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Jiaozhi

March 05, 2023

Jiaozhi (standard Chinese, pinyin: Jiāozhǐ), or Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ, was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties, corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam. The kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) set up the Jiaozhi Commandery (Chinese: 交趾郡, 交阯郡; Vietnamese: Quận Giao Chỉ, Hán-Nôm: 郡交趾) an administrative division centered in the Red River Delta that existed through Vietnam's first and second periods of Chinese rule. During the Han dynasty, the commandery was part of a province of the same name (later renamed to Jiaozhou) that covered modern-day northern and central Vietnam as well as Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. In 670 AD, Jiaozhi was absorbed into the Annan Protectorate established by the Tang dynasty. Afterwards, official use of the name Jiaozhi was superseded by "Annan" (Annam) and other names of Vietnam, except during the brief fourth period of Chinese rule when the Ming dynasty administered Vietnam as the Jiaozhi Province.

Jiaozhi
Chinese name
Chinese交趾
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiāozhǐ
Wade–GilesChiāo1-chǐh4
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese*kˠau-t͡ɕɨX (ZS)
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese交阯
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiāozhǐ
Wade–GilesChiāo1-chǐh4
Vietnamese name
VietnameseGiao Chỉ
Hán-Nôm交趾
History of Vietnam
(by names of Vietnam)
2879–2524 BC Xích Quỷ (legend)
2524–258 BC Văn Lang (legend)
257–179 BC Âu Lạc
204–111 BC Nam Việt
111 BC – 40 AD Giao Chỉ
40–43 Lĩnh Nam
43–299 Giao Chỉ
299–544 Giao Châu
544–602 Vạn Xuân
602–679 Giao Châu
679–757 An Nam
757–766 Trấn Nam
766–866 An Nam
866–967 Tĩnh Hải quân
968–1054 Đại Cồ Việt
1054–1400 Đại Việt
1400–1407 Đại Ngu
1407–1427 Giao Chỉ
1428–1804 Đại Việt
1804–1839 Việt Nam
1839–1945 Đại Nam
1887–1954 Đông Dương
from 1945 Việt Nam
Main template
History of Vietnam

Name

Chinese chroniclers assigned various folk etymologies for the toponym.

  • In Book of Rites's subsection Royal Regulations, 交趾 was used to describe the physical characteristics of Nanman - southern neighbours of the Zhou, and 交趾 was translated as either "feet turned in towards each other" (James Legge)[1] or "toes... crossed" (James M. Hargett).[2]
  • Book of Later Han also quoted the same passage from Book of Rites yet gave 交趾's etymology as: "[According to] their customs, men and women bathe in the same river; hence the appellation Jiāozhǐ".[3]
  • Tang period's encyclopedia Tongdian also stated that: "The southernmost people [have] tattooed foreheads (題額) and intersecting toes (交趾); [according to] their customs, men and women bathe in the same river. [By] tattooed foreheads (題額) it means they engrave their flesh with blue/green dye; [by] crossed toes (交趾), it means that each foot's big toe is spread widely outwards and crosses one another when [a person] stands [with feet] side-by-side."[4]
  • Song period's encyclopaedia Taiping Yulan quoted Ying Shao's "Han Officials' Etiquettes" that "Emperor Xiaowu leveled the Hundred Yue in the South [...] established Jiaozhi (交阯); [...] [People] started out in the North, then crossed (交 jiāo) at the South, for their descendants [they laid their] basis (jī 基) & foundation (zhǐ 阯) [there]".[5]

According to Michel Ferlus, the Sino-Vietnamese Jiao in Jiāozhǐ (交趾), together with the ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people (lǎo 獠), and the ethnonym Gēlǎo (仡佬), a Kra population scattered from Guizhou (China) to North Vietnam, would have emerged from *k(ə)ra:w.[6] The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæw kɛːwA1, a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory.[6] In Pupeo (Kra branch), kew is used to name the Tay (Central Tai) of North Vietnam.[7]

jiāo 交 < MC kæw < OC *kraw [k.raw]

lǎo 獠 < MC lawX < OC *C-rawʔ [C.rawˀ]

Frederic Pain proposes that *k(ə)ra:w means 'human being' and originates from Austroasiatic:[8] he further links it to a local root *trawʔ[nb 1], which is associated with taro, is ancestral to various Austroasiatic lexical items such as "Monic (Spoken Mon krao or Nyah-kur traw), Palaungic (Tung-wa kraɷʔ or Sem klao), or Katuic (Ong raw or Souei ʰraw < proto-Katuic *craw)", and possibly evoked "a particular (most probably tuber-based) cultivation practice used by small Mon-Khmer horticultural communities—as opposed to more complex and advanced cereal-growing (probably rice-based) societies"[9]

Meanwhile, James Chamberlain claims that Jiao originated from a word also ancestral to Lao, thus meaning Jiao & Lao are cognates.[10] Chamberlain, like Joachim Schlesinger, claim that the Vietnamese language was not originally based in the area of the Red River in what is now northern Vietnam. According to them, the Red River Delta region was originally inhabited by Tai-speakers. They claim that the area become Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD,[11] or even as late as the tenth century, as a result of immigration from the south, i.e., modern north-central Vietnam.[12][13] According to Han-Tang records, east of Jiaozhi and the coast of Guangdong, Guangxi was populated by Tai-Kadai speakers (whom Chinese contemporaries called Lǐ 俚 and Lǎo 獠).[14][15][16] Catherine Churchman proposes that the Chinese character 獠 transliterated a native term and was shortened from older two-character combinations (which were used transcribe the endonym's initial consonantal cluster); noting that the older two-character combinations 鳩獠 Qiūlǎo , 狐獠 Húlǎo, and 屈獠 Qūlǎo had been pronounced *kɔ-lawʔ, *ɣɔ-lawʔ, and *kʰut-lawʔ respectively in Middle Chinese, she reconstructs the endonym *klao, which is either related to the word klao, meaning "person", in the Kra languages, or is a compound, meaning "our people", of prefix k- for "people" and Proto-Tai first person plural pronoun *rəu[nb 2] "we, us".[17] Even so, Michael Churchman acknowledged that "The absence of records of large-scale population shifts indicates that there was a fairly stable group of people in Jiaozhi throughout the Han–Tang period who spoke Austroasiatic languages ancestral to modern Vietnamese."[18]

Jiaozhi, pronounced Kuchi in the Malay, became the Cochin-China of the Portuguese traders c. 1516, who so named it to distinguish it from the city and the Kingdom of Cochin in India, their first headquarters in the Malabar Coast. It was subsequently called "Cochinchina".[19][20]

History

Early Mentions

Numerous Chinese sources, dated to the Spring & Autumn and Warring States periods, mentioned a place called Jiao(zhi) to the south of Ancient China.[21][22][23][24][25][26] Book of Rites is the earliest extant source to associate the name Jiaozhi with the Nanman.[27] However, Vietnamese historian Đào Duy Anh locates Jiaozhi (which was mentioned in ancient texts) only south of Mount Heng (衡山) (aka 霍山 Mount Huo or 天柱山 Mount Tianzhu), within the lower part of Yangtze's drainage basin, and nowhere farther than today Anhui province in China (i.e. not in today northern Vietnam); accordingly, Đào defines Jiao(zhi) as "lands in the south which bordered [ancient Chinese's] territories".[28]

Van Lang

See also: Văn Lang

The native state of Văn Lang is not well attested, but much later sources name Giao Chỉ as one of the realm's districts (bộ). Its territory purportedly comprised present-day Hanoi and the land on the right bank of the Red River. According to tradition, the Hung kings directly ruled Mê Linh while other areas were ruled by dependent Lac lords.[29] The Van Lang kingdom fell to the Âu under prince Thục Phán around 258 BC.

Âu Lạc

See also: Âu Lạc

Thục Phán established his capital at Co Loa in Hanoi's Dong Anh district. The citadel was taken around 208 BC by the Qin general Zhao Tuo.

Nanyue

See also: Nanyue

Zhao Tuo declared his independent kingdom of Nanyue in 204 and organized his Vietnamese territory as the two commanderies of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen (Vietnamese: Cửu Chân; present-day Thanh Hóa, Nghệ An, and Hà Tĩnh). Following a native coup that killed the Zhao king and his Chinese mother, the Han launched two invasions in 112 and 111 BC that razed the Nanyue capital at Panyu (Guangzhou). When Han dynasty conquered Nanyue in 111 BC, the Han court divided it into 9 commanderies, one commandery called Jiaozhi was the center of Han administration and government for all 9 areas. Because of this, the entire areas of 9 commanderies was sometime called Jiaozhi. From Han to Tang, the names Jiaozhi and Jiao county at least was used for a part of the Han-era Jiaozhi. In 670, Jiaozhi was absorbed into a larger administrative called Annan (Pacified South). After this, the name Jiaozhi was applied for the Red River Delta and most or all of northern Vietnam (Tonkin).[30]

Han dynasty

See also: First Chinese domination of Vietnam, Second Chinese domination of Vietnam, and Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
 
Chinese provinces in the late Eastern Han dynasty period, 189 CE

The Han dynasty received the submission of the Nanyue commanders in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, confirming them in their posts and ushering in the "First Era of Northern Domination" in Vietnamese history. These commanderies were headed by grand administrators (taishou) who were later overseen by the inspectors (刺史, cishi) of Jiaozhou or "Jiaozhi Province" (Giao Chỉ bộ), the first of whom was Shi Dai.

Under the Han, the political center of the former Nanyue lands was moved from Panyu (Guangzhou) south to Jiaozhi. The capital of Jiaozhi was first Mê Linh (Miling) (within modern Hanoi's Me Linh district) and then Luy Lâu, within Bac Ninh's Thuan Thanh district.[31][32] According to the Book of Han’s "Treatise on Geography", Jiaozhi contained 10 counties: Leilou (羸𨻻), Anding (安定), Goulou (苟屚), Miling (麊泠), Quyang (曲昜), Beidai (北帶), Jixu (稽徐), Xiyu (西于), Longbian (龍編), and Zhugou (朱覯). Đào Duy Anh stated that Jiaozhi's territory contained all of Tonkin, excluding the regions upstream of the Black River and Ma River.[33] Southwestern Guangxi was also part of Jiaozhi.[33] The southwest area of present-day Ninh Bình was the border of Jiuzhen. Later, the Han dynasty created another commandery named Rinan (Nhật Nam) located south of Jiuzhen, stretching from the Ngang Pass to Quảng Nam Province.

One of the Grand Administrators of Jiaozhi was Su Ding.[34] In AD 39, two sisters Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị who were daughters of the Lac lord of Mê Linh, led an uprising that quickly spread to an area stretching approximate modern-day Vietnam (Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Hepu and Rinan), forcing Su Ding and the Han army to flee. All of Lac lords submitted to Trưng Trắc and crowned her Queen.[35] In AD 42 the Han empire struck back by sending an reconquest expedition led by Ma Yuan. Copper columns of Ma Yuan was supposedly erected by Ma Yuan after he had suppressed the uprising of the Trưng Sisters in AD 44.[36] Ma Yuan followed his conquest with a brutal course of assimilation,[37] destroying the natives' bronze drums in order to build the column, on which the inscription "If this bronze column collapses, Jiaozhi will be destroyed" was carved, at the edge of the Chinese empire.[38] Following the defeat of Trưng sisters, thousands of Chinese immigrants (mostly soldiers) arrived and settled in Jiaozhi, adopted surname Ma, and married with local Lac Viet girls, began the developing of Han-Viet ruling class while local Lac ruling-class families who had submitted to Ma Yuan were used as local functionaries in Han administration and were natural participants in the intermarriage process.[39] In 100, Cham people in Xianglin county (near modern-day Huế) revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes. The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers. The Han respond by putting down the rebellion, executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two year tax respite.[40] In 136 and 144, Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the Imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, then rebellion in Jiaozhi. The governor of Jiaozhi, according to Kiernan, "lured them to surrender" with "enticing words."[40]

In 115, the Wuhu Li of Cangwu district revolted against the Han. In the following year, thousand of rebels from Yulin and Hepu besieged Cangwu. Empress Dowager Deng decided to avoid conflict and instead sent attendant censor Ren Chuo with a proclamation to grant them amnesty.[41]

In 157, Lac leader Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate, then marched north with an army of four to five thousand. The governor of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi, was killed. The Han general of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt, beheading 2,000 rebels.[42][43]

In 159 and 161, Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tributes to the Han government.[44]

In 166, a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi, bringing tributes to the Han, which "were likely bought from local markets" of Rinan and Jiaozhi.[45]

In 178, Wuhu people under Liang Long sparked a revolt against the Han in Hepu and Jiaozhi. Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam, Guangxi and central Vietnam as well, attracting all non-Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join. In 181, the Han empire sent general Chu Chuan to deal with the revolt. In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded, and his rebellion was suppressed.[46]

In 192, Cham people in Xianglin county led by Khu Liên successful revolted against the Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the independent kingdom of Lâm Ấp.[47]

Jiaozhi emerged as the economic center of gravity on the southern coast of the Han empire. In 2 AD, the region reported four times as many households as Nanhai (modern Guangdong), while its population density is estimated to be 9.6 times larger than that of Guangdong. Jiaozhi was a key supplier of rice and produced prized handicrafts and natural resources. The region's location was highly favorable to trade. Well connected to central China via the Ling Canal, it formed the nearest connection between the Han court and the Maritime Silk Road.[48]

By the end of the second century AD, Buddhism (brought from India via sea by Indian Buddhists centuries earlier) had become the most common religion of Jiaozhi.[49]

Three Kingdoms

During the Three Kingdoms period, Jiaozhi was administered from Longbian (Long Biên) by Shi Xie on behalf of the Wu. This family controlled several surrounding commanderies, but upon the headman's death Guangzhou was formed as a separate province from northeastern Jiaozhou and Shi Xie's son attempted to usurp his father's appointed replacement. In retaliation, Sun Quan executed the son and all his brothers and demoted the remainder of the family to common status.[50]

Ming dynasty

Main article: Jiaozhi Province

During the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam, the Ming dynasty revived the historical name Jiaozhi and created the Jiaozhi Province in northern Vietnam. After repelling the Ming forces, Lê Lợi dismissed all former administrative structure and divided the nation into 5 dao. Thus, Giao Chỉ and Giao Châu have never been names of official administrative units ever since.

Sino-Roman contact

See also: Sino-Roman relations
 
Green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD) tomb, Guangxi, China

In 166 CE An-tun (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) of the state of Ta Ch'in sent missinaries from beyond Rinan to offer present of ivory, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise to the Han court.[51] Hou Han shu records:

In the ninth Yanxi year [AD 166], during the reign of Emperor Huan, the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, r. 161–180), sent envoys from beyond the frontiers through Rinan... During the reign of Emperor He [AD 89–105], they sent several envoys carrying tribute and offerings. Later, the Western Regions rebelled, and these relations were interrupted. Then, during the second and the fourth Yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan [AD 159 and 161], and frequently since, [these] foreigners have arrived [by sea] at the frontiers of Rinan [Commandery in modern central Vietnam] to present offerings.[52][53]

The Book of Liang states:

The merchants of this country [the Roman Empire] frequently visit Funan [in the Mekong delta], Rinan (Annam) and Jiaozhi [in the Red River Delta near modern Hanoi]; but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Da Qin. During the 5th year of the Huangwu period of the reign of Sun Quan [AD 226] a merchant of Da Qin, whose name was Qin Lun came to Jiaozhi [Tonkin]; the prefect [taishou] of Jiaozhi, Wu Miao, sent him to Sun Quan [the Wu emperor], who asked him for a report on his native country and its people."[54]

The capital of Jiaozhi was proposed by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 to have been the port known to the geographer Ptolemy and the Romans as Kattigara, situated near modern Hanoi.[55][56] Richthofen's view was widely accepted until archaeology at Óc Eo in the Mekong Delta suggested that site may have been its location. Kattigara seems to have been the main port of call for ships traveling to China from the West in the first few centuries AD, before being replaced by Guangdong.[57]

In terms of archaeological finds, a Republican-era Roman glassware has been found at a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou along the South China Sea, dated to the early 1st century BC.[58] In addition, from a site near the Red River in the northern Vietnamese province of Lao Cai (borders with Yunnan), a glass bowl dated from late first century BC to early first century AD was recovered along with 40 ancient artifacts including seven Heger type I drums.[59] At Óc Eo, then part of the Kingdom of Funan near Jiaozhi, Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found.[60][61] This may have been the port city of Kattigara described by Ptolemy, laying beyond the Golden Chersonese (i.e. Malay Peninsula).[60][61]

Notes

  1. ^ as reconstructed up to Proto-Mon-Khmer level by Harry Leonard Shorto
  2. ^ Pittayaporn (2009:358, 386) reconstructs *rawᴬ

See also

  • Kang Senghui, a Buddhist monk of Sogdian origin who lived in Jiaozhi during the 3rd century
  • Tonkin, an exonym for northern Vietnam, approximately identical to the Jiaozhi region
  • Cochinchina, an exonym for (southern) Vietnam, yet cognate with the term Jiaozhi

References

  1. ^ Liji, "Wangzhi" "南方曰蠻，雕題交趾，有不火食者矣。" James Legge's translation: "Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked."
  2. ^ "The people in the southern quarter are called Man. Their foreheads are tattooed [diaoti] and their toes are crossed [jiaozhi]. And there are people among them who do not eat cooked food." quoted in James M. Hargett's 2010 translation of Fan Chengda's Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea. Publisher: University of Washington Press. p. 209-210
  3. ^ Book of Later Han, "Account of the Southern Man & Southwestern Yi" text: "禮記稱「南方曰蠻，雕題交阯」。其俗男女同川而浴，故曰交阯。"
  4. ^ Du You et al. Tongdian, vol. 188, quote: "極南之人雕題交趾 其俗男女同川而浴 題額也雕謂刻其肌肉用青湼之 交趾謂足大趾開闊並立相交 "
  5. ^ Taiping Yulan, "3rd section on the Provinces & Prefectures: on the Provinces" txt: "應劭《漢官儀》曰：孝武皇帝南平百越，...，置交阯、... 始開北方，遂交南方，為子孫基阯也。"
  6. ^ a b Ferlus (2009), p. 4.
  7. ^ Ferlus (2009), p. 3.
  8. ^ Pain (2008), p. 646.
  9. ^ Frederic Pain. (2020) "”Giao Chỉ” (”Jiāozhǐ” ffff) as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes: syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates". halshs-02956831
  10. ^ Chamberlain (2016), p. 40.
  11. ^ Chamberlain (2000), p. 97, 127.
  12. ^ Schliesinger (2018a), p. 21, 97.
  13. ^ Schliesinger (2018b), p. 3-4, 22, 50, 54.
  14. ^ Churchman (2011), p. 70.
  15. ^ Schafer (1967), p. 58.
  16. ^ Pulleyblank (1983), p. 433.
  17. ^ Churchman, Catherine (2016) The People between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200–750 CE. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87-88
  18. ^ Churchman (2010), p. 36.
  19. ^ Yule (1995), p. 34.
  20. ^ Reid (1993), p. 211.
  21. ^ Book of Documents "Canon of Yao" quote: "申命羲叔，宅南交。平秩南訛，敬致。" Legge's translation: "He further commanded the third brother Xi to reside at Nan-jiao, (in what was called the Brilliant Capital). to adjust and arrange the transformations of the summer, and respectfully-to observe the exact limit (of the shadow)."
  22. ^ Records of ritual matters by Dai the Elder (大戴禮記) "A bit of leisure" text: "昔虞舜以天德嗣堯，布功散德制禮。朔方幽都來服；南撫交趾..." translation: "In former times, Shun of Yu used heavenly virtues when succeeding Yao. He deployed [public] work [projects], propagated virtues, and regulated propriety. In the North Youdu capitulated; in the South Jiaozhi was assuaged..."
  23. ^ Mozi "Moderation in Use" A text: "古者堯治天下，南撫交阯 ..." translation: "In ancient times [Emperor] Yao governed all under Heaven, assuaging Jiaozhi in the South ..."
  24. ^ Han Feizi "Ten Excesses" text: "由余對曰：「臣聞昔者堯有天下，... 其地南至交趾 ..." tr: "You Yu replied: 'I hear that in former times [Emperor] Yao held all under Heaven... His realm reached Jiaozhi in the South...'"
  25. ^ Lüshi Chunqiu "Seeking People" text: "禹... 南至交阯、孫樸、續樠之國，" translation: "Yu['s realm]... , in the South, reaches the Jiaozhi, Sunbu, Xuman nations..."
  26. ^ Records of ritual matters by Dai the Elder (大戴禮記) "Five Emperors' Virtues" text: "孔子曰：「顓頊，... 乘龍而至四海：北至於幽陵，南至於交趾，西濟於流沙，東至於蟠木，..." translation: "Confucius said: 'Zhuanxu... when he passed away (lit. "rode the dragon"), [his realm] extended up to the Four Seas: reaching Youling in the North, reaching Jiaozhi in the South, fording the Flowing Sands in the West, reaching the Coiling Tree in the East,..."; text: "南撫交阯" translation: "(Confucius talking about Emperor Shun to Zai Yu): [Shun] assuaged Jiaozhi in the South"
  27. ^ Liji, "Wangzhi" "南方曰蠻，雕題交趾，有不火食者矣。"
  28. ^ Đào Duy Anh, "Jiaozhi in Shujing", excerpts from Đào's 2005 book Lịch Sử Cổ Đại Việt Nam. Hanoi : Culture & Information Publisher.
  29. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 12-13.
  30. ^ Zhao Rukuo, 46, n. 1. As cited in Fan 2011, p. 209
  31. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 12, 32-35.
  32. ^ Xiong (2009).
  33. ^ a b Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời, Văn hóa Thông tin publisher, 2005
  34. ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 78.
  35. ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 79.
  36. ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 80.
  37. ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 81.
  38. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 48.
  39. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 48, 50–53, 54.
  40. ^ a b Kiernan (2019), p. 85.
  41. ^ Churchman (2016), p. 126.
  42. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 64-66.
  43. ^ Loewe (1986), p. 316.
  44. ^ Li (2011), p. 48.
  45. ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 86.
  46. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 67-68.
  47. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 69.
  48. ^ Li (2011), p. 39-44.
  49. ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 92.
  50. ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 91.
  51. ^ Yu (1986), p. 470.
  52. ^ Hill (2009), p. 27.
  53. ^ Hill (2009), p. 31.
  54. ^ Hill (2009), p. 292.
  55. ^ Richthofen 1944, p. 387.
  56. ^ Richthofen (1944), pp. 410–411.
  57. ^ Hill 2004 - see: [1] and Appendix: F.
  58. ^ An (2002), p. 83.
  59. ^ Borell (2012), pp. 70–71.
  60. ^ a b Young (2001), pp. 29–30.
  61. ^ a b Osborne (2006), pp. 24–25.

Sources

Articles

  • Borell, Brigitte (2012). "The Han period glass dish from Lao Cai, Northern Vietnam". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology. 32.
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  • Churchman, Michael (2010). "Before Chinese and Vietnamese in the Red River Plain: The Han–Tang Period" (PDF). Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies. 4.
  • Ferlus, Michel (2009). "Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia". 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. 31: 1–6 – via HAL.
  • Masanari, Nishimura (2005). "Settlement patterns on the Red River plain from the late prehistoric period to the 10th century AD". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 25: 99–107. doi:10.7152/bippa.v25i0.11920.
  • Noriko, Nishino (2017). "An Introduction to Dr. Nishimura Masanari's Research on the Lung Khe Citadel". Asian Review of World Histories. 5 (2): 11–27. doi:10.1163/22879811-12340003 – via Brill.
  • Pain, Frédéric (2008). "An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (4): 641–662. JSTOR 25608449 – via JSTOR.
  • Taylor, K. (2017). "What Lies Behind the Earliest Story of Buddhism in Ancient Vietnam?". The Journal of Asian Studies. 77 (1): 107–122. doi:10.1017/S0021911817000985 – via Cambridge University Press.

Books

  • An, Jiayao (2002), "When Glass Was Treasured in China", in Juliano, Annette L.; Lerner, Judith A. (eds.), Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, Brepols Publishers, pp. 79–94, ISBN 2503521789
  • Chamberlain, James R. (2000). "The origin of the Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history" (PDF). In Burusphat, Somsonge (ed.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Tai Studies, July 29–31, 1998. Bangkok, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. ISBN 974-85916-9-7. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  • Churchman, Catherine (2016). The People Between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200–750 CE. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-442-25861-7.
  • Churchman, Michael (2011), ""The People in Between": The Li and the Lao from the Han to the Sui", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.), The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 67–86, ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2
  • Li, Tana (2011). "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han period Tongking Gulf". In Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.). The Tongking Gulf Through History. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 39–53. ISBN 9780812205022.
  • Fan, Chengda (2011). Hargett, James M. (ed.). Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth-Century China. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-29599-079-8.
  • Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
  • Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press.
  • Loewe, Michael (1986), "The conduct of government and the issues at stake (A.D. 57-167)", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 291–316
  • Osborne, Milton (2006). The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-893-6.
  • Pulleyblank, E.G. (1983). "The Chinese and their neighbors in prehistoric and early historic times". In Keightly, David N. (ed.). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Reid, Anthony (1993), Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, vol. 2: Expansion and Crisis, New Haven: Yale University Press
  • Richthofen, Ferdinand von (1944), "China", in Hennig, Richard (ed.), Terrae incognitae : eine Zusammenstellung und kritische Bewertung der wichtigsten vorcolumbischen Entdeckungsreisen an Hand der daruber vorliegenden Originalberichte, Band I, Altertum bis Ptolemäus, Leiden: Brill, pp. 387, 410–411
  • Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South, Los Angeles: University of California Press
  • Schliesinger, Joachim (2018a). Origin of the Tai People 5―Cradle of the Tai People and the Ethnic Setup Today Volume 5 of Origin of the Tai People. Booksmango. ISBN 978-1641531825.
  • Schliesinger, Joachim (2018b). Origin of the Tai People 6―Northern Tai-Speaking People of the Red River Delta and Their Habitat Today Volume 6 of Origin of the Tai People. Booksmango. ISBN 978-1641531832.
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of the Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
  • Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), "Jiaozhi", Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p. 251, ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7
  • Yu, Ying-shih (1986), "Han foreign relations", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–463
  • Yule, Henry (1995). A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0321-0.
  • Young, Gary K. (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC - AD 305. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24219-3.
  • Zürcher, Erik (2002): "Tidings from the South, Chinese Court Buddhism and Overseas Relations in the Fifth Century AD." Erik Zürcher in: A Life Journey to the East. Sinological Studies in Memory of Giuliano Bertuccioli (1923-2001). Edited by Antonio Forte and Federico Masini. Italian School of East Asian Studies. Kyoto. Essays: Volume 2, pp. 21–43.

External links

  • "The Southern Silk Roads" on Silk Roads Programme

March 05, 2023
jiaozhi, this, article, section, should, specify, language, english, content, using, lang, transliteration, transliterated, languages, phonetic, transcriptions, with, appropriate, code, wikipedia, multilingual, support, templates, also, used, august, 2021, sta. This article or section should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why August 2021 Jiaozhi standard Chinese pinyin Jiaozhǐ or Vietnamese Giao Chỉ was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties corresponding to present day northern Vietnam The kingdom of Nanyue 204 111 BC set up the Jiaozhi Commandery Chinese 交趾郡 交阯郡 Vietnamese Quận Giao Chỉ Han Nom 郡交趾 an administrative division centered in the Red River Delta that existed through Vietnam s first and second periods of Chinese rule During the Han dynasty the commandery was part of a province of the same name later renamed to Jiaozhou that covered modern day northern and central Vietnam as well as Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China In 670 AD Jiaozhi was absorbed into the Annan Protectorate established by the Tang dynasty Afterwards official use of the name Jiaozhi was superseded by Annan Annam and other names of Vietnam except during the brief fourth period of Chinese rule when the Ming dynasty administered Vietnam as the Jiaozhi Province JiaozhiChinese nameChinese交趾TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJiaozhǐWade GilesChiao1 chǐh4Middle ChineseMiddle Chinese kˠau t ɕɨX ZS Alternative Chinese nameChinese交阯TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJiaozhǐWade GilesChiao1 chǐh4Vietnamese nameVietnameseGiao ChỉHan Nom交趾History of Vietnam by names of Vietnam 2879 2524 BC Xich Quỷ legend 2524 258 BC Văn Lang legend 257 179 BC Au Lạc204 111 BC Nam Việt111 BC 40 AD Giao Chỉ40 43 Lĩnh Nam43 299 Giao Chỉ299 544 Giao Chau544 602 Vạn Xuan602 679 Giao Chau679 757 An Nam757 766 Trấn Nam766 866 An Nam866 967 Tĩnh Hải quan968 1054 Đại Cồ Việt1054 1400 Đại Việt1400 1407 Đại Ngu1407 1427 Giao Chỉ1428 1804 Đại Việt1804 1839 Việt Nam1839 1945 Đại Nam1887 1954 Đong Dươngfrom 1945 Việt NamMain templateHistory of Vietnamvte Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Early Mentions 2 2 Van Lang 2 3 Au Lạc 2 4 Nanyue 2 5 Han dynasty 2 6 Three Kingdoms 2 7 Ming dynasty 3 Sino Roman contact 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 7 1 Articles 7 2 Books 8 External linksName EditChinese chroniclers assigned various folk etymologies for the toponym In Book of Rites s subsection Royal Regulations 交趾 was used to describe the physical characteristics of Nanman southern neighbours of the Zhou and 交趾 was translated as either feet turned in towards each other James Legge 1 or toes crossed James M Hargett 2 Book of Later Han also quoted the same passage from Book of Rites yet gave 交趾 s etymology as According to their customs men and women bathe in the same river hence the appellation Jiaozhǐ 3 Tang period s encyclopedia Tongdian also stated that The southernmost people have tattooed foreheads 題額 and intersecting toes 交趾 according to their customs men and women bathe in the same river By tattooed foreheads 題額 it means they engrave their flesh with blue green dye by crossed toes 交趾 it means that each foot s big toe is spread widely outwards and crosses one another when a person stands with feet side by side 4 Song period s encyclopaedia Taiping Yulan quoted Ying Shao s Han Officials Etiquettes that Emperor Xiaowu leveled the Hundred Yue in the South established Jiaozhi 交阯 People started out in the North then crossed 交 jiao at the South for their descendants they laid their basis ji 基 amp foundation zhǐ 阯 there 5 According to Michel Ferlus the Sino Vietnamese Jiao in Jiaozhǐ 交趾 together with the ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people lǎo 獠 and the ethnonym Gelǎo 仡佬 a Kra population scattered from Guizhou China to North Vietnam would have emerged from k e ra w 6 The etymon k e ra w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo Kaew kɛːwA1 a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples currently slightly derogatory 6 In Pupeo Kra branch kew is used to name the Tay Central Tai of North Vietnam 7 jiao 交 lt MC kaew lt OC kraw k raw lǎo 獠 lt MC lawX lt OC C rawʔ C rawˀ Frederic Pain proposes that k e ra w means human being and originates from Austroasiatic 8 he further links it to a local root trawʔ nb 1 which is associated with taro is ancestral to various Austroasiatic lexical items such as Monic Spoken Mon krao or Nyah kur traw Palaungic Tung wa kraɷʔ or Sem klao or Katuic Ong raw or Souei ʰraw lt proto Katuic craw and possibly evoked a particular most probably tuber based cultivation practice used by small Mon Khmer horticultural communities as opposed to more complex and advanced cereal growing probably rice based societies 9 Meanwhile James Chamberlain claims that Jiao originated from a word also ancestral to Lao thus meaning Jiao amp Lao are cognates 10 Chamberlain like Joachim Schlesinger claim that the Vietnamese language was not originally based in the area of the Red River in what is now northern Vietnam According to them the Red River Delta region was originally inhabited by Tai speakers They claim that the area become Vietnamese speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD 11 or even as late as the tenth century as a result of immigration from the south i e modern north central Vietnam 12 13 According to Han Tang records east of Jiaozhi and the coast of Guangdong Guangxi was populated by Tai Kadai speakers whom Chinese contemporaries called Lǐ 俚 and Lǎo 獠 14 15 16 Catherine Churchman proposes that the Chinese character 獠 transliterated a native term and was shortened from older two character combinations which were used transcribe the endonym s initial consonantal cluster noting that the older two character combinations 鳩獠 Qiulǎo 狐獠 Hulǎo and 屈獠 Qulǎo had been pronounced kɔ lawʔ ɣɔ lawʔ and kʰut lawʔ respectively in Middle Chinese she reconstructs the endonym klao which is either related to the word klao meaning person in the Kra languages or is a compound meaning our people of prefix k for people and Proto Tai first person plural pronoun reu nb 2 we us 17 Even so Michael Churchman acknowledged that The absence of records of large scale population shifts indicates that there was a fairly stable group of people in Jiaozhi throughout the Han Tang period who spoke Austroasiatic languages ancestral to modern Vietnamese 18 Jiaozhi pronounced Kuchi in the Malay became the Cochin China of the Portuguese traders c 1516 who so named it to distinguish it from the city and the Kingdom of Cochin in India their first headquarters in the Malabar Coast It was subsequently called Cochinchina 19 20 History EditEarly Mentions Edit Numerous Chinese sources dated to the Spring amp Autumn and Warring States periods mentioned a place called Jiao zhi to the south of Ancient China 21 22 23 24 25 26 Book of Rites is the earliest extant source to associate the name Jiaozhi with the Nanman 27 However Vietnamese historian Đao Duy Anh locates Jiaozhi which was mentioned in ancient texts only south of Mount Heng 衡山 aka 霍山 Mount Huo or 天柱山 Mount Tianzhu within the lower part of Yangtze s drainage basin and nowhere farther than today Anhui province in China i e not in today northern Vietnam accordingly Đao defines Jiao zhi as lands in the south which bordered ancient Chinese s territories 28 Van Lang Edit See also Văn Lang The native state of Văn Lang is not well attested but much later sources name Giao Chỉ as one of the realm s districts bộ Its territory purportedly comprised present day Hanoi and the land on the right bank of the Red River According to tradition the Hung kings directly ruled Me Linh while other areas were ruled by dependent Lac lords 29 The Van Lang kingdom fell to the Au under prince Thục Phan around 258 BC Au Lạc Edit See also Au Lạc Thục Phan established his capital at Co Loa in Hanoi s Dong Anh district The citadel was taken around 208 BC by the Qin general Zhao Tuo Nanyue Edit See also Nanyue Zhao Tuo declared his independent kingdom of Nanyue in 204 and organized his Vietnamese territory as the two commanderies of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen Vietnamese Cửu Chan present day Thanh Hoa Nghệ An and Ha Tĩnh Following a native coup that killed the Zhao king and his Chinese mother the Han launched two invasions in 112 and 111 BC that razed the Nanyue capital at Panyu Guangzhou When Han dynasty conquered Nanyue in 111 BC the Han court divided it into 9 commanderies one commandery called Jiaozhi was the center of Han administration and government for all 9 areas Because of this the entire areas of 9 commanderies was sometime called Jiaozhi From Han to Tang the names Jiaozhi and Jiao county at least was used for a part of the Han era Jiaozhi In 670 Jiaozhi was absorbed into a larger administrative called Annan Pacified South After this the name Jiaozhi was applied for the Red River Delta and most or all of northern Vietnam Tonkin 30 Han dynasty Edit See also First Chinese domination of Vietnam Second Chinese domination of Vietnam and Southward expansion of the Han dynasty Chinese provinces in the late Eastern Han dynasty period 189 CE The Han dynasty received the submission of the Nanyue commanders in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen confirming them in their posts and ushering in the First Era of Northern Domination in Vietnamese history These commanderies were headed by grand administrators taishou who were later overseen by the inspectors 刺史 cishi of Jiaozhou or Jiaozhi Province Giao Chỉ bộ the first of whom was Shi Dai Under the Han the political center of the former Nanyue lands was moved from Panyu Guangzhou south to Jiaozhi The capital of Jiaozhi was first Me Linh Miling within modern Hanoi s Me Linh district and then Luy Lau within Bac Ninh s Thuan Thanh district 31 32 According to the Book of Han s Treatise on Geography Jiaozhi contained 10 counties Leilou 羸𨻻 Anding 安定 Goulou 苟屚 Miling 麊泠 Quyang 曲昜 Beidai 北帶 Jixu 稽徐 Xiyu 西于 Longbian 龍編 and Zhugou 朱覯 Đao Duy Anh stated that Jiaozhi s territory contained all of Tonkin excluding the regions upstream of the Black River and Ma River 33 Southwestern Guangxi was also part of Jiaozhi 33 The southwest area of present day Ninh Binh was the border of Jiuzhen Later the Han dynasty created another commandery named Rinan Nhật Nam located south of Jiuzhen stretching from the Ngang Pass to Quảng Nam Province One of the Grand Administrators of Jiaozhi was Su Ding 34 In AD 39 two sisters Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị who were daughters of the Lac lord of Me Linh led an uprising that quickly spread to an area stretching approximate modern day Vietnam Jiaozhi Jiuzhen Hepu and Rinan forcing Su Ding and the Han army to flee All of Lac lords submitted to Trưng Trắc and crowned her Queen 35 In AD 42 the Han empire struck back by sending an reconquest expedition led by Ma Yuan Copper columns of Ma Yuan was supposedly erected by Ma Yuan after he had suppressed the uprising of the Trưng Sisters in AD 44 36 Ma Yuan followed his conquest with a brutal course of assimilation 37 destroying the natives bronze drums in order to build the column on which the inscription If this bronze column collapses Jiaozhi will be destroyed was carved at the edge of the Chinese empire 38 Following the defeat of Trưng sisters thousands of Chinese immigrants mostly soldiers arrived and settled in Jiaozhi adopted surname Ma and married with local Lac Viet girls began the developing of Han Viet ruling class while local Lac ruling class families who had submitted to Ma Yuan were used as local functionaries in Han administration and were natural participants in the intermarriage process 39 In 100 Cham people in Xianglin county near modern day Huế revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers The Han respond by putting down the rebellion executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two year tax respite 40 In 136 and 144 Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the Imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen then rebellion in Jiaozhi The governor of Jiaozhi according to Kiernan lured them to surrender with enticing words 40 In 115 the Wuhu Li of Cangwu district revolted against the Han In the following year thousand of rebels from Yulin and Hepu besieged Cangwu Empress Dowager Deng decided to avoid conflict and instead sent attendant censor Ren Chuo with a proclamation to grant them amnesty 41 In 157 Lac leader Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate then marched north with an army of four to five thousand The governor of Jiuzhen Ni Shi was killed The Han general of Jiuzhen Wei Lang gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt beheading 2 000 rebels 42 43 In 159 and 161 Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tributes to the Han government 44 In 166 a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi bringing tributes to the Han which were likely bought from local markets of Rinan and Jiaozhi 45 In 178 Wuhu people under Liang Long sparked a revolt against the Han in Hepu and Jiaozhi Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam Guangxi and central Vietnam as well attracting all non Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join In 181 the Han empire sent general Chu Chuan to deal with the revolt In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded and his rebellion was suppressed 46 In 192 Cham people in Xianglin county led by Khu Lien successful revolted against the Han dynasty Khu Lien found the independent kingdom of Lam Ấp 47 Jiaozhi emerged as the economic center of gravity on the southern coast of the Han empire In 2 AD the region reported four times as many households as Nanhai modern Guangdong while its population density is estimated to be 9 6 times larger than that of Guangdong Jiaozhi was a key supplier of rice and produced prized handicrafts and natural resources The region s location was highly favorable to trade Well connected to central China via the Ling Canal it formed the nearest connection between the Han court and the Maritime Silk Road 48 By the end of the second century AD Buddhism brought from India via sea by Indian Buddhists centuries earlier had become the most common religion of Jiaozhi 49 Three Kingdoms Edit During the Three Kingdoms period Jiaozhi was administered from Longbian Long Bien by Shi Xie on behalf of the Wu This family controlled several surrounding commanderies but upon the headman s death Guangzhou was formed as a separate province from northeastern Jiaozhou and Shi Xie s son attempted to usurp his father s appointed replacement In retaliation Sun Quan executed the son and all his brothers and demoted the remainder of the family to common status 50 Ming dynasty Edit Main article Jiaozhi Province During the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam the Ming dynasty revived the historical name Jiaozhi and created the Jiaozhi Province in northern Vietnam After repelling the Ming forces Le Lợi dismissed all former administrative structure and divided the nation into 5 dao Thus Giao Chỉ and Giao Chau have never been names of official administrative units ever since Sino Roman contact EditSee also Sino Roman relations Green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty 25 220 AD tomb Guangxi China In 166 CE An tun Marcus Aurelius Antoninus of the state of Ta Ch in sent missinaries from beyond Rinan to offer present of ivory rhinoceros horn and tortoise to the Han court 51 Hou Han shu records In the ninth Yanxi year AD 166 during the reign of Emperor Huan the king of Da Qin the Roman Empire Andun Marcus Aurelius Antoninus r 161 180 sent envoys from beyond the frontiers through Rinan During the reign of Emperor He AD 89 105 they sent several envoys carrying tribute and offerings Later the Western Regions rebelled and these relations were interrupted Then during the second and the fourth Yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan AD 159 and 161 and frequently since these foreigners have arrived by sea at the frontiers of Rinan Commandery in modern central Vietnam to present offerings 52 53 The Book of Liang states The merchants of this country the Roman Empire frequently visit Funan in the Mekong delta Rinan Annam and Jiaozhi in the Red River Delta near modern Hanoi but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Da Qin During the 5th year of the Huangwu period of the reign of Sun Quan AD 226 a merchant of Da Qin whose name was Qin Lun came to Jiaozhi Tonkin the prefect taishou of Jiaozhi Wu Miao sent him to Sun Quan the Wu emperor who asked him for a report on his native country and its people 54 The capital of Jiaozhi was proposed by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 to have been the port known to the geographer Ptolemy and the Romans as Kattigara situated near modern Hanoi 55 56 Richthofen s view was widely accepted until archaeology at oc Eo in the Mekong Delta suggested that site may have been its location Kattigara seems to have been the main port of call for ships traveling to China from the West in the first few centuries AD before being replaced by Guangdong 57 In terms of archaeological finds a Republican era Roman glassware has been found at a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou along the South China Sea dated to the early 1st century BC 58 In addition from a site near the Red River in the northern Vietnamese province of Lao Cai borders with Yunnan a glass bowl dated from late first century BC to early first century AD was recovered along with 40 ancient artifacts including seven Heger type I drums 59 At oc Eo then part of the Kingdom of Funan near Jiaozhi Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found 60 61 This may have been the port city of Kattigara described by Ptolemy laying beyond the Golden Chersonese i e Malay Peninsula 60 61 Notes Edit as reconstructed up to Proto Mon Khmer level by Harry Leonard Shorto Pittayaporn 2009 358 386 reconstructs rawᴬSee also Edit History portal Vietnam portal China portalKang Senghui a Buddhist monk of Sogdian origin who lived in Jiaozhi during the 3rd century Tonkin an exonym for northern Vietnam approximately identical to the Jiaozhi region Cochinchina an exonym for southern Vietnam yet cognate with the term JiaozhiReferences Edit Liji Wangzhi 南方曰蠻 雕題交趾 有不火食者矣 James Legge s translation Those on the south were called Man They tattooed their foreheads and had their feet turned in towards each other Some of them also ate their food without its being cooked The people in the southern quarter are called Man Their foreheads are tattooed diaoti and their toes are crossed jiaozhi And there are people among them who do not eat cooked food quoted in James M Hargett s 2010 translation of Fan Chengda s Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea Publisher University of Washington Press p 209 210 Book of Later Han Account of the Southern Man amp Southwestern Yi text 禮記稱 南方曰蠻 雕題交阯 其俗男女同川而浴 故曰交阯 Du You et al Tongdian vol 188 quote 極南之人雕題交趾 其俗男女同川而浴 題額也雕謂刻其肌肉用青湼之 交趾謂足大趾開闊並立相交 Taiping Yulan 3rd section on the Provinces amp Prefectures on the Provinces txt 應劭 漢官儀 曰 孝武皇帝南平百越 置交阯 始開北方 遂交南方 為子孫基阯也 a b Ferlus 2009 p 4 Ferlus 2009 p 3 Pain 2008 p 646 Frederic Pain 2020 Giao Chỉ Jiaozhǐ ffff as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates halshs 02956831 Chamberlain 2016 p 40 Chamberlain 2000 p 97 127 Schliesinger 2018a p 21 97 Schliesinger 2018b p 3 4 22 50 54 Churchman 2011 p 70 Schafer 1967 p 58 Pulleyblank 1983 p 433 Churchman Catherine 2016 The People between the Rivers The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture 200 750 CE New York Rowman amp Littlefield p 87 88 Churchman 2010 p 36 Yule 1995 p 34 Reid 1993 p 211 Book of Documents Canon of Yao quote 申命羲叔 宅南交 平秩南訛 敬致 Legge s translation He further commanded the third brother Xi to reside at Nan jiao in what was called the Brilliant Capital to adjust and arrange the transformations of the summer and respectfully to observe the exact limit of the shadow Records of ritual matters by Dai the Elder 大戴禮記 A bit of leisure text 昔虞舜以天德嗣堯 布功散德制禮 朔方幽都來服 南撫交趾 translation In former times Shun of Yu used heavenly virtues when succeeding Yao He deployed public work projects propagated virtues and regulated propriety In the North Youdu capitulated in the South Jiaozhi was assuaged Mozi Moderation in Use A text 古者堯治天下 南撫交阯 translation In ancient times Emperor Yao governed all under Heaven assuaging Jiaozhi in the South Han Feizi Ten Excesses text 由余對曰 臣聞昔者堯有天下 其地南至交趾 tr You Yu replied I hear that in former times Emperor Yao held all under Heaven His realm reached Jiaozhi in the South Lushi Chunqiu Seeking People text 禹 南至交阯 孫樸 續樠之國 translation Yu s realm in the South reaches the Jiaozhi Sunbu Xuman nations Records of ritual matters by Dai the Elder 大戴禮記 Five Emperors Virtues text 孔子曰 顓頊 乘龍而至四海 北至於幽陵 南至於交趾 西濟於流沙 東至於蟠木 translation Confucius said Zhuanxu when he passed away lit rode the dragon his realm extended up to the Four Seas reaching Youling in the North reaching Jiaozhi in the South fording the Flowing Sands in the West reaching the Coiling Tree in the East text 南撫交阯 translation Confucius talking about Emperor Shun to Zai Yu Shun assuaged Jiaozhi in the South Liji Wangzhi 南方曰蠻 雕題交趾 有不火食者矣 Đao Duy Anh Jiaozhi in Shujing excerpts from Đao s 2005 book Lịch Sử Cổ Đại Việt Nam Hanoi Culture amp Information Publisher Taylor 1983 p 12 13 Zhao Rukuo 46 n 1 As cited in Fan 2011 p 209 Taylor 1983 p 12 32 35 Xiong 2009 a b Đất nước Việt Nam qua cac đời Văn hoa Thong tin publisher 2005 Kiernan 2019 p 78 Kiernan 2019 p 79 Kiernan 2019 p 80 Kiernan 2019 p 81 Taylor 1983 p 48 Taylor 1983 p 48 50 53 54 a b Kiernan 2019 p 85 Churchman 2016 p 126 Taylor 1983 p 64 66 Loewe 1986 p 316 Li 2011 p 48 Kiernan 2019 p 86 Taylor 1983 p 67 68 Taylor 1983 p 69 Li 2011 p 39 44 Kiernan 2019 p 92 Kiernan 2019 p 91 Yu 1986 p 470 Hill 2009 p 27 Hill 2009 p 31 Hill 2009 p 292 Richthofen 1944 p 387 Richthofen 1944 pp 410 411 Hill 2004 see 1 and Appendix F An 2002 p 83 Borell 2012 pp 70 71 a b Young 2001 pp 29 30 a b Osborne 2006 pp 24 25 Sources EditArticles Edit Borell Brigitte 2012 The Han period glass dish from Lao Cai Northern Vietnam Journal of Indo Pacific Archaeology 32 Chamberlain James R 2016 Kra Dai and the Proto History of South China and Vietnam Journal of the Siam Society 104 Churchman Michael 2010 Before Chinese and Vietnamese in the Red River Plain The Han Tang Period PDF Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies 4 Ferlus Michel 2009 Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia 42nd International Conference on Sino Tibetan Languages and Linguistics 31 1 6 via HAL Masanari Nishimura 2005 Settlement patterns on the Red River plain from the late prehistoric period to the 10th century AD Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association 25 99 107 doi 10 7152 bippa v25i0 11920 Noriko Nishino 2017 An Introduction to Dr Nishimura Masanari s Research on the Lung Khe Citadel Asian Review of World Histories 5 2 11 27 doi 10 1163 22879811 12340003 via Brill Pain Frederic 2008 An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy Examples from Shan and Northern Thai Journal of the American Oriental Society 128 4 641 662 JSTOR 25608449 via JSTOR Taylor K 2017 What Lies Behind the Earliest Story of Buddhism in Ancient Vietnam The Journal of Asian Studies 77 1 107 122 doi 10 1017 S0021911817000985 via Cambridge University Press Books Edit An Jiayao 2002 When Glass Was Treasured in China in Juliano Annette L Lerner Judith A eds Silk Road Studies VII Nomads Traders and Holy Men Along China s Silk Road Brepols Publishers pp 79 94 ISBN 2503521789 Chamberlain James R 2000 The origin of the Sek implications for Tai and Vietnamese history PDF In Burusphat Somsonge ed Proceedings of the International Conference on Tai Studies July 29 31 1998 Bangkok Thailand Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development Mahidol University ISBN 974 85916 9 7 Retrieved 29 August 2014 Churchman Catherine 2016 The People Between the Rivers The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture 200 750 CE Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 1 442 25861 7 Churchman Michael 2011 The People in Between The Li and the Lao from the Han to the Sui in Li Tana Anderson James A eds The Tongking Gulf Through History Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Press pp 67 86 ISBN 978 0 812 20502 2 Li Tana 2011 Jiaozhi Giao Chỉ in the Han period Tongking Gulf In Cooke Nola Li Tana Anderson James A eds The Tongking Gulf Through History University of Pennsylvania Press pp 39 53 ISBN 9780812205022 Fan Chengda 2011 Hargett James M ed Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth Century China University of Washington Press ISBN 978 0 29599 079 8 Hill John E 2009 Through the Jade Gate to Rome A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty 1st to 2nd Centuries CE Charleston South Carolina BookSurge ISBN 978 1 4392 2134 1 Kiernan Ben 2019 Việt Nam a history from earliest time to the present Oxford University Press Loewe Michael 1986 The conduct of government and the issues at stake A D 57 167 in Twitchett Denis C Fairbank John King eds The Cambridge History of China Volume 1 The Ch in and Han Empires 221 BC AD 220 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 291 316 Osborne Milton 2006 The Mekong Turbulent Past Uncertain Future Crows Nest Allen amp Unwin ISBN 1 74114 893 6 Pulleyblank E G 1983 The Chinese and their neighbors in prehistoric and early historic times In Keightly David N ed The Origins of Chinese Civilization Berkeley University of California Press Reid Anthony 1993 Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce vol 2 Expansion and Crisis New Haven Yale University Press Richthofen Ferdinand von 1944 China in Hennig Richard ed Terrae incognitae eine Zusammenstellung und kritische Bewertung der wichtigsten vorcolumbischen Entdeckungsreisen an Hand der daruber vorliegenden Originalberichte Band I Altertum bis Ptolemaus Leiden Brill pp 387 410 411 Schafer Edward Hetzel 1967 The Vermilion Bird T ang Images of the South Los Angeles University of California Press Schliesinger Joachim 2018a Origin of the Tai People 5 Cradle of the Tai People and the Ethnic Setup Today Volume 5 of Origin of the Tai People Booksmango ISBN 978 1641531825 Schliesinger Joachim 2018b Origin of the Tai People 6 Northern Tai Speaking People of the Red River Delta and Their Habitat Today Volume 6 of Origin of the Tai People Booksmango ISBN 978 1641531832 Taylor Keith Weller 1983 The Birth of the Vietnam University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 07417 0 Xiong Victor Cunrui 2009 Jiaozhi Historical Dictionary of Medieval China Lanham Scarecrow Press p 251 ISBN 978 0 8108 6053 7 Yu Ying shih 1986 Han foreign relations in Twitchett Denis C Fairbank John King eds The Cambridge History of China Volume 1 The Ch in and Han Empires 221 BC AD 220 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 377 463 Yule Henry 1995 A glossary of colloquial Anglo Indian words and phrases Hobson Jobson Routledge ISBN 978 0 7007 0321 0 Young Gary K 2001 Rome s Eastern Trade International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC AD 305 London amp New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 24219 3 Zurcher Erik 2002 Tidings from the South Chinese Court Buddhism and Overseas Relations in the Fifth Century AD Erik Zurcher in A Life Journey to the East Sinological Studies in Memory of Giuliano Bertuccioli 1923 2001 Edited by Antonio Forte and Federico Masini Italian School of East Asian Studies Kyoto Essays Volume 2 pp 21 43 External links Edit The Southern Silk Roads on Silk Roads Programme Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jiaozhi amp oldid 1133774760, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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