of Literary Theory Criticism and Philology University of Zaragoza How to Do Literary Analysis An Experimental Reflection Based on the Yellow Wall Paper Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Literary criticism amp oldid 1134550350, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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